advantages of weather essay

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How Weather & Climate Benefit Man

Why Do We Need to Conserve Water?

You've likely heard the term ​ global climate change ​ in discussions about pollution, rising temperatures and other adverse impacts on our planet and the ecosystem. However, you might ask yourself, "Why is weather important to me?" or even, "Why is climate important to me?" Well, weather and climate impact you and the rest of the Earth in numerous ways, both directly and indirectly.

Why Is Weather Important to Humans?

The term ​ weather ​ refers to short-term activity in the atmosphere, such as rainfall, storms, humidity and wind. Weather in your area has an obvious direct impact on you, affecting the way you dress and determining if you spend time indoors or outdoors.

Favorable weather might mean a more enjoyable day, while unfavorable weather might result in localized flooding or even damage to your home. However, weather impacts you indirectly as well, playing a part in the foods you eat and the water you drink.

Why Is Climate Important to Humans?

The role of climate in human life varies a bit from the weather. When you take short-term weather patterns and observe them over a long period of time, you are assessing the ​ climate ​ in a region. Climate impacts how much rain your area might receive throughout the year, what the average temperature is during a specific month or how often your region is hit with storms. In this way, climate also impacts your day-to-day activity as well as your food and water supply.

Importance of Weather and Climate to Agriculture

What is the importance of weather and climate to agriculture? Weather and climate impact the amount of rainfall and the temperature in a given area, which in turn impacts the crops that farmers grow for your food.

When temperatures increase past the point a plant can tolerate, those crops yield the farmers less food that year. If drought occurs, farmers do not have enough water to provide for their crops and production suffers, which means less food for human consumption.

Favorable weather and climate yield optimal agricultural production, providing plentiful food for you and your neighbors to eat.

How Weather and Climate Impact Drinking Water

Even though you likely don't collect the rainwater to drink, it still impacts the freshwater supply that you use. Rainwater percolates through the ground and ends up in underground water supplies known as ​ aquifers ​. This groundwater provides approximately one-third of the planet's drinking water.

Regular rainfall allows these aquifers to recharge and sustain global demands for water, while drought conditions result in less drinking water for the global population.

How Global Climate Change Impacts Fishing

In favorable climate conditions, local fish stocks feed and reproduce in close proximity to towns that rely heavily on fishing to sustain their economy. For example, New England relies heavily upon stocks of lobster and cod for their local economy.

However, as global climate impacts overall ocean temperatures, fish stocks have to move closer to the poles to find favorable conditions. This moves the fish farther from important fishing towns and reduces the fishermen's catch and the seafood supply across the country.

Why Is it Important to Study Weather and Climate?

Why is the study of climate important? Why should you care about the weather outside of its impact on whether you need an umbrella today? If we can prevent or reverse global climate change, we have the opportunity to benefit not only our planet but ourselves. You can do your part, or encourage your parents to do their part, by:

• Using more renewable resources, such as solar power.
• Choosing an electric car to reduce fossil fuel emissions.
• Choosing energy-efficient appliances when you're due for a replacement.
• Supporting local businesses over large corporations with higher carbon footprints.

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• National Centers for Environmental Information: What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?
• International Food Policy Research Institute: Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation
• Nature Communications: Divergent Effects of Climate Change on Future Groundwater Availability in Key Mid-Latitude Aquifers
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Fisheries: Understanding Our Changing Climate
• Climate.gov: What Can We Do to Slow or Stop Global Warming?

About the Author

Marina Somma is a freelance writer and animal trainer. She holds a B.A. in Psychology and a B.S. in Marine and Environmental Biology & Policy from Monmouth University. Marina has worked with a number of publications involving animal science, behavior and training, including animals.net, SmallDogsAcademy and more.

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Is There Any Upside to Global Warming?

Even Best-Case Scenario, the Cons Outweigh Any Possible Pros

• Understanding Your Forecast
• Storms & Other Phenomena
• M.A., Geography, California State University - Northridge
• B.A., Geography, University of California - Davis

The United Nations has been studying climate change and working to combat its effects since the first Earth Summit in 1992. The UN Intergovernmental panel's fifth report, published in late 2014, reiterates that  global warming —more precisely called climate change—is happening and will likely not abate for centuries.   The report also states with 95% certainty that the activity of humans has been the primary cause of increasing temperatures over the previous few decades, up from 90% in a previous report. We've heard the dire warnings—even if we have yet to heed them—but could there possibly be any advantages to climate change, and if so, could these upsides possibly outweigh the downsides? The short answer is no. Here's why.

Advantages of Global Warming? It's a Bit of a Stretch

The so-called advantages of climate are out there—if you're really looking but do they compensate for the disruption and destruction wrought by the disadvantages? Again, the answer is no but for die-hard fans of the global warming trend, advantages might include the following suspect scenarios:

• The Arctic, Antarctic, Siberia, and other frozen regions of the earth might experience more plant growth and milder climates.
• The next ice age could possibly be prevented.
• The  Northwest Passage through the formerly icy Canadian Arctic Archipelago could arguably open up to transportation.
• Fewer deaths or injuries would occur due to arctic conditions.
• Longer growing seasons could mean increased agricultural production in some areas.
• Previously untapped oil and gas reserves might become available.

Disadvantages: Ocean Warming, Extreme Weather

For every minutely possible advantage to climate change, there is a much more profound and compelling disadvantage. Why? Since the oceans and weather are highly interconnected and the water cycle has an impact on weather patterns (think air saturation, precipitation levels, and the like), what affects the ocean affects weather. For instance:

• Changes in ocean circulation and the resulting warmer temperatures disrupt the world's normal weather patterns, bringing about more extreme weather and an increased frequency of severe and  catastrophic storms , such as hurricanes and typhoons. The increase in severe storms leads to a more frequent occurrence of such things as "hundred-year floods," decimation of habitats and property, not to mention, loss of life—human and otherwise.  
• Higher sea levels  lead to flooding of lowlands. Islands and coastlines are engulfed by water leading to death and disease due to flooding.
• The acidification of warming oceans leads to a loss of coral reefs. Coral reefs protect shorelines from heavy waves, storms, and floods and while they only cover about 0.1% of the ocean floor, reefs provide a habitat for 25% of the ocean's species.   Demolished reefs lead to increased erosion and coastal property damage and the extinction of species.
• Warming ocean waters means increased melting of glaciers and ice sheets. Smaller ice sheets form each subsequent winter, which has a devastating impact on the habitat of cold-climate animals and the Earth's reserves of freshwater. (According to the United States Geography Survey [USGS], 69% of the Earth's ice is locked in ice and glaciers.)  
• Less sea ice, warmer water, and increased acidity are catastrophic for krill which forms the base of the ocean's food web and feeds whales, seals, fish, and penguins. The plight of polar bears due to the loss of Arctic ice is well documented, but at the other end of the globe, in 2017 as a result of local climate change, in a colony of 40,000 Antarctic Adélie penguins, only two chicks survived.   In 2013, in the wake of a similar event, none survived.   Emperor penguin colonies are also expected to decline due to loss of sea ice and rising temperatures.

Disadvantages: Land Desertification

As weather patterns are disrupted and droughts intensify in duration and frequency, agricultural sectors are particularly hard hit. Crops and grasslands can't thrive due to lack of water. With crops unavailable, cattle, sheep, and other livestock don't get fed and die. Marginal lands are no longer useful. Farmers who find themselves unable to work the land lose their livelihoods. In addition: 

• Deserts become drier, leading to increased desertification , resulting in border conflicts in already water-scarce areas.
• Decreased agricultural production leads to food shortages.
• Starvation, malnutrition, and increased deaths result from food and crop shortages.

Disadvantages: Health, Social, and Economic Impact

In addition to climate change affecting weather patterns and food production, which in turn have a negative impact on the future of human race as well as the planet, climate change can also put the hurt on people's pocketbooks, the economy of an area on a larger scale, and health in general: 

• Insect-borne diseases increase. For example, if insects don't die off in an area because it no longer reaches the cold temperatures it once did, diseases those insects may carry—such Lyme disease—can proliferate more easily.
• People from poorer, drier, hotter, or low-lying countries may attempt to emigrate to wealthier or higher-elevation locales seeking better (or at least nondeadly) conditions, causing tension among the existing population.
• As climates warm overall, people use more energy resources for cooling needs, which will lead to a rise in air pollution and deaths from increasingly hot weather conditions that cannot be mitigated.
• Allergy and asthma rates go up due to pollution exacerbated by the earlier and longer blooming of plants.
• Cultural or heritage sites are destroyed due to increased extremes and acid rain.

Disadvantages: Nature Out of Balance

The environment around us is affected by climate change in a multitude of ways. The component parts of any ecosystem normally must maintain a delicate balance but climate change is throwing nature is out of whack—in some places more than others. Effects include: 

• Increase in the number of species of animals and plants heading toward extinction.
• Loss of animal and plant habitats causes animals to move into other territories, disrupting ecosystems that are already established.
• Because the behaviors of many plants, insects, and animals are dependent on temperature, a change in climate can cause an imbalance in the ecosystem itself. For example, say the availability of food for a particular insect no longer coincides with the time when the offspring of the natural predator for that insect is born. Uncontrolled by predation, the insect population booms, resulting in an overabundance of that pest. This, in turn, leads to increased stress on the foliage the insects eat, which ultimately results in a loss of food for larger animals in the food chain that also depend on those plants for sustenance.
• Pests such as viruses, fungi, or parasites that usually perish at a certain low temperature no longer die off, which may lead to an increase in disease among plants, animals, and humans.  
• Melting of permafrost leads to flooding and greatly increases the release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere which only serves to exacerbate climate change. In addition, ancient viruses long held in stasis by the permafrost are allowed to escape into the environment. 
• Rainfall increases in acidity.
• Earlier seasonal drying of forests leads to forest fires of increased frequency, size, and intensity. Loss of plants and trees on hillsides leaves them more vulnerable to erosion and landslides and may lead to an increased probability of property damage and loss of life.

Pachauri, R.K. and L A. Meyer (eds.) " Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report ." Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.

" Coral Reefs ." World Wildlife Fund

" Where is Earth's Water? " USGS Water Science School. United States Geological Survey. 

Bittel, Jason. " The Complicated Story Behind 18,000 Dead Penguin Chicks ." onEarth Species Watch, 9 Nov 2017. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.

Ropert-Coudert, Yan et al. " Two Recent Massive Breeding Failures in an Adélie Penguin Colony Call for the Creation of a Marine Protected Area in D'urville Sea/Mertz. " Frontiers in Marine Science , vol. 5, no. 264, 2018, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00264

• The Effects of Global Warming on Wildlife
• A Geography and Overview of Earth's Arctic Region
• What Is Sea Level and How Is It Measured?
• Last Glacial Maximum - The Last Major Global Climate Change
• Comparing Climate Change and Global Warming
• The Next Ice Age
• How Climatology Is Different From Meteorology
• 10 Threats to Ocean Life
• What Is Physical Geography?
• Megafauna Extinctions - What (or Who) Killed All the Big Mammals?
• Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction
• Antarctica: What's Beneath the Ice?
• Global Climate Change and Evolution
• Land Biomes: The World's Major Habitats
• Top 6 Environmental Issues
• 9 Types of Marine Ecosystems

Student Essays

Essay on Weather [ Types, Importance in Life ]

Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time. It includes temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and pressure. The following Essay on Weather talks about its meaning and concept, types and how weather is important for us.

Essay on Weather | Types of Weather | Weather vs Climate

Weather is one of the most important aspects of our lives. It can have a huge impact on our mood, our health, and even our ability to function properly during the day. That’s why it’s so important to understand the different types of weather and how they can affect us.

Types of Weather

There are four main types of weather: sunny, cloudy, rainy, and snowy. Each type of weather has its own set of benefits and drawbacks.

Sunny: Sunny weather is great for outdoor activities and spending time in the sun. However, it can also be very hot and dry, which can be dangerous for people with certain medical conditions.

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Cloudy: Cloudy weather is cooler than sunny weather, but it can also be more humid. This type of weather is good for people who don’t like the heat but don’t want to deal with the cold.

Rainy: Rainy weather is perfect for activities that involve water, such as swimming or fishing. However, it can also be very muddy and wet, which can make it difficult to get around.

Snowy: Snowy weather is great for winter activities like skiing and sledding. However, it can also be very cold and dangerous for people who are not used to the cold weather.

Weather vs Climate:

Weather is the day-to-day condition of the atmosphere in a particular place, while climate is the average weather conditions in that place over a long period of time. Climate varies from place to place around the world. The climate in a tropical rainforest is very different from the climate in a desert.

Importance of Climate

Climate is important because it determines the types of plants and animals that can live in a particular place. For example, tropical rainforests have a very different climate from deserts. This means that different types of plants and animals can live in each environment.

Changes in Climate:

Climate change is a long-term shift in the average conditions of the atmosphere over a large area. Climate change could refer to a particular location or the planet as a whole. Climate change has been happening for millions of years, but it is only recently that humans have begun to impact the climate on a global scale.

Steps that we can take to Promote Healthy Weather

There are many things we can do to help promote healthy weather. Some of these steps include:

1. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by using less energy and switching to renewable sources of energy 2. Protecting and restoring forests, which play a vital role in regulating the climate 3. Improving agricultural practices to reduce methane emissions from livestock 4. Conserving water to reduce the amount of energy needed to pump and treat it

Weather is an important part of our lives and can have a big impact on our mood, health, and ability to function properly. There are four main types of weather: sunny, cloudy, rainy, and snowy. Each type of weather has its own set of benefits and drawbacks. Climate is important because it determines the types of plants and animals that can live in a particular place.

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Climate change is a long-term shift in the average conditions of the atmosphere over a large area. There are many things we can do to help promote healthy weather, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting and restoring forests, and improving agricultural practices.

Short Essay on Weather For Students:

Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It includes various elements such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and air pressure. Weather plays an important role in our daily lives as it affects our activities and influences our mood.

Importance of Weather

Weather has a significant impact on human life. It affects agriculture, transportation, tourism, health, and even the economy. Farmers rely on weather conditions for their crops to grow while tourists plan their trips based on favorable weather conditions. Weather also has an effect on mental health as certain weather patterns can lead to seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

Factors Affecting Weather

The main factors that influence the weather are latitude, altitude, topography, and global air circulation patterns. Latitude determines the amount of sunlight received, while altitude affects temperature and precipitation. The shape of the land and presence of water bodies can also affect weather patterns.

Weather conditions can vary greatly depending on geographical location and time of year. Some common types of weather include sunny, cloudy, rainy, snowy, windy, hot, cold, and humid.

Sunny Weather

Sunny weather is characterized by clear skies with abundant sunshine. It usually occurs when high pressure systems dominate the area.

Cloudy Weather

Cloudy weather refers to a condition where the sky is covered with clouds blocking out the sun’s rays. This type of weather often occurs during low-pressure systems.

Rainy Weather

Rainy weather is characterized by precipitation in the form of rain. It can be caused by warm air rising and condensing into water droplets, which then fall to the ground.

Snowy Weather

Snowy weather occurs when temperatures are low enough for precipitation to freeze and fall as snow. This type of weather often brings hazardous driving conditions and can lead to school or work closures.

Windy Weather

Windy weather refers to a condition where there is a strong movement of air. It can be caused by differences in air pressure between two areas or by geographical features such as mountains.

Hot Weather

Hot weather is characterized by high temperatures and humidity levels. It can cause heat-related illnesses such as heatstroke and dehydration if precautions are not taken.

Cold Weather

Cold weather is characterized by low temperatures and can bring about freezing conditions, which can be dangerous for both humans and animals.

Humid Weather

Humid weather refers to a condition where there is a high level of water vapor in the air. It can make hot or cold temperatures feel even more extreme and uncomfortable.

Weather affects our lives in many ways, from influencing our daily activities to shaping our emotions. Understanding the different types of weather and the factors that influence them can help us better prepare for any changes in the forecast. As we continue to face the impacts of climate change, it becomes even more important to pay attention to the weather and take necessary precautions to protect ourselves and our environment.

How do you write a weather essay?

A weather essay typically begins with an introduction about the significance of weather, followed by a description of different weather phenomena, their impact on daily life, and any relevant data or statistics. It should also include personal observations or experiences related to weather and conclude with a summary or reflection.

What is weather in 100 words?

Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions in a specific place and time. It encompasses elements such as temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, and precipitation. Weather can change rapidly and has a profound impact on daily life, agriculture, transportation, and various industries.

It is observed and forecasted by meteorologists using tools like weather stations, satellites, and computer models. Understanding and predicting weather is essential for planning outdoor activities, preparing for extreme conditions, and mitigating the effects of severe weather events like storms, hurricanes, and droughts.

What is weather in short notes?

Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere in a particular place at a specific time. It includes elements like temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, and precipitation. Weather conditions can vary from day to day and even within hours.

Meteorologists study and forecast weather using various instruments and technology to provide information for planning activities, predicting severe weather events, and understanding climate patterns over time.

How do you start a weather paragraph?

A weather paragraph can begin by describing the current weather conditions in a specific location or by introducing the topic of weather in a broader sense. You can use attention-grabbing phrases or statistics to engage the reader’s interest.

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Essay on Weather

Students are often asked to write an essay on Weather in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Weather

Introduction.

Weather is the day-to-day condition of our atmosphere. It includes factors like temperature, humidity, wind, and rainfall.

Types of Weather

Weather varies greatly around the world. It can be sunny, rainy, snowy, or windy. Each type of weather has its own features and effects.

Importance of Weather

Weather is important for many reasons. It affects our daily activities, health, and agriculture. We need to understand and predict it for safety and planning.

In conclusion, weather plays a significant role in our lives. It is a fascinating and complex natural phenomenon.

Also check:

• 10 Lines on Weather
• Paragraph on Weather

250 Words Essay on Weather

Weather is an integral part of our daily lives, influencing our activities, moods, and overall wellbeing. It is the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place, characterized by parameters like temperature, humidity, wind velocity, and atmospheric pressure.

The Science of Weather

The science behind weather, meteorology, is a complex discipline that studies atmospheric phenomena. The sun plays a crucial role in weather formation, as it heats the Earth’s surface unevenly, creating temperature differences. These temperature variations lead to air movements that we perceive as wind. Furthermore, the Earth’s rotation and topography also contribute to the intricacy of weather patterns.

Weather and Climate

It’s essential to distinguish between weather and climate. While weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions, climate represents the average weather conditions over a longer period, typically 30 years. This distinction is vital in understanding global issues like climate change, which refers to long-term shifts in climate patterns, rather than daily weather fluctuations.

Weather Forecasting

Weather forecasting, a practical application of meteorology, has evolved significantly over the years. Today, meteorologists use sophisticated technology like satellites, radars, and computer models to predict weather patterns. These forecasts are not only crucial for daily planning but also for mitigating potential disasters.

In conclusion, weather is a dynamic and complex system that impacts our lives in myriad ways. Understanding its mechanisms and implications helps us not only in our daily lives but also in addressing broader environmental issues. As we advance technologically, our ability to predict and respond to weather changes will continue to improve.

500 Words Essay on Weather

Weather is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that influences every aspect of our lives. It is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, characterized by parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind velocity, and atmospheric pressure. The study of weather, known as meteorology, is a crucial branch of Earth sciences, providing essential insights into our planet’s climatic patterns and their impact on the environment and human societies.

The Science Behind Weather

Weather results from the Earth’s atmosphere’s thermodynamic processes, primarily driven by the sun’s energy. The sun heats the Earth unevenly, creating temperature differences that lead to air movement, or wind. The Earth’s rotation, known as the Coriolis effect, further influences this wind, causing it to curve, which contributes to the formation of weather patterns.

Water vapor, a key player in weather formation, can condense into clouds, leading to precipitation when the particles become too large to remain airborne. The interaction of these factors, along with topographical features like mountains and bodies of water, result in the diverse weather phenomena we experience.

Weather forecasting, an application of meteorology, has seen significant advancements over the years. It involves predicting atmospheric conditions at a future time and location. Modern meteorologists use sophisticated equipment like weather satellites, radars, and supercomputers to generate accurate forecasts. These predictions are not only critical for daily planning but also for preventing disasters, aiding agriculture, and informing policy decisions related to climate change.

Impact of Weather on Human Life

Weather significantly influences human activities and well-being. Favorable weather conditions are essential for agriculture, as crops require specific temperature and rainfall patterns to thrive. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts, can cause immense destruction and loss of life.

Moreover, weather plays a pivotal role in our health. Cold weather can exacerbate conditions like arthritis, while heatwaves can lead to heat stroke. Seasonal changes also affect mental health, with conditions like Seasonal Affective Disorder being linked to weather patterns.

Climate Change and Weather

The ongoing climate change, largely driven by human activities, is altering global weather patterns. Rising temperatures are expected to intensify extreme weather events, making hurricanes more powerful and heatwaves more frequent. This underscores the urgent need for effective climate policies to mitigate these changes and adapt to a warmer world.

In conclusion, weather is an intricate and vital aspect of our world, intricately linked with our daily lives and the broader environment. Understanding its mechanisms, predicting its patterns, and studying its impacts is crucial, especially in the face of climate change. As we continue to advance in our knowledge and technology, our relationship with weather will undoubtedly evolve, underscoring the importance of ongoing research and education in this field.

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Geography Notes

Essay on weather and climate: top 6 essays | climatology | geography.

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Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Weather and Climate’ for class 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Weather and Climate’ especially written for school students.

Essay on Weather and Climate

Essay Contents:

• Essay on Variation in Climate and Weather

Essay # 1. Meaning of Weather and Climate:

Weather is the day-to-day state of atmosphere and pertains to short term changes in conditions of heat, moisture and air movement. Weather results from processes that attempt to equalise the differences in the distribution of net radiant energy from sun. In other words, the instantaneous state of atmosphere can be called as weather. It is usually expressed as fine, fair, foggy, cloudy, rainy, sunny or windy weather.

The process of exchange of heat and moisture between earth and atmosphere over a long period of time (month, season, and year) related to large areas (zone, state, country, continent) results in conditions what we call climate.

It is aggregate of atmospheric conditions involving heat, moisture and air movement. In other words, the totality of weather over a large area is known as climate. It is expressed as marine, continental, arid, semiarid, humid or desert climate.

ADVERTISEMENTS: (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Essay # 2. Elements of Weather and Climate :

Weather refers to the sum total of the atmos­pheric conditions in terms of temperature, pressure, wind, moisture, cloudiness, precipitation and visibility of a particular place at any given time. In fact, weather denotes short-term variations of atmospheric condi­tions and it is highly variable.

On the other hand, climate is defined as aggregate weather conditions of any region in long-term perspective. According to Trewartha ‘climate represents a composite of day to day weather conditions, and of the atmospheric ele­ments, within a specified area over a long period of time.’ According to Critchfield ‘climate is more than a statistical average; it is the aggregate of atmospheric conditions involving heat, moisture, and air move­ment. Extremes must always be considered in any climatic description in addition to means, trends, and probabilities.’

According to Koeppen and De Long ‘climate is a summary, a composite of weather condi­tions over a long period of time; truly portrayed, it includes details of variations-extremes, frequencies, sequences-of the weather elements which occur from year to year, particularly in temperature and precipita­tion. Climate is the aggregate of the weather.’

G.F. Taylor has maintained that ‘climate is the integration of weather, and weather is the differentiation of cli­mate. The distinction between weather and climate is, therefore, mainly one of time.’ Temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness etc. are ele­ments of weather and climate.

ADVERTISEMENTS: (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Essay # 3. Importance of Weather and Climate :

Weather and climate are the most pervasive factors of crop environment.

Knowledge of agrometeorology is useful in several aspects of practical agriculture as indicated below:

1. It has practical utility in timing of agricultural operations so as to make the best use of favourable weather conditions and make adjustments for adverse weather.

2. The dangers of crop production due to pest and disease incidence, occurrence of prolonged drought, soil erosion, frost and weather hazards can be minimised.

3. Weather support also provides guidelines for long range or seasonal planning of crops and cultivars most suited to anticipated climatic conditions.

4. Agrometeorological information can be used in land use planning, risk analysis of climatic hazards, production and harvest forecasts and linking similar crop environments for crop adaptability and productivity.

Weather Elements :

Weather is a phase of climate representing atmospheric condition at a given place and at a given instant of time as against climate, representing atmospheric condition for longer period of time over a larger area.

Components of weather and climate or simply weather elements include:

a. Temperature.

b. Solar radiation.

c. Humidity.

e. Pressure.

g. Precipitation.

The influence of weather and climate on crop growth and development and final yield is complicated by complexity of interactions associated with crops and the environment during the crop season.

The influence of weather and climate on crop productivity can be summarised as indicated below:

Weather parameters with favourable influence :

1. Weather and climate are the important factors to determining the success or failure of agriculture.

2. All the agricultural operations from sowing to harvest of crops depend on the mercy of weather.

3. Climate determines suitability of a crop to a particular region while weather plays a major role in the productivity of a crop in the region.

4. The excess or shortage of elements of weather and climate exerts a negative influence on crop growth, development and final yield.

5. The effect of weather and climate is complex as elements of climate operate simultaneously in nature.

6. Due to complexity of environment in which a crop is grown, it is difficult to assign an, optimum value of a climatic element for maximum crop productivity.

Weather parameters with negative influence :

1. Excessive and untimely rains.

2. Scanty rains with prolonged dry spells.

3. Heat and cold waves.

4. Dust-storms, thunderstorms and hailstorms.

5. High winds.

Weather variables having both positive and negative effects on crop productivity :

1. Solar radiation (UV, light and infrared).

2. Temperature (air and soil).

3. Humidity,

5. Precipitation.

Essay # 4. Difference between Weather and Climate:

The differences between weather and climate are:

1. Pertains to the day-to-day state of the atmosphere at a particular place.

2. Refers to specific instant of time and place.

3. It is always changing and differs from time to time.

1. Pertains to the atmosphere over a given region,

2. Refers to a large region and for a long period of time.

3. It is more or less stable and differs from region to region.

Essay # 5. Factors Controlling Weather and Climate :

Geographical factors influencing weather and climate are referred to as climatic controls .

a. Latitude.

b. Altitude.

c. Land and water bodies.

d. Mountains.

e. Topography.

The distance from the equator (latitude), either from south or north, largely creates variation in climate. Based on latitude, the climate has been classified as tropical, subtropical, temperate and polar climates. The height from mean sea level (altitude/elevation) adds to variation in climate.

Temperature and pressure decreases with increasing height from mean sea level. Based on altitude, the climate is described as mountainous and valley/plateau climates. Nearness to large bodies of water also causes variation in climate. The climates are referred to as continental and maritime.

Instruments for Measuring Weather Parameters :

Different instruments are used for measuring weather parameters in observatories and laboratories. Depending on the level of accuracy required and the cost, instruments are used for recording the weather data.

Irrespective of whether it is an observatory or a lab. Table 2.1 gives a list or of instruments and weather parameter measured:

Essay # 6. Variation in Climate and Weather :

Climatic parameters are determined, primarily, by geographic factors such as:

1. Latitude.

2. Altitude.

3. Distance from large water bodies.

4. Ocean currents.

5. Intensity of wind.

All the above climatic parameters influence the wind. Three geographic factors—altitude, latitude and longitude are important for crop production. These are embodied in Hopkin Bioclimatic Law. It states that crop production activities (planting to harvest) and specific morphological developments are delayed by 4 days for each 1° latitude, 5° longitude and 12 m (40 ft) of altitude as one move northward and upward, respectively.

Intensity, velocity and direction of wind vary with three geographic factors leading to variation in climate and weather.

Geographic surface features such as large bodies of water and mountain ranges modify the wind characteristics and hence the meteorological parameters. A mountain range in the path of prevailing wind creates moist conditions on the windward side and dry conditions on the leeward side. Air cools adiabatically to the dew point as it rises up the mountains.

The air that is forced upward by the mountain range loses its moisture and becomes a dry mass when it goes over the top. This is called the orographic effect (relief effect), which is different from the usual rainfall without mountains. Topography influences weather and microclimate through variation in temperature and wind.

Water is normally warmer than the surrounding land. When wind blows over a large body of water, it picks up moisture, thus creating a more moderate leeward condition. The leeward side of the body of water is subjected to less temperature fluctuations (relatively stable weather) compared to windward side. Windward side is suitable for drought tolerant crops and leeward side to relatively drought sensitive crops. North facing and south facing slopes may differ in climate and natural vegetation. These sites differ in crops that can be grown.

World climate is not static but is subjected to changes caused by factors such as systematic changes in solar activity, sea level, atmospheric carbon dioxide and continental drift. Continental drift gradually changes the latitudinal position of the land masses and the sea level. Volcanic explosions discharge large amounts of dust and gases into the atmosphere. This may cause a decline in temperature (reverse of greenhouse effect).

Accumulation of greenhouse gases is responsible for global warming (gradual increasing trend in global average temperature largely due to greenhouse effect). In spite of technological advances in modern crop production, crop production is still subject to the vagaries of the weather that are manifested in three main ways— moisture stress, temperature stress and natural disasters.

Related Articles:

• Essay on Humidity: Top 5 Essays on Humidity| Climatology | Geography
• Savanna Climate: Location, Rainfall and Vegetation | Climatology | Geography
• Essay on Precipitation: Top 5 Essays | Process | Earth | Geography
• Essay on Fog: Top 4 Essays on Fog | Climatology | Geography

Climatology , Essay , Geography , Weather and Climate

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Are there positive benefits from global warming?

Yes, there will probably be some short-term and long-term benefits from global warming. For example, the flip side of increased mortality from heat waves may be decreased mortality from cold waves.

In the short term, farmers in some regions may benefit from the earlier onset of spring and from a longer warm season that is suitable for growing crops. Also, studies show that, up to a certain point, crops and other plants grow better in the presence of higher carbon dioxide levels and seem to be more drought-tolerant.  [ 1 ]  But this benefit is a two-edged sword: weeds, many invasive plant species, and insect pests will also thrive in a warmer world. Water availability will be impacted in drier agricultural areas that need irrigation. At some point, the benefits to crops of increased carbon dioxide will likely be overwhelmed by the negative impacts of heat stress and drought.

In July 2017, Finnish icebreaker, MSV Nordica , photographed here in 2011, set a new record for the earliest transit through the Northwest Passage. Photo CC license by JV Virta .

In the long term, shipping commerce will benefit from the opening of the Northwest Passage for longer periods of the year due to the loss of Arctic sea ice. However, in the long run, if a "business as usual" approach to emitting heat-trapping gases is maintained at the present rate, or faster, then the negative costs and impacts of global warming are very likely to far outweigh the benefits over the course of this century, with increased potential for catastrophic impacts from more extreme events.  [ 17 ]  In part, this is because any substantial change, whether warmer or colder, would challenge the societal infrastructure that has developed under the current climate.

IPCC (2012): Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation . A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 582 pp.

USGCRP (2017). Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume 1 [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp, doi:  10.7930/J0J964J6 .

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., D. Jacob, M. Taylor, M. Bindi, S. Brown, I. Camilloni, A. Diedhiou, R. Djalante, K.L. Ebi, F. Engelbrecht, J.Guiot, Y. Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, A. Payne, S.I. Seneviratne, A. Thomas, R. Warren, and G. Zhou. (2018). Impacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W.

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• Published: 11 January 2024

Machine learning

Artificial intelligence for weather forecasting

• Silvia Conti 1  

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering volume  1 ,  page 8 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Medium-range weather prediction — forecasts up to 15 days — is crucial for science and society. However, traditional methods that rely on the weather-governing physics equations translated into algorithms are time consuming, laborious and costly, resulting in speed-accuracy trade-offs.

Now writing in Science , Remi Lam et al. present an alternative weather forecast system, GraphCast, that harnesses machine learning and graph neural networks (GNNs) to process spatially structured historical data. “GraphCast learns from four decades (1979–2017) of curated atmospheric data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), finding patterns in the weather that it can then exploit to make forecasts,” says Alvaro Sanchez-Gonzalez, one of the authors of the paper. GraphCast models the Earth using a GNN over a uniform mesh around the Earth surface. The inputs are the current weather state and the state six hours earlier; the output is the weather six hours ahead.

Until recently, medium-range forecasting had been facilitated by WeatherBench 1 , which provided training and verification data at low resolution. The primary goal of the researchers was to demonstrate the potential impact of this model. It turned out that it was possible to extend the resolution of WeatherBench 1, leading to the development of GraphCast. Substantial verification efforts to evaluate GraphCast against operational models across various metrics and applications followed. The release of an improved WeatherBench 2 benchmark is expected to further enhance progress in evaluating this type of model.

Operating at a high resolution of 0.25° longitude/latitude grid (roughly 28 × 28 km resolution at the equator) and thus covering over 1 million grid points, GraphCast predicts several Earth-surface and atmospheric variables — temperature, wind speed and direction, mean sea-level pressure, specific humidity, and more — with high accuracy. Despite the computationally intensive training (about 4 weeks on 32 Google TPU v4 machines), the method is highly efficient, producing 10-day forecasts in less than one minute on a single TPU. In comparison, gold-standard deterministic methods such as ECMFW’s high resolution forecast (HRES) can take hours on a supercomputer with hundreds of machines. Moreover, GraphCast outperforms HRES on over 90% of test variables and forecast lead times, reaching 99.7% accuracy in the troposphere — a crucial atmospheric layer because it is the closest to the Earth’s surface and the one that affects our lives the most.

“Our goal was to show real-world impact, and early results hinted that we could potentially scale-up our approach to work at the resolutions required for GraphCast to become a competitive operational model,” continues Sanchez-Gonzalez. GraphCast is now recognized as the world’s most accurate 10-day global deterministic weather forecasting system, extending the prediction horizon for extreme weather events, including extreme temperatures, cyclones and floods, aiding in and planning emergency responses.

“Our goal was to show real-world impact, and early results hinted that we could potentially scale-up our approach to work at the resolutions required for GraphCast to become a competitive operational model”

To enhance accessibility, the code for GraphCast has been open-sourced, with ECMWF already experimenting with the 10-day forecasts. Pioneering artificial intelligence (AI) in weather forecasting aims to benefit billions of people in their daily lives by empowering the global community to address environmental challenges. “One of the greatest advantages of AI systems is that they learn from data. GraphCast was trained using atmospheric data, so it learned to predict the evolution of the atmosphere. You could imagine training GraphCast with other data — for example, agricultural data to predict harvests; ecology data to predict deforestation and biodiversity; and also renewable energies, or even road traffic,” concludes Sanchez-Gonzalez.

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Lam, R. et al. Learning skillful medium-range global weather forecasting. Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi2336 (2023)

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What Is the Future of Wind Energy?

This article was reviewed by a member of Caltech's Faculty .

Humans have used windmills to capture the force of the wind as mechanical energy for more than 1,300 years . Unlike early windmills, however, modern wind turbines use generators and other components to convert energy from the spinning blades into a smooth flow of AC electricity.

In the video below, Resnick Sustainability Institute researcher John Dabiri discusses the future of wind energy technology.

How much of global electricity demand is met by wind energy?

Wind energy is a small but fast-growing fraction of electricity production. It accounts for 5 percent of global electricity production and 8 percent of the U.S. electricity supply.

Globally, wind energy capacity surpasses 743 gigawatts , which is more than is available from grid-connected solar energy and about half as much as hydropower can provide. Nearly three-quarters of that 651 gigawatts comes from wind farms in five countries: China, the U.S., Germany, India, and Spain. Wind energy capacity in the Americas has tripled over the past decade.

In the U.S., wind is now a dominant renewable energy source , with enough wind turbines to generate more than 100 million watts, or megawatts, of electricity, equivalent to the consumption of about 29 million average homes.

The cost of wind energy has plummeted over the past decade. In the U.S., it is cost-competitive with natural gas and solar power.

Wind energy and solar energy complement each other, because wind is often strongest after the sun has heated the ground for a time. Warm air rises from the most heated areas, leaving a void where other air can rush in, which produces horizontal wind currents . We can draw on solar energy during the earlier parts of the day and turn to wind energy in the evening and night. Wind energy has added value in areas that are too cloudy or dark for strong solar energy production, especially at higher latitudes.

How big are wind turbines and how much electricity can they generate?

Typical utility-scale land-based wind turbines are about 250 feet tall and have an average capacity of 2.55 megawatts, each producing enough electricity for hundreds of homes. While land-based wind farms may be remote, most are easy to access and connect to existing power grids.

Smaller turbines, often used in distributed systems that generate power for local use rather than for sale, average about 100 feet tall and produce between 5 and 100 kilowatts.

One type of offshore wind turbine currently in development stands 853 feet tall, four-fifths the height of the Eiffel Tower, and can produce 13 megawatts of power. Adjusted for variations in wind, that is enough to consistently power thousands of homes. While tall offshore turbines lack some of the advantages of land-based wind farms, use of them is burgeoning because they can capture the energy of powerful, reliable winds high in the air near coastlines, where most of the largest cities in the world are located.

What are some potential future wind technologies other than turbines?

Engineers are in the early stages of creating airborne wind turbines , in which the components are either floated by a gas like helium or use their own aerodynamics to stay high in the air, where wind is stronger. These systems are being considered for offshore use, where it is expensive and difficult to install conventional wind turbines on tall towers.

Trees, which can withstand gale forces and yet move in response to breezes from any direction, also are inspiring new ideas for wind energy technology. Engineers speculate about making artificial wind-harvesting trees . That would require new materials and devices that could convert energy from a tree's complex movements into the steady rotation that traditional generators need. The prize is wind energy harvested closer to the ground with smaller, less obtrusive technologies and in places with complex airflows, such as cities.

What are the challenges of using wind energy?

Extreme winds challenge turbine designers. Engineers have to create systems that will start generating energy at relatively low wind speeds and also can survive extremely strong winds. A strong gale contains 1,000 times more power than a light breeze, and engineers don't yet know how to design electrical generators or turbine blades that can efficiently capture such a broad range of input wind power. To be safe, turbines may be overbuilt to withstand winds they will not experience at many sites, driving up costs and material use. One potential solution is the use of long-term weather forecasting and AI to better predict the wind resources at individual locations and inform designs for turbines that suit those sites.

Climate change will bring more incidents of unusual weather, including potential changes in wind patterns . Wind farms may help mitigate some of the harmful effects of climate change. For example, turbines in cold regions are routinely winterized to keep working in icy weather when other systems may fail, and studies have demonstrated that offshore wind farms may reduce the damage caused by hurricanes . A more challenging situation will arise if wind patterns shift significantly. The financing for wind energy projects depends critically on the ability to predict wind resources at specific sites decades into the future. One potential way to mitigate unexpected, climate-change-related losses or gains of wind is to flexibly add and remove groups of smaller turbines, such as vertical-axis wind turbines , within existing large-scale wind farms.

Wind farms do have environmental impacts . The most well-known is harm to wildlife, including birds and bats . Studies are informing wind farm siting and management practices that minimize harm to wildlife , and Audubon, a bird conservation group, now supports well-planned wind farms. The construction and maintenance of wind farms involves energy-intensive activities such as trucking, road-building, concrete production, and steel construction. Also, while towers can be recycled, turbine blades are not easily recyclable. In hopes of developing low-to-zero-waste wind farms, scientists aim to design new reuse and disposal strategies , and recyclable plastic turbine blades. Studies show that wind energy's carbon footprint is quickly offset by the electricity it generates and is among the lowest of any energy source .

Dive Deeper

Wind Vision: A New Era for Wind Power in the United States

Caltech Energy 10 to Develop the Roadmap for 50% Reduction in Emissions by 2030

Tweaking Turbine Angles Squeezes More Power Out of Wind Farms

Advantages and disadvantages of weather radar

Radar technology has been around for the longest time now. It is applicable in a variety of industries and its usage spans a number of applications. One such application is in the weather. A weather radar is mostly used in the collection of data regarding the weather and its components. In this paper, we look at the advantages and disadvantages of weather radar .

1 . High quality of data: One of the main advantages of weather radar is the fact that the data collected by the radar is of high quality and can be used to determine various aspects of the weather reliably.

2 . Reliable weather forecasts: The forecasting of the weather is one of the most important uses of weather radar. Through radar technology, experts have been able to reliably predict the weather and sometimes even measure the exact amount of rainfall or precipitation.

3 . More accurate results : Using weather radar to determine the weather and even to predict the weather results in much more accurate results. Radar can easily measure the exact amount or quantity of a particular weather element and use this to determine the expected forecasts.

4 . Locate precipitation : Weather radar can also be used to locate precipitation in any given area of the earth. This information comes in handy when determining the exact amount of rainfall that is expected.

5 . Can calculate the speed of precipitation: Besides locating precipitation, weather radar can also be used to calculate the exact speed of precipitation, a fete that was previously impossible using conventional means.

6 . Can determine the structure of storms: Weather radar has been used extensively by experts to determine the structure of storms. This information is then used to build the profile of expected storms and put in place mitigating measures.

7 . Hail detection: We can also use weather radar to detect hailstorms that are expected within a particular locality. This information is important in determining the exact nature of the hailstorms and helps prevent their effects.

8 . Research : Weather radar also comes in handy in the field of research where experts can use it to profile the weather of a given area and use the patterns to predict the climate of that area and help people in planning.

9 . Flood forecasting : Weather radar can also be used for flood forecasting to predict the occurrence of floods.

10 . Weather surveillance : Weather radar helps in profiling the weather of a given area provides people with the confidence of the climate and also advises on the expected weather at a given time.

Disadvantages

1 . Cannot detect fog : Weather radar has the limitation of not being able to detect fog. This creates a gap in weather forecasting where an area that is likely to receive fog is not properly profiled.

2 . Cannot detect wind independently: A weather radar is not known to detect wind independently unless with the use of additional remote sensing. This also creates a gap in weather forecasting.

3 . Not entirely reliable: Weather radar has a variety of limitations that makes it lack some of the most important forecasting principles. This means the radar is not entirely reliable in terms of weather forecasting.

4 . Requires expertise to analyze : The usage of weather radar to forecast the weather is not an easy thing and requires some level of expertise to analyze the data that comes through it.

5 . Relies on intense datasets: There is a huge dataset associated with the weather radar that needs to be analyzed before any decision is made. This data is so big that it may take a considerable amount of time to analyze fully.

6 . The analysis is not instant : The weather analysis done through weather radar is not always instant and therefore the information is not real-time.

7 . Weather changes all the time : The weather is a phenomenon that changes all the time. This means that any delay in data collection may sometimes result in useless data.

8 . The estimates can be wrong : The estimates obtained from weather radar are not 100 percent accurate. This means that the data may be wrong in some cases and this may impact the final decision making.

9 . Radar technology keeps growing : Radar technology is not static. It is dynamic and it keeps growing at a really fast pace. This means that scientists need to keep up with the technology which can be expensive and time-consuming.

10 . More interference : Radar technology experiences interference from various aspects of the weather including water, wind, and so on. This may affect the quality of the data and hence the results of the analysis.

Interested in learning more about weather and predictions? Check out this interesting book on Amazon:

Weather 101: From Doppler Radar and Long-Range Forecasts to the Polar Vortex and Climate Change, Everything You Need to Know About the Study of Weather

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• Advantages and Disadvantages of RADAR Systems
• Advantages of LiDAR over Radar
• Advantages and Disadvantages of LiDAR
• Radar vs Satellite weather

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of winter season

Cold weather, snow, sleet, and ice might be a nuisance for some, but for many others, it can provide a unique opportunity to experience something new. Some people enjoy winter for the time off from the busyness of summer and the warmth that it brings.

1. Rest from the summer heat

2. rest from summer health problems, 3. cold weather burns more calories, 4. more sleep, 5. enjoyment of watching nature.

• 6. More Fruits & Vegitables

7. More Physical Activities

8. improve mood and posture, 9. allergy benefits, 10. reduce stress levels, 1. uncomfortable clothes, 2. limited access to the outdoors, 3. it’s difficult to entertain guests, 4. cold and flu season is upon us, 5. less time for shopping.

In this article, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of winter season . The cold season is sometimes called the fall and winter seasons, which most often refers to the months of December through February.

The cold weather makes it easier to keep warm, but it can also make it harder to be active. Wintertime is also a good time for many types of wildlife. Let’s discuss the main benefits of the winter season.

advantages and disadvantages of winter season

We cannot imagine the cold weather benefits . The cold weather not only helps us keep warm but also provides good conditions for human health. Here are the most important 10 cold weather benefits.

The cold weather influences our health. In winter, it is important that we stay inside because the heat-generated by indoor activities can cause health problems. The cold weather provides a chance to rest from the heat and take care of our health.

In the summer we face the problem of heat and we don’t return to the natural lifestyle. In winter, the temperature is so low that we get rid of our usual lifestyle and return to our natural habits. This climate is very favorable for our health. In the USA the temperature may vary.

Some people’s health problems increase when they live in the summer, while winter helps them to get rid of all their health problems. The cold weather provides a good environment for human health. Health benefits of cold weather more than summer. In summer, we face plenty of health problems and common summer diseases such as headaches, fatigue, and dizziness. During this period, people usually feel irritated and anxious but in winter, the temperature drops so low that all these problems are resolved.

The cold weather can burn more calories. The temperature in winter is much lower than that in summer, but if we need to double the amount of calories burned in wintertime, it is only a little more than it is in summer.

If we need to burn 15,000 calories per day in summer, the calories burned in winter will be only 10,000. In fact, it is not like this. When the temperature drops, it means that there is less carbon dioxide in the air and more oxygen.

This means that we need to use more oxygen. Also, our muscle’s ability to pull costs more energy. It combined these two things to make you burn more calories. A recent post of Washington post publishes in their article that cold air may help you lose weight.

My old grandmother always used to say, Summer friends will melt away like summer snows, but winter friends are friends forever George R. R. Martin,  A Feast for Crows

The cold weather makes it easier to fall asleep. According to statistics, three-quarters of the people who have a problem falling asleep and wake up in the middle of the night before they need to are due to heat or hot weather. The nights in winter are longer than summer nights.

It is said that the people who sleep in the summer nights sleep longer than those who sleep in the winter. In the winter, the temperature is low, but the air is still dry and moist, so you can stay indoors for a longer time, which makes it easier to sleep.

Most people in the cold weather enjoy watching nature. In summer, we visit beaches or parks and spend most of the time playing outside, but when it’s winter, we can observe the beauty of nature in an indoor environment.

The wonderful scenery of winter is much more beautiful than summer. The beautiful scenery of nature can be experienced in an indoor environment during the cold months. My favorite thing about winter is the season’s colors.

The colors of the dying leaves are magnificent in winter. The beautiful colors of nature contrasted with the colors of nature which are dressed in the warm colors of summer in winter.

6. More Fruits & vegetables

In winter, we can get more fruits and vegetables. In summer, the heat is a problem for fruit or vegetable growth. The cold weather helps these plants grow better, so they are richer in winter than in summer.

In summer, it transported the food from the soil to the leaves through the root system. But in winter, it takes a long time for this process to take place. The cold weather makes the plants grow faster, so they are richer in winter than in summer.

In the cold weather, there are many physical activities. For example, people go skiing and sledding. In the winter, there are many national sports tournaments.

During this period, the athletes who practice all year round take part in a full season of sport and get plenty of exercise. In the summer, you may have a lot of exercise because it is warm outside, but in winter, you need to wait until the weather gets better to go out and enjoy physical activities.

In the cold weather, we get more physical activities, which helps to improve mood and posture. In summer, it is very common that us to spend most of our time indoors or outdoors.

We spend a lot of time in our office because of our work or studies. This makes us more tired and down than in wintertime. In the winter, we spend less time inside the house, which gives us more time outdoors and more physical activities.

This means we can both increase our mood and improve our posture. In summer, the temperature is high and it makes us feel uncomfortable while in winter; the temperature is very low, but the air is dry and moist so we can stay indoors for a longer time.

In the winter she curls up around a good book and dreams away the cold. Ben Aaronovitch,  Broken Homes

We also know that in winter, cold weather can help reduce allergies. Many people have asthma and allergies, but the cold weather can help to eliminate these problems.

Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds can cause allergies. In summer, the flowers are very large and produce many seeds that are bad for people who suffer from allergies.

In the winter, all these plants are dormant and they can cause no allergy problems. The cold weather can help us reduce allergies.

The advantage of being cold, its relief in stress levels. Besides physical activities, we can also get many other benefits from the cold weather. You can reduce stress by using exercise or taking a walk in the park and breathing in the fresh air. In winter, you can catch up on your sleep or indulge in fun wintertime activities.

There are many benefits of having a winter holiday over the summer. In winter, we can go to the snow and enjoy the holiday with our family and friends. But in summer, if you want to play with your friends outside, you will find out that all your friends are on holiday.

Benefits of humidifier in winter

A humidifier is a device that adds moisture to the air in a room or an enclosed space. It increases the humidity level, which is the amount of moisture or water vapor present in the air.

Humidifiers are commonly used to combat dry indoor air, particularly during the winter months when indoor heating systems reduce humidity levels. Here are some benefits of humidifier in winter.

Disadvantages of winter season

The cooler temperatures of winter can be a welcome relief in the warmer months but come with their own share of disadvantages.

This is especially true for those who don’t want to gear up in heavy winter coats and jackets. Here are five things we can all say endlessly about the colder season that make it a bummer in some respects. Let’s look at some drawbacks of the winter season.

Despite women’s and men’s fashion designers who donned their creative gears to design snazzy clothes for winter wear, many people still feel that being dressed up in layers of fabric and leather is far from comfortable.

While in summer, casual- and beachwear are much in vogue, the cold season requires you to dress up in coats and jackets, which can be stuffy and awkward.

While summer’s weather usually permits us to spend ample time outside, winter can be inconvenient. With the temperature dropping and snow falling, outdoor activities such as hiking or walking in a park are not always fun.

It’s said that summer is the season for outdoor fun. In winter, you are more likely to be indoors, which can get you feeling cooped up and stir up cabin fever.

Similar to point two, entertaining guests can be tricky. It’s hard work trying to find a venue that is warm enough and yet affordable. The sun also disappears in the winter, making outdoor activities more challenging. You may have to spend more to make the occasion memorable.

With the cooler weather, comes a higher risk of getting colds and the flu. You may feel you have nothing to worry about, but cold and flu season always arrives, eventually. Keeping your immune system strong is of the utmost importance during this season.

Include winter-friendly foods in your diet and try to get enough sleep. You can even consider investing in a humidifier or vaporizer to give your sick room a breath of fresh air.

Fashion and trends come in hot-and-cold cycles. And between seasons, there are always those who complain about not having enough time to shop for the pieces they want.

Winter shopping can be challenging when most of your favorite shops are closed, and you have to settle for boring alternatives. As much as people complain about winter, it can be a great season. You just have to learn to embrace the cold weather and all its wonderfulness.

If you are not a fan of winter, keep this in mind: It’s said that your true love will always be just around the corner. This could mean you’ll never be alone in the winter season as long as you have someone to share it with.

Why winter season is Important?

Winter is the coldest season of the year, with temperatures below freezing point. Winter often comes with snow or ice, and sometimes both.

Weather patterns may vary widely across the world but in most areas, we mark winter by colder temperatures and fewer hours of sunlight than summer. This is usually the case in the northern hemisphere.

In tropical countries, spring, or early summer is usually warmer than winter. Winter often comes with a higher likelihood of snowfall and ice storms.

Does the cold help your immune system?

It is hard to say if the cold helps your immune system. Your immune system has its own rhythm and is not affected by the seasons.

However, cold weather may be a little harder on people with asthma or other breathing problems, some experts say. You can also catch a cold from being outside in the cold too much, from not wearing enough clothes, or from breathing in too many germs.

What are the pros and cons of sleeping in a cold room?

Sleeping in a cold room has its good and bad points. Sleeping in a cold room may keep you from catching a cold, but can also affect your sleep and make it difficult to wake up. The temperature of your bedroom affects the sleep you have each night.

The temperature of your bedroom should be cool, clean, and dry. You cannot change the air in your bedroom, but you can control the clothing you wear to bed, the covers you use, and how often you change them.

Winter Vs Summer, which is better?

My response is a bit of a surprise to most people. The conventional wisdom is that summertime is the best time of year because it has longer days, less cold, and more sunlight to enjoy. But I like winter better.

I like winter because it is a time of interesting contrasts. We don’t feel so compelled to go outside and be active all the time because it’s cold. So, we stay inside, engage in more intellectual pursuits, and have more downtime.

How to take a cold shower?

The easiest way to take a cold shower is to turn on the hot water heater, wait for the temperature of the water to rise, then turn off the heater and let the cold water run.

Summer is also beneficial but at the end of the winter season’s advantages and disadvantages , it confirms that winter is still a season of natural beauty. Winter is not just cold weather; it makes us more human and happier.

It is for this reason that in many countries around the world, everyone likes to have a Christmas party in their homes during the holiday season.

This article contains the merits and demerits of winter , which are important for us to remember. In the winter when we are in trouble and feel bored, we must think about the benefits of cold weather.

I hope this article will give you some ideas about how to enjoy the cold winter and make your life more interesting. In addition, if you have questions on the benefits of winter , please leave a comment and I’ll be happy to answer.

Home — Essay Samples — Geography & Travel — City — Review of the Weather and Climate in Houston

Review of The Weather and Climate in Houston

• Categories: City Texas

About this sample

Words: 416 |

Published: Mar 1, 2019

Words: 416 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Works Cited

• City of Houston. (n.d.). Climate.
• Galveston Historical Foundation. (n.d.). The 1900 Storm - Galveston Hurricane.
• Houston First Corporation. (n.d.). About Houston.
• Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. (n.d.). About Us.
• Houston Museum District. (n.d.). Home.
• Space Center Houston. (n.d.). About Us.
• Texas Hurricane Center. (n.d.). List of Texas hurricanes (2000–present).
• Texas State Historical Association. (n.d.). Houston, Texas. Retrieved from https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/houston-texas
• U.S. Climate Data. (n.d.). Climate Houston - Texas. Retrieved from https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/houston/texas/united-states/ustx0617
• Visit Houston. (n.d.). Explore Houston. Retrieved from https://www.visithoustontexas.com/things-to-do/

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• Essay Task 2

Guide to Advantage Disadvantage IELTS Essay Type

• Essay Types
• Double Question
• Advantage Disadvantage
• Problem Solution
• Essay Length

IELTS advantage/disadvantage essays ask you to write about the benefits and drawbacks of a topic as well as (sometimes) asking for your opinion.  This guide covers everything you need to know to complete an Academic IELTS advantage/ disadvantage essay. Let’s start preparing with Benchmark IELTS!

Table of Contents

1.1 understanding the question, 1.2 example advantage/disadvantage questions, 2.1 essay structure 1, 2.2 essay structure 2.

• 3.1 Identify key words and phrases

3.2 Organise your ideas

3.3 identify vocabulary, 4.1 introduction, 4.2 main body paragraphs, 4.3 conclusion, 5.1 complete the sample advantage/disadvantage essay, 5.2 advantage/disadvantage sample essay, 1. advantage/ disadvantage essay overview.

This section of the guide will show you how to identify an IELTS advantage/disadvantage question.

Remember, there are five main types of writing task 2 questions:

• Advantage/disadvantage
• Double question
• Problem/solution

It is very important to understand what type of question you are given in the exam so you can respond in an appropriate way: different question types will require different responses.

Advantage/disadvantage essay questions can be presented in several different ways.

Here are some examples of the way an advantage/disadvantage question may be worded:

• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages and give your opinion.
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of _____ and give your opinion.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of _____?

You may also see questions using synonyms for advantage and disadvantage, for example:

• What are the benefits and drawbacks of…?

Be careful, the question itself might not always use words or phrases relating to advantage/disadvantage and they could be hidden in the statement,  as seen here:

• Some people believe that using a bicycle as your main form of transport has a lot of advantages , whereas others believe that it has many disadvantages . Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Here is another example of a question where you are asked to give your opinion:

• Do the advantages of … outweigh the disadvantages

After you have identified the essay type , you need to understand what you are being asked to do. To do well in the Task achievement marking component, you need to ‘ address all parts of the task’ .

This type of essay question will always be split into two parts:

• The IELTS statement
• The question

You must always write about both the advantages and disadvantages of the given topic. As we can see in example questions 1-6, sometimes you are asked to give your opinion on the question, and sometimes you are not. Let’s compare the following questions:

You are not being asked to give your opinion

Here are some example advantage/disadvantage essay questions:

In the past, when students did a university degree, they tended to study in their own country. Nowadays, they have more of an opportunity to study abroad.

Do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?

Today children spend a lot of their free time watching TV.

Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages of this practice?

Also, read the following IELTS Essay Writing Guides

• IELTS Discussion Type Questions
• Double Question IELTS Essay Topics
• Opinion-based Task 2 IELTS Guide
• Problem Solution IELTS Writing Task Statement

The threat of nuclear weapons maintains world peace. Nuclear power provides cheap and clean energy.

The benefits of nuclear technology far outweigh the disadvantages.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

In the past, when students did a university degree, they tended to study in their own country. Nowadays, they have the opportunity to study abroad.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of this development?

More and more people prefer to read news online rather than on paper.

Do you think the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience.

2. Essay Structures for Advantage/Disadvantage Essays

There is more than one way to structure your advantage/disadvantage essay. You could take a thesis-led (opinion in the introduction) or an evidence-led (opinion in your conclusion).

You could also choose to focus on one or more than one advantage/disadvantage in each of your main body paragraphs.

The next two sections will give you two possible ways that you could structure your essay using four clearly organized paragraphs.

Thesis-led approach

Evidence-led approach

3. Planning your Advantage/Disadvantage Essay

Before you start writing your essay, you should give yourself 5 minutes to analyze the question and organize your ideas . Follow the tips below to create a well-planned essay!

3.1 Identify keywords and phrases

It sounds simple, but it is very important that you read the question carefully and understand what you are being asked to write about. To analyze the question, first, identify any keywords and phrases .

You should first identify the topic of the essay. If you do not write about the correct topic, you will score poorly in Task achievement . The general topic can always be found in the IELTS statement.

Let’s take a look at one of the previous examples:

The threat of nuclear weapons maintains world peace . Nuclear power provides cheap and clean energy .

The topic words are underlined and show the general topic of this essay question in nuclear weapons/power/technology .

After you have identified the general topic, you need to locate other keywords that give you more detail about the topic. In this question, the words world peace and cheap and clean energy in bold give you more information about the general topic. Therefore, your essay should only relate to these aspects of nuclear weapons/power/technology .

Now take a look at the question for our model answer at the end of this guide. Can you identify the general topic?

This is an important step that is often skipped by test-takers. By quickly writing down your key ideas, you will avoid repeating or missing any points and improve your score in both Task achievement and Coherence and cohesion .

You could use bullet points , columns , or another preferred method of writing down ideas . Here is an example for our sample essay:

Take a look at our Master Guide for a more in-depth look at idea generation and organizing your ideas.

Taking a moment to write down more uncommon vocabulary related to the essay topic will not only make you feel more relaxed in the exam but will also help you to improve your score in Lexical resources .

This doesn’t have to be a long list, just a few ideas that come into your mind. Here are some examples of the topic of studying abroad:

• Culture shock
• Language barrier
• Broaden one’s horizons

4. Writing your Advantages/Disadvantages Essay

Your introduction should be the shortest paragraph in your essay (about 40-60 words is perfect).

You need to rephrase the IELTS statement in your own words. This is known as paraphrasing (a key skill to develop for the IELTS exam).

Take a look at our example:

You can also briefly state what your essay will be about in one clear sentence. For instance:

This essay will discuss both points of view and then I will give my opinion.

If you are taking a thesis-led approach, you can use one of the following sentence starters to briefly give your opinion:

• I believe that…
• It is my belief that…
• In my opinion,…

A note on the use of the first person ‘I’: Unlike writing task 1, it is appropriate to use the first person in your writing task 2 essay. In fact, it is unavoidable when giving your opinion. But , you should not overuse ‘I’ in your essay and we recommend you limit your use to your introduction and conclusion.

Topic sentences Usually, the first sentence of your main body paragraph will be a topic sentence . The purpose of your topic sentence is to introduce the main idea of your paragraph .

You should include one topic sentence for each advantage/disadvantage . This means that, if your main body paragraphs focus on two advantages/disadvantages , then you should have two topic sentences per paragraph.

Here’s an example: One advantage of studying abroad is that students can improve their language skills.

Here are some other sentence starters you can use for your essays (you can replace the underlined words with vocabulary linked to your topic):

• One advantage of studying abroad is that ….
• Another benefit of studying abroad is that…
• One downside of studying abroad is that…
• Another downside of studying abroad is that…

Supporting sentences You should then expand on your topic sentence with a supporting sentence/sentences . Your sentence(s) could either describe a result of the advantage/disadvantage, go into more detail , or explain the reason(s) why these benefits/drawbacks occur.

Our example supporting sentence describes a result of the advantage given in the topic sentence.

Topic sentence – One advantage of studying abroad is that students can improve their language skills.

Supporting sentence – This means that when the students return to their home countries, they will have more employment opportunities.

Here are some sentences starters you can use to begin your supporting sentences:

• This is because…
• The result/consequence/reason is that…
• This means that…
• As a result/consequence,…
• In other words,…  

Giving examples For all writing task 2 essay types , you must support your response with examples. Do not personalize your examples and link them to your life instead, Keep your examples more general . Also, do not refer to made-up statistics .

Here are some instances of suitable and non-suitable examples:

Suitable For example, many young people who study in an English-speaking country for a few years develop strong communication skills and have the confidence to work in an international company when they return home.

Not suitable My cousin spent three years in an English-speaking country and they got an excellent job with an international country when they came back to Spain. ( this example is too personal as it refers to the writer’s family ) ❌

According to statistics, international students are 30% more likely to get a job in an international company when they study overseas. ( this example contains a made-up statistic )

You must include a conclusion to achieve a good score in Task achievement . Your conclusion does not have to be very long, but it needs to be clear and do two main things:

• Paraphrase yourself : summarise the key points in your body paragraphs
• Give your opinion : It depends if you have taken an evidence-led or thesis-led approach, you will either be re-stating the opinion given in your introduction or giving your opinion for the first time.

Make your conclusion easy to identify for the examiner by starting with linking phrases such as:

• To sum up,…
• To summarise,…
• In conclusion,…

When you are paraphrasing the main points of your essay, you need to state that you have examined both sides of the argument (as that is what the question has asked you to do). To do this, consider using a phrase like:

In conclusion, having looked at this topic in detail, it is clear that there are both advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad .

You would need to replace the underlined section with your essay topic.

To give your opinion, you need to use a range of cohesive devices to introduce each example such as:

• From my perspective,…
• In my view,…

You then need to clearly state which side of the argument you agree with (advantage or disadvantage). Remember, your actual opinion does not matter, it is how you present your opinion using English that is important.

Here are some example sentences to do this effectively:

• In my opinion, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
• From my perspective, the drawbacks outweigh the benefits .

5. Example Advantage/Disadvantage Essay and Exercise

Now you’ve taken a look at how to write an advantage/disadvantage essay, let’s look at a model answer.

We have removed some of the words so you can put your knowledge to the test.

Select the correct missing words and complete the model answer.

In recent years, it has become much more common for students to complete their degree overseas instead of their house country. Many persons believe that there are significant benefits of doing this, while others argue that there are also drawbacks connected to studying abroad. This essay will discuss both points of mind and then I will give my opinion.

One advantage of study abroad is that students can improve their employee skills. This means that when the students return to their home countries, they will have more employment opportunities. An example, many young people who study in an English-speaking country for a few years develop strong communication skills and have the confidence to work in an international company when they return home. On the other hand benefit of studying abroad is that you can develop a better understanding of other cultures, Example , learning about a country’s customs, traditions and cuisines. The consequence of this is that people become more open-minded.

In the other hand, there are some disadvantages of studying abroad. One backdraw is that students may miss their friends and family and feel homesad. They may also find it difficult to connect with other students and make friends due to a language barrier . Another disadvantage is that students can experience a real culture shock when moving to another country. This is because the culture and language may be different which could lead to frustration for the student and dissatisfaction with their study experience.

To overall , it is clear that there are both advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad. In my thought, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. Although it is true that the experience may be challenging at first, on balance , if you study abroad you will have an enriching experience that will broaden your horizons and increase your future prospects.

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Importance of Water Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on importance of water.

Water is the basic necessity for the functioning of all life forms that exist on earth . It is safe to say that water is the reason behind earth being the only planet to support life. This universal solvent is one of the major resources we have on this planet . It is impossible for life to function without water. After all, it makes for almost 70% of the earth.

However, despite its vast abundance, water is very much limited. It is a non-renewable resource . In addition, we need to realize the fact that although there is an abundance of water, not all of it is safe to consume. We derive some very essential uses from the water on a daily basis.

Significance of water

If we talk about our personal lives, water is the foundation of our existence. The human body needs water for the day to day survival. We may be able to survive without any food for a whole week but without water, we won’t even survive for 3 days. Moreover, our body itself comprises of 70% water. This, in turn, helps our body to function normally.

Thus, the lack of sufficient water or consumption of contaminated water can cause serious health problems for humans. Therefore, the amount and quality of water which we consume is essential for our physical health plus fitness.

Further, our daily activities are incomplete without water. Whether we talk about getting up in the morning to brush or cooking our food, it is equally important. This domestic use of water makes us very dependent on this transparent chemical.

In addition, on a large scale, the industries consume a lot of water. They need water for almost every step of their process. It essential for the production of the goods we use every day.

If we look beyond human uses, we will realize how water plays a major role in every living beings life. It is the home of aquatic animals. From a tiny insect to a whale, every organism needs water to survive.

Therefore, we see how not only human beings but plants and animals too require water. The earth depends on water to function. We cannot be selfish and use it up for our uses without caring about the environment.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

A world without water

Water is not only required for our survival but for a healthy and happy life as well. Everyone has seen the scenario of water-deprived countries like Africa, where citizens are leading a miserable life. It is time for everyone to wake up and realize the urgency of conserving water.

In other words, a world without water would make the human race impossible to last. The same can be said for all the animals and plants. In fact, the whole earth will suffer without water.

Firstly, the greenery will soon diminish. When earth won’t get water, all the vegetation will die and turn into barren land. The occurrence of different seasons will soon cease. The earth will be caught in one big endless summer.

Furthermore, the home of aquatic animals will be taken from them. That means no fishes and whales for us to see. Most importantly, all forms of living organisms will go extinct if we do not conserve water right away.

In conclusion, unnecessary usage of water must be stopped at once. Every single person must work to conserve water and restore the balance. If not, we all know what the consequences are going to be.

{ “@context”: “https://schema.org”, “@type”: “FAQPage”, “mainEntity”: [{ “@type”: “Question”, “name”: “Why is water important?”, “acceptedAnswer”: { “@type”: “Answer”, “text”: “Water is essential for survival for all living organisms. We need it to lead a healthy and happy life.” } }, { “@type”: “Question”, “name”: “What will happen to earth without water?”, “acceptedAnswer”: { “@type”: “Answer”, “text”:”Without water, the earth will turn barren. The vegetation will die and so will the living organisms including humans, plants and animals.”} }] }

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Man acquitted of supporting plot to kidnap Whitmer is running for sheriff

• Updated: May. 10, 2024, 7:46 a.m. |
• Published: May. 10, 2024, 7:45 a.m.

Eric Molitor answers questions on Sept 7, 2023 in 13th Circuit Court in Bellaire, Mich. The man acquitted in the plot to kidnap Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer says he’s running for county sheriff. The Detroit News reported Thursday, May 9, 2024 that Molitor filed papers to run against Wexford County Sheriff Trent Taylor in the Republican primary in August. (Jan-Michael Stump/Traverse City Record-Eagle via AP, file) AP

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CADILLAC, Mich. (AP) — A man acquitted of having a supporting role in the plot to kidnap Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer said he’s running for county sheriff.

Eric Molitor filed papers to run against Wexford County Sheriff Trent Taylor in the Republican primary in August, The Detroit News reported Thursday.

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These students were published in the journal of science policy and governance.

Undergraduate students in the University of Pittsburgh’s spring 2023 Environmental Law and Policy class published papers in the April issue of the Journal of Science Policy and Governance.

The class’ goal was for students to identify a science policy problem and create something new in recommending potential solutions. The teams of students in environmental studies, environmental science and other Pitt majors were published alongside graduate students, post-doctoral researchers and faculty from highly ranked science departments, medical schools and policy programs.

Yasmine Florent, Mackenzie Nemoto, Ana Rowley, Vanessa Pratt and recent graduate Maria Isabel Villegas (A&S ’24) wrote “Dangers of Oxybenzone in Sunscreens on Coral Reefs: Proposed Policy Approaches.” The second paper, “Mitigating the Invasive Method of Hydraulic Fracturing Through a Phase Out Policy Plan,” was written by Ashlynn Moretti, Madilyn Cianci, Mina Kimak and Savannah Johns (A&S ’23).

Employees, benefits open enrollment is May 1-15

Pitt is launching an office of sustainability in the health sciences, help shape pitt it’s 10-year horizon plan.

Singing River Electric reporting large number of outages in George, Jackson counties following weather

GEORGE COUNTY, Miss. (WLOX) - Following harsh weather early Friday morning, many in George and Jackson counties are experiencing power outages.

According to the Singing River Electric outage map, there are around 4,200 outages in George County as of 7 a.m. and 500 in Jackson County. View the outage map HERE.

Mississippi Power’s outage map reports 23 outages in George County and 26 outages in Jackson County as of 7 a.m. View the outage map HERE.

Other counties across the state saw severe weather and widespread outages Friday morning, with some school districts canceling school for the day.

George County School District confirms school will be in session Friday as normal.

We haven’t been notified of any serious damage or school closures here on the Coast.

See a spelling or grammar error in this story? Report it to our team HERE .

Copyright 2024 WLOX. All rights reserved.

Long Beach Police asking for help finding missing teen

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CCIA Publishes White Papers Detailing the History and Benefits of Digital Trade

Washington – The Computer & Communications Industry Association published two White Papers detailing the history of cross-border data flow commitments and highlighting the benefits of digital trade in response to common myths about their harms.  The two papers, titled “ USTR’s Revisionist History on Data and Trade Agreements ” and “ Responding to the Myths Holding Back U.S. Action on Digital Trade ,” respond to quotes from recent testimony of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) in oversight hearings before the House Ways & Means Committee and the Senate Finance Committee .  

The first paper, “USTR’s Revisionist History on Data and Trade Agreements,” provides a historical perspective on the United States’ longstanding record of support for cross-border data flows, going back to 1980.  The second paper, “Responding to the Myths Holding Back U.S. Action on Digital Trade,” highlights the importance of digital trade to U.S. priorities and responds to the arguments of those who believe digital trade rules should not currently be pursued or enforced on the global stage.

The Computer & Communications Industry Association has advocated for digital trade rules that strengthen the global economy for over 50 years.

The following can be attributed to CCIA Vice President of Digital Trade Jonathan McHale:

“Strong digital trade rules reflect the broader interests of the United States in support of its economy, workers, national security, and democratic priorities on the global stage.  Historically, the U.S. Trade Representative has led the way alongside close international partners to negotiate and enforce commitments that connect like-minded allies and protect the flow of information and enhance mutually-beneficial commercial activity.”  

“In recent months, we have seen one unsupported argument after another justifying the recent U.S. trade policy shift, the abandonment of robust rules that support cross-border data flows, prohibit unjust data localization and discriminatory treatment of digital products, and protect companies’ source code from compelled disclosure.  These justifications are reliant on myths that reflect neither the history nor the evidence in support of such rules, ignoring a wide range of economic and societal benefits.  We must remember the origins of U.S. leadership in this area, as valid today as in the past—and the history of cross-border data flow commitments date back 40 years.  U.S. trade policy leaders should redirect digital priorities back on track at a moment when digital protectionism and authoritarian approaches to governance are gaining ground.”

New storms pummel the South as a week of deadly weather marches on

COLUMBIA, Tenn. (AP) — Dangerous storms crashed over parts of the South on Thursday even as the region cleaned up from earlier  severe weather  that spawned tornadoes, killed at least three people, and gravely injured a boy who was swept into a storm drain as he played in a flooded street.

A heavy line of storms swept into Atlanta near the end of the morning rush hour. Busy hub airports in Atlanta and Charlotte, North Carolina, reported delays. The National Weather Service’s Storm Prediction Center cited an “enhanced risk” for severe weather from Texas to South Carolina. An emergency manager reported “significant wind damage” from a possible tornado Thursday afternoon in the Vidalia, Georgia, area, a region known for producing onions.

The storms continue a streak of torrential rains and tornadoes this week from the Plains to the Midwest and, now, the Southeast. Since Monday, 39 states have been under threat of severe weather and at least four people have died. On Wednesday and Thursday, about 220 million people were under some sort of severe weather risk, with some in danger multiple days, said Matthew Elliott, a Storm Prediction Center forecaster.

The weather comes on the heels of  a stormy April  in which the U.S. had 300 confirmed tornadoes, the  second-most on record  for the month and the most since 2011.

More than 100,000 homes and businesses still lacked power Thursday afternoon in several Southern states after storms the night before, according to PowerOutage.us .

One in Tennessee damaged homes, injured people, toppled power lines and trees, and killed a 22-year-old man in a car in Claiborne County, north of Knoxville, officials said. A second person was killed south of Nashville in Columbia, the seat of Maury County, where officials said a tornado with 140 mph (225 kph) winds damaged or destroyed more than 100 homes.

Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee said the woman who died in Maury County was in a mobile home that was thrown several feet into a wooded area. Lee visited emergency managers and Tennessee Department of Transportation officials in the storm-stricken area Thursday. He thanked workers who spent the night clearing trees and debris from roads.

Later, Lee told reporters that it is “heartbreaking” to see families whose lives have been affected by the tornado.

“To observe another family in a moment of crisis is hard to watch, but it is hopeful to be able to walk up and see their interaction with their neighbors and comments that they’re going to make it,” Lee said.

Bob Booth had just gotten home to Columbia from Georgia and was sitting down to watch television when he heard a “crazy racket.”

“I get up and look out, and it was all hell breaking loose outside,” Booth said. “Then the top half of one of my trees goes down across the road.”

Retired pastor Walter Shell said he and his wife grabbed their two dogs and headed for the basement when his phone alerted him to a tornado.

“It missed where me and my wife were standing by about 4 inches. It went around,” he said. “It pays to pray, I can tell you.”

Torrential rains led to a flash flood emergency and water rescues northeast of Nashville, and the weather service issued  a tornado emergency,  its highest alert level, for nearby areas.

A 10-year-old boy was seriously injured in Christiana, southeast of Nashville, when he got caught in a storm drain and swept under streets while playing with other children as adults cleared debris, his father, Rutherford County Schools Superintendent Jimmy Sullivan, posted on social media.

The boy, Asher, emerged in a drainage ditch and survived after being given CPR, “but the damage is substantial,” Sullivan posted on Facebook, asking for prayers.

“Asher needs a miracle,” Sullivan wrote.

Dozens of people gathered at the school district’s offices for a prayer vigil Thursday. They bowed their heads and closed their eyes in prayer, and they sang “Amazing Grace” together.

Schools were closed Thursday and Friday in Rutherford and Maury. In Georgia, some districts north of Atlanta canceled in-person classes or delayed start times because of storm damage overnight that included fallen trees on houses and vehicles around Clarkesville. No injuries were reported there.

“We’re just trying to clean up right now and wait for the next round,” said Lynn Smith, director of the Habersham County Emergency Management Agency.

A strong tornado damaged at least 20 homes in northern Alabama’s DeKalb County and caused injuries but no deaths, officials said.

In North Carolina, a state of emergency was declared Wednesday night for Gaston County, west of Charlotte, after a storm that toppled power lines and trees, including one that landed on a car. One person in the car was killed, and another was taken to a hospital, officials said.

The storms followed heavy rain, strong winds, hail and tornadoes in parts of the central U.S. on Monday, including a twister that  ripped through an Oklahoma town  and killed one person. On Tuesday, the Midwest took the brunt of the bad weather. Tornadoes touched down in parts of Michigan, Ohio and Indiana, according to the weather service.

Michigan’s Kalamazoo area was hard hit as a FedEx facility was ripped apart, with downed power lines trapping about 50 people.

Tornadoes were also confirmed near Pittsburgh, in central Arkansas and in northern West Virginia. The West Virginia twister was at least the 11th tornado this year in the state, which sees two tornadoes in an average year.

Both the Plains and Midwest have been  hammered by tornadoes this spring .

Associated Press journalists around the country contributed to this report, including Kimberlee Kruesi, Travis Loller, Jeff Amy, Joey Cappelletti, Ed White, Sarah Brumfield, Adrian Sainz and John Raby.

The Associated Press’ climate and environmental coverage receives financial support from multiple private foundations. AP is solely responsible for all content. Find AP’s  standards  for working with philanthropies, a list of supporters and funded coverage areas at  AP.org .

Copyright 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.

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The Costs and Benefits of Clan Culture: Elite Control versus Cooperation in China

Kinship ties are a common institution that may facilitate in-group coordination and cooperation. Yet their benefits – or lack thereof – depend crucially on the broader institutional environment. We study how the prevalence of clan ties affect how communities confronted two well-studied historical episodes from the early years of the People's Republic of China, utilizing four distinct proxies for county clan strength: the presence of recognized ancestral halls; genealogical records; rice suitability; and geographic latitude. We show that the loss of livestock associated with 1955-56 collectivization (which mandated that farmers surrender livestock for little compensation) documented by Chen and Lan (2017) was much less pronounced in strong-clan areas. By contrast, we show that the 1959-61 Great Famine was associated with higher mortality in areas with stronger clan ties. We argue that reconciling these two conflicting patterns requires that we take a broader view of how kinship groups interact with other governance institutions, in particular the role of kinship as a means of elite control.

Chen would like to acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71933002; 72121002), Zhuoyue Talent Project, Theoretical Economics Peak Program and Legendary Project on Humanities and Social Sciences (XM04221238) at Fudan University. Wang would like to thank National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 72172090) for financial support. Qing Ye would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 72172060, 72132004) and the Major Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research Funds for Jiangsu University (grant No. 2020SJZDA068) for financial support. We thank Rui Rong for excellent RA work, all remaining errors are our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

MARC RIS BibTeΧ

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Are E.V.s Too Quiet and ‘Boring’?

More from our inbox:, living with roommates in college, tech in the classroom, ‘unpleasant truths’ about russia, water and politics.

To the Editor:

Re “ Electric Cars Are Boring ,” by Ezra Dyer (Opinion guest essay, April 13):

If E.V.s are boring, I guess I am OK with being bored. As an E.V. owner, I no longer have to stop at the gas station to fill up in all kinds of (Chicago) weather. No more oil changes, no more antifreeze concerns, no muffler or fuel pump problems. Boring is good.

No key or fob to carry, and I can preheat or precool my E.V. in various types of inclement weather.

Now for full disclosure. I bought my first E.V. 10 years ago when I was 73. I am now at the age where simpler (boring) is better. I still drive my grandson’s stick shift from time to time, but find it requires too much effort.

I was wondering if Mr. Dyer would like to go back to the horse and buggy. Just think of the road noise and the sound of real horses.

Ron Thomas Glencoe, Ill.

The slowdown in E.V. sales is not because they are boring. It’s because they are 1) too expensive; 2) take too long to charge; 3) don’t go far enough on a single charge.

I will happily buy a medium-size S.U.V. E.V. when it goes 500 miles on a five-minute charge and costs about the same as the hybrid version. Until then I will settle for the Toyota RAV4 hybrid.

John Aitken Salt Lake City

Sitting on the back deck of my house, I can hear the faint roar of traffic from the town center, about a mile away. I console myself that when more people are driving E.V.s, quiet and the sweet cacophony of bird song will prevail.

Now, Ezra Dyer tells us that E.V. manufacturers are designing speaker systems that will mimic the sound of “loud exhaust” because E.V.s are too boring.

What’s next, E.V.s equipped to spew the nostalgia-inducing “not entirely unpleasant” smell of gas, oil and diesel?

The genius of human invention never fails to amaze and horrify.

Janet Buchwald Sudbury, Mass.

What an unexpected and incredibly refreshing surprise to see the essay on electric cars by Ezra Dyer, a Car and Driver columnist. As a longtime Car and Driver subscriber and past and present owner of three Alfa Romeos, I agree wholeheartedly with his observations.

And given the fact that the Porsche 911 GT3 is one of the most coveted cars by my 25-year-old son, there is hope for the next generation. We just need the car manufacturers to listen to the roar.

Allan M. Tepper Philadelphia

Re “ Living With a Stranger Is Hard. College Students Should Try It ,” by Pamela Paul (column, April 23):

I had the unique privilege of having roommates for my first two years of college who were radically different from me. I learned an awful lot because of the experience. But there was plenty I wish I hadn’t too.

The move to college is hard enough — academically, socially, mentally — that sharing that with another person places a needless burden on new students.

Ms. Paul is quite right that students benefit from learning from those around them, and schools should emphasize this in the classroom. But if there’s one place that ought to be sacred and free from the trials of starting college, it should be one’s room.

James J. Bernstein New York

When I arrived at the University of Alaska Fairbanks as a freshman in 1972 as a Jewish New Yorker in a distant land, I met my new roommate, a Muslim from the Philippines. Two people could not have been more different. And it worked out magically.

While we have lost touch over the years, I still remember his glowing smile and warmth and am glad we were selected as roommates. It helped me to grow and appreciate people from vastly different backgrounds.

Randomness in roommate selection can generate growth and learning, which is what I always thought college is supposed to do.

Paul Neuman New York

Re “ Tech in Schools Needs ‘a Hard Reset,’ ” by Jessica Grose (Opinion, April 28):

Over the past 15 years of having school-age kids, I have been deeply frustrated by how our schools have adopted technology without enough scrutiny. It is depressing to realize how many hours my kids are required to spend in front of the computer screen daily — and all without any body of evidence pointing to its positive effect on learning.

How I dreamed about running the iPad over with my van after four years of my high schooler reading everything — even novels! — on his device.

Though I’ve heard noble rationales for tech in the classrooms — “It will save the trees!” — I agree with Ms. Grose that schools need to re-evaluate what tech companies decide the schools need.

Not only are standardized tests at every level revealing faltering learning outcomes, but the human-to-human interaction is also clearly suffering the most. Out with Google Slides; in with teaching!

Amanda Bonagura Floral Park, N.Y.

Re “ How Do I Talk to My Son About a War I Don’t Understand? ,” by Sasha Vasilyuk (Opinion guest essay, April 28):

The war in Ukraine is not “Russia’s betrayal,” as Ms. Vasilyuk writes, but Russia’s business as usual. For generations, Moscow has violently suppressed the freedoms of surrounding nations.

Rather than withhold unpleasant truths, Russian parents must teach their children what Ukrainian, Polish or Latvian children learn from theirs: Historically Russia is an aggressor.

Russia’s imperialism relies on the unquestioned belief among countless ordinary Russians that their state has a virtuous right to dominate its neighbors. Without much hard work by parents and teachers, Russia’s noxious record will continue unchallenged.

John Connelly Kensington, Calif. The writer is a professor of history at the University of California, Berkeley.

Re “ Democrats See Water as Issue to Win Over Rural Arizona Voters ” (news article, April 24):

This article points out the difficulty that Democrats face in winning over conservative voters. For these desert communities, water is a life and death issue. But even though they admit that Republican policies hurt them and Democratic policies help them, these people will vote for Donald Trump.

And it’s not as if they don’t realize which side is which. They may agree that on this crucial issue the Democrats are right and are helping them, and the Republicans are wrong and are hurting them, but it doesn’t matter. They will still vote for Mr. Trump. There could be no clearer example of people voting directly against their own interests.

If nothing else, this discouraging story shows how much stronger is the fear of migrants, of change, of big government — all abstract fears really — than the drastic reality staring these people in the face.

Tim Shaw Cambridge, Mass.