assignment on indigo class 12

CBSE Class 12 English Flamingo - Indigo Summary

Summary of indigo.

Indigo is an excerpt from Louis Fischer’s book – The Life of Mahatma Gandhi. The writer talks about how Gandhi dealt with a particular incident regarding indigo sharecroppers in the Champaran district of Bihar. An illiterate peasant named Rajkumar Shukla from Champaran goes to Gandhi for help. British landowners were ruthlessly exploiting the sharecroppers of this district. It is a minor incident that leads to a prolonged fight against the British administration to finally release the suffering peasants from their plight and give them the courage to fight for their rights. Indigo Class 12 Summary – a part of CBSE Summary gives us a detailed understanding of this chapter. Students can refer to CBSE Notes for further information and study materials on this chapter and other topics related to the Class 12 CBSE English syllabus. Students can go to BYJU’S main website to access both CBSE Summary and CBSE Notes.

CBSE Class 12 English Indigo Summary

Louis Fischer starts the chapter by recalling his meeting with Mahatma Gandhi at his ashram in Sevagram in 1942. He remembers Gandhi explaining his urge to initiate the departure of the British from India. It started in 1917. He had gone to attend the annual convention of the Indian National Congress Party in Lucknow in December 1916. During this event, a farmer named Rajkumar Shukla came up to him, asking for help. He wanted Gandhi to help him, and his fellow farmers deal with the injustice imposed upon them by the landlord system in Bihar.

Rajkumar Shukla followed Gandhi to his ashram until the latter agreed to go to Champaran. It was decided that Rajkumar Shukla would take Gandhi to Champaran from Calcutta. After several months, when Gandhi went to Calcutta, he found Rajkumar waiting for him at the exact spot at the given time. Rajkumar took Gandhi to the house of Rajendra Prasad – a lawyer. The lawyer was not there. So, Gandhi decided to go to Muzaffarpur. He was greeted by a professor at the train station – J.B. Kripalani, whom many students accompanied. Although the local people were afraid of giving shelter to home-rule supporters like Gandhi, a government school teacher – Professor Malkani let him stay for two days at his house.

As a number of lawyers and farmers came to meet him, Gandhi understood the problem faced by the farmers. They were sharecroppers – tenants that worked on estates owned by British landlords. This system compelled the farmers to cultivate fifteen per cent of their land with indigo and hand over the complete harvest to the landlords. When the landlords discovered that Germany had developed synthetic indigo, they did not want the farmers to grow indigo anymore. So, they asked the farmers to pay some compensatory fees for being released from the fifteen per cent arrangement. Some farmers signed willingly, while others hired lawyers to fight against this. But when they came to know about the development of synthetic indigo, they wanted their money back.

Gandhi faced a lot of troubles while approaching the government officials about the Champaran issue. They made many excuses and turned him away a number of times. But he stayed put and filed a case with support from prominent lawyers and the local farmers. After long meetings with the Lieutenant-Governor, Gandhi was able to arrange investigations into the sharecroppers’ issues. A substantial amount of evidence was unearthed, and the official enquiry agreed to refund the farmers’ money that was taken from them through illegal and deceitful ways.

Gandhi asked for fifty per cent of the money while the official enquiry counter-proposed a twenty-five per cent refund. Gandhi agreed gladly. To him, the amount of money that was to be paid was less important than the fact that British landlords were compelled to surrender their money. Gandhi believed that the landlords were surrendering their prestige as well.

The outcome of this event was that the fearful and suppressed farmers developed a sense of self-reliance and courage to fight for their rights. The writer stresses the fact that Gandhi’s politics was not about being loyal to ideals, but it was about being loyal to the people – the human beings involved in it. He took up various initiatives to improve the lives of people in Champaran. He started schools along with health and sanitation campaigns to help the people of Champaran overcome poverty and misery. His wife, disciples and many other people volunteered to help Gandhi bring development to Champaran.

Conclusion of Indigo

Indigo Class 12 summary tells us about the journey of self-reliance and courage during the freedom struggle in British India. Gandhi had considered an improvement in the physical and mental conditions of people as a crucial factor in the contribution of nationalistic sentiment and resistance by farmers against the British. The chapter says that the Champaran incident was considered the first kind of Civil Disobedience victory in modern India.

A detailed understanding of the chapter can help students understand and recognise the concepts introduced in it. Students can refer to our website for further information and content related to Class 12 CBSE English for better understanding and preparation for CBSE board exams. They can also access topics like grammar and writing in English.

Frequently asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 English Indigo

What is the central theme of the story ‘indigo’, what is the moral of the story indigo, why did the farmers rebel against the british as explained in the chapter indigo.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Chapter 5 - Indigo

• NCERT Solutions
• English Flamingo
• Chapter 5 Indigo

Class 12 English NCERT Solutions Flamingo Chapter 5 - Indigo - Free PDF Download

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 5 Indigo are available in a PDF format on Vedantu. After a thorough analysis of the marking scheme and the model answers issued by CBSE , our subject-matter experts have prepared these solutions.

Students can go through these solutions and develop their conceptual understanding. Since these NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Chapter 5 Indigo cover all the key points of this chapter, students can refer to them for their revision purposes.

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NCERT Solutions Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 5 Indigo - Summary

Chapter 5 English Class 12 describes the struggles of Mahatma Gandhi to get justice for the poor peasants of Champaran. The chapter portrays the time when most of the arable land in the Champaran district was divided into estates. This land was further owned by Englishmen and controlled by some Indian tenants. Indigo was the chief commercial crop at that time. The chapter educates the students about the efforts of Gandhi to become self-reliant. 

Indigo Chapter 5 Class 12 tells how Gandhi tried to mould a free India. In the British era, the landlords forced all tenants to cultivate Indigo on 15% of their land and give the entire Indigo harvest as rent. To release farmers from the 15% long-term contract, Britishers commanded a return. Though some illiterate peasants agreed, others refused to give compensation. After that, one of the sharecroppers met Mahatma Gandhi and discussed the matter. Flamingo Chapter Indigo shows how the sharecropper convinced Gandhi to visit the Champaran district. Then, Mahatma Gandhi’s simple clothing and modesty made the servants misidentify him as another poor peasant. Gandhi started a struggle to get those peasants justice. 

Chapter 5 Class 12th English Flamingo shows how the nature of Gandhi’s mission spread worldwide. Many peasant groups and lawyers came to support him. After a yearlong battle for the peasants, Gandhi managed to get justice. After that, he made several arrangements for health, education, and living for the poor peasants' families. Even Charles Freer Andrews became a devoted follower of Mahatma Gandhi. 

The chapter educates students on how Gandhi spread a lesson of self-reliance among the peasants of Champaran. The NCERT Solutions of Class 12 English Chapter 5 Indigo, help students to understand this concept clearly and concisely. 

Important Solved Questions from Chapter 5 - Indigo

Who was Rajkumar Shukla?

Ans. Rajkumar Shukla was a very poor peasant residing in the Champaran district in Bihar. 

What was the main theme of Indigo?

Ans. The main theme of Indigo is how an effective leader overcomes the problem. Here Gandhiji’s role as a leader who fought for the oppressed people. 

Practice Questions from Chapter 5 - Indigo  

After you have gone through the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo - Indigo that has been devised by our expert panel of teachers, to help you score good marks in school and CBSE board exams, here are a few additional questions. We would suggest you go through them and prepare the answers to stay ahead of the curve. 

Q1. List a few qualities that you think a good leader should possess.

Q2. Mention the places that Gandhi paid a visit in between his first meeting with Shukla and his arrival at Champaran.

Q3. Briefly explain why Gandhi agreed to the settlement of a 25 percent refund to the farmers.

Q4. Give a few legal jargons that are used in the story ‘Indigo’.

Q5. What was the reaction of the Indian peasants to the new agreement that released them from the sharecropping arrangement?

Q6. Write a brief note on Gandhi’s role in the chapter ‘Indigo’.

Q7. How were Shukla and Gandhiji received in Rajendra Prasad’s house?

Q8. While at Champaran how did Gandhiji keep a long-distance watch on his ashram?

Q9. Describe the difficulties faced by Gandhi at Champaran.

Q10. Why is the Champaran episode considered to be the beginning of the Indian struggle for independence?

Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 5 - Weightage 

Chapter 5 Class 12th English Flamingo is a significant chapter from the CBSE board exam point of view. In the entire literature section of 30 marks, this unit holds high weightage. At least two questions are asked every year from this unit in the board examination. 

Chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo

Chapter 1 - The Last Lesson

Chapter 2 - Lost Spring

Chapter 3 - Deep Water

Chapter 4 - The Rattrap

Chapter 6 - Poets And Pancakes

Chapter 7 - The Interview

Chapter 8 - Going Places

Chapter wise NCERT Class 12 English Flamingo Poem Solutions

Chapter 1 - My Mother At Sixty-six

Chapter 2 - An Elementary School Classroom In a Slum

Chapter 3 - Keeping Quiet

Chapter 4 - A Thing Of Beauty

Chapter 5 - A Roadside Stand

Chapter 6 - Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 5  Indigo - Salient Features of the Solutions

Check out the salient features of the NCERT Solutions which will help the students to study the content better:

NCERT Solutions Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 5, provides a better knowledge of the chapter Indigo to help students learn and understand the chapter. 

These solutions can be of great value if you are trying to outshine in your regular school examinations. 

By going through these NCERT Solutions, students can learn the appropriate writing style for the Class 12 English examination. 

Moreover, these Class 12 English NCERT Solutions for Chapter 5 Indigo PDFs on Vedantu can be downloaded for free. 

Benefits of Indigo Chapter 5 NCERT Solutions

Class 12th students can go through the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Indigo to score good marks in school and CBSE board exams. The subject-matter experts devise various ideas to help students and provide them with detailed solutions to all questions covered in this chapter in the NCERT textbook. They ensure a trouble-free and smooth learning of the concepts for all students. Some of the benefits of referring to NCERT Solutions for exam preparation are as follows.

These NCERT Solutions are prepared by highly experienced teachers. It makes learning and revision much easier for students. 

Indigo Class 12 NCERT Solutions cover all the possible questions with verified answers that will help students secure a high percentage in the exam. 

The students can understand the struggle of Indigo farmers and the concept of self-reliance in a better way by going through these NCERT Solutions. They get all the vital content required to learn this chapter for their exam.

CBSE Class 12 English Indigo NCERT Solutions are prepared in a well-organised format. It helps students to analyse the proper answer-writing pattern for board exams.

The use of the easy-to-understand language in these NCERT Solutions makes it convenient for students to learn NCERT Chapter 5 English Class 12. The students become self-confident to practice more textbook questions. Hence, they are able to prepare well for the Class 12 board English exam.

Salient Features of Class 12 English Indigo Flamingo Chapter 5 Solutions PDF

The NCERT Solutions PDF for Class 12 English Flamingo chapter 5, Indigo, provides comprehensive coverage of all the topics and concepts covered in the chapter.

The solutions in the PDF are expertly curated by subject-matter experts with years of experience in teaching English, providing detailed and verified answers to all questions in the NCERT textbook.

The solutions are presented in a simple and easy-to-understand language, which makes it convenient for students to learn and revise the chapter.

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The NCERT Solutions PDF is available for free online, allowing students to access the solutions anytime, anywhere, without any cost.

By referring to the NCERT Solutions PDF, students can better understand the concepts of the chapter, which helps them prepare well for their Class 12 board English exam.

This content is, thus, aimed at providing the students with the NCERT-based solutions for the chapter - Indigo. This chapter is very crucial from the examination point of view and that is why we also have added some extra questions for practice. 

Additionally, do download the free pdf of NCERT solutions for this chapter so that you can study the content even when you are offline.

FAQs on NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Chapter 5 - Indigo

1. How did Mahatma Gandhi influence lawyers regarding compensation cases?

At first, Mahatma Gandhi scolded lawyers for charging high fees from the peasants to fight their cases. He made them realize that it was not a good thing to charge higher fees from their countrymen. They realized their ethical duty and decided that they will accompany Gandhi to jail if he gets arrested. Mahatma Gandhi wanted the lawyers to know their strengths and that the peasants should be self-dependent. He influenced all the lawyers to work on their own. 

2. What made Gandhi agree to a 25% refund settlement to the peasants?

When the landlords wanted to create a deadlock, which would extend the dispute, they agreed to pay a refund of 25%. Gandhi accepted the offer, which surprised almost everyone. According to Mahatma Gandhi, the amount of 25% refund was less. However, he claimed that it was more important that the landlords had to be grateful to surrender part of the money and part of their prestige irrespective of the amount. 

3. Who seemed adamant to Reverend JZ Hodge?

In Chapter 5 of Class 12 English Flamingo, Mahatma Gandhi seemed adamant to Reverend JZ Hodge. JZ Hodge was a person who was residing in Champaran and was a preacher of Christianity. He keenly observed the whole incident in a detailed form. Talking about Gandhiji, he wrote that he was very rigid or if we say in simpler terms, he was determined about the refund, which was 50 per cent of the total amount. To know more students can download the Vedantu app.

4. What ordinary thing did the speaker do?

In the Chapter ‘Indigo’, the speaker says that whatever he did was just a normal thing. He did not do much. It was all for his country. In the context of this chapter, he said that “What I did” was just “an ordinary thing”. It is his country and the Britishers do not have the right to interfere or order him in his own country. He told the lawyers to be independent of their decisions and not to seek any kind of support from the Britishers.

5. Name and write a brief about important characters in Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 5.

The chapter has many characters but below listed are the important characters in Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 5:

Mahatma Gandhi - He is the speaker in the chapter.

Raj Kumar Shukla - He is a sharecropper.

Kasturba Gandhi - She is Mahatma Gandhi’s wife.

Devdas - He is the youngest son of Mahatma Gandhi.

You can refer to Vedantu’s Class 12 English Flamingo   Chapter 5 NCERT Solutions for further information on this chapter.

6. Will Vedantu’s NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 5 be helpful?

Without a doubt, Vedantu’s NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English is one of the best resources available on Class 12 NCERT English on the Internet. These have been developed by our experienced teachers keeping in mind the latest syllabus and paper pattern. Well-structured and easy to understand solutions have been provided that not only will provide answers to difficult questions but also teach students how to attempt all kinds of questions.

7.  Can the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 5 be downloaded for offline study?

Yes, of course! The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo are available in PDF. So you can download Chapter 5 and obtain the solutions by following the links provided on Vedantu. You can study them in offline mode and even take printouts for convenience. The best part is these PDFs are available for free download. Prepare with the best teachers’ notes and ace your exam.

Chapter wise NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo

Cbse study materials, jee study materials, neet study materials.

NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Flamingo English Indigo

Indigo author.

Mahatama Gandhi with Louis Fischer, an American journalist

Louis Fischer , the son of a fish peddler, was born in Philadelphia on 29 February 1896. After studying at the Philadelphia School of Pedagogy from 1914 to 1916, he became a school teacher. He served as a volunteer in the British Army but he made his career as a journalist and worked for different newspapers. Louis Fischer taught about the Soviet Union at Princeton University until his death on January 15, 1970.

The famous American journalist Mr. Louis Fischer came to India in May 1942. He was in India for two months. The world war was in full swing. In the scorching heat of June he spent one week with Gandhi in his Ashram. Gandhi gave him one hour daily. He could also talk with Gandhi during other activities such as eating, walking, etc. Fisher wrote the book “seven days with the Mahatma”. In this famous book he has described the Ashram life and Gandhi’s likes and dislikes in a very touching way. He wrote that he never felt afraid in Gandhi’s presence. His association with Gandhi was warm, healthy, full of joy, and cordial. He found Gandhi a cultured, able, and always refreshing and sweet person. Louis Fisher has described the wonders of Gandhi’s personality in the book.

Indigo Introduction

In this story, Louis describes Gandhi’s struggle for the poor peasants of Champaran who were the sharecroppers with the British planters. They led a miserable life and were forced to grow indigo according to an agreement. They suffered a great injustice due to the landlord system in Bihar. Gandhi waged a war for about a year against their atrocities and brought justice to the poor peasants.

Indigo Characters

Mahatma Gandhi: Indian National Leader

Rajendra Prasad: a lawyer and later the President of India

J.B. Kriplani: a professor in Art College, Muzaffarpur, Bihar

Prof. Malkani: a teacher in a government school

Sir Edward Gait: Lieutenant Governor

Raj Kumar Shukla: a sharecropper from Champaran, Bihar

Charles Freer Andrews: a follower of Gandhi

Kasturba: wife of Mahatma Gandhi

Devdas: youngest son of Gandhi

Indigo Places in the Story

Motihari = capital of Champaran

Muzaffarpur = a town in Bihar

Champaran = a district in Bihar

Tirhut Division or Commissionary = is an administrative-geographical unit of Bihar in India. Muzaffarpur is the headquarters of the Division. The Division comprises six districts – Muzaffarpur, West Champaran, East Champaran, Vaishali, Sitamarhi and Sheohar.

Indigo word Meanings

Indigo = a tropical plant of the pea family, which was formerly widely cultivated as a source of dark blue dye.

Convention = meeting

Proceedings = working, and events of the meeting

Resolute = determined

Tenacity = stickiness, firmness

En-route = on the way

Arable = fertile

Chided = rebuked

Estates = large properties

Reconvened = started again

Grievances = complaints

Deadlock = having no progress

Unanimously = with one voice

Alleviate = remove

Pacifist = one who is aginst war

Prop = help

Self-reliance = self-dependence

Indigo Summary

This story describes Gandhi’s struggle for the poor peasants of Champaran. In those days most of the arable land in the Champaran district was divided into large estate owned by Englishmen and worked by Indian tenants. The chief commercial crop was Indigo. The landlords compelled all tenants to plant 15% of their Indigo and surrender the entire Indigo harvest as rent. This was done through long term contracts. The British didn’t need the Indigo crop any more when Germany had developed synthetic Indigo. Just to release the peasants from the 15% agreement they demanded compensation. Some illiterate peasants agreed but the others refused.

One of the sharecroppers named Raj Kumar Shukla met Gandhi in this regard and compelled him to visit Champaran because of the long term injustice of landlords. Then the two of them boarded a train for the city of Patna in Bihar. From there Shukla led him to the house of a lawyer named Rajendra Prasad. Mahatma Gandhi’s humble and simple attire made the servants mistook him as another poor peasant. He surveyed before taking any vital step in order to get those peasants justice. It was the time when the British gove rnment punished those who in any condition gave shelter to national leaders or protesters.

Gandhi’s arrival and the nature of his mission spread like a wildfire. Many lawyers and peasant groups came in large numbers to support him. The lawyers accepted the fact that their charges were high and for a poor peasant it will be irksome. Gandhi rebuked them for collecting big fees from the sharecroppers. He stressed on counseling as this would give the peasants enough confidence to fight their fear. He managed to get justice after a yearlong battle for the peasants. He also made arrangements for the education, health, and hygiene for the families of the poor peasants. He gave them the lesson of self-reliance.

Indigo Theme

The writer describes Gandhiji’s struggle for poor peasants of Champaran who were sharecroppers with British planters. They led a miserable life and were forced to grow indigo according to an agreement. They suffered a great injustice due to the landlord system in Bihar. Gandhiji waged a long war for about a year against their atrocities and brought justice to the poor peasants. This heroic struggle ended with the victory of the Civil Disobedience and the English Landlords had to return the money they had extorted from the sharecroppers. Gandhiji taught the lesson of self-reliance and fearlessness. This story highlights that the struggle for the noble cause never goes unrewarded.

Indigo Main Points

1. Raj Kumar Shukla, a poor sharecropper wished to meet Gandhi to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Champaran.

2. Shukla followed Gandhi everywhere and begged him to fix a date to come to his district.

3. Gandhi was much impressed and fixed a schedule.

4. Gandhi and Shukla reached Patna to meet Dr. Rajendra Prasad but he was out of town.

5. Then decided to go to Muzzafarpur first to get detailed information about Champaran sharecroppers.

6. Sent telegram to J B Kriplani and stayed in Prof. Malkani’s home – a government servant.

7. Indians were afraid to show sympathy to the supporters of home rule.

8. The news of Gandhi’s arrival spread- sharecroppers gathered in large numbers to meet their champion.

9. Gandhi chided the Muzzafarpur lawyers for taking a high fee from poor sharecroppers.

10. Champaran district was divided into estate owned by English people, Indians were only tenant farmers.

11. Landlords compelled tenants to plant 15% of their land with indigo and surrender their entire harvest as rent.

12. In the meantime Germany had developed synthetic indigo –British landlords freed the Indian farmers from the 15% arrangement but asked them to pay compensation.

13. Many signed – some resisted, engaged lawyers, landlords hired thugs.

14. Gandhi reached Champaran- visited the secretary of the British landlord association to get the facts but denied as he was an outsider.

15. Gandhi went to the British Official Commissioner who asked him to leave Trihut. Gandhi disobeyed, went to Motihari the capital of Champaran where a vast multitude greeted him, continued his investigations.

16. Visited maltreated villagers – stopped by the police superintendent but disobeyed the order.

17. Motihari black with peasants – spontaneous demonstrations – Gandhi released without bail – Civil Disobedience triumphed.

18. Gandhi agreed to a 25% refund by the landowners, it symbolized the surrender of prestige.

19. Gandhi worked hard towards social-economic reforms.

20. Gandhi taught a lesson of self-reliance.

Indigo Questions and Answers (2 Marks)

Q1. Why was Gandhiji impressed with Rajkumar Shukla’s tenacity and determination?

Ans. Raj Kumar Shukla, a poor Sharecropper from Champaran requested Gandhi in Congress Session in Lucknow to fix a date to visit Champaran where the sharecroppers were subjected to injustice. Till Gandhi fixed date, he did not leave him rather he accompanied him wherever he went. Gandhi was impressed by his tenacity and determination and finally agreed to go there from Calcutta

Q2. Why did Gandhi chide the lawyers who represented the interests of a group of sharecroppers of Champaran?

Ans. Gandhi chided the lawyers for collecting big fees from the sharecroppers to fight their case in law courts. He felt taking their case to law courts would do little good when they were so crushed and fear-stricken. So his first priority was to free them from fear.

Q3. What were the conditions of the sharecroppers of Champaran?

Ans. The peasants of Champaran were tenants of British landlords. Under long term sharecropping arrangement, they were growing Indigo on 15 percent of their holding and surrendering the harvest as rent to the British landlord. But when Indigo’s price fell due to synthetic Indigo developed in Germany, the landlords obtained an agreement from the peasants to pay them compensation which some of the peasants resisted and fought their case in court.

Q4. What made the British realize that the Indians could challenge their might hitherto unquestioned?

Ans. The spontaneous demonstration around the courthouse by the peasants of Motihari on knowing that Gandhi was in trouble was the beginning of their liberation from fear of the British which made the British realize that now the Indians can challenge their might.

Q5. How did Gandhi make the peasants fearless and self-reliant?

Ans. Gandhi made the peasants fearless by letting them know about their rights, fighting their case, and by obtaining the refund of compensation made to the British landlords who were behaving as lords above the law.

Q6. Why is Raj Kumar Shukla described as being ‘resolute’?

Ans. Raj Kumar Shukla was a poor, illiterate sharecropper from Champaran who having heard of Gandhi came to Lucknow to seek his assistance. He was illiterate but resolute. He wished to bring the plight of the sharecroppers of Champaran to the notice of Gandhi and followed him everywhere till he finally agreed to go to Champaran.

Q7. Why do you think the servants thought Gandhi to be another peasant?

Ans. Gandhi was committed to accompanying Raj Kumar Shukla to Champaran to address the tribulations of the sharecroppers of that area. En route to Champaran from Calcutta, Raj Kumar Shukla made Gandhi stop in Patna to meet a lawyer called Rajendra Prasad who later on became the first President of India. The servants thought that Gandhi was another peasant as he had come with an illiterate peasant.

Q8. Why did Gandhi agree to a settlement of a 25 percent refund to the farmers?

Ans. Gandhi agreed to a settlement of a 25 percent refund to the farmers just to break the deadlock. Gandhi felt that the amount was less important than the fact that the landlords had been obliged to surrender a part of the money and along with it a part of their pride.

Q9. How was Gandhi able to influence the lawyers? Give instances.

Ans. Gandhi’s sincerity of purpose, convincing argumentation, and a logical approach deeply influenced the lawyers. Chiding them for over-charging the peasants, he encouraged them to court arrest for the poor peasants’ cause, if he himself got imprisoned.

Q10. What was the attitude of the average Indian in smaller localities towards advocates of ‘home rule’?

Ans. In the smaller localities, Indians were afraid to show sympathy with advocates of ‘Home Rule’. Thus it was surprising for Gandhi that he received support from Professor J.B. Kripalani of the Arts College of Muzzafarpur. He met him at the station with a large group of students and also housed him for a couple of days.

Q11. How do we know that ordinary people too contributed to the freedom movement?

Ans. The freedom movement is the story of the contribution and sacrifices of countless unknown and unsung heroes like Raj Kumar Shukla and other Champaran sharecroppers. But for their active support and show of solidarity, the first victory of Civil Disobedience in India would not have been possible.

Indigo Questions and Answers (6 Marks)

Q1. Why was the share-cropping arrangement irksome? What was its fate?

Ans. Most of the cultivating land of Chaniparan district was divided into large estates owned by the Englishmen. It was worked by Indian tenant peasants, for which they paid rent. Indigo was the chief commercial crop. The English planters compelled all peasants to grow indigo in three-twentieths or 15 percent of their landholdings. The entire indigo harvest was to be surrendered as rent to the British landowners. The landlords came to know that Germany had developed synthetic indigo. Thereupon they obtained agreement, from the share-croppers to pay them the compensation. This share-cropping arrangement was irksome to the peasants. Some signed it willingly and those who opposed engaged lawyers. The landowners hired thugs who forcefully collected the compensation amount. It was at this point Gandhi reached Champaran. Gandhi’s civil disobedience and peasants’ spontaneous demonstration compelled the Lieutenant Governor to appoint a commission of inquiry into the share-croppers situation. The official inquiry concluded that the landlords had to refund the part of the money to the peasants. After a few years they abandoned their estates. The indigo share-cropping disappeared completely.

Q2. How did Gandhiji win the battle of Champaran?

Ans. After his arrival at Motihari, Gandhiji used a house as the headquarter so that he can have a complete investigation for the share­croppers. At that time there came a report about mal-treating a peasant. The next morning Gandhiji went to see him but he was overtaken by the police superintendent’s messenger with an order to come back. When he reached home, Gandhiji was asked to quit Champaran at once. Gandhiji signed the order but wrote to disobey the order. The next day Gandhi appeared in the court. That night Gandhiji telegraphed Rajendra Prasad to come with influential friends. When the peasants knew that Gandhiji was in trouble with the authorities, the court ground of Motihari became black with peasants. The officials felt powerless and they had to seek his help. The trial was postponed but Gandhiji protested the delay. In between he was left at liberty. Now Gandhiji asked the prominent lawyers what they would do in case he was sent to jail. They told that they would follow Gandhiji and give the court arrest. Gandhiji exclaimed: “The battle of Champaran is won”.

Q3. How did a visit to Champaran become a turning point in Gandhi’s life? How does this show Gandhi’s love and concern for the common people of India?

Ans. After having clues from Raj Kumar Shukla, Gandhi reached Champaran to understand the appalling conditions of share­croppers. He found that the large estates were owned by the Englishmen where Indians worked there as their tenant farmers and they paid 15% of their land yield. After great tussel, Gandhi and the lawyers made the Britishers agree to refund 25 percent of the money. Thus farmers became bold and got their rights. Within a few years, the landlords left chains over the estates and the farmers became the owners. On finding the backwardness of the people there, he appointed volunteers to teach the villagers. Kasturba taught the ashram rules and personal hygiene and community sanitation. A doctor helped the villagers in their health problems. The people realized the value of self-reliance. The countrymen embarked on the task of the national freedom movement. It was a turning point in Gandhi’s life. All his activities were expressing his love and concern for the Indians.

Q4. What were the steps taken by Gandhiji to solve the problems of social and cultural backwardness in the villages of Champaran?

Ans. Gandhiji saw the cultural and social backwardness in the Champaran villages. In order to educate them he made an appeal for teachers. His two new young pupils Mahadev Desai, Narhari Parikh, and their wives offered to work. Several more teachers came from Bombay (Mumbai), Poona, and other distant parts of India. His youngest son Devdas and Mrs. Gandhi (Kasturba) also arrived from the Ashram. Primary schools were also opened in six villages to teach children. Kasturba taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community sanitation. In order to improve the miserable health conditions, Gandhiji got a doctor. He volunteered his services for six months. Kasturba talked to the women to get rid of their filthy state of clothes. During his long stay at Champaran, Gandhiji taught people self- reliance and freedom from the fear of the British. Thus he paved the path for the freedom of India.

Q5. “Freedom from fear is more important than legal justice for the poor.” Do you think that the poor of India are free from fear after Independence?

For the motion

I think that in the present day, the poor in India have been relatively free of fear for the following reasons:

(a) Ours is a democratic country encouraging the values of individual freedom.

(b) The Constitution of India guarantees freedom to every citizen in India and this makes a man fearless in his attitude compared to the situation that had prevailed in this country under British domination.

(c) The legal system in the country is impartial and sympathetic towards people’s rightful privileges and demands. This gives the poor in India a voice and a sense of fearlessness.

(d) The Press in India is ever vigilant and makes it a point to report instances of the abuse of freedom. It is a widely watched medium among both the urban and rural poor and gives them the moral courage to resist curbs on their freedom.

(e) A sound system of administration ensures that the poor in India are given legal and personal protection.

Against the motion

(a) Despite being the world’s biggest democracy, the poor in India live in denial of fundamental freedoms because they are afraid to raise their voices against injustices committed against them.

(b) Economic suppression and the lack of social security measures make the poor live in abject fear of falling prey to disease and death or of being a victim of state and police atrocities.

(c) Women are in constant fear of their personal safety in both cities and villages irrespective of their age, education, and other empowering tools.

(d) Corrupt practices and male dominance make their lives oppressive and fearful, for they are denied their basic right to existence if they raise their voices against acts that are committed by their superiors.

(e) The poor are soft targets for vote bank politics and they dare not oppose the local mafia for fear of the fallout and flack that will come upon him, his villages, and his family members.

Q6. Exploitation is a universal phenomenon. The poor indigo farmers were exploited by the British landlords to which Gandhiji objected. Even after our independence we find the exploitation of unorganized labour. What values do we learn from Gandhi’s campaign to counter the present-day problems of exploitation?

Ans. Exploitation is a universal phenomenon. It exists since the origin of society. The mighty rules the poor. It makes a stratum of society slaves and the other one rule them. Since the British rule, this phenomenon is on. They exploited Indians in each and every possible way. Most noticeable was the exploitation of the poor Indigo farmers. They had been getting nothing for their hard work. Gandhiji taught them to speak against it using the power of truth, education, peace, and non-violence. The condition is even the same in today’s scenario. Labourers are still being exploited in unorganized sectors. They work for long hours but do not get paid according to labour laws. They need to remain united, come ahead, and fight for their rights. Legal paths should be followed to get what they deserve. No one should be ready to work in unhygienic and improper working conditions. Togetherness, strength, and self-determination will definitely bring fruitful results to the labourers in every field.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Q1.Who was Rajkumar Shukla? Why did he come to Lucknow? Ans:  Rajkumar Shukla was a poor peasant from Champaran district in Bihar. He had come to Lucknow, where a Congress session was being held, to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar.

Q2. Where is Champaran district situated? What did the peasants grow there? How did they use their harvest? Ans:  Champaran district of Bihar is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas, near the kingdom of Nepal. Under an ancient arrangement, the Champaran peasants were sharecroppers. They had to grow indigo on 15 per cent of the land and give it to the English estate owners as rent.

Q3. How did the development of synthetic indigo affect the English estate owners and the Indian tenants? Ans:  The English estate owners saw that indigo cultivation was no longer profitable.Ihey wanted money from the sharecroppers as compensation for being released from the 15 per cent arrangement. They obtained agreements from their tenants to this effect and extorted money illegally and deceitfully.

Q4. How did the Indian peasants react to the new agreement released them from sharecropping arrangement? Ans:  The sharecropping arrangement was troublesome to the peasants. Many of them signed the new agreement willingly. Some resisted and engaged lawyers. Then they came to know about synthetic indigo. The peasants wanted their money back.

Q5. Why do you think Gandhi was not permitted to draw water from Rajendra Prasad’s well at Patna? Ans:  The servants of Rajendra Prasad thought Gandhi to be another peasant. They did not know him. They were not certain whether he was an untouchable or not. They feared that some drops from his bucket might pollute the entire well. So, he was not permitted to draw water from the well.

Q6. Why did Gandhi decide to go first to Muzaffarpur before going to Champaran: Ans:  Gandhi wanted to obtain more complete information about conditions than Shukla was capable of imparting. Muzaffarpur lawyers, who frequently represented peasant groups in courts, brief Gandhi about their cases.

Q7. Why did Gandhi chide the lawyers? What according to him was the real relief for the sharecroppers? Ans:  Gandhi chided the lawyers for collecting big fee from the poor sharecroppers. He thought that taking such cases to the court did little good to the crushed and fear-stricken peasants. The relief for them, according to Gandhi, was to be free from fear.

Q8. How did Ga n dhi begin his mission in Champaran ? How far did his efforts prove successful ? Ans:  He began by trying to get the facts. First, he visited the secretary of the British landlord’s association. He told Gandhi that they could give no information to an outsider. Then Gandhi called on the British official commissioner of the Tirhut Division. The commissioner tried to bully Gandhi and advised him to leave Tirhut.

Q9. How did Gandhi react to the commissioner’s advice? Where did he go and how did people react to his arrival? Ans:  Gandhiji did not leave Tirhut division. Instead, he went to Motihari, the capital of Champaran. Several lawyers accompanied him. At the railway station, a very large crowd of people greeted Gandhi.

Q10. Where did Gandhiji want to go? What happened to him on the way?  Ans:  Gandhiji wanted to go to a nearby village where a peasant had been maltreated. He had not gone far when the police superintendent’s messenger overtook him and ordered him to return to town in his carriage. Gandhiji obeyed the order and returned with him.

Q11. ‘In consequence, Gandhi received a summons to appear in the court next day.’Which events of the previous day led to this state of affairs? Ans:  The police superintendent’s messenger served an official notice on Gandhi. It ordered him to quit Champaran immediately. Gandhi signed a receipt for the notice. He wrote on the receipt that he would disobey the order. Hence, he was summoned to appear in the court.

Q12. What according to Gandhi was the beginning of the poor peasants’ ‘Liberation front fear of the British’ ? Ans:  The next morning the town of Motihari was black with peasants. They had heard that a Mahatma who wanted to help them was in trouble with the authorities. They spontaneously demonstrated, in thousands, arround the courthouse. Gandhiji called their action of protest as their liberation from fear of the British.

Q13. Why did Gandhiji feel that taking the Champaran case to the court was useless?[Delhi 2014] Ans:  Gandhiji felt that taking the Champaran case to the court was useless. Because the real relief for the peasants would come only when they become fearless. The peasants were in acute panic.

Q14. What was the “conflict of duties” in which Gandhi was involved? Ans:  First, he did not want to set a bad example as a law breaker. Second, he wanted to render the “humanitarian and national service” for which he had come. He respected the lawful authority, but disregarded the order to leave to obey the voice of his conscience.

Q15. What according to Rajendra Prasad, was the upshot of the consultations of the lawyers regarding the injustice to sharecroppers? Ans:  They thought that Gandhi was a total stranger. Yet he was ready to go to prison for the sake of the peasants. On the other hand, the lawyers were the residents of nearby districts. They also claimed to have served these peasants. It would be shameful desertion if they should go home then.

Q16. “Civil disobedience had triumphed, the first time in modern India.” How? Ans:  A case against Gandhi was initiated for disregarding government orders. The spontaneous demonstration of thousands of peasants baffled the officials. The judge was requested to postpone the trial. Gandhi refused to furnish bail. The judge released him without bail. Several days later Gandhi received an official letter. The case against him had been dropped. Thus, civil disobedience had triumphed.

Q17. What do you think, led Gandhi to exclaim “The battle of Champaran is won”? Ans:  Gandhi was ready to go to jail fighting against the injustice to the sharecroppers. Many prominent lawyers had come from all over Bihar to advise and help him. At first, they said they would go back if Gandhi went to prison. Later, they had consultations. They told Gandhi they were ready to follow him into jail. This support made Gandhi extremely happy and confident. This confidence led him to exclaim that the battle of Champaran was won.

Q18. How did Gandhi and the lawyers try to secure justice for the sharecroppers? Ans:  They started conducting a detailed enquiry into the grievances of the peasants. Depositions by about ten thousand peasants were written down. Notes were made on other evidence. Documents were collected. The whole area came alive with the activities of the investigators. The landlords raised loud protests.

Q19. What was the reaction of Gandhi and his associates when he was summoned to the lieutenant governor? Ans:  In June, Gandhiji was summoned to Sir Edward Gait, the Lieutenant Governor. Anything could happen. Gandhi met his leading associates before going. Detailed plans for civil disobedience were chalked out in case he should not return.

Q20. What was the outcome of the four protracted interviews Gandhiji had with the Lieutenant Governor?  Ans:  An official commission of enquiry into the sharecroppers’ situation was appointed. This commission consisted of landlords, government officials and Gandhi as the sole representative of the peasants.

Q21. Why did the big planters agree in principle to make refund to the peasants? Ans:  The official inquiry assembled a huge quantity of evidence against the big planters. The crushing evidence forced the big planters to agree in principle to make refund to the peasants.

Q22. What amount of repayment did the big planters think Gandhi would demand? What did Gandhi ask? What amount was finally settled? Ans:  They thought Gandhi would demand repayment in full of the money they had extorted from the sharecroppers. Gandhi asked only 50 per cent. The planters offered to refund up to 25 per cent. Gandhi was adamant on 50 per cent. The deadlock was broken when Gandhi agreed to a settlement of 25 per cent refund to peasants.

Q23. HQW did the refund-settlement influence the peasant-landlord relationship in Champaran? Ans:  Before the settlement of the refund, the planters had behaved as lords above the law. Now the peasant saw that he had rights and defenders. He learned courage. Within a few years, the British planters abandoned their estates. The peasants became masters of the land. There were no sharecropers now.

Q24. Which other spheres besides political or economic fields received Gandhi’s attention during his long stay in Champaran? Ans: The cultural and social backwardness of the Champaran areas pained Gandhi. He appealed for teachers. Several persons responded to his call. Primary schools were opened in six villages. Kasturba taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community sanitation. With the help of a doctor and three medicines, they tried to fight the miserable health conditions.

Q25.“This was typical Gandhi pattern” observes Louis Fischer. What do you learn about Gandhian politics from the extract ‘Indigo’? Ans: Gandhi’s politics was intermixed with the practical, everyday life of the millions of Indians. This was not a loyalty to abstractions. It was a loyalty to living human beings. In everything Gandhi did, he tried to mould a new free Indian who could stand on his own feet and thus make India free.

Q26. How did Gandhi teach his followers a lesson of self-reliance? Ans.  During the Champaran action, Gandhi’s lawyer friends thought it would be good if C.F. Andrews stayed on in Champaran and helped them. Gandhi opposed this idea as it showed the weakness of their heart. Their cause was just and they must rely upon themselves to win this unequal fight. They should not seek the support of Mr Andrews because he happened to be an Englishman.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Q1. What solution to the problems of the poor did Gandhi suggest? How far did the Champaran movement help in this direction? OR “The real relief for them is to be free from fear”, remarked Gandhi. What do you think, was “the beginning of their liberation from the fear of the British” ? Ans.  The sharecropper peasants had to grow indigo on 15 per cent of their holdings and surrender the indigo harvest as rent to the landlord. When Germany developed synthetic indigo, the British planters started extracting money illegally and deceitfully as compensation from the peasants for being released from the 15 per cent arrangement. The peasants were made to sign new agreements and pay money. The planters behaved as lords above the law. Many peasants engaged lawyers at hefty fees and went to courts. The Muzaffarpur lawyers briefed Gandhi about the peasants for whom they frequently represented in courts. Gandhi realised that these peasants were badly crushed and fear- stricken. Freedom from fear was more important than legal justice for them. Gandhiji was ready to court arrest for them. Thousands of peasants demonstrated spontaneously around the court. The government had to release Gandhi without bail. This voluntary uprising of the peasants marked the beginning of their liberation from the fear of the British.

Q2. Why was Gandhi summoned to appear in the court? How did he gain his liberty ? OR ‘Civil disobedience had triumphed, the first time in modern India.’Relate the events during Gandhi’s stay in Champaran that led to the triumph. Ans.  Gandhi had reached Motihari, the Capital of Champaran, to study the problems of the sharecropper peasants. He was on his way to a neighbouring village, where a peasant was ill-treated. On the way, he was stopped by the police superintendent’s messenger and ordered to return to town. When he reached home, he was served with an official notice to quit Champaran at once. Gandhi wrote on the receipt that he would disobey the order. So Gandhi received a summons to appear in the court the next day. Next morning the town of Motihari was black with peasants. Thousands of peasants demonstrated voluntarily outside the court. The prosecutor requested the judge to postpone the trial. Gandhi protested against the delay. He read out a statement pleading guilty. He asked the penalty. The judge announced that he would pronounce the sentence after a two-hour recess. He asked Gandhi to furnish bail for that period. Gandhi refused. The judge released him without bail. After the recess, the judge said that he would not deliver the judgement for several days. Meanwhile he allowed Gandhi to remain at liberty. Several days later Gandhi received a letter. The case against him had been dropped. Thus, civil disobedience had triumphed, for the first time in India.

Q3. Give an account of Gandhi’s efforts to secure justice for the poor indigo sharecroppers of Champaran. OR “Indigo sharecropping disappeared.” Which factors do you think, helped to achieve freedom for the fear-stricken peasants of Champaran? Ans.  Gandhi went to Champaran on receiving reports of exploitation of the poor sharecropper peasants at the hands of British planters. He began by trying to get the facts. The British landlords as well as the Commissioner of Tirhut were non-cooperative. Lawyers from MuZaffarpur briefed him about the court cases of these peasants. Gandhi and the lawyers collected depositions by about ten thousand peasants. Notes were made on other evidence. Documents were collected. The whole area throbbed with the activities of the investigators and forceful protests of landlords. The lieutenant governor summoned Gandhi. After four protracted interviews an official commission of inquiry was appointed to look into the indigo sharecroppers’ condition. Gandhi was the sole representative of the peasants. The official inquiry assembled huge quantity of evidence against the big planters. They agreed, in principle, to make refunds to the peasants. After consultation, a settlement of 25 per cent refund to the farmers was agreed on. This was a moral victory of the peasants. They recognised their rights and learned courage. Within a few years the British planters gave up their estates. These now went back to the peasants. They became the masters of land. Thus, indigo sharecropping disappeared.

Q4. How did Gandhi work for rural uplift during his stay in Champarant Ans.  Gandhi wanted to do something to remove the cultural and social backwardness in Champaran villages. He appealed for teachers. Two young disciples of Gandhi, Mahadev Desai and Narhari Parikh and their wives volunteered themselves for work. Several others responded from distant parts of the country. Mrs. Kasturba Gandhi and Devdas, Gandhi’s youngest son, arrived from the Ashram. Primary schools were opened in six villages. Kasturba taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community cleanliness. She also talked to women about their filthy clothes. Health conditions were miserable. Gandhi got a doctor to volunteer his services for six months. Only three medicines were available: Castor oil, quinine and sulphur ointment. Anyone who showed a coated tongue was given a dose of castor oil; anybody with malaria fever received quinine plus castor oil; anybody with skin eruptions received ointment plus caster oil. Thus, Gandhi never contented himself with large political or economic solutions. He worked for total uplift of villages and the poor sections of the society.

Q5. ‘Self-reliance, Indian independence and help to sharecroppers were all bound together.’ Elucidate on the basis of reading ‘Indigo’ by Louis Fischer. OR ‘The Champaran episode was a turning-point in Gandhi’s life. Explain with examples from ‘Indigo’ by Louis Fischer. Ans.  Gandhi stayed in Champaran for a long time. The Champaran episode was a turning point in his life. It was during this struggle in 1917 that he decided to urge the departure of the British. Champaran episode did not begin as an act of defiance. It grew out of an attempt to make the sufferings of large numbers of poor peasants less severe. Gandhi concentrated on their practical day to day problems. He analysed the root cause of the problem-fear, and tried to eradicate it. The voluntary demonstration of the poor peasants against the government for putting Gandhi in trouble was the beginning of the end of their fear of the British. In everything Gandhi did, he tried to mould a new free Indian who could stand on his own feet and thus make India free. He taught his lawyer friends a lesson in self-reliance by opposing the involvement of C.F. Andrews, an Englishman in .their unequal fight. His help would be a prop. This would reflect their weakness. Their cause was just and they must rely on themselves to win the battle. Thus self-reliance, Indian independence and help to sharecroppers were all bound together.

Q6. Justify the appropriateness of the title ‘Indigo’ to this extract. Ans.  The title ‘Indigo’ is quite appropriate, to the point and suggestive. It at once focuses our * attention on the central issue-the exploitation of the indigo sharecropper peasants at the hands of cruel British planters. They compelled them through a long term agreement to raise indigo on 15 per cent of their landholding and surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent. After the development of synthetic indigo by Germany, the British planters extracted money from the peasants as compensation for being released from the 15 per cent agreement. The peasants who wanted their money back had filed civil suits. The planters who behaved as lords above the law and were dreaded by the poor were obliged to surrender part of money and with it part of their prestige. The extract also points out the work done by Gandhi and his associates to improve the economic, political, cultural and social fife of the indigo sharecroppers. Their education, health and hygiene also received due attention. The plight of indigo sharecroppers, then- struggle under Gandhi’s leadership and ultimate victory when Indigo sharecropping disappeared from important landmarks. Thus, the title ‘Indigo’ is highly suggestive and apt.

Q7. What impression do you form about Gandhi on reading the chapter ‘Indigo’ ? Ans.  The chapter ‘Indigo’ pays a tribute to the leadership shown by Mahatma Gandhi to secure justice for oppressed people through convincing argumentation and negotiation. Gandhi had a magnetic attraction and great persuasive power. He could draw people of all classes to himself and make them partners in the freedom movement. Even ordinary people were inspired to make contribution to the freedom movement. Gandhi emerges as a champion of the downtrodden and the oppressed. Rural uplift was his favourite programme. His knowledge of legal procedure and respect for law is also highlighted. He does not want to be a lawbreaker. At the same time he wants to render the humanitarian and national service in obedience to the higher law of our being, the voice of conscience. He also appears as a polite and friendly person. Gandhi’s ability to read the minds of others made them speechless. He believed in self-reliance, just cause and purity of means to achieve India’s Independence.

Q8. Why is the Champaran episode considered to be the beginning of the Indian struggle for Independence? [All India 2014] Ans.  The Champaran episode began as an attempt to ease the sufferings of a large number of ’ peasants. He got spontaneous support of thousands of people. Gandhi declared that the British could not order him about in his own country. Under his leadership, the peasants became aware of their rights. Raj Kumar Shukla, a farmer of Champaran helped him a lot in bringing about the change. Other peasants too fought courageously and contributed in their own way to the movement. It resulted in their winning the battle of Champaran. The effects of Gandhi’s method of non-violence and non-cooperation proved very fruitful in this movement. Hence, it can be said that the Champaran episode is the beginning of the Indian struggle for independence.

VALUE-RASED QUESTIONS Q1. Patriotism is in political life what faith is in religion. John F Kennedy said, “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country”. Those who sacrifice their comfort for the welfare of the state get recognition. Write an article on the topic ‘Patriotism’. You can take ideas from the following hints: “They thought, amongst themselves, that Gandhi was totally a stranger, and yet he was prepared to go to prison for the sake of the peasants; if they, on the other hand, being not only residents of the adjoining districts but also those who claimed to have served these peasants, should go home, it would be shameful desertion.” Ans.                                                                      Patriotism

Breathes there the man with soul so dead, who never to himself hath said, this is my own native land! —Scott

Patriotism implies love for one’s nation. A patriot is ready to sacrifice his comfort for the service of his nation. It was for his country’s sake that Sardar Bhagat Singh kissed the gallows. It was for the love for their land that Shivaji, Rana Pratap and Guru Govind Singh suffered untold hardships. True patriots respect other nations and religions but don’t allow anyone to insult their nation. A great philosopher said, “It is not gold that makes a nation great. It is the sacrifice and martyrdom of patriots that raises a nation to the heights of glory.” India is a land where patriots are in abundance. It got its freedom only because of the efforts of its patriots. Patriotism is a religion and an ideal. It is an ideology that guides the people of a nation. It is a feeling and a bond that unites the people of various sects, beliefs and backgrounds together. A patriot must not be narrow minded. He should develop an international progressive outlook. It would be pertinent to quote the words of Seneca here “No one loves his country for its size or eminence, but because it is his own.”

Q2. Undoubtedly, only a socially just country has the right to exist. In the modern world justice is a concept. Muscle is the reality. Corruption has become the way of the world. The destitute are exploited ruthlessly. People feel that ‘to make a living, craftiness is better than learnedness’. Write an article on the topic mentioned above taking ideas from the given lines: “Gandhi protested against the delay. He read a statement pleading guilty… when the court reconvened, the judge said he would not deliver the judgement for several days.” Ans.                                                Corruption in Contemporary India Corruption has engulfed all the educated, skilled and semi-skilled workers. Corruption means dishonesty and illegal behavior especially of the people in authority. A person resorts to corruption because of his poverty, lack of moral strength and other psychological and financial problems. Moreover, the path of righteousness is full of thorns. Some of the youngsters are misguided by the friends to multiply their benefits within a short span of time. One should always remember that corruption starts from the top. If the head of the family is corrupt, the other members will also imitate his actions. Our politicians and bureaucrats are corrupt and unscrupulous. They don’t have any moral authority. Such corrupt politicians and bureaucrats should be punished and the honest persons should be rewarded if we intend to create a congenial atmosphere in our country. The system of justice is outdated and obsolete. It is said that ‘justice delayed is justice denied’. People do not get justice in the court of law. If corruption is not checked, the poor will be exploited without any inhibition.

Q3. Obstacles determine the quality of life. Hermits feel convinced that ‘sweet are the uses of adversity’. Problems are opportunities. Elucidate the saying taking ideas from the given lines: “Events justified Gandhi’s position. Within a few years the British planters abandoned their estates, which reverted to the peasants. Indigo sharecropping disappeared.” Ans.                                                              Sweet are the Uses of Adversity The Bible proclaims that ‘Man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward’. Adversity is the first path that leads towards the truth. Emerson opines that ‘every calamity is a spur and valuable hint’. But one cannot forget the truth that ‘there is no wind that always blows a storm’. Problems are only opportunities in work clothes. Every individual aspires to attain phenomenal success in this era of consumerism. No one can refuse to accept the fact that material pleasures and prosperity bring happiness. But one cannot dare to ignore the significance of trying circumstances. One wishes to be away from the situations which can be troublesome and irksome. But one must not despair in those situations and should face the music of life. Prosperity makes a person lazy and ease loving. Adversity, on the other hand, though trying and full of hardships, has a chastening effect. One’s character and personality become dynamic and vibrant if one fights bravely against the odd circumstances. It will not be wrong if we say that “as gold shines in fire, man shines in adversity.

“If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your own estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment” —Marcus Aurelius

Q4. Education sets the tone of a nation. Joseph Addison has rightly said, “What sculpture to a block of marble, education is to the soul”. But the quality of education is deteriorating gradually. Discuss the defects of our education system in your own words. Do remember the following expressions: “Gandhi never contented himself with large political or economic solutions. He saw the cultural and social backwardness in the Champaran villages… He appealed for teachers.” Ans.                                                     Defects of our Education System “Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence”. Education does not mean teaching people to know what they do not know; it means teaching them to behave as they do not behave, says John Ruskin. The prime objective of our education system is to develop a child’s over all personality. It should train not only the mind, but also the body and soul. Unfortunately, our present education system fails to achieve these objectives. The present education system does not make a child creative. It makes him a crammer. A child/pupil has to mug up nearly 200¬300 pages a year to pass his examination. Students are not given any practical training. They never go to laboratories to verify the theories. Moreover, the present admission system has become the laughing stock of society. The school authorities have a provision for those tiny tots who seek admission to pre-nursery. This is the height of absurdity. We need not the people who can only read and write. Our nation requires engineers, scientists, technicians and doctors. Vocational education is the need of the hour but not at the cost of values. An educated man should not have only bookish knowledge. He must have the knowledge of practical things. Maria Montessori conceived that ‘The first idea that the child must acquire in order to be actively disciplined is that of the difference between good and evil; and the task of the educator lies in seeing that the child does not confound good with immobility, and evil with activity.

MCQ Questions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 5 Indigo with Answers

Question 1. Health conditions in Champaran (a) miserable (b) tolerable (c) under control (d) fairly good

Answer: (a) miserable

Question 2. Who volunteered to work in Champaran? (a) two disciples of Gandhi and their wives (b) Kasturba and the eldest son of Gandhi (c) Mahadev Desai and his wife (d) Narhari Prasad and his wife

Answer: (a) two disciples of Gandhi and their wives

Question 3. The representative of the planters offered to refund—– percent to the peasants (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 25

Answer: (d) 25

Question 4. For how long did Gandhi remain in Champaran? (a) seven weeks (b) three months (c) one and a half year (d) seven months

Answer: (d) seven months

Question 5. What amount of repayment did the big planters think Gandhi would demand? (a) repayment in full (b) double the amount (c) fifty percent of the amount (d) no payment, just an apology

Answer: (a) repayment in full

Question 6. Gandhi was summoned by ___ the Lt. Governor (a) Sir Edward Gait (b) Sir Henry Gait (c) Sir Richard Andrews (d) Sir Freer Andrews

Answer: (a) Sir Edward Gait

Question 7. Who were ready to follow Gandhi into jail? (a) peasants (b) lawyers (c) Shukla (d) J.B. Kriplani

Answer: (b) lawyers

Question 8. The magistrate asked Gandhi to furnish bail for __ minutes (a) 30 (b) 60 (c) 90 (d) 120

Answer: (d) 120

Question 9. How did Gandhi behave with the officials outside the court? (a) demonstrated his power (b) was firm and resolute (c) he said that he would disobey the order (d) cooperated with them

Answer: (d) cooperated with them

Question 10. Why did Gandhi start out on the back of an elephant? (a) a peasant had been maltreated in a village nearby (b) he set out to meet the secretary of British Landlords Association (c) he set out to meet British official commissioner (d) he was summoned by Sir Edward Gait, the Lt. Governor

Answer: (a) a peasant had been maltreated in a village nearby

Question 11. After Tirhut, where did Gandhi go? (a) Lucknow (b) Motihari (c) Cawnpore (d) Ahmedabad

Answer: (b) Motihari

Question 12. What happened when Gandhi visited the secretary of British landlord’s association? (a) the secretary proceeded to bully him (b) the secretary advised him forthwith to leave Tirhut (c) the secretary said that they could not give any information to an outsider (d) the secretary was very helpful

Answer: (c) the secretary said that they could not give any information to an outsider

Question 13. Why was Gandhi not permitted to draw water from Rajendra Prasad’s well? (a) the servant thought Gandhi was another peasant (b) as Rajendra Prasad was not at home (c) Gandhi looked like a vagabond (d) Gandhi was a Harijan

Answer: (a) the servant thought Gandhi was another peasant

Question 14. Where is Champaran district situated? (a) in the south-west of Orissa (b) in the foothills of the Himalayas in Bihar (c) in the northeast of Orissa (d) in the south of Bihar

Answer: (b) in the foothills of the Himalayas in Bihar

Question 15. What did the British landlords and from the peasants after synthetic indigo was developed? (a) indigo as rent (b) 15% of produce (c) money as compensation (d) a new settlement

Answer: (c) money as compensation

Question 16. What were the places visited by Gandhi between his first meeting with Shukla and his arrival at Champaran? (a) Cawnpore, Ahmedabad, Calcutta, Patna, Muzaffarpur (b) Calcutta, Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarnagar (c) Cawnpore, Ahmedabad, Gaya, Calcutta, Patna, Muzaffarpur (d) Cawnpore, Ahmedabad, Patna and Muzaffarnagar

Answer: (a) Cawnpore, Ahmedabad, Calcutta, Patna, Muzaffarpur

Question 17. Who received Gandhi at the Muzaffarpur station? (a) Shukla (b) J.B Kriplani (c) Rajendra Prasad (d) Nehru

Answer: (b) J.B Kriplani

Question 18. Shukla led Gandhi to the house of a lawyer who later became the President of India. He was (a) J.B Kriplani (b) Rajendra Prasad (c) Zakir Hussain (d) Mahadev Desai

Answer: (b) Rajendra Prasad

Question 19. What was the full name of the peasant from Champaran? (a) J.B Shukla (b) Rajkumar Shukla (c) Ramkumar Shukla (d) Roopkumar Shukla

Answer: (b) Rajkumar Shukla

Question 20. When did Gandhiji go to Lucknow? (a) December 1917 (b) October 1916 (c) February 1917 (d) December 1916

Answer: (d) December 1916

Question 21. Where did Gandhiji stay for two days? (a) At a peasant’s house (b) At a lawyer’s house (c) In a guest house (d) At Prof. Malkani’s house

Answer: (d) At Prof. Malkani’s house

Question 22. What was the condition of the peasants in Champaran? (a) Very happy (b) Independent (c) Very rich (d) Terror stricken and oppressed

Answer: (d) Terror stricken and oppressed

Question 23. What was the attitude of the average Indian in smaller localities towards advocates of home rule? (a) Very welcoming (b) Very courageous (c) Pleasing (d) Very fearful and indifferent

Answer: (d) Very fearful and indifferent

Question 24. Why did Gandhi consider the Champaran episode a turning point? (a) Its voice spread far and wide (b) It became famous (c) The British were scared (d) To protest the courts’ order to postpone the trial

Answer: (a) Its voice spread far and wide

Question 25. What was the statement that Gandhiji read pleading himself guilty? (a) That he was a law breaker (b) That he wanted to command respect (c) He was not a law breaker and came to render humanitarian and national service (d) None

Answer: (c) He was not a law breaker and came to render humanitarian and national service

Question 26. Who was Sir Edmund in the lesson Indigo? (a) A British lawyer (b) A british Businessman (c) A British Politician (d) An Administrator in Indian Civil Services

Answer: (d) An Administrator in Indian Civil Services

Question 27. Why did the British want the peasant to pay compensation? (a) Because they freed them (b) Because they got orders from the British headquarters (c) Because they were leaving India (d) They gave 15% of landholding and entire Indigo harvest

Answer: (d) They gave 15% of landholding and entire Indigo harvest

Question 28. Where was Champaran? (a) In Lucknow (b) In Delhi (c) In Uttar Pradesh (d) A district of Bihar in British India

Answer: (d) A district of Bihar in British India

Question 29. Why is Champaran famous? (a) For fighting (b) For Indigo (c) Because Gandhiji visited (d) For the first Satyagrah movement in 1917

Answer: (d) For the first Satyagrah movement in 1917

Question 30. Why did Raj Kumar Shukla come to Lucknow at Annual Congress party session? (a) To be rich (b) To be famous (c) To fight and get money (d) To complain against injustice of landlord system in Bihar

Answer: (d) To complain against injustice of landlord system in Bihar

Question 31. Who was Raj Kumar Shukla? (a) A lawyer (b) A government official (c) A politician (d) A poor peasant

Answer: (d) A poor peasant

Question 32. Why did Gandhiji decide to go to Muzaffarpur? (a) To have detailed information of the sharecroppers of Champaran (b) To have information about lawyers (c) To know different capacities of the people (d) To have a personal bond with the people

Answer: (a) To have detailed information of the sharecroppers of Champaran

Question 33. How did Gandhiji help peasants of Champaran? (a) By fighting and securing justice for them (b) By hiring lawyers for them (c) By educating them (d) By teaching them cleanliness

Answer: (a) By fighting and securing justice for them

Question 34. How much did Indigo planters offer to pay? (a) 30% (b) 10% (c) 25% (d) 40%

Answer: (c) 25%

Question 35. What was Gandhiji’s demand from the British landlords? (a) 30% refund as repayment (b) 40% refund as repayment (c) 50% refund as repayment (d) 10% refund as repayment

Answer: (c) 50% refund as repayment

Question 36. Why was Motihari back with peasants? (a) Because of people’s rights (b) Because of the oppression of the British (c) Because their champion was in trouble (d) None

Answer: (c) Because their champion was in trouble

Question 37. Why did M.K. Gandhi fight in Champaran? (a) To secure justice for the oppressed (b) To get popularity (c) To show power (d) To boast of his intelligence

Answer: (a) To secure justice for the oppressed

Question 38. Indigo is an excerpt from which book of the author? (a) Men and Politics (b) Life of Lenin (c) The Life of Mahatma Gandhi. (d) None

Answer: (c) The Life of Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 39. When did the author serve in the British army? (a) 1918 – 1920 (b) 1909 – 1910 (c) 1912-1913 (d) 1900-1902

Answer: (a) 1918 – 1920

Question 40. Who is the author of Indigo? (a) Louis Fischer (b) Leo Tolstoy (c) Mark Twain (d) Charles Dickens

Answer: (a) Louis Fischer

Question 41. Why was the government baffled? (a) Because of lawyer’s power (b) Because of farmers (c) Because of sharecroppers (d) Because of the success of Satyagrah movement by peasants

Answer: (d) Because of the success of Satyagrah movement by peasants

Question 42. Whom did Gandhiji send a telegram to ? (a) Sir Edmund (b) British Government (c) Peasants (d) Prof. J.B Kriplani

Answer: (d) Prof. J.B Kriplani

Question 43. What was the purpose of the advocates of home rule? (a) To get money (b) To be popular (c) To instigate the people (d) To encourage people to participate in the freedom movement

Answer: (d) To encourage people to participate in the freedom movement

Question 44. How did Kasturba help Gandhiji? (a) By speaking to the people (b) By walking with him (c) By moving here and there (d) By teaching Ashram rules and cleanliness

Answer: (d) By teaching Ashram rules and cleanliness

Question 45. Why did Gandhiji protest at Motihari court house? (a) To be famous (b) To show his power (c) To humiliate the British (d) To protest the court’s order to postpone the trial

Answer: (d) To protest the court’s order to postpone the trial

Class 12 “Indigo” Summary and Complete Analysis

Chapter 5 “Indigo” by Louis Fischer MCQ, Important Lines, Character Sketch, Textbook Questions/Answers and Vocabulary .

Table of Contents :

Also Read: Class 12 “ Poets And Pancakes ” by Asokamitran , “ The Rattrap ” by Selma Lagerlof

Vocabulary:

• Abstractions: Concepts or ideas that are theoretical or not based on concrete reality.
• Champaran: A district in the Indian state of Bihar known for being the site of Mahatma Gandhi’s first major civil disobedience campaign against the exploitation of indigo farmers.
• Civil disobedience: The refusal to comply with certain laws or commands as a peaceful protest, often to achieve political or social change.
• Commission of inquiry: An official investigation or examination into a particular matter, often conducted by a group of individuals appointed for the purpose.
• Conscience: The inner sense of right or wrong in one’s conduct or motives.
• Conflict of duties: One is torn between fulfilling two or more obligations or responsibilities that may contradict each other.
• Extort: To obtain something, especially money or information, by force or threats.
• Fiji Islands: A group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, part of which was a British colony during the time of the excerpt.
• Harbour a man like me: To provide shelter, support, or refuge to a person like myself.
• J.B. Kripalani: An Indian politician and independence activist who played a significant role in the Indian National Congress.
• Latrine trenches: Long, narrow ditches used to dispose of human waste, often dug for sanitation.
• Lieutenant-Governor: A colonial administrative position in British India.
• Pacifist: A person who believes in and advocates for pacifism, the opposition to war or violence to resolve conflicts.
• Protracted: Extended or prolonged in time.
• Reverend: A title used to address a Christian minister or clergyman.
• Sevagram: The ashram or spiritual community where Mahatma Gandhi resided and conducted his activities, located in central India.
• Seek a prop: Look for support, assistance, or reliance from someone or something, often in times of difficulty or uncertainty.
• Self-reliance: The ability to depend on oneself for support and decision-making without relying excessively on others.
• Sharecroppers: Farmers who work on land owned by others and pay a portion of their crops as rent.
• Stalwart: Someone who is loyal, reliable, and hardworking. It is often used to describe a person who is steadfast and unwavering in their support.
• Thugs: Criminals or hired goons to intimidate or commit violence.
• Tirhut division: An administrative division in Bihar.
• Untouchable: A term historically used in India to refer to individuals from the lowest social caste, often facing social discrimination and exclusion.
• Urge the departure: To strongly advocate or encourage leaving or withdrawing from a place or situation.
• Viceroy: The British colonial administrator in India during British rule.

Summary “Indigo” by Louis Fischer: 

• The excerpt from Louis Fischer ‘s “The Life of Mahatma Gandhi” recounts Gandhi’s pivotal role in the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917. In response to the unjust indigo cultivation system imposed by British landlords in Bihar, Gandhi, prompted by sharecropper Rajkumar Shukla, investigated the situation.
• Despite British intimidation, Gandhi persisted, facing court summons and sparking a demonstration of thousands of peasants. His civil disobedience strategy, coupled with the support of prominent lawyers like Rajendra Prasad, led to a 50% refund agreement for sharecroppers, ending indigo sharecropping within a few years.
• Champaran marked a turning point in Gandhi’s life, showcasing his commitment to practical issues affecting the masses and his emphasis on self-reliance and Indian independence. Gandhi’s approach intertwined politics with everyday problems, emphasising loyalty to living beings over abstractions and teaching a lesson in self-reliance to his followers, like Charles Freer Andrews.

Theme “Indigo” by Louis Fischer: 

The excerpt from Louis Fischer’s book “The Life of Mahatma Gandhi” highlights Gandhi’s leadership in securing justice for oppressed people, mainly through his actions in Champaran. Here, the theme revolves around Gandhi’s approach to obtaining justice through convincing argumentation, negotiation, and his dedication to the welfare of the oppressed.

Main Themes:

• Leadership for Justice: Gandhi’s leadership is depicted in his response to Rajkumar Shukla’s plea and subsequent actions in Champaran. Despite facing opposition and threats, Gandhi persisted in his efforts to address the grievances of the sharecroppers and secure justice.
• Convincing Argumentation and Negotiation: Gandhi’s approach involved engaging with authorities through reasoned argumentation and negotiation rather than resorting to violence or aggression. He demonstrated the power of peaceful resistance and civil disobedience to bring about change.

Contributions of Anonymous Indians: The excerpt also highlights the contributions of anonymous individuals like Rajkumar Shukla, whose determination and perseverance played a crucial role in drawing Gandhi’s attention to the plight of the oppressed. These unsung heroes represent the collective spirit of the Indian freedom movement and underscore the significance of grassroots activism.

Character Sketch: 

Based on the excerpt from Louis Fischer’s book “The Life of Mahatma Gandhi,” (1950) the character sketch of Gandhi can be drawn as follows:

• Compassionate Leader: Mahatma Gandhi, depicted in Louis Fischer’s “The Life of Mahatma Gandhi,” embodies compassion and empathy, notably displayed through his encounter with Rajkumar Shukla, a poor peasant from Champaran.
• Courageous Activist: Gandhi’s refusal to comply with British authorities’ orders, despite intimidation and threats, showcases his unwavering courage and determination in confronting oppression.
• Principled Advocate: Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience highlights his adherence to principles of truth, justice, and morality, embodying the philosophy of satyagraha.
• Practical Organizer: As a charismatic leader, Gandhi mobilises and inspires thousands of peasants in Champaran to stand against tyranny, highlighting his leadership and organisational skills.
• Practical Visionary: Gandhi’s pragmatic approach to activism seeks tangible solutions to peasants’ immediate problems, such as securing refunds from exploitative landlords and addressing education and healthcare issues.
• Self-reliant Mentor: Rejecting external support, Gandhi emphasises self-reliance and independence, reflecting his belief in the innate strength and resilience of the Indian people.
• Transformative Legacy: Gandhi’s actions in Champaran reflect his visionary quest for a liberated India characterised by social, economic, and political equality, leaving a lasting legacy of compassion, courage, and empowerment.

Gandhi showcased his unwavering commitment to justice and the empowerment of marginalised communities through his interactions with British officials, lawyers, and the local community. His ability to mobilise local and national support highlights his skill in galvanising public opinion and rallying people around a common cause.

Moreover, Gandhi’s emphasis on self-reliance and independence reflects his belief in the capacity of ordinary Indians to drive social and political change. By rejecting external assistance and relying on the strength of collective action, Gandhi sought to instil a sense of agency and empowerment among his followers.

The excerpt provides insight into Gandhi’s leadership style and strategies. It emphasises the broader themes of justice, activism, and the power of collective action in the pursuit of freedom and equality.

Important Lines “Indigo” by Louis Fischer: 

1. “The peasants were sharecroppers. Rajkumar Shukla was one of them.” – This line establishes the background of Rajkumar Shukla as a representative of the sharecroppers in Champaran, highlighting the economic and social context of their struggle.

2. “Gandhi decided to go first to Muzzafarpur, which was en route to Champaran, to obtain more complete information about conditions than Shukla was capable of imparting.” – Gandhi’s decision to gather comprehensive information about the situation in Champaran indicates his strategic approach to addressing the issues faced by the peasants, emphasising the importance of understanding the complexities of the problem before taking action.

3. “The news of Gandhi’s advent and of the nature of his mission spread quickly through Muzzafarpur and to Champaran.” – This line emphasises the impact of Gandhi’s presence and mission, highlighting the widespread attention and support garnered for his efforts to address the grievances of the peasants.

4. “The battle of Champaran is won,” he exclaimed. – Gandhi’s declaration signifies a pivotal moment in the struggle of the Champaran peasants, indicating a significant victory achieved through their collective efforts and Gandhi’s leadership.

5. “Civil disobedience had triumphed, the first time in modern India.” – This statement highlights the historical significance of the Champaran movement, marking it as a milestone in India’s struggle for independence and the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance as a means of challenging unjust authority.

6. “But Champaran did not begin as an act of defiance. It grew out of an attempt to alleviate the distress of large numbers of poor peasants.” – This line highlights the initial motivation behind Gandhi’s involvement in the Champaran movement, emphasising his commitment to addressing the practical needs and hardships faced by the marginalised peasants, rather than pursuing defiance for its own sake.

7. “In everything Gandhi did, moreover, he tried to mould a new free Indian who could stand on his own feet and thus make India free.” – This statement encapsulates Gandhi’s broader vision of empowering individuals and fostering self-reliance as integral components of India’s quest for independence and social transformation.

8.  “He asked only 50 per cent… ‘Thinking probably that he would not give way, the representative of the planters offered to refund to the extent of 25 per cent, and to his amazement Mr. Gandhi took him at his word, thus breaking the deadlock.'” – This excerpt demonstrates Gandhi’s strategic negotiation skills and commitment to securing justice for the peasants in Champaran. It highlights Gandhi’s willingness to compromise for the greater good while leveraging his moral authority to resolve the conflict.

9. “But how much must we pay?” they asked Gandhi. – This question posed by the landlords reflects their uncertainty and apprehension about the financial repercussions of their actions, indicating their recognition of Gandhi’s authority in negotiating the terms of restitution for the sharecroppers.

10. “The cause is just and you must rely upon yourselves to win the battle.” – Gandhi’s rejection of external support from Charles Freer Andrews highlights his emphasis on self-reliance and indigenous leadership in the struggle for social and political change. It emphasises Gandhi’s belief in the strength and resilience of the Indian people in achieving their goals without relying on external assistance or validation.

11. “His was not a loyalty to abstractions; it was a loyalty to living, human beings.” – This line encapsulates Gandhi’s philosophy of active engagement with the tangible needs and aspirations of individuals, emphasising his prioritisation of practical, human-centred solutions over abstract ideological principles.

12. “He disregarded the order to leave, ‘not for want of respect for lawful authority, but in obedience to the higher law of our being, the voice of conscience’.” – Gandhi’s defiance of the order to leave Champaran reflects his adherence to the principles of conscience and moral duty, highlighting his belief in the supremacy of moral law over legal authority.

13. “The officials felt powerless without Gandhi’s cooperation.” – This statement emphasises Gandhi’s ability to exert influence and catalyse change through nonviolent resistance, highlighting the disruptive impact of his actions on the British colonial administration and their inability to suppress the burgeoning movement in Champaran.

14. “ Under an ancient arrangement, the Champaran peasants were sharecroppers.” Sharecropping in Champaran was a longstanding practice deeply rooted in tradition and socio-economic fabric, shaping the relationship between landlords and peasants for generations. The historical context adds depth to understanding the peasants’ plight and challenges seeking justice.

15. “Most of the arable land in the Champaran district was divided into large estates owned by Englishmen and worked by Indian tenants.” English landlords owned most of the cultivable land in the Champaran district, while Indian tenants worked it. This unequal distribution of power reflects a colonial economic system where indigenous populations were marginalised. Gandhi intervened to address the injustices faced by Indian tenants and sharecroppers under British colonial rule.

Textbook Questions/Answers “Indigo”:

Thinking as you read: .

Q1. Strike out what is not true in the following. 

a. Rajkumar Shukla was 

(i) a sharecropper. 

(ii) a politician. 

(iii) delegate. 

(iv) a landlord. 

b. Rajkumar Shukla was 

(i) poor. 

(ii) physically strong. 

(iii) illiterate. 

A1: a. (ii) A politician.

b. Rajkumar Shukla was: (ii) Physically strong.

Q2. Why is Rajkumar Shukla described as being ‘resolute’? 

A2: Rajkumar Shukla is described as being ‘resolute’ because he persisted in his efforts to bring Gandhi to Champaran despite Gandhi’s initial reluctance. 

He followed Gandhi everywhere, never leaving his side for weeks, and continued to urge Gandhi to visit his district until Gandhi agreed. This determination and persistence despite obstacles demonstrate Shukla’s stubborn nature.

Q3. Why do you think the servants thought Gandhi to be another peasant?

A3: The servants likely thought Gandhi to be another peasant because he was accompanied by Rajkumar Shukla, who appeared to be a poor yeoman or peasant himself. 

Since Gandhi was with Shukla and was not recognised as a prominent figure, the servants may have assumed he was also a peasant like Shukla, especially considering the hierarchical social structure of the time, where distinctions based on caste and social status were prevalent.

Q4: List the places Gandhi visited between his first meeting with Shukla and his arrival at Champaran. 

A4: Gandhi visited the following places between his first meeting with Shukla and his arrival at Champaran:

• Muzzafarpur

Q5: What did the peasants pay the British landlords as rent? What did the British now want instead, and why? What would be the impact of synthetic indigo on the prices of natural indigo?

A5: The peasants paid the British landlords 15% of their holdings as rent, which was surrendered as the entire indigo harvest. 

The British landlords now wanted compensation for releasing the peasants from the 15% arrangement due to the development of synthetic indigo. 

Synthetic indigo would impact the prices of natural indigo by reducing the demand for natural indigo, thereby decreasing its prices.

Q6: The events in this part of the text illustrate Gandhi’s method of working. Can you identify some instances of this method and link them to his ideas of satyagraha and non-violence? 

A6: Gandhi’s method of working in Champaran reflects his principles of satyagraha (truth-force) and non-violence:

• Truth and Non-violence: Gandhi addressed the suffering of peasants truthfully and non-violently.
• Civil Disobedience: He defied orders to leave Champaran, facing non-violent persecution.
• Mass Mobilization: Gandhi mobilised thousands non-violently to support the cause.
• Negotiation and Compromise: He negotiated for justice while willing to compromise for practical solutions.
• Empowerment: Gandhi empowered peasants, instilling courage and rights non-violently.

In Champaran, Gandhi’s approach showcased his commitment to truth, non-violence, civil disobedience, negotiation, and empowerment of the marginalised.

Q7: Why did  Gandhi agree to a settlement of a 25 per cent refund to the farmers? 

A7: Gandhi agreed to a 25 per cent refund settlement to the farmers because he prioritised the principle of the landlords surrendering part of the money they had illegally obtained from the sharecroppers over the refund amount. He believed the landlords’ concession was more important than the specific monetary figure. 

Gandhi aimed to demonstrate to the peasants that they had rights and defenders, and by accepting the 25 per cent refund, he effectively broke the deadlock and initiated progress towards addressing the injustice faced by the peasants.

Q8:  How did the episode change the plight of the peasants?

A8: The episode changed the plight of the peasants in several ways:

• End of Indigo Sharecropping: The settlement reached with the landlords marked the end of the oppressive indigo sharecropping system. The landlords eventually abandoned their estates, which reverted to the peasants, freeing them from the exploitative arrangement.
• Empowerment and Courage: Through Gandhi’s actions and the subsequent events, the peasants gained a sense of empowerment and courage. They realised that they had rights and defenders willing to stand up against injustice on their behalf.
• Cultural and Social Development: Gandhi addressed the economic injustices and focused on Champaran villages’ cultural and social backwardness. He initiated efforts to improve the villages’ education, sanitation, and health conditions, demonstrating his holistic approach to social reform.
• Lesson in Self-Reliance: Gandhi’s refusal to rely on an Englishman’s help during the struggle emphasised the importance of self-reliance and self-determination in the fight for justice and independence. This lesson resonated with his followers and contributed to their understanding of the principles underlying the struggle for freedom.

Understanding The Text: 

Q1: Why do you think Gandhi considered the Champaran episode to be a turning point in his life? 

A1: Gandhi considered the Champaran episode to be a turning point in his life for several reasons:

• It marked his first significant involvement in India’s struggle for independence against British colonial rule.
• Champaran was where Gandhi first applied his philosophy of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance) on a large scale, demonstrating its effectiveness in achieving social and political change.
• Gandhi’s success in Champaran boosted his credibility and reputation as a leader in India’s freedom movement, laying the foundation for his future endeavours.
• The Champaran episode showcased Gandhi’s commitment to addressing the practical, day-to-day problems of the masses, intertwining his politics with grassroots activism and social reform.

Q2. How was Gandhi able to influence lawyers? Give instances. 

A2: Gandhi was able to influence lawyers in several ways during the Champaran episode:

• He challenged their traditional methods of legal advocacy by advocating for civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance as more effective means of addressing the grievances of the sharecroppers.
• Gandhi criticised lawyers for charging high fees to impoverished peasants and urged them to prioritise the well-being of the oppressed over monetary gain.
• By demonstrating his willingness to face imprisonment and hardship for the sake of justice, Gandhi inspired lawyers to reconsider their roles and responsibilities in society.
• Gandhi’s principled stance and moral leadership compelled the lawyers to join him in his struggle, ultimately leading to their participation in civil disobedience and resolving the crisis in Champaran.

Q3. What was the attitude of the average Indian in smaller localities towards advocates of ‘home rule’? 

A3: The attitude of the average Indian in smaller localities towards advocates of ‘home rule’ (self-governance or independence from British rule) was characterised by fear and apprehension:

• Many Indians in smaller localities were afraid to openly express support for advocates of home rule due to the repressive nature of British colonial rule and the potential consequences of dissent.
• The pervasive atmosphere of fear and intimidation created by British authorities made it difficult for ordinary Indians to align themselves with political movements seeking independence openly.
• Gandhi’s comment about the extraordinary nature of a government professor harbouring him reflects the prevailing fear among Indians in smaller localities of showing sympathy for advocates of home rule, as such actions were often met with reprisals from colonial authorities.

Q4. How do we know that ordinary people too, contributed to the freedom movement?

A4: Ordinary people contributed to the freedom movement in several ways, as evidenced by the Champaran episode and Gandhi’s broader philosophy of nonviolent resistance:

• In Champaran, peasants like Rajkumar Shukla played a crucial role by bringing their grievances to Gandhi’s attention and mobilising support for their cause.
• The spontaneous demonstrations of thousands of peasants outside the courthouse in Champaran reflected the widespread desire for change and resistance against British oppression.
• Ordinary Indians participated in civil disobedience campaigns, protests, and boycotts organised by Gandhi and other leaders, demonstrating their commitment to the cause of independence.
• Gandhi emphasised the importance of empowering ordinary Indians to assert their rights and challenge unjust laws through nonviolent means, recognising their integral role in achieving freedom from colonial rule.

Talking about the text:

Discuss the following.

1. “Freedom from fear is more important than legal justice for the poor.” Do you think that the poor of India are free from fear after Independence?

A: The statement “ Freedom from fear is more important than legal justice for the poor ” reflects Gandhi’s belief in empowering marginalised and oppressed communities. While legal justice is essential for ensuring rights and addressing grievances, freedom from fear speaks to a deeper sense of security, dignity, and autonomy for individuals, especially the poor and disadvantaged.

After Independence, the extent to which the poor in India are free from fear varies widely across different contexts and regions. While significant progress has been made regarding legal frameworks, social welfare programs, and economic development, challenges such as poverty, social inequality, corruption, and violence persist. Many marginalised communities continue to face various forms of fear, including fear of exploitation, discrimination, violence, and insecurity.

Efforts to address these issues require legal reforms, social policies, and broader societal transformations, including changes in attitudes, behaviours, and power dynamics. Building inclusive and equitable societies where all individuals can live without fear requires sustained efforts from government institutions, civil society organisations, communities, and individuals.

2. The qualities of a good leader.

The qualities of a good leader, as exemplified by Mahatma Gandhi in the excerpt, include

• Compassion and empathy: Gandhi showed deep empathy for the plight of the poor and marginalised, actively engaging with their struggles and working to alleviate their suffering.
• Courage and conviction: Gandhi demonstrated immense courage in confronting injustice and oppression, even amid intimidation and threats from authorities.
• Integrity and humility: Gandhi’s actions were guided by principles of truthfulness, honesty, and moral integrity. He remained humble and committed to serving others, eschewing personal gain or glory.
• Vision and strategic thinking: Gandhi had a clear vision of a free and independent India and formulated strategic approaches to achieve this goal, mobilising mass movements and employing nonviolent resistance tactics.
• Self-reliance and empowerment: Gandhi emphasised the importance of self-reliance and empowerment, encouraging individuals and communities to take ownership of their struggles and work towards their liberation.
• Commitment to justice and equality: Gandhi was unwavering in his commitment to justice, equality, and human rights, advocating for the rights and dignity of all individuals, regardless of caste, class, or creed.

These qualities highlight the transformative potential of ethical leadership grounded in moral principles, humility, and a deep sense of service to humanity.

Working with words:

• List the words used in the text related to legal procedures.

A: Specialist vocabulary used in legal parlance: 

• Sharecroppers: Individuals who farm land owned by others and pay a portion of their crops as rent.
• Litigate: To engage in legal proceedings or to bring a lawsuit.
• Arable land: Land suitable for growing crops.
• Official inquiry: A formal investigation conducted by government authorities.
• Magistrate: A judicial officer who typically presides over minor legal cases.
• Civil disobedience: The deliberate refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government.
• Summons: An official order to appear before a court or magistrate.
• Bail: The temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, sometimes secured by a sum of money.
• Commission of inquiry: A group formed to investigate and report on specific issues.
• Depositions: Testimonies given under oath, typically outside of court, which can be used as evidence in legal proceedings.
• Settlement: An agreement reached between parties to resolve a legal dispute.
• Plead guilty: To formally admit to committing the offence or wrongdoing charged.
• Defendants: Individuals or entities against whom legal action is taken or accused in court.
• Prosecutor: The legal representative who brings charges in a court case on behalf of the government.
• Penalty: The punishment imposed for breaking a law or rule.
• Admonish: To caution or reprimand someone firmly.
• Desist: To cease or abstain from doing something.
• Obedience to the higher law of our being: A reference to a moral or ethical principle that supersedes human-made laws.

Extra Questions “Indigo” by Louis Fischer: 

Q1: Why did Rajkumar Shukla approach Gandhi during the Indian National Congress party convention in Lucknow in 1916?

A1: Rajkumar Shukla approached Gandhi during the convention to seek his help regarding the injustice faced by the sharecroppers in Champaran, Bihar, where the landlord system oppressed the peasants.

Q2: What was the significance of Gandhi’s visit to Muzzafarpur before going to Champaran?

A2: Before going to Champaran, Gandhi visited Muzzafarpur to gather more information about the conditions there and to meet with local leaders and activists who could provide insights into the plight of the peasants and sharecroppers.

Q3: How did Gandhi respond to the bullying tactics of the British officials in Champaran?

A3: Gandhi refused to yield to the bullying tactics of the British officials in Champaran. Instead of leaving as ordered, he chose to defy the authorities and continued his mission to investigate and address the peasants’ grievances.

Q4: What was the outcome of Gandhi’s encounter with the British officials in Champaran?

A4: Despite resistance and intimidation from British officials, Gandhi’s persistence led to a significant breakthrough. He mobilised thousands of peasants in a demonstration of civil disobedience, challenging the authority of the British and eventually forcing them to drop the case against him.

Q5: How did Gandhi negotiate with the British landlords regarding compensation for the sharecroppers?

A5: Gandhi negotiated with the British landlords, demanding a refund of 50% of the money illegally extorted from the sharecroppers. Eventually, he settled for a 25% refund, breaking the deadlock and securing a significant victory for the peasants.

Q6: What initiatives did Gandhi undertake to address Champaran villages’ social and cultural backwardness?

A6: Gandhi initiated various programs to address the social and cultural backwardness in Champaran villages, including the establishment of primary schools, the promotion of personal cleanliness and community sanitation, and providing healthcare services to improve the living conditions of the people.

Q7: How did Gandhi demonstrate his commitment to self-reliance during the Champaran episode?

A7: Gandhi showed his commitment to self-reliance by rejecting the idea of relying on an Englishman, Charles Freer Andrews, for assistance in the struggle against injustice. He emphasised the importance of Indians relying on themselves to win the battle for their rights and independence.

Q8: What role did Gandhi’s associates, Rajendra Prasad and Charles Freer Andrews, play during the Champaran episode?

A8: Rajendra Prasad and other associates played crucial roles in supporting Gandhi during the Champaran episode. Prasad and other lawyers provided legal assistance and advice to Gandhi, and they even offered to accompany him to jail if necessary.

On the other hand, Charles Freer Andrews sought to contribute to the cause. Still, he was discouraged by Gandhi, who emphasised the importance of self-reliance in the struggle against injustice.

Q9: How did Gandhi’s approach in Champaran reflect his broader philosophy of nonviolent resistance?

A9: Gandhi’s approach in Champaran exemplified his philosophy of nonviolent resistance, known as Satyagraha.

Despite facing intimidation and legal challenges, Gandhi remained committed to nonviolent protest and civil disobedience. 

His willingness to confront injustice with peaceful means and his insistence on self-reliance empowered the oppressed peasants and challenged the authority of the British rulers.

Q10: How did Gandhi’s actions in Champaran impact the broader Indian independence movement?

A10: Gandhi’s actions in Champaran significantly impacted the broader Indian independence movement. The Champaran episode’s successful outcome demonstrated nonviolent resistance’s effectiveness in challenging British authority and addressing social injustices. It inspired similar movements across India and reinforced Gandhi’s role as a leader of the struggle for independence.

Q11: How did Gandhi’s interaction with the peasants and landlords in Champaran reflect his approach to social justice and equality?

A11: Gandhi’s interaction with the peasants and landlords in Champaran reflected his commitment to social justice and equality. He empathised with the plight of the oppressed peasants and advocated for their rights against the landlord system. By negotiating with the landlords and seeking fair compensation for the peasants, Gandhi demonstrated his belief in equality and dignity for all individuals, regardless of their social status.

Q12: What long-term effects did Gandhi’s intervention in Champaran have on the social and economic landscape of the region?

A12: Gandhi’s intervention in Champaran had a long-term impact on the social and economic landscape of the area. The successful resolution of the indigo sharecroppers’ grievances led to the abolition of oppressive practices and the empowerment of the peasant community. It paved the way for land reforms and increased awareness of social injustices, laying the foundation for broader social and economic changes in Champaran and beyond.

Q13: How did the Champaran episode contribute to Gandhi’s evolving role as a leader and symbol of resistance in India?

A13: The Champaran episode marked a significant milestone in Gandhi’s journey as a leader and symbol of resistance in India. His willingness to confront injustice and oppression and his commitment to nonviolent resistance resonated deeply with people nationwide. 

The success of his efforts in Champaran elevated Gandhi to a prominent position within the Indian independence movement and solidified his reputation as a champion of social justice and equality. 

Gandhi’s leadership during the Champaran episode inspired countless individuals to join the struggle for independence and paved the way for future movements against colonial rule.

Q14: In what ways did Gandhi’s approach in Champaran demonstrate his ability to bridge diverse communities and garner widespread support?

A14: Gandhi’s approach in Champaran showcased his ability to bridge diverse communities and garner general support for the cause of social justice and independence. By actively engaging with peasants, lawyers, activists, and even British officials, Gandhi fostered a sense of unity and solidarity among disparate groups. 

His inclusive leadership style and emphasis on nonviolent resistance resonated with people from various backgrounds, fostering a sense of collective purpose and empowerment. Through dialogue, negotiation, and moral action, Gandhi mobilised broad-based support for the struggle against injustice and oppression in Champaran and beyond.

Q15: How did Gandhi’s involvement in the Champaran episode influence his subsequent strategies and campaigns in the Indian independence movement?

A15: Gandhi’s involvement in the Champaran episode was a blueprint for his next strategy and campaigns in the Indian independence movement. The principles of nonviolent resistance, civil disobedience, and grassroots mobilisation he employed in Champaran became central tenets of his larger philosophy of Satyagraha.

Inspired by the success of his efforts in Champaran, Gandhi continued to organise similar movements across India, addressing a wide range of social, economic, and political issues. His experiences in Champaran informed his approach to leadership, strategy, and tactics, shaping the trajectory of the independence movement and leaving a lasting impact on Indian history.

Q16: What lessons can be drawn from Gandhi’s engagement with the Champaran peasants for contemporary social justice movements?

A16: Gandhi’s engagement with the Champaran peasants offers several valuable lessons for modern social justice movements. Firstly, his emphasis on nonviolent resistance highlights the power of peaceful protest in effecting meaningful change. Secondly, Gandhi’s commitment to grassroots organising and community empowerment highlights the importance of building solidarity and mobilising collective action from the ground up. 

Gandhi’s unwavering dedication to equality, dignity, and self-reliance is a timeless reminder of the values underpinning effective social justice advocacy. Overall, Gandhi’s approach in Champaran provides a compelling model for modern activists seeking to address systemic injustices and create positive social transformation.

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CBSE Class 12 English Indigo Summary and Questions

Please refer to Indigo summary Class 12 English and questions with solutions below. These revision notes and important examination questions have been prepared based on the latest English books for  Class 12 . You can go through the questions and solutions below which will help you to get better marks in your examinations. You can refer to more  Class 12 English summary of all chapters pdf  here

Class 12 English Indigo Summary and Questions

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Louis Fischer (1896-1970) was a Jewish – American journalist. This chapter ‘Indigo’ is an excerpt from his book ‘Life of Mahatama Gandhi’ which was the basis of academy award winning film ‘Gandhi’. This story described Gandhi’s struggle for the poor peasants of Champaran.

The incident occurred in 1917 when Gandhiji attended the Annual Convention of Indian Congress in 1916. Approximately more than 2300 delegates and many visitors were present. A poor skinny peasant Raj Kumar Shukla approached Gandhiji. He requested Gandhiji to accompany him to Champaran to solve the issues and misery of the poor peasants living there. Raj Kumar Shukla was one of the sharecroppers of Champaran, who had come to appeal against the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar. The peasant accompanied Gandhi everywhere he went and unrelentingly begged him to visit Champaran. In due course, his determination impressed Gandhi and so he asked the peasant to meet him in Calcutta. At the decided time both of them boarded the train to Patna. They first went to Rajendra Prasad’s house, who was a lawyer and later became the first President of India. The servants allowed them to stay as Rajendra Prasad was not there. However, the servants did not allow them to take out water from the well as they thought Gandhiji and Raj Kumar were untouchables.

Gandhiji stopped at Muzzafarpur to gather more information on the sharecroppers of Champaran. When Gandhiji and Raj Kumar Shukla arrived at the station, they were received by Professor J.B. Kriplani and his students. Gandhiji stayed at Professor Malkani, a school teacher’s house. It was a daring act by Professor Malkani as advocates of homerule were considered unsafe for Indians. When Gandhiji reached Muzzafarpur all the sharecroppers gathered in to meet him. The lawyer briefed him about the conditions. Gandhiji chided the lawyers when he came to know they charged high fees from the poor farmers. Gandhiji decided to change the way things were done. His new plan of action was to stop going to the law courts as the fear-stricken farmers did not get much help from there. The sharecroppers needed to be fearless. Champaran district was divided into large estates owned by Englishmen. The farmers were forced to grow indigo on 15% of the land. Moreover, they had no claim on the indigo harvest as the entire indigo had to be given as rent. Meanwhile, because of the German synthetic indigo, the value of the natural indigo had gone down. The landlord exempted the tenants from the 15% agreement only after a paid compensation. The peasants realised that what they were being asked to do was unjust. However, many of them willingly signed. The ones who tried to resist, engaged lawyers. When the farmers came to know the real reason behind the exemption. The ones who had signed, wanted their money back. On his arrival, Gandhiji visited the secretary of British Landlord’s Association. But no information was provided to him. So, he went to the British official commissioner of Tirhut division where he was bullied and asked to leave. Gandhiji was determined to help the peasants. He gathered few lawyers and went to Motihari, the capital of Champaran. He carried on further with his investigations.

Once, while investigating a case of a peasant Gandhiji got the message to return. He was issued a notice. Gandhiji wrote back that he would disobey the order issued and would not go from Champaran. As a result, he was asked to appear before the court the next day. Gandhiji immediately wired Rajendra Prasad to reach Bihar with his influential friends and also wired ashram and sent a detailed report to the Viceroy. Next day, thousands of peasants gathered outside the court. The sharecroppers took the first initiative to be fearless. The court requested Gandhiji to control the crowd and sought to postpone the hearing to which Gandhiji objected. Gandhiji protested against the delay. He read out a statement that he disobeyed not to break law but to render humanitarian and national service. He also claimed to have no disrespect for law but greater respect for law of conscience.

Gandhiji was asked to furnish bail in two hours to which he refused. So, the court had to release him without bail. The court reconvened and withheld the judgement for several days and Gandhiji was allowed to stay free. Prominent lawyers discussed with Gandhiji what they would do if he was sentenced for prison.

Eventually on Gandhiji’s arrest the lawyers went to their native place. Gandhiji questioned them that what would happen to the sharecroppers if they all would return. After contemplating they decided if Gandhiji, as a stranger, can go to the court they should also get court arrested as they were the residents of the nearby districts and knew the case so well. This initiated the winning of battle of Champaran. Several days later Gandhiji learnt that the case against him was to be dropped. Civil disobedience won for the first time in modern India. Gandhiji and the lawyers prepared cases for about ten thousand peasants and collected relevant documents. The next few days saw a lot of activity where the landlords at Champaran protested violently.

Meanwhile, Gandhiji was summoned by Lt. Governor, Sir Edward Gait. Gandhiji met his associate and chalked out a detailed plan on civil disobedience, in case he got arrested. Lt. Governor appointed commission of inquiry after four interviews with Gandhiji. The inquiry commission consisted of landlords, government officials and Gandhiji, who was the representative of peasants. Numerous evidences were collected against the landlords. Since they were left with no choice, the landlords agreed to make the refund. Gandhiji was asked to quote the amount. Gandhiji demanded only 50% in contrary to the landlords expectations. Landlords’ proposal of 25% was approved by Gandhiji. Gandhiji later justified his stand. He told the peasants that more than the refund amount what mattered most was the surrender of prestige by the landlords. The victory infused courage in the peasants. Later, British landlords abandoned the estates. This proved Gandhiji’s explanation. Land was reverted to the peasants.

Gandhiji wanted to eradicate social and cultural backwardness in the village of Champaran. He sought volunteers for this work. Devdas- Gandhiji’s youngest son, Kasturba- Gandhiji’s wife, taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness, community sanitation and general hygiene since the health conditions were really poor. Castor oil, quinine and sulphur ointment were used for curing ailments. Schools were opened in six different villages and several of his disciples and family members volunteered as teachers. Even though living away from it, Gandhiji made regular enquiries about the ashram, sending instructions and asking for financial accounts.

Although what he did would have been an ordinary case but the episode was a decisive movement of his life. The politics was intricately linked with his day to day life. He wanted Indians to stand on their feet fearlessly. He also wanted people to become self-reliant, one must not depend on others to win over battles. Patience, perseverance and constant efforts are sure to pay off one day.

CBSE Class 12 English Indigo Important Questions and Answers

Question 1. Why did Gandhiji feel that taking the Champaran case to the court was useless ?

Gandhiji felt that taking the Champaran case to the court was useless because according to him, peasants were quite crushed and fear stricken. Gandhiji felt that there was little hope of getting justice as the case was against the British landlords. Moreover, the lawyers were collecting big fees from the poor peasants. He knew that the actual relief for the peasants would come when they become free from fear.

Question 2. How did the Champaran peasants react when they heard that a Mahatma had come to help them? 

When the peasants of Champaran heard that a Mahatma had come to help them they came out in large numbers and demonstrated around court house demanding their leader to be set free.

Question 3. What made the Lieutenant Governor drop the case against Gandhiji? 

The Lt. Governor dropped the case against Gandhiji because he was fighting a just cause because of which he had the support of the peasants and the local people. The authorities felt powerless. Mr. Fischer writes, “Civil disobedience had triumphed, the first time in modern India.”

Question 4. How were Shukla and Gandhiji received in Rajendra Prasad’s house? 

Raj Kumar Shukla and Gandhiji were not well received at Rajendra Prasad’s home. He was out of town. The servants knew Shukla as the peasant who pestered their master. Since Gandhiji accompanied Shukla, the servants took him to be a peasant as well. They allowed him to be on the grounds, but he was not allowed to draw water from the well as servants were unsure about Gandhiji’s caste. They did not want drops from his bucket to pollute the water in the well.

Question 5. Why did the servants think Gandhiji to be another peasant? 

Question 6. How was Gandhiji able to influence the lawyers at Champaran? 

Gandhiji chided the lawyers for charging fees from the poor farmers. He even questioned them asking who would help the poor peasants after Gandhiji is arrested. Seeing that Gandhiji, being an outsider, was fighting for justice for the poor farmers and was willing to go to jail too, the lawyers felt ashamed. Later when lawyers suggested taking help from Mr. C.F. Andrews, Gandhiji strictly opposed the idea and encouraged them to be self-reliant. In these ways and with his ideas and action, Gandhiji was able to influence the lawyers at Champaran.

Question 7. How did Gandhiji help the peasants of Champaran ?

Gandhiji went to Champaran to look into the matter himself. He began by studying the problems and getting the facts. He visited the secretary of British Landlord’s Association and met the British Official Commissioner of Tirhut division. He consulted the laywers and chided them for collecting fees from the sharecroppers. He disobeyed the court order to leave Champaran immediately. Gandhiji inspired the peasants, with his talks and actions, to overcome their fear and be self reliant. Gandhiji ensured the triumph of civil disobedience. Eventually the British landlords were obliged to refund 25% of the peasants money. Within a few years the British landlords gave up their estates.

Question 8. How do we know that ordinary people too contributed to the freedom movement ? 

Raj Kumar Shukla, who was an ordinary peasant, initiated Gandhiji’s fight in Champaran. Later, thousands of people demonstrated around the courtroom where Gandhiji was summoned which made the Britishers feel challenged and baffled. This is how we know that ordinary people too contributed to the freedom movement.

Question 9. How did Shukla succeed in persuading Gandhiji to visit Champaran? 

Raj Kumar Shukla showed a great deal of patience and perseverance. He accompanied Gandhiji wherever he went. Gandhiji gave Shukla an appointment and asked him to meet the former in Calcutta on a specific date and time several months later. When Gandhiji arrived in Calcutta, he found Shukla waiting for him at the station. Such determination and perseverance of Shukla impressed Gandhiji, who agreed to visit Champaran.

Question 10. Why did Raj Kumar Shukla want to take Gandhiji to Champaran? 

Raj Kumar Shukla wanted to take Gandhiji to Champaran to help indigo sharecroppers in their fight against the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar.

Question 11. Why was Gandhiji opposed to C.F. Andrews helping him in Champaran? 

Gandhiji opposed to C.F. Andrews helping him in Champaran because the Indians were fighting an unequal fight. Therefore, support of an Englishman would show weakness of heart of the Indians. Gandhiji even wanted Indians to rely on themselves and to be free of fear.

Question 12. Why did Gandhiji agree to a settlement of mere 25 percent? 

For Gandhiji the amount of the refund was less important than the fact that the landlords had been forced to return part of the money and with it, part of their prestige too. It was also a lesson in self-reliance for Indians. They learnt that they too had rights and that Britishers were not above the law. Hence, he agreed to settlement of 25 percent refund to the farmers.

Question 13. At Champaran what did the British landlords want from the sharecroppers?

At Champaran, the British landlords initially insisted that the Indian farmers plant 15% indigo and surrender entire crop as rent. However, when the Britishers learnt that Germany had developed synthetic indigo and that it could affect the demand and price of naturally grown indigo, they asked farmers to pay compensation for release from 15% agreement.

Question 14. After initial reluctance why did the lawyers tell Gandhiji that they were ready to follow him into jail? 

Gandhiji, who was an outsider, had come to Champaran to help the peasants in their fight against injustice. He was also willing to go to jail for them. The lawyers, who were locals, who had taken fees from the poor peasants, realised that deserting fellow Indians, especially Gandhiji and his cause, at this point would be shameful. This is why, after initial reluctance, the lawyers told Gandhiji that they were ready to follow him into jail.

Question 15. How did Rajkumar Shukla establish that he was resolute? 

Raj Kumar Shukla came from Champaran to Lucknow to speak to Gandhiji. He accompanied Gandhiji everywhere even to Cawnpore and his Ahmedabad ashram. Gandhiji asked Raj Kumar Shukla to come and meet him on a fixed day in Calcutta. But, the appointment day was several months later. When Gandhiji arrived in Calcutta, Raj Kumar Shukla was waiting for him on the appointed day at the appointed spot.

Question 16. How was Gandhi treated at Rajendra Prasad’s house? 

Question 17. What were the terms of the indigo contract between the British landlords and the Indian peasants? 

Question 18. How did Gandhi show that he cared for the cultural and social backwardness of Champaran villagers? 

Gandhiji genuinely cared for the cultural and social backwardness of Champaran villagers. Therefore, Gandhiji opened primary schools in six villages and called for teachers to teach the children. Kasturba and their son joined. He also called doctors to look into health condition and taught the villages about hygiene and personal cleanliness.

Question 19. How is Gandhi critical of the lawyers ?

Question 20. Why did Gandhi tell the court that he was involved in a ‘conflict of duties’ ? 

Since Gandhiji was a law abiding citizen, he did not want to go against the court’s orders. Gandhiji did not want to set a bad example as a law breaker on one hand and on the other wanted to render humanitarian and national service to the people. For this reason, Gandhiji told the court that he was involved in a conflict of duties.

Question 21. Why is Raj Kumar Shukla described as being ‘resolute’ ?

Raj Kumar Shukla is described as being ‘resolute’ because, in order to convince Gandhiji to come to Champaran, Raj Kumar Shukla accompanied him everywhere. He did not leave Gandhiji’s side for weeks, begging him to come to Champaran. He even followed Gandhiji to his ashram in Ahmedabad. Impressed by his perseverance, Gandhiji asked Raj Kumar Shukla to meet him in Calcutta on a particular date and take him from there. On the appointed date, Gandhiji found him at the appointed spot waiting for him.

Question 22. Why is Champaran episode considered to be the beginning of the Indian struggle for Independence? 

The Champaran episode is considered to be the beginning of the Indian struggle for Independence because it was for the first time that Gandhiji introduced a non-violent resistance, which came to be known as Satyagraha. It was a long drawn out but patient and peaceful agitation against the British. During this struggle, Gandhiji decided to urge the departure of the Britishers for the first time. Therefore, it was also a turning point in Gandhiji’s life. The struggle did not begin as an act of defiance, but it grew out of an attempt to make the sufferings of the poor peasants less severe. The farmers learnt courage to face their fears. They learnt for the first time that they too had rights and that self-raliance is the key to fight any battle. The Champaran episode was the beginning of their liberation from the fear of the Britishers and its success, a triumph of the first civil disobedience movement.

Question 23. Gandhiji’s was not a loyalty to abstractions; it was a loyalty to living human beings. Why did Gandhiji continue his stay in Champaran even after indigo sharecropping disappeared? 

Unsatisfied with mere political and economic solutions, Gandhiji wanted to bring about a change in the social and cultural conditions of Champaran. He wanted to make the peasants self-reliant. He noticed the unhealthy living conditions and poor sanitation in the village. He also realised the need for literacy. Hence, he decided to continue his stay in Champaran even after the disappearance of indigo sharecropping. He opened up schools in six different villages, and several of his disciples and family members volunteered as teachers. His wife, Kasturba, worked on the personal cleanliness and community sanitation of the place. Gandhiji also hired a doctor for the improvement of the health conditions. This proves that Gandhiji’s was not a loyalty to abstractions; it was a loyalty to living human beings. This also made him keen to eradicate social and cultural backwardness of Champaran.

Question 24. Describe how according to Louis Fischer, Gandhiji succeeded in his Champaran campaign. 

Gandhiji’s campaign to provide justice to the sharecroppers of Champaran was not an act of defiance. Therefore, the methods he used to win this battle were also non-violent. In order to help the peasants, Gandhiji was even willing to get arrested. He was asked to leave Champaran. However, he refused. He met various high ranking government officials, who could not help but agree with his rational arguments. Seeing the efforts put by Gandhiji to alleviate the distress of the poor peasants even though he was a non-resident of Champaran, he received full support of the common man, his followers and other leaders. His powerful words instilled moral courage in every Indian; he asked fellow Indians to have courage, be self-reliant and united. This is how, Gandhiji eventually succeeded in his Champaran campaign.

Question 25. Exploitation is a universal phenomenon. The poor indigo farmers were exploited by the British landlords to which Gandhiji objected. Even after our independence we find exploitation of unorganised labour. What values do we learn from Gandhiji’s campaign to counter the present day problems of exploitation?

Exploitation continues in unorganised sectors, such as farm workers, construction site labourers, house maids or helpers at ‘dhabas’ who are paid too little for the quantum of work done. Gandhiji showed us the way to counter the present day problems of exploitation. He helped Champaran sharecroppers by infusing courage and freedom from fears. He taught them to be confident and self reliant which in turn enhanced their self esteem. By fighting against injustice by non-violent ways, Gandhiji proved that if the cause is just, then one must not fear anything, only rely on oneself. After Gandhiji made the British landlords refund the sharecroppers’ money, the Indians realised the Englishmen, who acted as their lords were not indispensible. Therefore, when the peasants came together to demonstrate outside the courthouse the British officials found themselves powerless. In a violence-ridden world, he taught the sharecroppers to move towards their goal in a united and tolerant manner. As a result they won their fight against injustice and became self-reliant. These values helped them improve their quality of life and bring relief to present day problems of exploitation.

Question 26. What did Gandhiji do to remove the cultural and social backwardness in the Champaran villages? 

The purpose of Gandhiji’s visit to Champaran was to bring justice to the sharecroppers. During their struggle, Gandhiji made the poor, illiterate peasants realise that they too had rights. He wanted them to become self-reliant and fight for their rights. Gandhiji’s aim was to mould the Indians in such a way that they could stand on their own feet and make India free. He felt that this was possible only if the cultural and social backwardness in the Champaran villages is removed. Therefore, after achieving victory for the Champaran sharecroppers, Gandhiji stayed on to alleviate their sufferings. He started schools in six different villages and clinics. His disciples, wife and sons and many others volunteered to help him. Mrs. Gandhi taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community sanitation. Health conditions were bad. So, Gandhiji and his volunteer doctor took care of that as well by providing the available medical aids.

Question 27. How did a visit to Champaran become a turning point in Gandhiji’s life? How does this show Gandhi’s love and concern for the common people of India? 

Gandhiji’s fight against the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar made people realise the power of civil disobedience. They became selfreliant and gained courage to stand up against injustice. With Gandhiji’s help and local support, the peasants received 25% compensation out of the full amount. This was a turning point for them, Gandhiji and all those who were involved in the struggle. It was the first time in India that natives won against the British. Gandhiji was not a local yet he fought for the rights of the poor peasants of Champaran. Post victory, he even had his wife, sons and medical representatives work for the welfare of the farmers. This shows Gandhiji’s love and concern for the common people of India.

Question 28. Why did Gandhiji agree to a settlement of 25 per cent refund to the farmers? How did it influence the peasant—landlord relationship in Champaran? 

Gandhiji received reports from Raj Kumar Shukla about the Indian farmers being exploited by British landlords. The farmers were forced to grow indigo on 15% of the land that harvest was treated as rent by the landlords. When the news of German synthetic indigo reached the landlords, they agreed to release the sharecroppers but the latter were asked to pay compensation to the landlords for their 15% for their land. Raj Kumar Shukla was one of the few peasants who wanted to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar. Gandhiji went to Champaran to look into the matter himself. He began at Muzzafarpur by studying the problems and getting the facts. He met the other peasants and consulted the lawyers who briefed him about the situation Gandhiji chided them for collecting fees from the poor sharecroppers. He said that going to the law court was useless; peasants needed to be free from fear. He visited the secretary of British Landlord’s Association and also met the British Official Commissioner of Tirhut Division. However, the meetings were not fruitful. He along with few lawyers went to Motithari to continue investigation. He was on his way to meet a peasant, when the police superintendent’s messenger asked him to return to the town. On returning he served Gandhiji with a notice to leave Champaran. He disobeyed the court order to leave Champaran. As a result, he was summoned to appear in the court; he was prepared to go to prison for the sake of peasants. Hearing that an outsider had come to help them, who was now in tiff with authorities, thousands of peasants came to Motihari and demonstrated outside the court house. Seeing so much unrest the British officials felt the fear of being challenged by the Indians. Gandhiji inspired the peasants, with his talks and actions, to overcome their fear and be self reliant. Gandhiji ensured the triumph of civil disobedience. He agreed to a 25% refund to make the poor farmers realise that because of their united efforts, the British landlords had no other option than to lose their money as well as their prestige and that was more important. The peasants learned about courage from this incident and that they too had rights. Within a few years the British landlords gave up their estates. These now went back to the peasants. Eventually, indigo sharecropping disappeared.

Question 29. Give an account of Gandhiji’s efforts to secure justice for the poor indigo sharecroppers of Champaran. 

Question 30. Why did Raj Kumar Shukla invite Gandhiji to Champaran ? How did Gandhiji solve the problem of the indigo farmers ? 

Raj Kumar Shukla showed a great deal of patience and perseverance. He accompanied Gandhiji wherever he went. Gandhiji gave Shukla an appointment and asked him to meet the former in Calcutta on a specific date and time several months later. When Gandhiji arrived in Calcutta, he found Shukla waiting for him at the station. Such determination and perseverance of Shukla impressed Gandhiji, who agreed to visit Champaran. Gandhiji received reports from Raj Kumar Shukla about the Indian farmers being exploited by British landlords. The farmers were forced to grow indigo on 15% of the land that harvest was treated as rent by the landlords. When the news of German synthetic indigo reached the landlords, they agreed to release the sharecroppers but the latter were asked to pay compensation to the landlords for their 15% for their land. Raj Kumar Shukla was one of the few peasants who wanted to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar. Gandhiji went to Champaran to look into the matter himself. He began at Muzzafarpur by studying the problems and getting the facts. He met the other peasants and consulted the lawyers who briefed him about the situation Gandhiji chided them for collecting fees from the poor sharecroppers. He said that going to the law court was useless; peasants needed to be free from fear. He visited the secretary of British Landlord’s Association and also met the British Official Commissioner of Tirhut Division. However, the meetings were not fruitful. He along with few lawyers went to Motithari to continue investigation. He was on his way to meet a peasant, when the police superintendent’s messenger asked him to return to the town. On returning he served Gandhiji with a notice to leave Champaran. He disobeyed the court order to leave Champaran. As a result, he was summoned to appear in the court; he was prepared to go to prison for the sake of peasants. Hearing that an outsider had come to help them, who was now in tiff with authorities, thousands of peasants came to Motihari and demonstrated outside the court house. Seeing so much unrest the British officials felt the fear of being challenged by the Indians. Gandhiji inspired the peasants, with his talks and actions, to overcome their fear and be self reliant. Gandhiji ensured the triumph of civil disobedience. He agreed to a 25% refund to make the poor farmers realise that because of their united efforts, the British landlords had no other option than to lose their money as well as their prestige and that was more important. The peasants learned about courage from this incident and that they too had rights. Within a few years the British landlords gave up their estates. These now went back to the peasants. Eventually, indigo sharecropping disappeared.

Question 31. Why do you think Gandhiji considered the Champaran episode to be a turning-point in his life? 

Gandhiji considered the Champaran episode to be a turning point in his life perhaps because he declared that the British could not order him in his own country. It was for the first time that Gandhiji introduced a non-violent resistance, which came to be known as Satyagraha, against the Britishers. During this struggle, Gandhiji decided to urge the departure of the Britishers for the first time. The Champaran episode grew out of an attempt to alleviate the distress of large number of poor peasants and farmers and became the first civil disobedience movement led by Gandhiji. He, with local support, convinced poor farmers that they too had rights. When his lawyer friends suggested that having Mr. Andrews around would prove to be beneficial for them, Gandhiji told them taking help from a Britisher only shows the weakness in the hearts of the Indians. Gandhiji taught self reliance to his fellow Indians. The Champaran episode proved that if the cause was just there was nothing to fear, not even the Britishers; the victory was inevitable.

We hope the above  Indigo Class 12 English  are useful for you. If you have any questions then post them in the comments section below. Our teachers will provide you an answer. Also refer to  MCQ Questions for Class 12 English

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NCERT Solutions for Indigo Class 12 Flamingo

urge the departure: 

conflict of duties:  

harbor a man like me: 

seek a prop:  

urge the departure:  insist on the going away of the British from India

conflict of duties:  clash of obligation or responsibility

harbor a man like me:  give shelter to an advocate of home-rule

seek a prop:  try to find support or assistance

Strike out what is not true in the following.

a. Rajkumar Shukla was

(i) a sharecropper.

(ii) a politician.

(iii) a delegate.

(iv) a landlord.

b. Rajkumar Shukla was

(ii) physically strong.

(iii) illiterate.

Gandhi first met Shukla at Lucknow. Then he was in Cawnpore and other parts of India. He returned to his ashram near Ahmedabad. Later he visited Calcutta, Patna and Muzaffarpur before arriving at Champaran.

There are many instances in the narrative that can be linked to Gandhi’s idea of non-cooperation andsatyagraha. One such instance is Gandhi’s refusal to obey the court order asking him to leave Champaran immediately. Besides that, Gandhi’s protest against the delay of the court proceedings is also an instance of his belief in civil disobedience.

Furthermore, Gandhi does not falter to plead guilty in front of the court. He accepts his guilt but presents a rational case as to what made him disobey the law. For him, truth is above everything and, thus, he decides to follow the voice of conscience and obey the “higher law of our being”.

For Gandhi the amount of the refund was less important than the fact that the landlords had been forced to return part of the money and with it, part of their prestige. So he agreed to the settlement of 25 percent refund to the farmers.

The episode of Champaran brought more than one change in the plight of the peasants of that district. These peasants gained confidence which was evident in their spontaneous demonstration on the morning of Gandhi’s trial. After the successful refund of the compensation, the peasants, for the first time, realised their own rights and were liberated from the fear that had plagued them.

This episode brought an end to the fifteen percent arrangement of sharecropping. However, the most radical change that the episode brought about was in their social and cultural standard. Gandhi opened schools in six villages. His wife took pains to make the peasants aware of the importance of general sanitation and personal hygiene. He even appointed a doctor.

Why do you think Gandhi considered the Champaran episode to be a turning-point in his life?

Discuss the following.

“Freedom from fear is more important than legal justice for the poor.”

Do you think that the poor of India are free from fear after Independence?

Notice the sentences in the text which are in ‘direct speech’.

Why does the author use quotations in his narration

Below are some sentences in the text which are in ‘direct speech’:

The author uses quotations to indicate the actual words of a speaker. Usually a quotation is used when a particular passage or sentence is well-written or memorable or is especially relevant in the context under discussion. In ‘Indigo,’ the author uses quotations when he mentions important commentary or observation, or any pertinent utterance by Gandhi, or for that matter, by any other character.

Notice the use or non-use of the comma in the following sentences.

When I first visited Gandhi in 1942 at his ashram in Sevagram, he told me what happened in Champaran.

He had not proceeded far when the police superintendent’s messenger overtook him.

When the court reconvened, the judge said he would not deliver the judgment for several days.

In this sentence, the comma is used after a long introductory phrase.

Essential clauses do not require commas. In this sentence, the clause ‘when the police superintendent’s messenger overtook him’ is an essential clause because it provides essential information. Hence, a comma is not required in this sentence.

In this sentence again we have an introductory clause which provides extra information. The second half of the sentence can stand alone and, therefore, is separated from the introductory clause with a comma.

► List the words used in the text that are related to legal procedures.

For example: deposition

► List other words that you know that fall into this category.

NCERT Solutions for Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 History

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• Indigo Summary Class 12 English

Summary of Indigo

Indigo summary is going to assist students in learning about the chapter in a summarized version. Indigo is about how Mahatma Gandhi struggled for the underprivileged peasants of Champaran. They were the sharecroppers with the British planters. The peasants use to live a wretched life and were under an agreement to grow Indigo. As Bihar has the landlord system back then, it worsened their condition. Thus, Gandhi decided to fight against injustice. He waged a war which lasted for a year to tackle the discrimination and got justice for the peasants. After that, it helped the peasants become courageous and aware of their fundamental rights. Moreover, Gandhiji did not just work to tackle political or economic issues, but he also took up social issues. He worked to provide them with education, health, hygiene and taught them self-confidence.

Indigo Summary in English

This story is set in 1916 where Gandhi steps up to help a bunch of poor peasants from Champaran. It gives an account of how he struggled to bring them justice and equality. Thus, it begins with most of the arable land of Champaran that divides into a large estate. The owners of the estate are Englishmen and the workers are Indian tenants. We learn that the chief commercial crop on this land is Indigo. Moreover, we also see that the landlords compel all the tenants to plant 15% of their Indigo and submit the whole harvest in the form of rent. The tenants are under a long-term agreement to do so.

However, Germany starts developing synthetic Indigo. Thus, the British do not require the Indigo crop any more. Thus, in order to release the poor peasant from their agreement of 15%, they start demanding compensation. While some of the uneducated peasants agreed on this, the other did not agree. Thus, we notice that one of the sharecroppers, Raj Kumar Shukla arranges for a meeting with Gandhi.

He meets him for the same issues and insists Gandhi to visit the place to end the longstanding injustice. Gandhi agrees and boards a train to Patna in Bihar. After that, Raj Kumar Shukla helps Gandhi visit the house of Rajendra Prasad, a lawyer. As Gandhi dresses simply, the servants thought of him to be a poor peasant. Thus, Gandhi planned before trying to get the peasants any justice. It is because the British government are punishing anyone who is keeping national leaders or protestors.

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Thus, when Gandhi arrived in the place, the news of his arrival and mission spread across the town like wildfire. This resulted in a lot of lawyers and peasant groups pouring in large numbers in his support. Consequently, the lawyers did accept that the charges are quite high and too unreasonable for a poor peasant.

However, Gandhi was criticizing them for collecting huge fees from the sharecroppers. He was emphasizing on counselling as this will provide the peasants with confidence to fight their fear. Thus, he manages to get justice after a yearlong fight for the peasants. He has also arranged for the education, health, and hygiene for the families of the poor peasants. Finally, he teaches them a lesson of self-sufficiency and self-confidence.

Conclusion of Indigo

To sum up, Indigo summary, we learn how Gandhiji did not merely help in freeing India, but was always working for the betterment of his countrymen from the very start.

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7 responses to “Poets and Pancakes Summary Class 12 English”

Contrary to what is mentioned here that “the author is a poet who joins the studio to become an actor, screenwriter, director or lyricist”, it is the office boy of the make-up department who “wasn’t exactly a ‘boy’; he was in his early forties, having entered the studios years ago in the hope of becoming a star actor or a top screen writer, director or lyrics writer. He was a bit of a poet.”

This factual mistake on your part will misguide the students and discourage us, the teachers to either follow your site or to recommend it to our students. In fact, we may become bound to directly stop our students from following it.

Similarly, it is wrongfully mentioned here that “The author thinks that Subbu is the one who troubles him. As Subbu is a Brahmin, the author thinks he has an upper hand.” The fact is that it’s the office boy of the make-up department and not the author who thinks so.

Kindly take proper care before posting anything. Otherwise, it will adversely affect the student-community that too of a Board class like Class-XII.

Bahar me jao bas bakwas band karo samjhe

well okay this place is toxic af lmoa

shit typo lmao

This poem is toxic. This poem may sometimes create a bad impression of men towards women in younger women. The word torchure doesn’t suite good as she is saying like marriage is like going to hell.

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• CBSE Class 12
• Chapter 5: Indigo
• Indigo Notes

• Education Vision English Book
• Publication
• PathSet Publications

By Louis Fischer

Introduction The story is based on the interview taken by Louis Fischer of Mahatma Gandhi. In order to write on him he had visited him in 1942 at his ashram- Sevagram where he was told about the Indigo Movement started by Gandhiji. The story revolves around the struggle of Gandhi and other prominent leaders in order to safeguard sharecroppers from the atrocities of landlords.

Summary  – Louis Fischer met Gandhi in 1942 at his ashram in Sevagram. Gandhi told him how he initiated the departure of the British from India. He recalled that it in 1917 at the request of Rajkumar Shukla, a sharecropper from Champaran, he visited the place. Gandhi had gone to Lucknow to attend the annual meeting of the Indian National Congress in the year 1916. Shukla told him that he had come from Champaran to seek his help in order to safeguard the interests of the sharecroppers. Gandhi told him that he was busy so Shukla accompanied him to various places till he consented to visit Champaran. His firm decision impressed Gandhiji and he promised him that he would visit Calcutta at a particular date and then Shukla could come and take him along to Champaran. Shukla met him at Calcutta and they took a train to Patna. Gandhi went to lawyer Rajendra Prasad’s house and they waited for him. In order to grab complete knowledge of the situation, he reached Muzzafarpur on 15th April 1917. He was welcomed by Prof. J.B Kriplani and his students. Gandhi was surprised to see the immense support for an advocate of home rule like him. He also met some lawyers who were already handling cases of sharecroppers. As per the contract, 15 percent of the peasant’s landholding was to be reserved for the cultivation of indigo, the crop of which was given to the landlord as rent. This system was very oppressive. Gandhi wanted to help the sharecroppers. So he visited the British landlord association but he was not given any information because he was an outsider. He then went to the commissioner of the Tirhut division who threatened Gandhi and ask him to leave Tirhut. Instead of returning, he went to Motihari. Here he started gathering complete information about the indigo contract. He was accompanied by many lawyers. One day as he was on his way to meet a peasant, who was maltreated by the indigo planters, he was stopped by the police superintendent’s messenger who served him a notice asking him to leave. Gandhi received the notice but disobeyed the order. A case was filed against him. Many lawyers came to advise him but when he stressed, they all joined his struggle and even consented to go to jail in order to help the poor peasants. On the day of trial, a large crowd gathered near the court. It became impossible to handle them. Gandhi helped the officers to control the crowd. Gandhi gave his statement that he was not a lawbreaker but he disobeyed so that he could help the peasants. He was granted bail and later on, the case against him was dropped. Gandhi and his associates started gathering all sorts of information related to the indigo contract and its misuse. Later, a commission was set up to look into the matter. After the inquiry was conducted, the planters were found guilty and were asked to pay back to the peasants. Expecting refusal, they offered to pay only 25 percent of the amount. Gandhi accepted this too because he wanted to free the sharecroppers from the binding of the indigo contract. He opened six schools in Champaran villages and volunteers like Menhaden Desai, Narhari Parikh, and his son, Devdas taught them. Kasturbai, the wife of Gandhi used to teach personal hygiene. Later on, with the help of a volunteer doctor, he provided medical facilities to the natives of Champaran, thus making their life a bit better. A peacemaker, Andrews wanted to volunteer at Champaran ashram. But Gandhi refused as he wanted Indians to learn the lesson of self-reliance so that they would not depend on others. Gandhi told the writer that it was Champaran’s incident that made him think that he did not need the Britisher’s advice while he was in his own country.

Lesson explanation

When I first visited Gandhi in 1942 at his ashram in Sevagram, in central India, he said, “I will tell you how it happened that I decided to urge the departure of the British. It was in 1917.”

The author explains his first interaction (meeting) with Mahatma Gandhi. He says that he first met Gandhi in 1942 at his ashram which was in Sevagram. It was located in central India. Gandhi said that he would tell him about his struggle against the British which first took place in the year 1917.

He had gone to the December 1916 annual convention of the Indian National Congress party in Lucknow. There were 2,301 delegates and many visitors. During the proceedings, Gandhi recounted, “a peasant came up to me looking like any other peasant in India, poor and emaciated, and said, ‘I am Rajkumar Shukla. I am from Champaran, and I want you to come to my district’!’’ Gandhi had never heard of the place. It was in the foothills of the towering Himalayas, near the kingdom of Nepal.

Convention: agreement Delegates: Representatives Peasant: small farmer Emaciated: thin Champaran: A place in Bihar

He says that in the month of December, in the year 1916, Mahatma Gandhi went to attend the annual meeting of the Indian National Congress at Lucknow. There were about 2,301 representatives and visitors. Gandhi recalled that a small farmer named Rajkumar Shukla came to him who was poor and thin. He requested Gandhi to visit Champaran, a place in the foothills of the Himalaya mountain range, near the Kingdom of Nepal.

Under an ancient arrangement, the Champaran peasants were sharecroppers. Rajkumar Shukla was one of them. He was illiterate but resolute. He had come to the Congress session to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar, and somebody had probably said, “Speak to Gandhi.”

Sharecroppers: a tenant farmer who gives a part of each crop as rent. Resolute: determined

He told Gandhi that he was a sharecropper. A sharecropper is a farmer who gives a part of the crop as rent to the owner of that piece of land that he cultivates. He told him that because of an old agreement, many of the peasants in Champaran were sharecroppers. He had come to meet Gandhi on someone’s suggestion as he was determined to find a solution for the sharecroppers who were facing hardships due to this agreement. He sought Gandhi ji’s help.

Gandhi told Shukla he had an appointment in Cawnpore and was also committed to go to other parts of India. Shukla accompanied him everywhere. Then Gandhi returned to his ashram near Ahmedabad. Shukla followed him to the ashram. For weeks he never left Gandhi’s side. “Fix a date,” he begged.

Committed: dedicated Accompanied: go somewhere with (someone) as a companion or escort Cawnpore: British name for the city of Kanpur

After hearing his problem, Gandhiji told him that he had to visit Cawnpore and some other parts of India due to prior appointments. Shukla went with him everywhere. After this Gandhi returned to his ashram near Ahmedabad. Shukla was always there with him for several weeks, begging him to fix a date to visit Champaran.

Impressed by the sharecropper’s tenacity and story Gandhi said, ‘‘I have to be in Calcutta on such-and-such a date. Come and meet me and take me from there.”

Months passed. Shukla was sitting on his haunches at the appointed spot in Calcutta when Gandhi arrived; he waited till Gandhi was free. Then the two of them boarded a train for the city of Patna in Bihar. There Shukla led him to the house of a lawyer named Rajendra Prasad who later became the President of the Congress party and of India. Rajendra Prasad was out of town, but the servants knew Shukla as a poor yeoman who pestered their master to help the indigo sharecroppers. So they let him stay on the ground with his companion, Gandhi, whom they took to be another peasant. But Gandhi was not permitted to draw water from the well lest some drops from his bucket pollute the entire source; how did they know that he was not an untouchable?

Tenacity: determination Haunches: thighs Boarded: get on, enter Yeoman: a man who cultivates a small piece of land Pestered: bother, harass Permitted: allowed

As Gandhi was impressed with the determination of the peasant, he said that he would be visiting Kolkata after a few months and that Shukla should meet him there. On the day that had been fixed, Shukla was eagerly waiting for Gandhiji. When Gandhi got free, they both took a train to Patna. Then they went to the house of a lawyer- Rajendra Prasad who later became the President of India. When they reached there, he was not at home. But the servants allowed both of them to stay at the grounds because they knew Shukla. They all knew him because Shukla used to assist their master in helping indigo sharecroppers. They didn’t allow Gandhi to draw water from their well as they took him to be untouchable and didn’t want to pollute the entire water source.

Gandhi decided to go first to Muzaffarpur, which was en route to Champaran, to obtain more complete information about conditions than Shukla was capable of imparting. He accordingly sent a telegram to Professor J.B. Kripalani, of the Arts College in Muzaffarpur, whom he had seen at Tagore’s Shantiniketan School. The train arrived at midnight, 15 April 1917. Kripalani was waiting at the station with a large body of students. Gandhi stayed there for two days in the home of Professor Malkani, a teacher in a government school.

En route: on the way

Imparting: pass on, giving

As Shukla was not able to provide Gandhi with adequate information, therefore, he decided to go to Muzaffarpur which was on the way to Champaran to obtain the complete information. He sent a telegram to Professor J.B Kriplani who was a teacher at Arts College in Muzaffarpur. Gandhi had seen him at Tagore’s Shantiniketan School. Gandhi took a train to Muzaffarpur that arrived at midnight on 15th April 1917. Kriplani was already waitingthere with his students. Gandhi stayed there for two days at Professor Malkani’s home who was a teacher in a government school.

‘‘It was an extraordinary thing ‘in those days,’’ Gandhi commented, “for a government professor to harbour a man like me”. In smaller localities, the Indians were afraid to show sympathy for advocates of home rule.

The news of Gandhi’s advent and of the nature of his mission spread quickly through Muzzafarpur and to Champaran. Sharecroppers from Champaran began arriving on foot and by conveyance to see their champion. Muzzafarpur lawyers called on Gandhi to brief him; they frequently represented peasant groups in court; they told him about their cases and reported the size of their fee

Extraordinary: exceptional, remarkable Harbour: here, entertain Sympathy: support, pity Advocate: supporter, protector Advent: arrival Conveyance: transportation

According to Gandhi, it was a remarkable thing that a government professor was entertaining him because in those days people in small localities were afraid of supporting those who supported home rule. The news of Gandhi’s arrival and the purpose of his mission spread through Muzaffarpur and Champaran, very fast. Sharecroppers started to visit him. Muzaffarpur lawyers informed Gandhi about the whole situation as they represented various peasants in the court. They explained to him about their cases and the fee that they charged them.

Gandhi chided the lawyers for collecting big fee from the sharecroppers. He said, ‘‘I have come to the conclusion that we should stop going to the law courts. Taking such cases to the courts does little good. Where the peasants are so crushed and fear-stricken, law courts are useless. The real relief for them is to be free from fear.’’

Most of the arable land in the Champaran district was divided into large estates owned by Englishmen and worked by Indian tenants. The chief commercial crop was indigo. The landlords compelled all tenants to plant three twentieths or 15 percent of their holdings with indigo and surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent. This was done by long-term contract.

Chided: criticize, scold

Conclusion: result, end of something

Fear stricken: afraid

Arable: land suitable for farming

Tenants: occupants paying rent in cash or kind

Estate: property

Compelled: forced

Surrendered: to give in              

Contract: agreement

Indigo: plant that produces a blue color

Gandhi scolded the lawyers for charging such high fee from the poor sharecroppers. He decided that it was useless to go to the courts as the judiciary was not doing anything good for the peasants. He said that as long as the peasants were suppressed and full of fear, it was useless to visit the courts. He wanted to set them free from fear. Most of the cultivable land in the Champaran district was owned by Englishmen who had divided them into various estates (property). The peasants were the occupants of these lands. Englishmen forced the peasants to cultivate indigo on 15 percent of their land and to give the crop to them as rent. All this was done through a long term agreement. Presently, the landlords learned that Germany had developed synthetic indigo. They, thereupon, obtained agreements from the sharecroppers to pay them compensation for being released from the 15 percent arrangement .

The sharecropping arrangement was irksome to the peasants, and many signed willingly. Those who resisted engaged lawyers; the landlords hired thugs. Meanwhile, the information about synthetic indigo reached the illiterate peasants who had signed, and they wanted their money back.

Learned: come to know

Synthetic: Chemical-based, artificial

Compensation: payments

Arrangement: Process

Irksome: irritating

Resisted: opposed, to be against something

Thugs: cheats

Illiterate: uneducated

While all this was going on, the landlords came to know about the chemical indigo being prepared in Germany. It was a blue color dye made with chemicals. They started demanding money from the poor peasants in order to cancel their agreements as they no longer required the indigo plantations. The sharecropping system was very annoying, so many of the peasants paid for the cancellation of the agreements. But as the news about synthetic indigo spread and reached the uneducated peasants, they started demanding their money back.

At this point Gandhi arrived in Champaran. He began by trying to get the facts. First he visited the secretary of the British landlord’s association. The secretary told him that they could give no information to an outsider. Gandhi answered that he was no outsider.

Next, Gandhi called on the British official commissioner of the Tirhut division in which the Champaran district lay. ‘‘The commissioner,’’ Gandhi reports, ‘‘proceeded to bully me and advised me forthwith to leave Tirhut.’’

Proceeded: begin a course of action

Bully: trying to harm others considering them to be weak

Forthwith: immediately, at once

When Gandhi arrived at Champaran, he decided to gather the facts. For this, he visited the secretary of the British landlord’s association. The secretary didn’t answer him because he could not give any information to an outsider. After this, he went to the commissioner of the Tirhut division. Champaran district was under Tirhut division. The commissioner not only threatened Gandhi but also suggested him to leave Tirhut immediately.

Gandhi did not leave. Instead he proceeded to Motihari, the capital of Champaran. Several lawyers accompanied him. At the railway station, a vast multitude greeted Gandhi. He went to a house and, using it as headquarters, continued his investigations. A report came in that a peasant had been maltreated in a nearby village. Gandhi decided to go and see; the next morning he started out on the back of an elephant. He had not proceeded far when the police superintendent’s messenger overtook him and ordered him to return to town in his carriage. Gandhi complied. The messenger drove Gandhi home where he served him with an official notice to quit Champaran immediately. Gandhi signed a receipt for the notice and wrote on it that he would disobey the order.

Accompanied: go along with someone

Multitude: a large number of people

Investigations: inquiries

Maltreated: ill treat

Superintendent: Manager, supervisor

Overtook: went ahead of him

Complied: followed or obeyed

Though Gandhi was threatened by the commissioner, he didn’t leave the place. He then went to Motihari which was the capital of Champaran. He was joined by several lawyers. When they reached the station, they were welcomed by a large number of people. He then went to a house which was later converted into his headquarters. He started his inquiry into the matter. Gandhi decided to visit a nearby village when he came to know about an incident of ill treatment with a peasant. He was on his way, on an elephant, when the superintendent’s (Supervisor) messenger stop him and ordered him to return back to the town. Gandhi followed him and the messenger took him back to his home. He was then served a notice which ordered him to quit his movement and return back. Gandhi received the notice and signed a receipt on which he wrote that he would not obey the order.

In consequence, Gandhi received the summons to appear in court the next day.

All night Gandhi remained awake. He telegraphed Rajendra Prasad to come from Bihar with influential friends. He sent instructions to the ashram. He wired a full report to the Viceroy.

Morning found the town of Motihari black with peasants. They did not know Gandhi’s record in South Africa. They had merely heard that a Mahatma who wanted to help them was in trouble with the authorities. Their spontaneous demonstration, in thousands, around the courthouse was the beginning of their liberation from fear of the British.

Consequence: result

Influential: powerful

Wired: Telegraphed

Merely: only

Authorities: officials, power

Spontaneous: voluntary, unforced

Demonstrations: protest

Courthouse: court building

Liberation: release

As a result, Gandhi got summons to appear in court next day. Gandhi wasn’t able to sleep the whole night. He telegraphed Rajendra Prasad and asked him to come to Bihar and get some powerful people along. He sent some guidelines to the Ashram and also telegraphed the whole matter to the viceroy. Next morning, Motihari was full of peasants as they wanted to support Gandhi. None of them knew about his works in South Africa. They only knew that there was a Mahatma who wanted to help them and was in trouble due to the officials. They started gathering in front of the courthouse. This incident was their attempt of setting themselves free from the fear of the British.

The officials felt powerless without Gandhi’s cooperation. He helped them regulate the crowd. He was polite and friendly. He was giving them concrete proof that their might, hitherto dreaded and unquestioned, could be challenged by Indians.

The government was baffled. The prosecutor requested the judge to postpone the trial. Apparently, the authorities wished to consult their superiors.

Concrete: solid

Hitherto: Earlier, Previously

Dreaded: regarded with great fear or apprehension

Unquestioned: not examined or inquired into

Baffled: confused

Prosecutor: Lawyer or barrister

Postpone: delay

Apparently: seemingly, evidently

As the crowd had gathered in front of the court building, it became difficult for the officers to control the mob. They had to take Gandhi’s help to regulate the crowd. Gandhi politely told the officials that if they would misuse their power, then there were chances that they would have to face a revolt from the Indians. As the situation was getting tougher, the lawyer requested the court to postpone the trial by some days. The authorities decided to first consult the higher authorities.

Gandhi protested against the delay. He read a statement pleading guilty. He was involved, he told the court, in a “conflict of duties”— on the one hand, not to set a bad example as a lawbreaker; on the other hand, to render the “humanitarian and national service” for which he had come. He disregarded the order to leave, “not for want of respect for lawful authority, but in obedience to the higher law of our being, the voice of conscience”. He asked the penalty due.

The magistrate announced that he would pronounce sentence after a two-hour recess and asked Gandhi to furnish bail for those 120 minutes. Gandhi refused. The judge released him without bail.

Protested: objected, disapproved

Pleading: the action of making an emotional or earnest appeal to someone

Guilty: at fault

Conflict: to be against someone

Humanitarian: Concerned with human welfare

Conscience: sense of right and wrong

Magistrate: civil officer who administers law

Pronounce: declare or announce

recess: break

bail: an amount of money that a person who has been accused of a crime pays to a law court so that they can be released until their trial .

Gandhiji objected to the delay in the proceedings of the case. He read a statement in front of the court in which he accepted his fault in a very humble manner. He said that he was not a lawbreaker and didn’t want to go against the law but his duty towards humanity has a greater influence on him and it forced him to do so. He refused to leave the town because he wanted to help the sharecroppers as it was his moral duty. The magistrate asked him to arrange for bail because he was going to give his judgement after the 2 hour long break. Gandhiji refused to seek bail and later on, he was released without it.

When the court reconvened, the judge said he would not deliver the judgment for several days. Meanwhile he allowed Gandhi to remain at liberty.

Rajendra Prasad, BrijKishorBabu, MaulanaMazharulHuq and several other prominent lawyers had arrived from Bihar. They conferred with Gandhi. What would they do if he was sentenced to prison, Gandhi asked. Why, the senior lawyer replied, they had come to advise and help him; if he went to jail there would be nobody to advise and they would go home.

Reconvened: to start again after a small break

Liberty: free

Prominent: Important, well known

Conferred: granted

When the court proceedings restarted, the judge refused to deliver any judgement for many days to come. He allowed Gandhi to remain free. Some well-known lawyers like Rajendra Prasad, BrijKishorBabu and MaulanaMazharulHuq came from Bihar to help and advice Gandhi. Gandhi asked that if he was sentenced to jail, then what would be their course of action. One senior lawyer replied that they were there to help him out and if he was sentenced to jail, then they would return.

What about the injustice to the sharecroppers, Gandhi demanded. The lawyers withdrew to consult. Rajendra Prasad has recorded the upshot of their consultations — “They thought, amongst themselves, that Gandhi was totally a stranger, and yet he was prepared to go to prison for the sake of the peasants; if they, on the other hand, being not only residents of the adjoining districts but also those who claimed to have served these peasants, should go home, it would be shameful desertion”

They accordingly went back to Gandhi and told him they were ready to follow him into jail. ‘‘The battle of Champaran is won,’’ he exclaimed. Then he took a piece of paper and divided the group into pairs and put down the order in which each pair was to court arrest.

Injustice: unfairness

Withdrew: left

Upshot: result, conclusion

Consultations: discussion

Desertion: action of leaving a place, organization etc

When Gandhi came to know about their decision, he asked them to help the sharecroppers who were facing unfairness. Rajendra Prasad and other lawyers concluded that if Gandhi could go to jail for the people of their area, although he was a stranger, then they should also follow him as they had always claimed to serve the peasants and fought their legal battles too. They decided that if Gandhi went to jail, then they would follow too. On hearing this, Gandhi assured them that their struggle for Champaran’s peasants had been won. He divided the group into pairs of two and made a sequence in which they had to voluntarily surrender in the court.

Several days later, Gandhi received a written communication from the magistrate informing him that the Lieutenant-Governor of the province had ordered the case to be dropped.

Civil disobedience had triumphed, the first time in modern India.

Gandhi and the lawyers now proceeded to conduct a far-flung inquiry into the grievances of the farmers. Depositions by about ten thousand peasants were written down, and notes made on other evidence. Documents were collected. The whole area throbbed with the activity of the investigators and the vehement protests of the landlords.

Lieutenant-Governor: deputy governor

Province: region, territory

Civil Disobedience: peaceful form of political protest

Triumphed: won

Grievances: complaints

Depositions: a formal written statement

Evidence: proof

Throbbed: produced a lot of vibrations due to a huge crowd

Investigators: the inspectors

Vehement: showing strong feeling; forceful, passionate, or intense.

After some days, the Magistrate sent a letter to Gandhiji in which it was written that as per the orders of deputy governor, the case against him had been taken back. It was for the first time in modern India that a peaceful protest against the government had been won. Gandhi and other lawyers carried on with an in – depth investigation into the injustice with the farmers. Statements of about ten thousand peasants were recorded and various documentary proofs were collected. The whole area vibrated with activity- the investigators and the protesting landlords.

In June, Gandhi was summoned to Sir Edward Gait, the Lieutenant-Governor. Before he went he met leading associates and again laid detailed plans for civil disobedience if he should not return.

Gandhi had four protracted interviews with the Lieutenant- Governor who, as a result, appointed an official commission of inquiry into the indigo sharecroppers’ situation. The commission consisted of landlords, government officials, and Gandhi as the sole representative of the peasants.

Summoned: called

Leading: prominent, popular

Associates: supporters

Protracted: lasting for a long time or longer than expected or usual.

Representative: spokesperson, agent

In June, Gandhi was called up to be present before deputy governor Sir Edward Gait. Before meeting him, he met his chief supporters and made plans for civil disobedience, in case he did not return. Gandhi had four long interviews with the deputy commissioner which led to the formation of a commission that inquired into the indigo sharecroppers’ situation. The commission had landlords, government officials and Gandhi who was the only spokesperson for the peasants .

Gandhi remained in Champaran for an initial uninterrupted period of seven months and then again for several shorter visits. The visit, undertaken casually on the entreaty of an unlettered peasant in the expectation that it would last a few days, occupied almost a year of Gandhi’s life.

The official inquiry assembled a crushing mountain of evidence against the big planters, and when they saw this they agreed, in principle, to make refunds to the peasants. “But how much must we pay?” they asked Gandhi.

Initial: at the start

Uninterrupted: continuous

Entreaty: an earnest or humble request

Assembled: gathered

Gandhi remained in Champaran for seven months. He also made several short visits later. His visit on the request of a peasant was presumed to last a few days but it took a year. The official enquiry didn’t favor the planters, hence, they agreed to pay back to the peasants. But they questioned Gandhi regarding the amount to be repaid.

They thought he would demand repayment in full of the money which they had illegally and deceitfully extorted from the sharecroppers. He asked only 50 per cent. “There he seemed adamant,” writes Reverend J. Z. Hodge, a British missionary in Champaran who observed the entire episode at close range. “Thinking probably that he would not give way, the representative of the planters offered to refund to the extent of 25 per cent, and to his amazement Mr. Gandhi took him at his word, thus breaking the deadlock.

”This settlement was adopted unanimously by the commission. Gandhi explained that the amount of the refund was less important than the fact that the landlords had been obliged to surrender part of the money and, with it, part of their prestige. Therefore, as far as the peasants were concerned, the planters had behaved as lords above the law. Now the peasant saw that he had rights and defenders. He learned courage.

Deceitfully: dishonestly

Extorted: took forcibly

Adamant: firm

Amazement: surprise

Obliged: required, made legally bound to do something

Deadlock: a situation in which no progress can be made

Unanimously: without opposition

Prestige: honour, esteem

Defenders: protector

The moneylenders had thought that Gandhi would ask for the full payment of the money which they had taken from the peasants forcefully and fraudulently. But he asked for only fifty percent and his decision was firm. A missionary, Reverend J. Z. Hodge who had a close watch on the matter reported this. The planters offered to pay only 25 percent as they thought it would be rejected by Gandhi. He immediately accepted it. Gandhi said that the amount of money was not important but by giving money, the planters had bowed down to the peasants and had given away their honour too. The planters who earlier behaved as if they were above the law, now had to abide by it. This made the peasants realize their rights and give them courage to fight for them.

Events justified Gandhi’s position. Within a few years the British planters abandoned their estates, which reverted to the peasants. Indigo sharecropping disappeared.

Gandhi never contented himself with large political or economic solutions. He saw the cultural and social backwardness in the Champaran villages and wanted to do something about it immediately. He appealed for teachers. Mahadev Desai and Narhari Parikh, two young men who had just joined Gandhi as disciples, and their wives, volunteered for the work. Several more came from Bombay, Poona and other distant parts of the land. Devadas, Gandhi’s youngest son, arrived from the ashram and so did Mrs. Gandhi. Primary schools were opened in six villages. Kasturbai taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community sanitation.

Justified: marked by a good or legitimate reason

Abandoned: deserted, inhibited

Estates: property

Reverted: returned

Contented: willing to accept something, satisfied

Events had proven Gandhi’s position. The British planters had to leave their property within the next few years. These properties were returned back to the peasants. Indigo sharecropping soon came to an end. Gandhi was not satisfied by achieving political or economic solutions – he sought to remove the cultural and social backwardness of Champaran. Gandhi wanted to do something to remove the backwardness in the villages of Champaran. He requested teachers such as Mahadev Desai and Narhai Parikh and their wives to teach the villagers. Both of them were followers of Gandhi. Many other volunteers came from Bombay and Poona to join them. Mrs. Gandhi and their youngest son Devdas arrived from the ashram for their help. Primary schools were opened in six villages where Kasturbai used to teach the ashram rules on cleanliness and community sanitation.

Health conditions were miserable. Gandhi got a doctor to volunteer his services for six months. Three medicines were available — castor oil, quinine and sulphur ointment. Anybody who showed a coated tongue was given a dose of castor oil; anybody with malaria fever received quinine plus castor oil; anybody with skin eruptions received ointment plus castor oil.

Gandhi noticed the filthy state of women’s clothes. He asked Kasturbai to talk to them about it. One woman took Kasturbai into her hut and said, ‘‘look, there is no box or cupboard here for clothes. The sari I am wearing is the only one I have.”

Miserable: unhappy, sad

Volunteer: a person who offers his service free of cost

Eruptions: here, a spot, rash, or other mark appearing suddenly on the skin.

The health conditions of the people of Champaran were very poor. So, Gandhi got a doctor who offered his services free of cost for six months. There were only three medicines- castor oil, quinine and sulphur ointment available. A patient with a coated tongue was given Castor oil, a malaria patient was served a dose of quinine and a patient with a skin disorder was given ointment and castor oil. The women of the area used to wear dirty clothes. When Gandhiji tried to know the reason through his wife, he was told that those were the only saris each of the women had.

During his long stay in Champaran, Gandhi kept a long distance watch on the ashram. He sent regular instructions by mail and asked for financial accounts. Once he wrote to the residents that it was time to fill in the old latrine trenches and dig new ones otherwise the old ones would begin to smell bad.

The Champaran episode was a turning-point in Gandhi’s life. ‘‘What I did,” he explained, “was a very ordinary thing. I declared that the British could not order me about in my own country.”

Instructions: orders, commands

Residents: locals

While Gandhiji was in Champaran, he kept a long distance vigil on the ashram. He used to send letters of orders regarding financial matters. Once, he wrote to the locals that it was time to dig new latrines as the old ones had started giving foul smell. The Champaran incident changed Gandhi’s life. He said that he had done a regular thing- he had put his point across that the Britishers could not order him in his own country.

But Champaran did not begin as an act of defiance. It grew out of an attempt to alleviate the distress of large numbers of poor peasants. This was the typical Gandhi pattern — his politics were intertwined with the practical, day-to-day problems of the millions. His was not a loyalty to abstractions; it was a loyalty to living, human beings.

In everything Gandhi did, moreover, he tried to mould a new free Indian who could stand on his own feet and thus make India free.

Defiance: opposition

Alleviate: uplift

Distress: torture

Intertwined: twisted, braided, knitted

Abstractions: something which exists only as an idea.

The Champaran satyagraha was not an act of opposition. It was an attempt to help out the poor and tortured peasants. This was Gandhi’s way to solve issues. His politics was knitted up with the everyday problems faced by the millions of people. He did not aim at the fulfilment of ideas, rather, he was concerned for the people. The basic idea was to serve humanity and make a free Indian who could stand for his rights.

Early in the Champaran action, Charles Freer Andrews, the English pacifist who had become a devoted follower of the Mahatma, came to bid Gandhi farewell before going on a tour of duty to the Fiji Islands. Gandhi’s lawyer friends thought it would be a good idea for Andrews to stay in Champaran and help them. Andrews was willing if Gandhi agreed. But Gandhi was vehemently opposed. He said, ‘‘you think that in this unequal fight it would be helpful if we have an Englishman on our side. This shows the weakness of your heart. The cause is just and you must rely upon yourselves to win the battle. You should not seek a prop in Mr. Andrews because he happens to be an Englishman’’.

‘‘He had read our minds correctly,’’ Rajendra Prasad comments, “and we had no reply… Gandhi in this way taught us a lesson in self-reliance’’.

Self-reliance, Indian independence and help to sharecroppers were all bound together.

Pacifist: Peace maker

Vehemently: in an intense manner

Self Reliance: self sufficiency, self support

prop: support

Charles Freer Andrews who was a peacemaker, visited Gandhi before going on a tour of duty to the Fiji islands. Gandhi’s lawyer friends wanted Andrews to stay at the Ashram and help them but Gandhi refused. He said that they did not need the help of Britishers as it showed a lack of trust in their own abilities. He asked them not to seek any help from Mr. Andrews as he was an Englishman. Rajendra Prasad later on stated that Gandhi had read their thoughts and his reply served as a lesson of self-sufficiency for them. Being self-dependant, free and helping the peasants – all these acts of Gandhi were inter connected.

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Indigo NCERT Solutions Flamingo Class 12 Ch- 5 English Core 2023-24 Updated

Welcome to Indigo NCERT Solutions for Class 12 students! This comprehensive page-by-page solution is specifically designed to help you excel in your studies. Derived from the Flamingo book, the content presented here will prove immensely beneficial for your upcoming 2023-24 Board Exam and various other examinations.

Indigo NCERT Solutions

Table of contents, think as you read page 47 indigo ncert solutions.

1.Strike out what is not true in the following.

a. Rajkumar Shukla was

(i) a sharecropper.

(ii) a politician.

(iii) delegate.

(iv) a landlord.

b. Rajkumar Shukla was

(ii)physically strong.

(iii)illiterate.

2.Why is Rajkumar Shukla described as being ‘resolute’?

Ans : Rajkumar Shukla is described as being ‘resolute’ because of his unwavering determination and persistence in seeking help from Mahatma Gandhi . Despite being a poor and illiterate peasant from Champaran, he approached Gandhi during the Indian National Congress party convention and urged him to come to his district to address the issues faced by the indigo farmers . The term ‘resolute’ suggests that Rajkumar Shukla was firm in his purpose and resolved to seek justice for the farmers. He displayed a strong determination and unwavering commitment in his efforts to bring attention to the struggles of the peasants in Champaran.

3.Why do you think the servants thought Gandhi to be another peasant?

Ans: The servants might have thought Gandhi to be another peasant because of his simple attire, humble behaviour, and the fact that he accompanied Rajkumar Shukla, who was perceived as a poor yeoman seeking help for the indigo sharecroppers. Gandhi’s appearance and behavior led the servants to assume that he was just another peasant like Shukla. The reference to concerns about untouchability and polluting the well further suggests that they did not recognize him as someone of higher social status.

Think-as-you-read Questions – Page 49 Chapter Indigo NCERT Solutions

1. List the places that Gandhi visited between his first meeting with Shukla and his arrival at Champaran. 

Ans. Gandhi first met Shukla in Lucknow. Then he traveled to Cawnpore and other parts of India . He later returned to his ashram near Ahmedabad. After that, he visited Calcutta, Patna, and Muzaffarpur before reaching Champaran.

2. What did the peasants pay the British landlords as rent? What did the British now want instead and why? What would be the impact of synthetic indigo on the prices of natural indigo?

Ans. Peasants were forced to use 15% of their land to grow indigo and give the entire harvest as rent. When synthetic indigo was introduced, they asked tenants to compensate them for ending the 15% agreement. Since synthetic indigo was cheaper, the prices of natural indigo would also decrease.

Think-as-you-read Questions – Page 51 Indigo Chapter NCERT Solutions

1.The events in this part of the text illustrate Gandhi’s method of working. Can you identify some instances of this method and link them to his ideas of satyagraha and non-violence?

Answer in Short- 

• He refuses to comply with a court order and stays in Champaran, displaying non-cooperation and civil disobedience.
• Gandhi protests against the delay in court proceedings, demonstrating his belief in non-violent resistance.
• He willingly pleads guilty in court, emphasizing the importance of truth and conscience over blind obedience.
• Gandhi’s politics focuses on everyday issues and opposing unjust laws.
• The famous Dandi March, where he broke the salt law, exemplifies his non-violent resistance and fight for truth and justice.

Answer in detail- 

There are several instances that reflect Gandhi’s method of working and connect to his ideas of satyagraha and non-violence. One example is when Gandhi refuses to obey a court order demanding him to leave Champaran immediately. This shows his belief in non-cooperation and civil disobedience as a means of protest. Another instance is Gandhi’s protest against the delay in court proceedings. This demonstrates his commitment to non-violent resistance and his belief in challenging unjust systems. Additionally, Gandhi’s willingness to plead guilty in court and explain the reasons behind his actions showcases his prioritization of truth and conscience over blind obedience to the law. Overall, Gandhi’s approach to politics involved addressing the everyday issues faced by the Indian people and opposing unjust laws. His methods of non-cooperation, civil disobedience, and peaceful resistance, such as the Dandi March against the salt law, were directly linked to his principles of satyagraha and non-violence.

Think-as-you-read Questions – Page 53 Indigo Chapter NCERT Solutions

1. Why did Gandhi agree to a settlement of 25 per cent refund to the farmers?

 Ans. Gandhiji believed that the amount of refund was less important than the fact that the landlords had been forced to return part of the money. With this refund, they were leaving some of their prestige. So, he agreed to a settlement of 25% refund.

2. How did the episode change the plight of the peasants?

Ans. The Champaran episode filled the peasants with courage and self-confidence. They realised their potential and strength.

Understanding the Text – Page 54 Indigo Chapter NCERT Solutions

1. Why do you think Gandhiji considered the Champaran episode to be a turning point in his life?

Ans. The Champaran episode was a turning point in Gandhiji’s life because it brought him his first victory of civil disobedience. Gandhiji went to Champaran to help the poor peasants. He got an opportunity to test the basic principle of his movement in India. It proved as a testimony for the success of his non-violent way to get freedom for India.  The peasants of Champaran suffered exploitation, injustice and atrocities at the hands of British landlords. First, they compelled them to grow indigo on 15% of the land and give it to them as rent but later with the invention of synthetic indigo in Germany they obtained agreement from them to pay them compensation. Peasants were badly exploited. Gandhi, first of all, united them and then took out the fear out of their hearts and made them fearless to fight for their right. His victory, at Champaran, gave Gandhi strength and courage to fight for the freedom of the nation.

2. How was Gandhi able to influence the lawyers? Give instances.

 Ans. Certainly! Here are the complete answers with points:

1. Gandhi influenced the lawyers through his earnestness and conviction. 

   – He expressed his sincere beliefs and unwavering commitment, which had a profound impact on the lawyers.

2. Gandhi criticized the lawyers for charging a heavy fee from peasants to fight their cases. 

   – He pointed out the injustice of burdening already struggling peasants with high legal fees.

3. Gandhi urged the lawyers not to abandon their own people if he were to get arrested. 

   – He made them realize the importance of staying united and supporting their community during difficult times.

4. Gandhi emphasized the moral duty of the lawyers towards their own people. 

   – He reminded them that it would be unfortunate and disrespectful to turn their backs on their own community while a stranger (Gandhi) was willing to go to jail for them.

5. Gandhi provided the lawyers with a powerful example of selfless service. 

   – He showed them the value of putting the needs of their community before personal gain or comfort.

6. As a result, the lawyers recognized their responsibility and decided to accompany Gandhi to prison if he were to be arrested. 

   – They were inspired by Gandhi’s principles and committed themselves to stand by him in solidarity.

7. Gandhi’s actions evoked a sense of belongingness and duty in the lawyers towards the people of their area. 

   – His selfless service and moral guidance instilled a deeper connection and commitment to their local community.

3. What was the attitude of the average Indian in smaller localities towards advocates of ‘home’ rule?

Ans. Advocates of ‘home rule’ were considered the enemies of the British government. Anyone who would show sympathy towards them was treated badly by the British. In smaller localities, the average Indian was afraid to show sympathy to the advocates of ‘home’ rule due to the fear of dire consequences. But there was a surprising drastic change that Gandhiji experienced in Muzzafarpur. Here he was welcomed at the station by J.B. Kriplani, who was a British employee, along with a large group of students. Not only this but his host was a government schoolteacher.

4.How do we know that ordinary people too contributed to the freedom movement?

Ans : The chapter shows that ordinary people, like Rajkumar Shukla and the peasants from Champaran, actively contributed to the freedom movement. They expressed their concerns, supported Gandhi, and participated in protests and demonstrations, highlighting their involvement in the fight for freedom.

Talking about the text Page 55 Indigo Chapter NCERT Solutions

Discuss the following.

1.“Freedom from fear is more important  than  legal  justice  for the poor.” Do you think that the poor of India are free from fear after Independence?

Answer- : 1- The statement suggests that it is more important to ensure that the poor feel safe and secure rather than just focusing on providing them with legal justice. It recognizes that addressing their fears and insecurities is crucial for their well-being. As for whether the poor in India are free from fear after Independence, it’s important to note that the situation can vary. While Independence provided political freedom and rights to many, not all poor individuals may feel completely free from fear. Factors such as poverty, inequality, and various challenges can still impact their sense of security. Efforts are being made to address these issues and improve the lives of the poor, but there is still work to be done to ensure that all individuals feel safe and free from fear.

Suggested Answer- 2 

In the story, Gandhi helps the sharecroppers in Champaran overcome their fear of British landlords, emphasizing that freedom from fear is crucial for self-reliance. However, it is unfortunate that even after decades of independence, the poor in India continue to live in fear. They face pressure and bureaucracy, with their actions and work still under scrutiny. Additionally, they often experience mistreatment from the police instead of protection. Factors like globalization and the pursuit of foreign products further contribute to the fear of worsening poverty. Therefore, it can be observed that the poor in India are not entirely free from fear, despite the efforts made towards independence.

2.The qualities of a good leader.

Ans: The qualities of a good leader can vary, but here are some commonly recognized traits:

• Vision: A good leader has a clear vision and can articulate it to others. They have a sense of purpose and inspire others to work towards a shared goal.
• Integrity: A leader with integrity earns the trust and respect of their followers. They demonstrate honesty, ethical behavior, and consistency in their actions and decisions.
• Communication: Effective communication is crucial for a leader. They should be able to convey their ideas, listen actively to others, and provide clear instructions. Open and transparent communication fosters trust and collaboration.
• Empathy: Good leaders understand and empathize with the needs, concerns, and perspectives of their team members. They show genuine care and consideration, fostering a supportive and inclusive environment.
• Decisiveness: Leaders must make informed and timely decisions. They gather relevant information, analyze options, and have the confidence to take decisive action.
• Adaptability: In a dynamic and changing world, a good leader is adaptable. They embrace new ideas, seek innovation, and are open to feedback. They can navigate challenges and adjust their approach as needed.
• Accountability: A leader takes responsibility for their actions and the outcomes of their team. They hold themselves and others accountable, promoting a culture of responsibility and continuous improvement.
• Inspirational: Leaders inspire and motivate others. They lead by example, displaying enthusiasm, passion, and a positive attitude. They encourage their team to reach their full potential and achieve collective success.

These qualities, among others, contribute to effective leadership and inspire others to follow and work towards shared goals.

Working with words Page 55 Indigo Chapter NCERT Solutions

•List the words used in the text that are related to legal procedures.

For example: deposition

Ans: Here is a list of the words used in the text related to the legal procedure. These are arranged dictionary wise-

• Compensation
• Impeachment
• Investigation
• Proceedings
• Prosecution

List other words  that  you  know  that  fall  into  this  category.

• Constitution

Thinking about language Page 55 Indigo Chapter NCERT Solutions

1.Notice the sentences in the text which are in ‘ direct speech ’. Why does the author use quotations in his narration?

Ans: The author uses direct speech to indicate the exact words spoken by the individuals involved in the events described. By using quotation marks, the author distinguishes these statements as the direct words of the individuals, maintaining their authenticity and preserving the originality of the dialogue. Here are the examples of the direct dialogues from the chapter Indigo- 

• “I will tell you how it happened that I decided to urge the departure of the British. It was in 1917.”
• ‘I am Rajkumar Shukla. I am from Champaran, and I want you to come to my district’!’’
• “Speak to Gandhi.”
• “Fix a date,”
• ‘‘I have to be in Calcutta on such-and-such a date. Come and meet me and take me from there.”
• ‘‘It was an extraordinary thing … for a government professor to harbour a man like me”.
• ‘‘The commissioner … to bully me and advised me forthwith to leave Tirhut.’’
• “conflict of duties”
• “humanitarian and national service”
• “for a government professor to harbour a man like me”
• “not for want of respect for lawful authority, but in obedience to the higher law of our being, the voice of conscience”
• “They thought, amongst themselves, that Gandhi was totally a stranger, and yet he was prepared to go to prison for the sake of the peasants; if they, on the other hand, being not only residents of the adjoining districts but also those who claimed to have served these peasants, should go home, it would be shameful desertion.”
• “The battle of Champaran is won.”
• “But how much must we pay?”
• ‘‘Look, there is no box or cupboard here for clothes. The sari I am wearing is the only one I have.”
• ‘‘What I did,” he explained, “was a very ordinary thing. I declared that the British could not order me about in my own country.”
• ‘‘He had read our minds correctly,’’ Rajendra Prasad comments, “and we had no reply… Gandhi in this way taught us a lesson in self-reliance’’.

2.Notice the use or non-use of the comma in the following sentences.

(a)When I first visited Gandhi in 1942 at his ashram in Sevagram, he told me what happened in Champaran.

Ans: The comma is used correctly in this sentence. It separates the introductory phrase “When I first visited Gandhi in 1942 at his ashram in Sevagram” from the main clause “he told me what happened in Champaran.” (b)He had not proceeded far when the police superintendent’s messenger overtook him.

Ans: There is no need for a comma in this sentence. It is a simple sentence with no introductory or dependent clauses.

(c)When the court reconvened, the judge said he would not deliver the judgment for several days.

Ans: The comma is used correctly in this sentence. It separates the introductory phrase “When the court reconvened” from the main clause “the judge said he would not deliver the judgment for several days.”

Things to do Page 55 Indigo Chapter NCERT Solutions

1.Choose an issue that has provoked a controversy like the Bhopal Gas Tragedy or the Narmada Dam Project in which the lives of the poor have been affected.

Ans: One issue that has caused controversy and affected the lives of the poor is the Land Acquisition Act in India. It allows the government and private companies to take land for development projects, often displacing poor farmers and laborers. The concerns include loss of homes and livelihoods, inadequate compensation, and insufficient support for those affected. Efforts are being made to address these issues and protect the rights of affected communities.

2.Find out the facts of the case.

Ans : Facts of the case:

• The controversy revolves around the proposed bauxite mining project on the sacred Niyamgiri Hills in Odisha, India.
• The hills are home to the indigenous Dongria Kondh tribe, who depend on them for their livelihoods and cultural practices.
• Concerns have been raised regarding the violation of tribal rights, environmental degradation, and loss of biodiversity due to the mining project.

3.Present your arguments.

Ans: Arguments:

• Proponents of the mining project argue that it would bring economic development, job opportunities, and revenue to the region.
• Opponents argue that the project would lead to the displacement of the Dongria Kondh tribe, loss of their traditional lands, and destruction of their way of life.
• Environmentalists argue that the mining project would result in irreversible damage to the ecological balance of the Niyamgiri Hills, impacting the local flora, fauna, and water sources.

4.Suggest a possible settlement.

Ans : Possible settlement:

One possible settlement could involve alternative forms of sustainable development that respect the rights and culture of the Dongria Kondh tribe. This could include promoting eco-tourism, sustainable agriculture, and other livelihood options that ensure the well-being of the community while preserving the ecological integrity of the hills. Consultations and negotiations should be held with the Dongria Kondh community and relevant stakeholders to determine their aspirations and find a mutually agreeable solution.

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Indigo Summary Class 12

Table of Contents

In this blog post, I am sharing Indigo Summary Class 12 English for Upcoming CBSE Class 12th Board Exam 2023-24.

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—Louis Fischer Indigo

Indigo About the Author

Louis Fischer (1896 – 1970) was a Jewish-American journalist. Among his works were a contribution to the ex-Communist treatise The God that Failed (1949), Life of Mahatma Gandhi (1982), as well as Life of Lenin, which won the 1965 National Book Award in History and Biography. The following is an excerpt from his book The Life of Mahatma Gandhi. The book has been reviewed as one of the best books ever written on Gandhi by Times Educational supplement.

Theme of Indigo

The leadership shown by Mahatma Gandhi to secure justice for oppressed people through convincing argumentation and negotiation.

Justification of the Title Indigo

The title ‘Indigo’ focuses our attention on the issue of exploitation of indigo sharecroppers at the hands of cruel British planters. The British compelled them through a long term agreement to plant indigo on 15 per cent of their land and surrender the entire harvest as rent. After the development of synthetic indigo by Germany, the British planters extracted money from the peasants as compensation for being released from the 15 per cent agreement.

The peasants who wanted their money back filed civil suits. Rajkumar Shukla persuaded Gandhi to take up the case of Indigo sharecroppers. So indigo sharecropping exemplifies the injustice of the British and the Indians’ submission to British authority. The Champaran movement that centred on indigo sharecropping led to social and cultural upliftment of the peasants. Thus, the title ‘Indigo’ is highly suggestive and appropriate.

Message of Indigo Class 12

The story ‘Indigo’ highlights the unequal economic system that existed during colonial British rule. It resulted in Indian peasants suffering, while the British planters exploited them. It also highlights the importance of Gandhi’s decision to take up their case, which exposed the unjust system.

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This story is set in 1916 where Gandhi steps up to help a bunch of poor peasants from Champaran. It tells how he worked hard to make things fair for them. So, it starts with the most farmable land in Champaran being part of a big estate.

The estate owners are English and the workers are Indian renters.We learn that the chief commercial crop on this land is Indigo. Moreover, we also see that the landlords compel all the tenants to plant 15% of their Indigo and submit the whole harvest in the form of rent. The tenants are under a long-term agreement to do so.

However, Germany starts developing synthetic Indigo. So, the British don’t need the Indigo crop anymore. They want to end the deal where the poor farmers give 15% of their crop. Some of the farmers who don’t know much agree to this, but others don’t. One of the farmers, Raj Kumar Shukla, organizes a meeting with Gandhi.

Raj Kumar Shukla meets Gandhi about the problems and asks him to come and fix the old unfairness. Gandhi says yes and takes a train to Patna in Bihar. Then, Raj Kumar Shukla helps Gandhi go to Rajendra Prasad, a lawyer’s house.

The servants there think Gandhi is a poor farmer because of his simple clothes. So, Gandhi makes a plan before trying to help the farmers. This is because the British government is punishing anyone who supports national leaders or protesters.

Class 12 Indigo Summary

When Gandhi got there, the news about him and why he came spread quickly in the town. Lots of lawyers and groups of farmers came to support him. The lawyers agreed that the charges were too much and unfair for a poor farmer.

But Gandhi was not happy with the lawyers charging a lot of money from the farmers. He wanted to focus on giving advice because that would help the farmers feel more confident to stand up for their rights. After a year of fighting for the farmers, he succeeded in getting justice for them.

He also arranged for the poor farmers’ families to get education, better health, and cleanliness. Finally, he taught them how to rely on themselves and believe in their abilities.

To sum up, Indigo summary, we learn how Gandhiji did not merely help in freeing India, but was always working for the betterment of his countrymen from the very start.

Indigo Class 12th Pdf Download

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Indigo Extra Questions and Answers Class 12 English Flamingo

In this page you can find Indigo Extra Questions and Answers Class 12 English Flamingo, Extra Questions for Class 12 English will make your practice complete.

Indigo Extra Questions and Answers Short Answer Type

Question 1. How did Gandhiji react to the Commissioner’s advice? Where did he go? Answer: Gandhiji was asked to leave the Tirhut division at once by the commissioner. He did not leave, instead, he proceeded to Motihari, the capital of Champaran.

Question 2. Why did the servants think Gandhiji to be another peasant? Answer: Gandhiji was a simple man and he used to dress in a dhoti, which was the dress that the farmers in India used to wear. Hence, the servants thought Gandhiji to be another peasant.

Question 3. “The battle of Champaran is won!” What led Gandhiji to make this remark? Answer: Gandhiji said these words when he was able to win the lawyers’ trust. Earlier, these lawyers had certain misconceptions about Gandhiji, but as they saw his determination towards the peasants’ liberation, they came in his full support.

Question 4. Why did Gandhiji go to Lucknow in December 1916? Who met him there and why? Answer: Gandhiji went to Lucknow to attend the annual convention of the Indian National Congress. A poor peasant named Rajkumar Shukla met him there. He was from Champaran. He wanted Gandhiji to come to Champaran to help the poor sharecroppers.

Question 5. Why did the landlords compel the peasants to do as per the terms of a long-term contract? Answer: The landlords forced peasants to plant indigo on 15 per cent of their land. All the indigo produce had to be surrendered as rent. The peasants felt sour about it.

Question 6. What did the British planters try to do when they came to know that synthetic indigo had been developed by Germany? Answer: The British planters realised that it was no longer profitable to produce natural indigo. The synthetic indigo was much cheaper. Thus, they compelled the peasants to give them compensation for not having to plant indigo on their land.

Question 7. What happened when the British planters asked the peasants for compensation for releasing them from the 15 per cent agreement? Answer: The sharecropping agreement seemed irksome to the peasants. Therefore, many of them signed it willingly. However, others engaged lawyers to fight their cases. So the landlords hired thugs.

Question 8. How was Gandhi treated at Rajendra Prasad’s house? Answer: Since Gandhiji was quite simple in his dress and manners, Rajendra Prasad’s servants mistook him to be a peasant. They did not allow him to draw water from the well lest it be polluted. They let him stay on the grounds.

Question 9. What were the terms of the indigo contract between the British landlords and the Indian peasants? Answer: The fertile land was divided into large estates owned by Englishmen and worked by Indian tenants. The peasants had to grow indigo on 15 per cent of the land. This product was submitted as rent to the British landlords.

Question 10. Why was Gandhiji opposed to C.F. Andrews helping him in Champaran? Answer: Gandhiji was opposed to C.F. Andrews helping him in Champaran because he was a foreigner. C.E Andrews was a social worker in Champaran. He was a close follower of Gandhiji. He felt that a foreigner’s help should not be sought to free India of foreigners. According to him, self-reliance was of utmost importance.

Question 11. When Gandhi got the wholehearted support of the lawyers, he said, ‘The battle of Champaran is won’. What was the essence behind his statement? Answer: The essence behind this statement was that now he would be able to defeat Britishers who were exploiting poor peasants and would make the lawyers help poor sharecroppers to’ get back their lost respect and money as well. Further, Gandhiji was ready to tutor all the lawyers how to fight this struggle.

Question 12. Though the sharecroppers of Champaran received only one-fourth of the compensation, how can the Champaran struggle still be termed a huge success and victory? Answer: The Champaran struggle was termed a huge success and victory because Gandhiji was able to make the landlords surrender part of the money and their prestige by making them agree to handover 25% of the money as compensation. More important was the fact that peasants understood that they also had rights and people to defend them if they had problems. They learnt to be courageous when they stood behind Gandhiji to break the deadlock between the farmers and the landlords.

Question 13. The lesson, ‘Indigo’ highlights Gandhiji’s method of working. Can you identify them and link them to his ideas of Satyagraha and non-violence? Answer: Gandhiji opposed unjust laws; his politics addressed day-to-day problems of the common man. He showed a willingness to oppose laws and even go to jail. His disobedience was always peaceful, and for truth and justice. He led through embarrassing people who were hypocrites (lawyers).

Question 14. How did Mahatma Gandhi uplift the peasants of Champaran? Answer: Gandhiji gave them economic relief, made them overcome fear and to be united, taught them courage, provided solutions for their cultural and social backwardness, and improved their health and sanitary conditions.

Question 15. Why is Rajkumar Shukla described as being resolute? Answer: Rajkumar Shukla was a poor, illiterate peasant from Champaran. When he came to know that Gandhi was in Lucknow, he decided to meet him and ask him to help the poor sharecroppers of Champaran. He requested Gandhi to come to Champaran but Gandhi was not free. He had appointments in Cawnpore and in other parts of India. Shukla followed him everywhere and even to his Ashram at Ahmedabad and urged him to fix a date. Finally, Gandhi had to agree to visit Champaran. This clearly shows that Shukla was resolute.

Indigo Extra Questions and Answers Long Answer Type

Question 1. The Champaran episode was a turning point in Gandhiji’s life. Elucidate. Answer: Before the Champaran episode, Gandhiji was not aware of the reality of the peasants of his motherland. ,On the insistence of Rajkumar Shukla, a sharecropper, Gandhiji went to Champaran and saw the miserable condition of the poor illiterate farmers. It was an eye-opener for him. The Britishers exploited the farmers to grow indigo. When it was not needed, they had to render compensation in order to be freed from old agreement.

Gandhiji was shocked to see them going to the court. He gathered them. This was the first step to free them from their fear of the British. The officials felt powerless without Gandhiji’s co-operation. He made them realise that the power of the British could be challenged by Indians.

The peasants were made to realise that they too had rights. The British landlords left the estate to the peasants and returned to their land after some time, thus ending indigo sharecropping. Through the Champaran episode, he made it clear to the British that they could not order Indians in their own country and through his personal example taught masses to be self-reliant and motivated them into civil disobedience.

Question 2. Why did Rajkumar Shukla invite Gandhiji to Champaran? How did Gandhiji solve the problem of the indigo farmers? OR Why did Gandhiji consider freedom from fear more important than legal justice for the poor peasants of Champaran? Answer: Rajkumar Shukla was a poor peasant from Champaran. Under an old agreement, the peasants were compelled by the British to grow indigo on 15% of their land and part with it as rent. For this, Rajkumar Shukla had been advised to speak to Gandhiji who he was told, would be able to do something about their problem.

The landlords had learned that Germany had developed synthetic indigo. They forced the sharecroppers to sign agreements to pay them compensation to be freed from the 15 per cent arrangement. The sharecroppers, who refused, engaged lawyers. The information about synthetic indigo reached the peasants who had signed the agreements. They wanted their money back.

Gandhiji organised a gathering of the peasants at Motihari around the court. This was the beginning of their liberation from fear of the British. Though Gandhiji co-operated with the British and regulated the crowd, but it was a clear proof that their might could be challenged. He inspired the lawyers to fight for justice for the sharecroppers.

After the inquiry committee’s report, the peasants expected the entire sum of money as refund, but Gandhiji asked for 50% only. He was offered a refund of 25%. Gandhiji accepted it.According to Gandhiji, at that stage, money was less important. The landlords had to surrender their prestige and the peasants realised that they too had rights. This was their first lesson in courage. This is how their problem was solved.

Question 3. Which factors helped the fear-stricken peasants of Champaran to achieve freedom? Answer: There were several factors in which Gandhiji’s contribution was remarkable. The peasants were sharecroppers with the British planters. According to an old agreement, the peasants had to produce indigo on 15 per cent of the land and give it as rent to the landlords. Around 1917, it was told that Germany had developed synthetic indigo. So the British planters now no longer desired the indigo crop. To release the peasants from the old agreement, they demanded compensation from them. Most of the illiterate peasants agreed to it. However, others refused. Lawyers were engaged to go to the court.

At that time, Gandhiji appeared in Champaran. He fought a long battle for the poor peasants for one year and managed to get justice for them. The peasants now became courageous and became aware about their rights. Along with the political and economic struggle, Gandhiji worked on the social level also. He made arrangements for the education, health and hygiene of the families of poor peasants by teaching the lesson of self-reliance. It was one of the ways to forward the struggle for Indian independence.

The peasants now had courage. They believed that they had rights which they could defend. Gradually, the British planters left their estates. These estates now came back to the peasants. Indigo sharecropping disappeared for all times to come.

Question 4. Give an account of Gandhiji’s efforts to secure justice for the poor indigo sharecroppers of Champaran. Answer: Gandhiji went to Champaran on receiving reports of exploitation of the poor sharecropper peasants at the hands of British planters. He began by trying to get the facts. The British landlords as well as commissioner of Tirhut were non-cooperative. Lawyers from Muzaffarpur briefed him about the court cases of these peasants. Gandhiji and the lawyers collected depositions by about ten thousand peasants. Notes were made on other evidence. Documents were collected. The whole area throbbed with the activities of the investigators and forceful protests of landlords.

The lieutenant governor summoned Gandhiji. After four protracted interviews, an official commission of enquiry was appointed to look into the indigo sharecroppers’ situation. Gandhiji was the sole representative of the peasants. The official enquiry assembled huge quantity of evidence against the big planters.

They agreed in principle to make refunds to the peasants. After consolation, a settlement of 25 per cent refund to the farmers was agreed upon. This was a moral victory for the peasants. They recognised their rights and became courageous. Within a few years, the British planters gave up tVieir estates. These now went back to the peasants. They became the master of the land. Thus, indigo sharecropping disappeared.

Question 5. How was the Champaran episode a big success? Elucidate. Answer: The fight and the success of Champaran was the success of Civil Disobedience Movement started by Gandhiji. It was the attempt of the poor peasants who were helpless to the fraud met out to them. One of them contacted Gandhiji. Gandhiji’s presence in Bihar raised a huge row in Champaran. Thousands of peasants held a demonstration to protest against the government. The government was baffled. The orders for Gandhiji to quit Champaran were disobeyed by him. Afterwards, an enquiry commission was set up which ordered the sharecroppers to get 25 per cent of their money. The cruel landlords were made to surrender the partial amount of the extorted money. The efforts of Gandhiji and the peasants made the government realise its mistake.

Question 6. Exploitation is a universal phenomenon. The poor indigo farmers were exploited by the British landlords to which Gandhiji objected. Even after our independence, we find exploitation in unorganised labour sector. What values do we learn from Gandhiji’s campaign to counter the present day problems of exploitation? Answer: The weak are exploited and the strong prey on them is a universal fact. In the case of the poor illiterate indigo farmers, they were exploited by the British landlords. Gandhiji objected to it and freed the farmers from the agreement and brought an end to indigo sharecropping. In his manner of tackling the issue, he went stepwise:

• he gathered information
• fearlessly he stated’his points
• in the final negotiations, he did not bother about the money; it was the submission of the opponent’s pride and prestige.

Similarly, we can proceed with such issues as Gandhiji’s method of solving the problem has universality about it. Today, we can follow it this way: one must be fully aware of one’s weaknesses and must try to overcome them, find ways of getting justice, never give in to any kind of exploitation, if trapped, try to come out of it wisely, get united when in trouble and seek help. Do not compromise your self-respect, values or dignity at any cost. Try to come out of the darkness of ignorance as soon as possible. Mistakes once made, must not be repeated.

Question 7. Though Rajkumar Shukla was an illiterate peasant; he was resolute and was able to bring a change in the lives of the people of Champaran. Taking hints from the text, write an article on the topic, “Grit and Determination can take you a long way”. Answer: Grit and determination plays a very important role in one’s life. A person who doesn’t give up too easily and has tendency to step ahead without thinking too much about the difficulties is able to accomplish anything. We can take the example of Rajkumar Shukla. He wanted Gandhiji to go with him to his area called Champaran. Gandhiji was engaged at that time.

However, Shukla did not leave Gandhiji. He followed him wherever he went. Finally, Gandhiji had to arrange and fix time to go with him. Shukla’s resolute nature led to a change in the lives of the people of Champaran. His persistence bore fruit. It is important to pursue our goals with grit and determination to be successful. The will to succeed, will one day result in triumph. It is possible that it might take a long time to succeed but success will definitely be achieved.

Question 8. ‘Dialogue and not violence can resolve situations of conflict and injustice’. Prove the statement with reference to the lesson, ‘Indigo’. Answer: Gandhiji met Rajkumar Shukla, a poor peasant from Champaran at Lucknow. Shukla wanted Gandhiji to come to Champaran to help the poor sharecroppers who were compelled by the British to grow indigo on 15 % of their land and part with it as rent. Since the development of synthetic indigo, cultivation of indigo had become a waste. The landlords wanted sharecroppers to sign agreements to be freed from the 15 per cent arrangement by paying compensation. After understanding the problem, Gandhiji wanted to meet the secretary of British Landlord’s Association, but he was refused.

Then he tried to meet Commissioner of Tirhut who bullied him and ordered to leave. However, he defied the order and organised a gathering of the peasants around the court. Gandhiji proved that British power was no longer unchangeable. The authorities got afraid and postponed the case.

Gandhiji was released on bail. He inspired the lawyers to fight for justice for the sharecroppers. The case was dropped and Gandhiji agreed for 25% refund as was agreed by landlords. Finally, indigo sharecropping was abandoned and land was given to peasants. This became the first success of Non-cooperation Movement for Gandhiji.