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AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 Spring & Autumn 2023 PDF

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Code No 1423 Compulsory English-I, AIOU Pdf

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AIOU Course Code 1423-1 Solved Assignment Spring 2022

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Q.1   Convert the following statements into appropriate questions.                     

• She is serving in education ministry these days.
• Massive illiteracy is the greatest hurdle in the path of progress and prosperity.
• The old lady talked to me very politely.
• She takes much interest in historical fiction.
• They are going to visit us really very soon.
• We will fight against ignorance till our last breath.

• He will appear in CSS exam this year.
• Faiz Ahmad Faiz is one of the most prominent figures of Urdu poetry.
• She is crying because she has lost her favorite toy.
• They are working very hard , would they score better marks in finals ?
• They do not take interest in their studies, should I ask their teachers ?
• She was fond of classical music , why she doesn’t take interest in it now ?
• They may attend a training session next week , would you join them ?
• I hate hypocrites, why they act against their beliefs……………………… ?
• I shall try my level best to resolve the issue, don’t you trust me……. ?
• You were not happy with your working environment, what were the consequences?
• They were planning to be successful , are they even acting upon those plans ?
• He is not good at pencil sketching, should we get him canvas for color painting ?
• She could not handle any situation skillfully, should we give her some time to manage?
• He may know how to layup a basketball, but my jump shot is extraordinary.
• Even though peace between the two formerly warring nations had been established for years now, the solider still woke cold from dreams of battle.
• I want to just set the table and be done with it, but my mother scrupulously arranged each napkin, dish and utensil until they were in perfect alignment.
• Her parents really wanted her to attend the local university, but Eman argued her case so emphatically and with such great passion, that her parents gave Eman their consent.
• The clues in the sentence were so helpful; I was able to ascertain the meaning of the word beyond a shadow of a doubt.
• Pakistan will be politically stable the next year.
• The greatest obstacle to economic stability is massive corruption.
• Coeducation system should be introduced at the post graduate level.
• Girls should be allowed to choose their profession.
• Parents should select marriage partner for their children .
• It is a maritime operations guidance book.
• Intended for a specialized audience such as the captains or operators of small private boats, such as  yachts and  trawlers .
• The book gives advice on appropriate avoidance actions when confronted by the near presence of a large ship.
• It would have removed all the myths regarding huge ships.
• It would have given advices for the sailors to avoid big mistakes.
• It would allow people to go through all the ways and techniques pilots use to sail successfully.
• This book would grow knowledge of common people regarding shipping.
• It would give precise information regarding mapping and direction seeking techniques.
• It would make people knew about main skills needed in sailing.
• As being a novel it would also contain thrilling story to indulge readers.

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AIOU Compulsory English-I Code 1423 Solved Assignments

December 23, 2022 Rafiqq AIOU BS ODL Solved Assignments , Associate Degree in Education 0

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Here you can find AIOU Solved Assignment Associate Degree in Education (ADE) Compulsory English-I Code 1423. To get a better idea of ​​the Assignment for Associate Degree in Education (ADE) Examination for Associate Degree in Education (ADE). Five Year Previous Papers for AIOU Associate Degree in Education (A.D.E) of all semesters. Assignments for a wide range of Undergraduate, Undergraduate, Masters. M.Phil and Doctoral programs are also available on Rafiqq.com.

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Assignment 1423   Autumn 2021 Assignment No 1 & 2

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AIOU Solved Assignments 1 & 2 Code 1423 Autumn & Spring 2024

AIOU Solved Assignments 1 & 2 Code 1423 Autumn & Spring 2024. Solved Assignments environmental pollution 2024. Submit to allama iqbal open university tutors address.

AIOU Solved Assignments 1 & 2 Code 1423 Autumn & Spring 2024

SUBJECT: Environmental Pollution CODE: 1423 SEMESTER: Autumn & Spring 2024 ASSIGNMENT No.  1

Q.No.1 Explain the torms environment, pollution and history of pollution. (20)

EPA’s Air, Climate, and Energy Research is at the forefront of air pollution research to protect public health and the environment. The research is providing the scientific foundation for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, states and communities to make decisions to effectively reduce and control air pollution.

In October 1948, Donora Pa., was enveloped in a lethal haze.

Over five days, nearly half of the town’s 14,000 residents experienced severe respiratory or cardiovascular problems. It was difficult to breathe. The death toll rose to nearly 40. Disturbing photos show Donora’s streets hidden under a thick~ a1lket of gray smog. A warm air pocket had passed high above the town, trapping cooler air below and sealing in pollutants. Dollora was no stranger to pollution. Steel and zinc smelters had long plagued the town with~ air. But the air pocket left  with no escape route. They sat stewing in the streets, where residents breathed them ~ethal doses. The situation in Don~as extreme, but it reflected a trend. Air pollution had become a harsh consequenof~ al growth across the c~~d orld. Crises like Donora’s were widely publicized; people took notice and beg~~cientists started inves~ ~ge link between air pollution and health. States began passing legislation to reduce air ~dnpfi. An~970, a milesto~ ~, Congress passed the Clean Air Act Amendments which led to the establishment of the air aua~dards.

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Today, policymakers and air quality managers rely og-‘edge science to es_ regulations and make management decisions to reduce and control air pollution with ~e~ctive_ap~hes. EPA’s ~ Clirnate, and Energy Research conducts a vast amount of this research, producing findinanddevel ~ chifology ~tdohr understanding of air pollution. For the most common pollutants, the research is com~ d syn~~ery five~by EPA scientists to assess the adequacy of air regulations.

EPA seeks to identify specific chemi~well as ~ esburce~ e ~ trucks and power plants) that can impact air quality. A major goal is to pinpoint the s~ffibst respdtls~r heal ~

For example, EPA studies have ~own th~y~cles re hen gas, oil and other fossil fuels are burned harm the respiratory and cardiovascular sems. ~ ritlwkno th se particles are especially harmful to the most vulnerable populations: the young, older adults and thosth pre- ealth conditions. The research program provides an innovative and interdisciplinary approach to the air pollution probl~ owned EPA scientists, engineers and physicians work together and partner with scientific experts across the United Sta~~orldwide to address the many challenges of air quality management.

Future Directions

Major strides have been made to impro a~uality, but many complex scientific questions remain, calling for innovative and novel research. It has become increa clear that multiple pollutants play a role in determining risks to people and the environment. EPA is moving a “multipollutant” approach to air pollution research. It is crucial to understand the collective impacts of multiple utants, how they interact in the atmosphere and whether the interactions modify health effects. EPA’s Air, Climate ergy Research has already spearheaded interdisciplinary efforts to study combinations of multiple pollutants more ly.

Research has linked regulated air pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter (PM) to lung and heart disease and other health problems. More investigation is needed to further understand the role poor air quality plays on health and disease and support development of more sustainable and integrated air quality management strategies. The findings are supporting the review of the nation’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).

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CRmate change and air quaRty interact

EPA is also pursuing an understanding of how climate change and air quality interact and the consequences for public health and the environment. EPA scientists have already provided evidence that future temperature increases will increase air pollution levels in some regions of the country. What’s more, urban areas already suffering from pollution problems may incur the greatest burden of these changes. Advancements in air sensor monitoring technology is providing new lower-cost devices to help air quality managers, communities and citizens with understanding air quality. EPA researchers are at the forefront of the development and evaluation of air sensor monitors. EPA will continue investigations of how climate change will impact the air we breathe, with a focus on protecting current and future generations from air pollution health risks.

AIOU Solved Assignments Code 1423 Autumn & Spring 2024

QNo.2 Define and explain terrestrial and aquatic pollution in your own words. (20)

Creation of life form is because of environment. Sun/moon, sea/ earth, hot/ cold and forests/ desert etc; they together made an environment that is fit for our existence. There are two different environments one is positive and the other one is negative, life forms in both namely, pests, insects and others are cold blooded have different conditions which suits them to survive that may not be suitable to us, both have own identities. Most important factor is that negative positive factors have to join together to form an environment for example mother/ father for birth of a child, negative/ positive of energy for electricity. In the system of environment, both have integral role to play. Where negative dominates outlines its systems and where positive dominates forms its own.

Environment motivates to react:

We are miserable when are in desert and delighted when we are in lush garden. In a hospital we are in different mood and in disco different. Environment motivates us to change om mood and reaction is in accordance.

We also generate/alter environment in our surroundings by our practice. Depends on the behavior of the individuals. Positive thinkers have positive feelings and negative thinkers it is negative, creates environment accordingly. This poss turns to evolutionary system when a group of people have same thinking that initiates others to follow. Human lust and exc~sage of natural wood causing deforestation, pollution heating temperature is negative environment for us.

Maling decisions and taking action:

Environmental sustainability involves making decisions and taking~at arthe interests of ~~ g the natural world, with particular emphasis on preserving the capability of the en~~t to suo uman life~ ~ important topic at the present time, as people are realizing the full impact that bu~e~ and  s can havethe environment. What is Environmental Sustainability?

Environmental sustainability is about making responsibledecisims that win reduceyour business’ negative impact on the environment. It is not simply about reducing th~ot of wa~ou  oduce~lhang less energy, but is concerned with developing processes that will lead to businesses becdmfflg completely sustainablemthe future.

Receives plenty of attention:

Currently, environmental sustainability is atopical issuethatreceivesplenty of attention from the media and from different governmental departments. This is a ~ f the a~esearch ~ o assessing the impact that human activity can have on the environment. Although  rm nnfr~~ of this~~e are not yet fully understood, it is generally agreed that the risk is high enough to ~fan  respons~ sses are expected to lead in the area of environmental sustainability as they are considered to be ~ ~~ st contri~d are also in a position where they can make a significant difference.For much of the past, most busineave a ttle regard or concern for the negative impact they have on the environment. Many large and small organizations are ~ of significantly polluting the environment and engaging in practices that are simply not sustainable. However, there are nub ~mcreasing number of businesses that are committed to reducing their damaging impact and even working towards havingapositive influence on environmental sustainability.

Sustainability forces businesses:

Environmental sustainability forces busmesse~to look beyond making short term gains and look at the long term impact they are having on the natural world. You nee~hsider not only the immediate impact your actions have on the environment but the long term implications as well. For ~-le, when manufacturing a product, you need to look at the environmental impact of the products entire lifecycle, from d~ ~ent to disposal before finalizing your designs.

European environmental history today:

During the last 30 years environmental history grew from an interest of some historians and natural scientists into a full-fledged academic discipline. In the United States environmental history gained a firm institutionalized base which is reflected in the fact that the annual meetings of the American Society for Environmental History, established in 1975, attracts over 500 participants. Environmental historical research in Europe is still fragmented but there are very promising and successful initiatives, both on the national and pan-European level. In 1986, the Dutch foundation for the history of environment and hygiene Net Work was founded. One of the most important goals of this foundation was to improve the communication between Dutch researchers with an interest in environmental history. The foundation publishes four newsletters per year.

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Since 1995, the White Horse Press in Cambridge (IJK) is publishing a journal with the title Environment and History. As an interdisciplinary journal, Environment and History aims to bring scholars in the humanities and biological sciences closer together in constructing long and well-founded perspectives on present day environmental problems. The same can be said for the Tijdschrift voor Ecologische Geschiedenis (Journal for Environmental History), a combined Flemish- Dutch initiative published

by the Academia Press in Gent, Belgium. This journal is mainly dealing with topics in the Netherlands and Belgium but it also has an interest in European environmental history. Each issue contains abstracts in English, French and German. In 1999 the Journal was changed into a yearbook for environmental eistory and since then every year a volume has been published. The aims and content of this annual book is similar to the former journal.

The historian and environmental history:

Environmental history is an interdisciplinary subject. That means that historians, scientists and other scholars must look over the boundaries of their own subject. The historian must be aware that he or she sometimes needs to apply some principles from the natural sciences, such as ecology, biology and forestry, to understand what happened in the past. However, this does not mean that the historian must become a scientist. He is and remains an historian with the task to master and understand the past as a key to a better understanding of the present. But to do so he or she must look over the boundaries of history and even the humanities and acquaint themselves with the nomenclature and principles of other disciplines, especially the natural sciences. This does not mean that they have to become experts in these fields, but to use it as a tool to get a better understanding of historical problems.

Environmental historians:

Donald Worster has recognized three clusters of issues to be addressed by environmental historians. The first cluster deals with the human intellectual realm consisting of perceptions, ethics, laws, myth and the other mental constructions related to the natural world. Ideas about the world around us influence the way we deal with the natural environment. Here we enter the second level of issues to be studied: the level of the socio-economic realm. Ideas have an impact on politics, policies and the ey through which ideas materialize in the natural world.

Actions to influence the material world:

But the world is not static, so it reacts on our actions to influence the ~~ orld. With the impact ~~ actions the natural world we enter the third level of environmental history. This level ~ un~dmg nature~ ~ e natural realm. In the case of woodland history it is the way forest ecosystems have  kingtm|ufber~st and ho~th~ were changed by human actions. The impact of human actions on the natural world is ~ a fee~b~hanges s, policies, economy etc. In this way the natural world defines the limits of what we~o~d what~ Withm th~ ork we try to change reactions we do not like and continue practices which, in o  succe~. This mode teraction between man and the environment depicts the concept of the separation ~~anslilpd n~e. Althou division between the human and the natural realms is an artificial one, it can be a use~ for ~ eh~nmental hi in identifying important questions, the sources that might be able to answer the questions and[tf[1e methodsused to studythesesources.

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AIOU Solved Assignments Code 1423 Autumn & spring 2024

Q.No.3 Discuss the sources of air pollution with speeialreference toindoor air poRution.(20) Man-made Environment

With the development of science~chn~ y~an bein_gs~egun to alter the environment to suit their requirements. This has led to the evolution of a Ifian-mad~e ~ment. H~ ffie environment which earlier comprised just air, land and water-now also includes crop fields, urban ~ indu , vehicles, power plants, telecommunications, and much more.

The basic needs of human beings are shelter, followe~~table water and sanitation. The houses of people in the city are made of brick and cement and not of mud with a thatch~he resources for urban housing are transported from rural areas in cars, buses, trucks and trains, which consume a ~~t of energy and pollute the atmosphere. The ever-increasing demand for comfort has resulted in the migration of pe  villages to urban areas. Urban areas, on the other hand are unable to meet the demands of basic civic amenities. As a r~ t,~ey are becoming hovels of dirt, disease and crime. This has resulted in the paradox of concrete skyscrapers coexisting wit~ and the atmosphere being polluted with exhaust from traffic, factories and domestic smoke.

Hydrosphere:

AH types of water resource~amely the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, polar ice caps, streams, glaciers, ground water, and water vapour are collectively known as the hydrosphere. Water being the ehxir of life, all ancient civilizations were linked to major sources of water, be it the Egyptian Civilization along the River Nile, the Indus VaHey Civilization along the River Indus, or the Mesopotamian Civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

The hydrosphere is an important part of the earth’s surface. About 70 per cent of the earth’s surface is covered with water. The northern hemisphere is dominated by land surface, while the southern hemisphere is almost entirely occupied by water bodies (oceans). Water is the most essential component of life for all living organisms. The hydrosphere is of immense importance to mankind. It maintains the availability of fresh water to the biosphere through the hydrological cycle. A major component of the hydrological cycle is the ocean. The oceans are great reservoirs of water and they also regulate carbon dioxide. The oceans can absorb more carbon dioxide than the atmosphere. Oceans are also the storehouses of vast resources, such as, water, salt, minerals, and food. The oceans are the largest sinks (pollutant receptor) of the planet. Thus, the role of the hydrosphere is critical to the sustenance of life on the earth. This is underlined by the fact that life on the earth originated under marine conditions.

Lithosphere:

The lithosphere is the outermost mantle of the rocks constituting the earth’s crust. Rocks are subjected to continuous physical, chemical and biological (attack by lichens) weathering. Plants grow and decay on the soil covering the rocks. Soil is the major component of the lithosphere. The organic matter in soil is decomposed by micro-organisms, thus forming biomass. This biomass is mixed with the soil fauna. The major components of soil are air, water, minerals, and inorganic matter obtained from weathering of the parent rock. Organic matter of soil comprises plant biomass that is in various stages of decay. It also includes a high population of bacteria fungi and animals such as nematodes, micro arthropods, termites and earthworms. Soil plays a vital role in supplying nutrients to the plant kingdom. The nutrient supply power of soil is a measure of its fertility, while the productivity of the soil is a function of crop and animal biomass per unit area. Thus, the yield of crop depends solely on soil and crop management strategies.

The lithosphere has a thickness ranging from 64 to 96 km. The uppermost part of the lithosphere (the earths crust) is rich in silica (Si) and aluminium (Al) and is therefore, known as the SiAl layer. The continents belong to the SiAl layer and are made up of granite rocks.

The zone next to the SiAl is rich in silica (Si) and magnesium (Mg). This layer is formed of basalt rocks and constitutes the ocean floors. The basalt rocks are heavier than the rocks formed by SiAl layer. Below the SiMg layer, the density of the layers increases with depth. Such differences in density cause the constituting layers to float, one over the other. The continents are basically large segments or _plates’ of the earth’s crust floating on top of this heavier layer. These floating plates are responsible~~e tectonic movement of the earth’s surface during an earthquake.

Lithosphere and thickness

Below the lithosphere hes the mande, which has a thickness of abuf|h2500km. The upper part ofmantle is known as the Asthenosphere, while the lower mantle is called the Mesosphere.~hr|erior-~art of the ~called the Core, which consists of minerals such as iron, nickel, cobalt mixed with sulphui~ sili~~ckness of~e~ re extends to about 3500 km. The Core consists of the outer core and the inner core. core a~t soli~whe outer core is molten and metallic. The temperature of the core ranges between 5000 and5/!iOOoC.  _

The direct interaction between the atmosphere, hy~ ~and li~ sp ~ for milli~~years has made the earth suitable for life and has formed the biosphere.

Biosphere: Life on earth occupies a _thin~ ten~an a fe~ etres below and above its surface. This is commonly known as the biosphere. Bo~~osph~ ~vironm~fluence each other a lot. The oxygen and carbon dioxide levels of the atmosphere depend~ly ~l~t~ kmgd ~ the different biogeochemical cycles are essential for ou cula6on of constituents necessaryforsupportmg life.Thisis possible due to the interaction of the biosphere and

It is in the biosphere that radiant energy is converted tochemical form (carbohydrates) through the process of photosynthesis. Only then does energy transfer take place fromemical t~hanical, and heat forms during cellular metabolism.

AIOU Solved Assignments Code 1423

Q.No.4 Explain the structure of atmospllere.Support your answer with suitable diagram. (20)

The changes in the atmosphere with hei~results of specific physical conditions which exist on the earth and in its atmosphere. The vertical changes in tcmf|er;hure are important in constraining weather events to the lowest 10-12 km of the atmosphere. The ozone layer, located 5 km above the eartlr s surface, causes the temperature to rapidly change in the middle atmosphere.

Acid rain describes any form of precipitation with high levels of nitric and sulfuric acids. It can also occur in the form of snow, fog, and tiny bits of dry material that settle to Earth. Rotting vegetation and erupting volcanoes release some chemicals that can cause acid rain, but most acid rain falls because of human activities. The biggest culprit is the burning of fossil fuels by coal- burning power plants, factories, and automobiles. When humans burn fossil fuels, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are released into the atmosphere. These chemical gases react with water, oxygen, and other substances to form mild solutions of sulfuric and nitric acid. Winds may spread these acidic solutions across the atmosphere and over hundreds of miles. When acid rain reaches Earth, it flows across the surface in runoff water, enters water systems, and sinks into the soil.

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Acid rain has many ecological effects, but none is greater than its impact on lakes, streams, wetlands, and other aquatic environments. Acid rain makes waters acidic, and causes them to absorb the aluminum that makes its way from soil into lakes and streams. This combination makes waters toxic to crayfish, clams, fish, and other aquatic animals.

 Earth as a Green-house

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. This section provides information on emissi~ movals of the main greenhouse gases to and from the atmosphere. For more info~on on the science of climate ~afig and other climate forcers, such as black carbon, please visit Climate Change Science.

Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere thring fossil fuels (coal,~ gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of certain ch   ons ~ manufacture ~ceinerlt). Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere (or “sequestered”) when it is absorbed byplantsthe biological carbon cycle.

Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted during the produ~ons~ sp ~c~ na~d oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and bythedecay oforgank: waste inumnieipal solid waste landfills.

Nitrous oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted d~~cul~ ~dustrial a~ as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

Fluorinated gases: Hydro fluorocarbon ~roc~n~ hexa~ and nitrogen trifluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted frorlln~ of~~1=process~ofinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting subs~.g., ch~ ~ ar~ ~ chlorofluorocarbons, and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller qu~ut be~~ are po ouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases (“High GWPgases”).

Coping with Global Warming

The world is on track to reach dangerous levIs~~lbbal warming much sooner than expected, according to new Australian research that highlights the alarming implicationsofrising energy demand.

University of Queensland and Griffith  iv~ity researchers have developed a “global energy tracker” which predicts average world temperatures could climb 1.5C ~e pre-industrial levels by 2024. That forecast, based on new modelling using long-term average projections on economic gr~~ulation growth and energy use per person, points to a 2C rise by 2030.

The UN conference on clima ~~ge in Paris last year agreed to a I.5C rise as the preferred limit to protect vulnerable island states, and a 2C rise as the~te limit. The more the economy grows, the more energy you use … the conclusion really is that economists and environmen ts are on the same side and have both come to the same conclusion: we’ve got to act now and we don’t have much time.”

Wagner said the model suggested the surge in energy consumption was not offset by improvements in energy efficiency. He said energy use per person was on track to rise six fold by 2050, which had dire implications for temperatures when combined with economic growth of 3.9% a year (the six-decade average) and a world population of 9 billion. “Massive increases in energy consumption would be necessary to alleviate poverty for the nearly 50% of the world’s population who live on less than $2.50 a day. “We have a choice: leave people in poverty and speed towards dangerous global warming through the increased use of fossil fuels, or transition rapidly to renewable.”

More than one million readers have now supported our independent, investigative journalism through contributions, membership or subscriptions, which has played such an important part in helping The Guardian overcome a perHous financial situation globally. We want to thank you for all of your support. But we have to maintain and build on that support for every year to come.

Sustained support from our readers enables us to continue pursuing difficult stories in challenging times of political upheaval, when factual reporting has never been more critical. The Guardian is editorially independent – our journalism is free from commercial bias and not influenced by billionaire owners, politicians or shareholders. No one edits our editor. No one steers our opinion. This is important because it enables us to give a voice to those less heard, chaHenge the powerful and hold them to account. Readers’ support means we can continue bringing The Guardian’s independent journalism to the world.

The gaseous area surrounding the planet is divided into several concemri~trata or layers. About 99%. of the total atmospheric mass is concentrated in the first 20 miles (32 km) above Earth’s s~ ~ ~orical outline on the ~ of atmospheric structure.

TffE~ STRUCTURE

Atmospheric layers are characterized by variations in ~ e resul~ ptifharHy ~ absorption of solar radiation; avisibletmosphlit at the surface, near ultraviolet radiationmiddleatmosphere, and]hr ultraviolet radiation in the upper

Troposphere

The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest To the contain_ sthe largest percentage (around 80%) of the mass of the total atmosphere. Temperature and ~vapbr e tropos~~dease rapidly with altitude. Water vapor plays a major role in regulating air te hecause solar ~ d thermal radiation from the planet’s surface. The troposphere contains 99 % of the~vapor sphere. ~vapbr concentrations vary with latitude. They are greatest above the tropics, where they may be as highas3 %,and decreasetoward the polar regions.

AH weather phenomena occur within the tropo~ere, al~turbulence may extend into the lower portion of the stratosphere. Troposphere means “region of mixing” and is so named because of vigorous convective air currents within the layer.

The upper boundary of the layer, known as the e, ranges in height from 5 miles (8 km) near the poles up to I I miles (18 km) above the equator. Its height also variethe seasons; highest in the summer and lowest in the winter.

Stratosphere

The stratosphere is the second m~~ta of air in the atmosphere. It extends above the tropopause to an altitude of about 30 miles (50 km) above the plan~ e. The air temperature in the stratosphere remains relatively constant up to an altitude of 15 miles (25 km). Then it incr~duaHy to up to the stratopause. Because the air temperature in the stratosphere increases with altitude, it does not cause ~ on and has a stabilizing effect on atmospheric conditions in the region. Ozone plays the major role in regulating the thermal regime of the stratosphere, as water vapor content within the layer is very low. Temperature increases with ozone concentration. Solar energy is converted to kinetic energy when ozone molecules absorb ultraviolet radiation, resulting in heating of the stratosphere.

The ozone layer is centered at an altitude between 10-15 miles (15-25 km). Approximately 90 % of the ozone in the atmosphere resides in the stratosphere. Ozone concentration in the this region is about 10 parts per million by volume (ppmv) as compared to approximately 0.04 ppmv in the troposphere. Ozone absorbs the bulk of solar ultraviolet radiation in wavelengths from 290 nm – 320 nm (UV-B radiation). These wavelengths are harmful to life because they can be absorbed by the nucleic acid in cells. Inaeased penetration of ultraviolet radiation to the planet’s surface would damage plant life and have harmful environmental consequences. Appreciably large amounts of solar ultraviolet radiation would result in a host of biological effects, such as a dramatic increase in cancers.

The mesosphere a layer extending tiom approximately 30 to 50 miles (50 to 85 km) above the surface, is characterized by decreasing temperatures. The coldest temperatures in Earth’s atmosphere occur at the top of this layer, the mesopause, especially in the summer near the pole. The mesosphere has sometimes jocularly been referred to as the “ignorosphere” because it had been probably the least studied of the atmospheric layers. The stratosphere and mesosphere together are sometimes referred to as the middle atmosphere.

Thermosphere

The thermosphere is located above the mesosphere. The temperature in the thermosphere generaHy increases with altitude reaching 600 to 3000 F (600-2000 K) depending on solar activity. This increase in temperature is due to the absorption of intense solar radiation by the limited amount of remaining molecular oxygen. At this extreme altitude gas molecules are widely separated. Above 60 miles (100 km) from Earth’s surface the chemical composition of air becomes strongly dependent on altitude and the atmosphere becomes enriched with lighter gases (atomic oxygen, helium and hydrogen). Also at 60 miles (100 km) altitude, Earth’s atmosphere becomes too thin to support aircraft and vehicles need to travel at orbital velocities to stay aloft. This demarcation between aeronautics and astronautics is known as the Karman Line. Above about 100 miles (160 km) altitude the major atmospheric component becomes atomic oxygen. At very high altitudes, the residual gases begin to stratify according to molecular mass, because of gravitational separation.

The exosphere is the most distant atmospheric region from Earth’s surface. exosphere, an upward travel~ olecule can escape to space (if it is moving fast enough) or be pulled back to Earth b (if it isn’t) with little ab`~ of colliding with another molecule. The altitude of its lower boundary, known as th ause or exobase, range bout 150 to 300 miles (250-500 km) depending on solar activity. The upper boun efined theoreticaHy by de (about 120,000 miles, half the distance to the Moon) at which the influence of sol pre~on atomic h velocities exceeds that of the Earth’s gravitational pull. The exosphere observable fromf8p the~~ is seen t to at least 60,000 miles from the surface of the Earth. The exosphere is a transitional zonebetween  osphereand interplanetary space.

MAGNETO-ELECTROMC STfiUCTURE

The upper atmosphere is also divided into regions basedon the behavior and numberof &ee electrons and other charged particles.

D-region is about 35 to 55 miles (60 90 Inn) in altitude but disappears at night. E-region is about 55 to 90 miles (90 140 km) in altitude. F-region is above 90 miles (140 km) in atitude. During the day it has two regions Imown as the Fl-region from about 90 to 115 miles (140 to 180 km) altitude and the F2-region in which the concentration of electrons peaks in the altitude range of 150 to 300 miles (around 250 to 500 km). Most recent map of the Height of Maximum (hmF2). The ionosphere above the peak electron concentration is usually referred to as the Topside ionosphere.

Plasma sphere

The plasmasphere is not reaHy spherical but a doughnut-shapedregion(a torus) with the ]hole aligned with Earth’s magnetic axis. [In this case the use of the suffix -sphere is more ~e~tive sen~ a “sphere  ce”.] The Earth’s plasmasphere is made of just that, a plasma, the fourth state of mat~~ your ~on s6rtlng fas of matter with the Matter Sorter.) This plasma is composed mostly of hydrogen ions oto~and e~~s. has a v edge called theplasmapause. The outer edge of this doughnut over the equator is us~ome 4~~ radii ~ the center of the Earth or 12,000-20,000 miles (19,000-32,000 km) above the surface. Th~ ph i~ffally an ~~idn of the ionosphere. Inside of the plasmapause, geomagnetic field lines rotate with the E~e inn~ e pla~ e is taI;:en as the altitude at which protons replace oxygen as the dorninant species in ~~osph which ~curs at about 600 miles (1000 km) altitude. The plasmasphere can also be consideredtobe a strtletureWithin the magnetosphere. Magnetosphere

Outside the plasmapause, magnetic field lines are unable to coronate because they are influenced strongly by electric fields of solar wind origin. The magnetosphere is a cavity (also not spherical) in which the Earth’s magnetic field is constrained by the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The outer boundary of the magnetosphere is called the magnetopause. The magnetosphere is shaped like an elongated teardrop (like a Christmas Tree ornament) with the tail pointing away from the Sun. The magnetopause is typically located at about 10 Earth radii or some 35,000 miles (about 56,000 km) above the Earth’s surface on the day side and stretches into a long tail, the magneto tail, a few million miles long (about 1000 Earth radii), well past the orbit

of the Moon (at around 60 Earth radii), on the night side of the Earth. However, the Moon itself is usually not within the magnetosphere except for a couple of days around the Full Moon.

Beyond the magnetopause are the magneto sheath and bow shock which are regions in the solar wind disturbed by the presence of Earth and its magnetic field. are regions in the solar wind disturbed by the presence of Earth and its magnetic field.

Solved AIOU Assignments Code 1423 Autumn & Spring 2024

Q.No.5 Write short notes on the foRowings:

a. Enlist major air poRutants

Major air pollutions are:

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Pollutants facts Fuel combustion from vehicles and engines. Pollutants factsReduces the amount of oxygen reaching the body’s organs and tissues; aggravates heart disease, resulting in chest pain and other symptoms.

Ground-level Ozone (03)

Pollutants fact sSecondary pollutant formed by chemical reaction of volatileorganic compounds (VOCs) andNOx i11Rle presence of sunlight. Pollutants factsDecreases lung function and causes respira~ptoms, such as coughin~s1fortness of breath, and also makes asthma and other lung diseases get worse. More on 6mum;f Level C)zone Here

Pollutants factsSmelters (metal refineries) and oth dustrie~mb~tion of~ gasoline in piston engine aircraft; waste incinerators (waste burners), and battery man g.

P.Ilutants fact sDamages the developing nervous system,resulting in IQ lossand impacts on learning, memory, and behavior in children. Cardiovascular and renal e~ adults effectare anaemia.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Pollutants factsFuel combustion (electric utilities, big industrial boilers, vehicles) and wood burning.

Pollutants factsWorsens lung diseases leading to r symptoms, increased susceptibility to respiratory infection.

Particulate Matter (PM)

Pollutants factsThis is formed throu~~ical reactions, fuel combustion (e.g., burning coal, wood, diesel), industrial processes, farming (plowing, field burninpaved roads or during road constructions. Pollutants factsShort-term exposures can

worsen heart or lung diseas~use respiratory problems. Long..term exposures can cause heart or lung disease and sometimes premature deaths.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Pollutants facts SO2 comes from fuel combustion (especially high-sulfur coal); electric utilities and industrial processes as well as natural occurrences like volcanoes. Pollutants factsAggravates asthma and makes breathing difficult. It also contributes to particle formation with associated health effects.

b. Effects of acid deposition

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AIOU Free Solved Assignment No.2 Code 1423 English-I BA/BS Spring 2014

Here is AIOU – Allama Iqbal Open University 2nd Free Solved Assignment of Compulsory English -1 Code 1423 

Subject Name : Compulsory English -I

Course Code : 1423

Level : Bachelors BA / BS / BS(CS – IT)

Semester : Spring 2014

Assignment No. 2

Type : Free Solution of Assignments

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Tigers DFA infielder as part of flurry of moves linked to Spencer Torkelson’s demotion

• Updated: Jun. 03, 2024, 5:43 p.m. |
• Published: Jun. 03, 2024, 5:36 p.m.

Detroit Tigers second baseman Buddy Kennedy throws a ground ball hit by Minnesota Twins Manuel Margot to first baseman Spencer Torkelson for an out during the seventh inning of a baseball game, Saturday, April 20, 2024, in Minneapolis. Minnesota won 4-3. (AP Photo/Stacy Bengs) AP

• Evan Woodbery | [email protected]

Infielder Buddy Kennedy was the odd man out amid the flurry of moves made by the Detroit Tigers as they demoted Spencer Torkelson to Triple-A Toledo and promoted Justyn-Henry Malloy to the big leagues .

Malloy’s contract was selected by the Tigers; Torkelson was optioned to Toledo. To create a spot on the 40-man roster for Malloy, the Tigers designated Kennedy for assignment.

Kennedy will be placed on waivers or traded in the next seven days. If Kennedy goes unclaimed on waivers, he has the right to become a free agent.

Kennedy, 25, spent eight days with the big-league club after being recalled from Toledo to replace injured infielder Gio Urshela in late April. He went 2-for-10 with a home run, four RBIs, two walks and four strikeouts in six games.

He was hitting .234 with a .714 OPS in 39 games (163 plate appearances) with the Mud Hens.

The Mud Hens activated Ryan Kreidler from the injured list on Monday, which enhanced the Tigers’ infield depth on the 40-man roster and made Kennedy more expendable.

The Tigers could have freed up a 40-man roster spot by transferring outfielder Kerry Carpenter (back stress fracture ) to the 60-day injured list. The fact that they didn’t do so might indicate that they still hope he will be able to return by the end of July.

Kennedy was drafted in the fifth round out of high school in 2017 by the Arizona Diamondbacks. He reached the big leagues and played briefly in each of the last two seasons before being put on waivers last September.

He was claimed by the Oakland Athletics and then by the St. Louis Cardinals a month later. Kennedy remained on the Cardinals’ roster until February when St. Louis signed veteran infielder Brandon Crawford .

The Tigers claimed him on Feb. 29 , giving him the roster spot of Andre Lipcius, who was designated for assignment and then traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers .

TIGERS’ 40-MAN ROSTER (40)

Players on the active roster are in bold.

Left-handed pitchers (5) : Andrew Chafin , Tyler Holton , Easton Lucas, Tarik Skubal , Joey Wentz .

Right-handed pitchers (15) : Beau Brieske , Mason Englert , Alex Faedo , Jack Flaherty , Wilmer Flores**, Jason Foley , Alex Lange, Kenta Maeda , Matt Manning, Shelby Miller*, Casey Mize , Keider Montero, Reese Olson , Will Vest , Brendan White**.

Catchers (3) : Dillon Dingler, Carson Kelly , Jake Rogers .

Infielders (8) : Javier Báez , Andy Ibañez , Colt Keith , Ryan Kreidler, Eddys Leonard**, Zach McKinstry , Spencer Torkelson, Gio Urshela .

Outfielders (9) : Akil Baddoo , Mark Canha , Kerry Carpenter*, Riley Greene , Justyn-Henry Malloy , Parker Meadows, Wenceel Perez , Matt Vierling , Ryan Vilade.

*On 10- or 15-day injured list.

**On minor-league 7-day injured list

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Compulsory English-I Code 1423 Assignments of Autumn 2022

Compulsory english-i code 1423 assignment number 1.

Compulsory English-I Code 1423 Assignment Number 2

• Important Note:

1. Allama Iqbal Open University  ASSIGNMENTS :-

First and foremost Assignments are an essential part of the students. Because this plays a very important role.  Moreove r , you can’t clear your semester without assignments. Most Importantly send your assignments in time. However, you can not pass exams without assignments. In other words, your attendance in exams is wasteless.

2. Assignments Recommendation:-

You will be considered to fail without submitting your assignment. In other words, even if you get 95% marks in the examination you will be considered as fail. If you clear your assignments, you have the chance to appear in the examination. Therefore you can have 3 attempts to appear.

Following are the passing marks for each assignment

• 1st Assignment must have at least 50% marks.
• 2nd Assignment must have at least 50% marks.
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• 4th Assignment must have at least 50% marks.

In contrast, subjects having 2 assignments follow the above same percentage.

Above All  AIOU Master Academy  strives to help AIOU students. Moreover, we provide exam preparation notes like  Key books ,  Guess papers , and  5 years papers.

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Electrical Engineering and Systems Science > Systems and Control

Title: multi-agent assignment via state augmented reinforcement learning.

Abstract: We address the conflicting requirements of a multi-agent assignment problem through constrained reinforcement learning, emphasizing the inadequacy of standard regularization techniques for this purpose. Instead, we recur to a state augmentation approach in which the oscillation of dual variables is exploited by agents to alternate between tasks. In addition, we coordinate the actions of the multiple agents acting on their local states through these multipliers, which are gossiped through a communication network, eliminating the need to access other agent states. By these means, we propose a distributed multi-agent assignment protocol with theoretical feasibility guarantees that we corroborate in a monitoring numerical experiment.

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What Yankees’ Gerrit Cole got out of 1st rehab start, what’s next

• Updated: Jun. 04, 2024, 9:58 p.m. |
• Published: Jun. 04, 2024, 9:16 p.m.

• Randy Miller | NJ Advance Media for NJ.com

BRIDGEWATER, N.J. — Yankees ace Gerrit Cole always is his biggest critic, so there was no way he was going to be completely thrilled with absolutely everything in his first outing since his spring training elbow injury.

Tuesday night almost was a rare exception.

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