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APA PsycArticles
Delve into the science of psychology and behavior with APA PsycArticles, the database of full-text peer-reviewed articles published by the American Psychological Association and affiliated journals.
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This esteemed collection from American Psychological Association (APA) provides access to the full spectrum of study in the field — including cutting-edge research from preeminent scholars, to the historical underpinnings of the behavioral and social sciences.
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APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology
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Volume 1 — Foundations, Planning, Measures, and Psychometrics
Part I. Philosophical, Ethical, and Societal Underpinnings of Psychological Research (Chapters 1 – 6) Part II. Planning Research (Chapters 7 – 12) Part III. Measurement Methods (Chapters 13 – 32) Part IV. Psychometrics (Chapters 33 – 38)
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With significant new and updated content across dozens of chapters, the second edition of the APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology presents the most exhaustive treatment available of the techniques psychologists and others have developed to help them pursue a shared understanding of why humans think, feel, and behave the way they do. Across three volumes, the chapters in this indispensable handbook address broad, crosscutting issues faced by researchers: the philosophical, ethical, and societal underpinnings of psychological research. Newly written chapters cover topics such as:
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Psychological Science
Prospective submitters of manuscripts are encouraged to read Editor-in-Chief Simine Vazire’s editorial , as well as the editorial by Tom Hardwicke, Senior Editor for Statistics, Transparency, & Rigor, and Simine Vazire.
Psychological Science , the flagship journal of the Association for Psychological Science, is the leading peer-reviewed journal publishing empirical research spanning the entire spectrum of the science of psychology. The journal publishes high quality research articles of general interest and on important topics spanning the entire spectrum of the science of psychology. Replication studies are welcome and evaluated on the same criteria as novel studies. Articles are published in OnlineFirst before they are assigned to an issue. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) .
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Read the February 2022 editorial by former Editor-in-Chief Patricia Bauer, “Psychological Science Stepping Up a Level.”
Read the January 2020 editorial by former Editor Patricia Bauer on her vision for the future of Psychological Science .
Read the December 2015 editorial on replication by former Editor Steve Lindsay, as well as his April 2017 editorial on sharing data and materials during the review process.
Watch Geoff Cumming’s video workshop on the new statistics.
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Featured research from psychological science, teens who view their homes as more chaotic than their siblings have poorer mental health in adulthood.
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Rewatching recorded behavior, whether on a Tik-Tok video or police body-camera footage, makes even the most spontaneous actions seem more rehearsed or deliberate, new research shows.
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Loneliness in adulthood follows a U-shaped pattern: It’s higher in younger and older adulthood, and lowest during middle adulthood, according to new research that examined nine longitudinal studies from around the world.
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Chapter 11: Presenting Your Research
American Psychological Association (APA) Style
Learning Objectives
- Define APA style and list several of its most important characteristics.
- Identify three levels of APA style and give examples of each.
- Identify multiple sources of information about APA style.
What Is APA Style?
APA style is a set of guidelines for writing in psychology and related fields. These guidelines are set down in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2006) [1] . The Publication Manual originated in 1929 as a short journal article that provided basic standards for preparing manuscripts to be submitted for publication (Bentley et al., 1929) [2] . It was later expanded and published as a book by the association and is now in its seventh edition ( view the APA Style website online ). The primary purpose of APA style is to facilitate scientific communication by promoting clarity of expression and by standardizing the organization and content of research articles and book chapters. It is easier to write about research when you know what information to present, the order in which to present it, and even the style in which to present it. Likewise, it is easier to read about research when it is presented in familiar and expected ways.
APA style is best thought of as a “genre” of writing that is appropriate for presenting the results of psychological research—especially in academic and professional contexts. It is not synonymous with “good writing” in general. You would not write a literary analysis for an English class, even if it were based on psychoanalytic concepts, in APA style. You would write it in Modern Language Association (MLA) style instead. And you would not write a newspaper article, even if it were about a new breakthrough in behavioural neuroscience, in APA style. You would write it in Associated Press (AP) style instead. At the same time, you would not write an empirical research report in MLA style, in AP style, or in the style of a romance novel, an e-mail to a friend, or a shopping list. You would write it in APA style. Part of being a good writer in general is adopting a style that is appropriate to the writing task at hand, and for writing about psychological research, this is APA style.
The Levels of APA Style
Because APA style consists of a large number and variety of guidelines—the Publication Manual is nearly 300 pages long—it can be useful to think about it in terms of three basic levels. The first is the overall organization of an article (which is covered in Chapter 2 “Manuscript Structure and Content” of the Publication Manual ). Empirical research reports, in particular, have several distinct sections that always appear in the same order:
- Title page. Presents the article title and author names and affiliations.
- Abstract. Summarizes the research.
- Introduction. Describes previous research and the rationale for the current study.
- Method. Describes how the study was conducted.
- Results. Describes the results of the study.
- Discussion. Summarizes the study and discusses its implications.
- References. Lists the references cited throughout the article.
The second level of APA style can be referred to as high-level style (covered in Chapter 3 “Writing Clearly and Concisely” of the Publication Manual ), which includes guidelines for the clear expression of ideas. There are two important themes here. One is that APA-style writing is formal rather than informal. It adopts a tone that is appropriate for communicating with professional colleagues—other researchers and practitioners—who share an interest in the topic. Beyond this shared interest, however, these colleagues are not necessarily similar to the writer or to each other. A graduate student in British Columbia might be writing an article that will be read by a young psychotherapist in Toronto and a respected professor of psychology in Tokyo. Thus formal writing avoids slang, contractions, pop culture references, humour, and other elements that would be acceptable in talking with a friend or in writing informally.
The second theme of high-level APA style is that it is straightforward. This means that it communicates ideas as simply and clearly as possible, putting the focus on the ideas themselves and not on how they are communicated. Thus APA-style writing minimizes literary devices such as metaphor, imagery, irony, suspense, and so on. Again, humour is kept to a minimum. Sentences are short and direct. Technical terms must be used, but they are used to improve communication, not simply to make the writing sound more “scientific.” For example, if participants immersed their hands in a bucket of ice water, it is better just to write this than to write that they “were subjected to a pain-inducement apparatus.” At the same time, however, there is no better way to communicate that a between-subjects design was used than to use the term “between-subjects design.”
APA Style and the Values of Psychology
Robert Madigan and his colleagues have argued that APA style has a purpose that often goes unrecognized (Madigan, Johnson, & Linton, 1995) [3] . Specifically, it promotes psychologists’ scientific values and assumptions. From this perspective, many features of APA style that at first seem arbitrary actually make good sense. Following are several features of APA-style writing and the scientific values or assumptions they reflect.
Another important element of high-level APA style is the avoidance of language that is biased against particular groups. This is not only to avoid offending people—why would you want to offend people who are interested in your work?—but also for the sake of scientific objectivity and accuracy. For example, the term sexual orientation should be used instead of sexual preference because people do not generally experience their orientation as a “preference,” nor is it as easily changeable as this term suggests (APA Committee on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Concerns Joint Task Force on Guidelines for Psychotherapy With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients, 2000) [4] .
The general principles for avoiding biased language are fairly simple. First, be sensitive to labels by avoiding terms that are offensive or have negative connotations. This includes terms that identify people with a disorder or other problem they happen to have. For example, patients with schizophrenia is better than schizophrenics . Second, use more specific terms rather than more general ones. For example, Chinese Canadians is better than Asian Canadians if everyone in the group is, in fact, Chinese Canadian. Third, avoid objectifying research participants. Instead, acknowledge their active contribution to the research. For example, “The students completed the questionnaire” is better than “The subjects were administered the questionnaire.” Note that this principle also makes for clearer, more engaging writing. Table 11.1 shows several more examples that follow these general principles.
The previous edition of the Publication Manual strongly discouraged the use of the term subjects (except for nonhumans) and strongly encouraged the use of participants instead. The current edition, however, acknowledges that subjects can still be appropriate in referring to human participants in areas in which it has traditionally been used (e.g., basic memory research). But it also encourages the use of more specific terms when possible: university students , children , respondents , and so on.
The third level of APA style can be referred to as low-level style (which is covered in Chapter 4 “The Mechanics of Style” through Chapter 7 “Reference Examples” of the Publication Manual .) Low-level style includes all the specific guidelines pertaining to spelling, grammar, references and reference citations, numbers and statistics, figures and tables, and so on. There are so many low-level guidelines that even experienced professionals need to consult the Publication Manual from time to time. Table 11.2 contains some of the most common types of APA style errors based on an analysis of manuscripts submitted to one professional journal over a 6-year period (Onwuegbuzie, Combs, Slate, & Frels, 2010) [5] . These errors were committed by professional researchers but are probably similar to those that students commit the most too. See also Note 11.8 “Online APA Style Resources” in this section and, of course, the Publication Manual itself.
Online APA Style Resources
The best source of information on APA style is the Publication Manual itself. However, there are also many good websites on APA style, which do an excellent job of presenting the basics for beginning researchers. Here are a few of them.
Purdue Online Writing Lab
Douglas Degelman’s APA Style Essentials [PDF]
Doc Scribe’s APA Style Lite [PDF]
APA-Style References and Citations
Because science is a large-scale collaboration among researchers, references to the work of other researchers are extremely important. Their importance is reflected in the extensive and detailed set of rules for formatting and using them.
At the end of an APA-style article or book chapter is a list that contains references to all the works cited in the text (and only the works cited in the text). The reference list begins on its own page, with the heading “References,” centred in upper and lower case. The references themselves are then listed alphabetically according to the last names of the first named author for each citation. (As in the rest of an APA-style manuscript, everything is double-spaced.) Many different kinds of works might be cited in APA-style articles and book chapters, including magazine articles, websites, government documents, and even television shows. Of course, you should consult the Publication Manual or Online APA Style Resources for details on how to format them. Here we will focus on formatting references for the three most common kinds of works cited in APA style: journal articles, books, and book chapters.
Journal Articles
For journal articles, the generic format for a reference is as follows:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, xx (yy), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Here is a concrete example:
Adair, J. G., & Vohra, N. (2003). The explosion of knowledge, references, and citations: Psychology’s unique response to a crisis. American Psychologist, 58 (1), 15–23. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.15
There are several things to notice here. The reference includes a hanging indent. That is, the first line of the reference is not indented but all subsequent lines are. The authors’ names appear in the same order as on the article, which reflects the authors’ relative contributions to the research. Only the authors’ last names and initials appear, and the names are separated by commas with an ampersand (&) between the last two. This is true even when there are only two authors. Only the first word of the article title is capitalized. The only exceptions are for words that are proper nouns or adjectives (e.g., “Freudian”) or if there is a subtitle, in which case the first word of the subtitle is also capitalized. In the journal title, however, all the important words are capitalized. The journal title and volume number are italicized; however, the issue number (listed within parentheses) is not. At the very end of the reference is the digital object identifier (DOI), which provides a permanent link to the location of the article on the Internet. Include this if it is available. It can generally be found in the record for the item on an electronic database (e.g., PsycINFO) and is usually displayed on the first page of the published article.
For a book, the generic format and a concrete example are as follows:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of book . Location: Publisher. Kashdan, T., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2014). The upside of your dark side. New York, NY: Hudson Street Press.
Book Chapters
For a chapter in an edited book, the generic format and a concrete example are as follows:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx–xxx). Location: Publisher. Lilienfeld, S. O., & Lynn, S. J. (2003). Dissociative identity disorder: Multiple personalities, multiple controversies. In S. O. Lilienfeld, S. J. Lynn, & J. M. Lohr (Eds.), Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology (pp. 109–142). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Notice that references for books and book chapters are similar to those for journal articles, but there are several differences too. For an edited book, the names of the editors appear with their first and middle initials followed by their last names (not the other way around)—with the abbreviation “Eds.” (or “Ed.,” if there is only one) appearing in parentheses immediately after the final editor’s name. Only the first word of a book title is capitalized (with the exceptions noted for article titles), and the entire title is italicized. For a chapter in an edited book, the page numbers of the chapter appear in parentheses after the book title with the abbreviation “pp.” Finally, both formats end with the location of publication and the publisher, separated by a colon.
Reference Citations
When you refer to another researcher’s idea, you must include a reference citation (in the text) to the work in which that idea originally appeared and a full reference to that work in the reference list. What counts as an idea that must be cited? In general, this includes phenomena discovered by other researchers, theories they have developed, hypotheses they have derived, and specific methods they have used (e.g., specific questionnaires or stimulus materials). Citations should also appear for factual information that is not common knowledge so that other researchers can check that information for themselves. For example, in an article on the effect of cell phone usage on driving ability, the writer might cite official statistics on the number of cell phone–related accidents that occur each year. Among the ideas that do not need citations are widely shared methodological and statistical concepts (e.g., between-subjects design, t test) and statements that are so broad that they would be difficult for anyone to argue with (e.g., “Working memory plays a role in many daily activities.”). Be careful, though, because “common knowledge” about human behaviour is often incorrect. Therefore, when in doubt, find an appropriate reference to cite or remove the questionable assertion.
When you cite a work in the text of your manuscript, there are two ways to do it. Both include only the last names of the authors and the year of publication. The first method is to use the authors’ last names in the sentence (with no first names or initials) followed immediately by the year of publication in parentheses. Here are some examples:
Burger (2008) conducted a replication of Milgram’s (1963) original obedience study.
Although many people believe that women are more talkative than men, Mehl, Vazire, Ramirez-Esparza, Slatcher, and Pennebaker (2007) found essentially no difference in the number of words spoken by male and female college students.
Notice several things. First, the authors’ names are treated grammatically as names of people, not as things. It is better to write “a replication of Milgram’s (1963) study” than “a replication of Milgram (1963).” Second, when there are two authors the names are not separated by commas, but when there are three or more authors they are. Third, the word and (rather than an ampersand) is used to join the authors’ names. Fourth, the year follows immediately after the final author’s name. An additional point, which is not illustrated in these examples but is illustrated in the sample paper in Section 11.2 “Writing a Research Report in American Psychological Association (APA) Style”, is that the year only needs to be included the first time a particular work is cited in the same paragraph.
The second way to cite an article or a book chapter is parenthetically—including the authors’ last names and the year of publication in parentheses following the idea that is being credited. Here are some examples:
People can be surprisingly obedient to authority figures (Burger, 2008; Milgram, 1963).
Recent evidence suggests that men and women are similarly talkative (Mehl, Vazire, Ramirez-Esparza, Slatcher, & Pennebaker, 2007).
One thing to notice about such parenthetical citations is that they are often placed at the end of the sentence, which minimizes their disruption to the flow of that sentence. In contrast to the first way of citing a work, this way always includes the year—even when the citation is given multiple times in the same paragraph. Notice also that when there are multiple citations in the same set of parentheses, they are organized alphabetically by the name of the first author and separated by semicolons.
There are no strict rules for deciding which of the two citation styles to use. Most articles and book chapters contain a mixture of the two. In general, however, the first approach works well when you want to emphasize the person who conducted the research—for example, if you were comparing the theories of two prominent researchers. It also works well when you are describing a particular study in detail. The second approach works well when you are discussing a general idea and especially when you want to include multiple citations for the same idea.
The third most common error in Table 11.2 has to do with the use of et al. This is an abbreviation for the Latin term et alia , which means “and others.” In APA style, if an article or a book chapter has more than two authors , you should include all their names when you first cite that work. After that, however, you should use the first author’s name followed by “et al.” Here are some examples:
Recall that Mehl et al. (2007) found that women and men spoke about the same number of words per day on average.
There is a strong positive correlation between the number of daily hassles and the number of symptoms people experience (Kanner et al., 1981).
Notice that there is no comma between the first author’s name and “et al.” Notice also that there is no period after “et” but there is one after “al.” This is because “et” is a complete word and “al.” is an abbreviation for the word alia .
Key Takeaways
- APA style is a set of guidelines for writing in psychology. It is the genre of writing that psychologists use to communicate about their research with other researchers and practitioners.
- APA style can be seen as having three levels. There is the organization of a research article, the high-level style that includes writing in a formal and straightforward way, and the low-level style that consists of many specific rules of grammar, spelling, formatting of references, and so on.
- References and reference citations are an important part of APA style. There are specific rules for formatting references and for citing them in the text of an article.
- Practice: Find a description of a research study in a popular magazine, newspaper, blog, or website. Then identify five specific differences between how that description is written and how it would be written in APA style.
- Walters, F. T., and DeLeon, M. (2010). Relationship Between Intrinsic Motivation and Accuracy of Academic Self-Evaluations Among High School Students. Educational Psychology Quarterly, 23, 234–256.
- Moore, Lilia S. (2007). Ethics in survey research. In M. Williams & P. L. Lee (eds.), Ethical Issues in Psychology (pp. 120–156), Boston, Psychological Research Press.
- Vang, C., Dumont, L. S., and Prescott, M. P. found that left-handed people have a stronger preference for abstract art than right-handed people (2006).
- This result has been replicated several times (Williamson, 1998; Pentecost & Garcia, 2006; Armbruster, 2011)
- Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) (2010). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. ↵
- Bentley, M., Peerenboom, C. A., Hodge, F. W., Passano, E. B., Warren, H. C., & Washburn, M. F. (1929). Instructions in regard to preparation of manuscript. Psychological Bulletin, 26 , 57–63. ↵
- Madigan, R., Johnson, S., & Linton, P. (1995). The language of psychology: APA style as epistemology. American Psychologist, 50 , 428–436. ↵
- American Psychological Association, Committee on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Concerns Joint Task Force on Guidelines for Psychotherapy With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients. (2000). Guidelines for psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients . Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20081022063811/http://www.apa.org:80/pi/lgbc/guidelines.html ↵
- Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Combs, J. P., Slate, J. R., & Frels, R. K. (2010). Editorial: Evidence-based guidelines for avoiding the most common APA errors in journal article submissions. Research in the Schools, 16 , ix–xxxvi. ↵
A set of guidelines for writing in psychology and related fields.
A book produced by the APA containing standards for preparing manuscripts to be submitted for publication in order to facilitate scientific communication by promoting clarity of expression and standardizing the organization and content of articles and book chapters.
Referring to an article, the sections that are included and what order they appear in.
The second level of APA style which includes guidelines for the clear expression of ideas through writing style.
Third level of APA style which includes all the specific guidelines pertaining to spelling, grammar, references and reference citations, numbers and statistic, figures and tables, and so on.
The source of information used in a research article.
The referral to another researcher’s idea that is written in the text, with the full reference appearing in the reference list.
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Susan Krauss Whitbourne PhD, ABPP on May 25, 2024 in Fulfillment at Any Age
Being lied to or exploited by someone close to you can be an unnerving experience. New research unpacks the emotions of the betrayer, showing who you can and cannot trust.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/pexels-rsantos1232-1226693.jpg?itok=Cjm7_Gli)
We Need a Word for This Emotion
Jennifer Gerlach LCSW on May 27, 2024 in Beyond Mental Health
Have you ever felt something that had no name? Let me tell you about compassion fire.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/car-7862030_1280.jpg?itok=EjkmIzFJ)
How to Address Anxiety Before, During, or After Driving
Michael R Edelstein Ph.D. on May 27, 2024 in The Three Minute Therapist
If you consider yourself a nervous driver, take this post to heart.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/stewart-munro-b1BrEXiYfFg-unsplash.jpg?itok=MVqrc6VH)
Dying in Silence, Living Through Laughter
Michele DeMarco Ph.D., Rev on May 26, 2024 in Soul Console
Research shows that humor increases connectedness, hope, identity, and empowerment.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/pexels-cottonbro-3831887.jpg?itok=UBbjlFHM)
Are You Self-Sabotaging Your Love Life?
Lindsay Weisner Psy.D. on May 26, 2024 in The Venn Diagram Life
Has your relationship run its course, or are you just running away from committment?
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/%20stasknop%3AAdobe%20Stock.png.jpg?itok=Ft7Hq2cN)
When It's Over
Monica Vermani C. Psych. on May 26, 2024 in A Deeper Wellness
Breaking up is hard to do, and how you manage your emotions, interactions, and thoughts in the aftermath of a breakup can make moving forward less challenging.
![The Final Chase of Moby-Dick. I. W. Taber Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902, Public Domain Captain Ahab's efforts to purge evil from the universe ironically destroys his ship and crew.](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/field_blog_entry_images/2024-05/Post%2045%20Melville%20Ahab%20photo.jpg?itok=ClKwbPpX)
Ethics and Morality
Melville, "moby dick," and worldwide authoritarianism.
Dennis M. Clausen Ph.D. on May 26, 2024 in Small Town, USA
Herman Melville's novel "Moby Dick" illustrates the dangers of worldwide authoritarianism. However, Melville was an exceedingly perceptive observer of the the patterns of history.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/IMG_0137.jpeg.jpg?itok=o8c_JjH-)
Leadership Is About More than Giving Orders
Ahron Friedberg M.D. on May 26, 2024 in Resilience
To lead you have to work within the rules.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/a-person-watching-netflix-4x3.jpg?itok=VGt63HOE)
2 Netflix Shows With Spot-On Mental Health Representation
Mark Travers Ph.D. on May 26, 2024 in Social Instincts
These two must-see Netflix shows brilliantly portray psychological concepts.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/field_blog_entry_images/2024-05/Marcos%20Mesa%20Sam%20Wordley%3Ashutterstock_342091097.jpg?itok=-iYhV8E1)
The Future of Sex
Marianne Brandon Ph.D. on May 26, 2024 in The Future of Intimacy
Adolescents and the more vulnerable among us may need help in metabolizing increasingly potent and accessible artificial lovers.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/IMG_2737.jpeg.jpg?itok=gYx867i4)
- Positive Psychology
Why Disagreement Is a Stubborn Enemy of Listening
Guy Itzchakov Ph.D. on May 26, 2024 in The Listening Lens
A family dinner argument left me frustrated yet reflective. Discover how improving our listening skills can make our disagreements more constructive, and strengthen relationships.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/StockSnap_V8DGYNR9GY.jpg?itok=dVQ4DniT)
Why Personal Growth Is Not Selfish
Stephen Joseph Ph.D. on May 26, 2024 in What Doesn't Kill Us
By making ourselves matter, we are making others matter.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/pexels-olly-3764402.jpg?itok=7nDsaHoa)
Neurodiversity
Neurodiversity on campus: are colleges affirming.
Jennifer Gerlach LCSW on May 26, 2024 in Beyond Mental Health
Neurodiversity has become a buzzword on college campuses as more and more students and faculty identify as neurodivergent. How are colleges meeting this need?
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/1_pexels-liza-summer-6382600.jpeg.jpg?itok=JpKScH8F)
“Be Strong!”: What Not to Say to a Grieving Person
Tamara Goldsby Ph.D. on May 26, 2024 in Less Stress, More Peace
You don’t need to “Be Strong” when you’re grieving but reach out to others for support. If the grief gets too much, consider talking to a counselor.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/Trust%20may%20psychology%20today%202024.png.jpg?itok=b-iaL9mw)
Do Doctors and Patients Understand Uncertainty in the Same Way?
Sara Gorman, Ph.D., MPH, and Jack M. Gorman, MD on May 26, 2024 in Denying to the Grave
Do frank conversations between healthcare professionals and patients about medical uncertainty improve trust? There's still a lot we don't know.
![Lu Wang Yardley Penthouse](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/field_blog_entry_images/2024-05/Factory%20Venue.jpg?itok=pfAooHmt)
What Can We Do to Improve Concert Goers’s Experience?
Lu Wang Ph.D. on May 25, 2024 in Music Is Number in Space
Can new technology help classical music appeal to a broad contemporary audience?
![Alexgo_Photography_Shutterstock Alexgo_Photography_Shutterstock](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/cover_story_small/public/2024-05/NightSky_Alexgo_Photography_Shutterstock_2425672335.jpg?h=02813de8&itok=Rr8uM97_)
The Search for Meaning
Why Our Brains Are Built to Search
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/field_blog_entry_images/2024-05/CAge.jpg?itok=QM-KvwiY)
Artificial Intelligence
The shift from analog to digital to cognitive.
John Nosta on May 25, 2024 in The Digital Self
As AI and LLMs usher in The Cognitive Age, humanity faces an existential question: will our own cognition become obsolete, or will we evolve alongside our digital partners?
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/shutterstock_2466562215.jpg?itok=-NbIlkbf)
Why We Like Cryptic Word Puzzles
Marcel Danesi Ph.D. on May 25, 2024 in Brain Workout
The clues used for creating cryptic crosswords constitute in themselves a genre of word puzzles. Solving these invariably produces a sense of pleasure that is exceptional.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/eric-ward-7KQe_8Meex8-unsplash.jpg?itok=DkWFXQ-1)
The Wisdom of Resentment: From Toxic to Tonic
Jessica Del Pozo, Ph.D. on May 25, 2024 in Being Awake Better
Resentment is often labeled as a toxic feeling. However, trusting the inherent wisdom of our emotions can guide us toward healing and growth.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/tabitha-turner-Y4wpkK_JWWk-unsplash%20adult%20child%20shame.jpg?itok=Vj3opXL-)
7 Ways to Manage Crisis Calls From a Struggling Adult Child
Jeffrey Bernstein Ph.D. on May 25, 2024 in Liking the Child You Love
When your phone buzzes with the familiar number of your adult child in distress, navigating the conversation can feel like walking a tightrope. Here's how to keep your balance.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/solar-eclipse-1115920_1280.jpg?itok=pKkktrH5)
What I Learned From Missing the Solar Eclipse
Nadja Halilbegovich on May 25, 2024 in From Surviving to Thriving
My disappointment taught me the value of radical acceptance and that our inner narratives define our experience.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/pexels-mart-production-7699480.jpg?itok=P6FZhQCt)
Autistic Youth Deserve Freedom from Abuse
Jennifer Gerlach LCSW on May 25, 2024 in Beyond Mental Health
Autistic youth are more than twice as likely to experience abuse than their neurotypical counterparts. How can systems better serve these families?
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/field_blog_entry_images/2024-05/pexels-karolina-grabowska-4476635_0.jpg?itok=F4mhvU8r)
Mindfulness
5 ways to find focus in the age of distractions.
Anita Owusu MSW, RSW on May 25, 2024 in Your Inner World
Master the art of presence and single-tasking to combat overwhelm, reclaim focus, and rediscover the joy of being fully present in every moment.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/field_blog_entry_images/2024-05/marekuliasz.jpg?itok=7vXBXNTG)
5 Factors in Finding Passion in Your Career
Ran D. Anbar M.D. on May 25, 2024 in Understanding Hypnosis
Keys to finding one’s passion include patience, willingness to explore many new experiences, and engaging in activities that allow you to joyfully express your life values.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/NAASP%20Recommendations.jpg?itok=Gw4ndPb-)
Recommended Standard Care for People With Suicide Risk
David A. Jobes Ph.D., ABPP on May 25, 2024 in The Psychology of Life
Survey research of hospitals shows a failure to use common sense evidence-based approaches for suicidal risk while proven psychological approaches for suicidality are rarely used.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/shutterstock_2397903595.jpg?itok=INexJ0gJ)
Can You Use Your Phone While Feeding Your Baby?
Corinne Masur Psy.D. on May 25, 2024 in Parenting Matters
Looking at your phone while you are with your baby, your young child, or even your teenager deprives them of the time you'd spend together in the present.
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/your%20perfect%20day.jpg?itok=M_NU2rQo)
Visualize Your Perfect Day to Make It Come True
Susanna Newsonen on May 25, 2024 in The Path to Passionate Happiness
What could you do tomorrow or this weekend to bring your perfect day into your reality?
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/shutterstock_2466487099.jpg?itok=dkroND-X)
Discover Your Evil Side
Rafa Euba on May 25, 2024 in You Are Not Meant To Be Happy
Ordinary people may behave cruelly in exceptional circumstances
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/hamed-hoseini-pur-WjDKniwlEm0-unsplash.jpg?itok=4jOvVEPb)
A Field Guide to Life's Big Lessons, Indian Style
Rahul Bhandari on May 25, 2024 in Turning Adversity into Advantage
Dive into Indian wisdom with quirky phrases that offer life lessons in action, communication, and self-acceptance!
![title= american psychological association research articles](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-05/pexels-shkrabaanthony-5217833.jpg?itok=cYqR9vVL)
Addressing Common Errors New EFT Relational Therapists Make
Jason N. Linder, PsyD on May 24, 2024 in Relationship and Trauma Insights
Feeling stuck with a case as an emotionally focused therapist? Here are five lessons from a supervisor's perspective to help you work smarter, not harder.
- Find a Treatment Center
- Find a Psychiatrist
- Find a Support Group
- Find Online Therapy
- United States
- Brooklyn, NY
- Chicago, IL
- Houston, TX
- Los Angeles, CA
- New York, NY
- Portland, OR
- San Diego, CA
- San Francisco, CA
- Seattle, WA
- Washington, DC
- Asperger's
- Bipolar Disorder
- Chronic Pain
- Eating Disorders
- Passive Aggression
- Personality
- Goal Setting
- Stopping Smoking
- Low Sexual Desire
- Child Development
- Self Tests NEW
- Therapy Center
- Diagnosis Dictionary
- Types of Therapy
![Everyday Triggers May 2024 magazine cover](https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/magazine_384x504/public/magazine/2024-04/2024-05.png.jpg?itok=3uPTD2oA)
At any moment, someone’s aggravating behavior or our own bad luck can set us off on an emotional spiral that threatens to derail our entire day. Here’s how we can face our triggers with less reactivity so that we can get on with our lives.
- Emotional Intelligence
- Gaslighting
- Affective Forecasting
- Neuroscience
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Recently published articles from subdisciplines of psychology covered by more than 90 APA Journals™ publications. For additional free resources (such as article summaries, podcasts, and more), please visit the Highlights in Psychological Research page.
Browse over 90 peer reviewed journals panning the breadth and depth of psychology, many published in partnership with APA's specialty Divisions and other national and international societies.
Overview. APA PsycArticles is a must-have for any core collection in the social and behavioral sciences providing access to 119 journals and journal coverage dating back to 1894. APA's definitive standards for writing and publishing psychological research enables authors to deliver rigorously vetted content that meets the highest standards of ...
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This is the introduction for the special issue of American Psychologist titled "Rethinking Adult Development: New Ideas for New Times." It highlights the main themes of the special issue and discusses the implications of current trends for future directions. Entry to adult family and work roles now comes later than ever before. More adults than in the past remain single, or coupled but ...
Psychology has much to contribute in terms of understanding and influencing the impact of the global coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To disseminate articles on key issues related to the pandemic in a time-sensitive manner, American Psychologist opened its Call for Papers in spring 2020. The journal applied a rapid review mechanism in order to publish articles on important aspects of the ...
Leading Scientific Journal Articles to Inform Meaningful Research. This esteemed collection from American Psychological Association (APA) provides access to the full spectrum of study in the field — including cutting-edge research from preeminent scholars, to the historical underpinnings of the behavioral and social sciences. ...
Part I. Philosophical, Ethical, and Societal Underpinnings of Psychological Research (Chapters 1 - 6) Part II. Planning Research (Chapters 7 - 12) Part III. Measurement Methods (Chapters 13 - 32) ... you agree to receive information about American Psychological Association (APA) products and services. You may unsubscribe at any time.
American Psychologist ®, established in 1946, is the flagship peer-reviewed scholarly journal of the American Psychological Association.As such, American Psychologist publishes current and timely high-impact papers of broad interest. These papers include empirical reports, meta-analyses, and other types of scholarly reviews. Topics cover psychological science, practice, education, and policy.
The American Journal of Psychology (AJP) was founded in 1887 by G. Stanley Hall and was edited in its early years by Titchener, Boring, and Dallenbach. The Journal has published some of the most innovative and formative papers in psychology throughout its history.AJP explores the science of the mind and behavior, publishing reports of original research in experimental psychology, theoretical ...
Authors plan for ethical compliance and report critical details of their research protocol to allow readers to evaluate findings and other researchers to potentially replicate the studies. Tables and figures present data in an engaging, consistent manner. ... American Psychological Association. (2020). Concise guide to APA Style (7th ed ...
This article introduces the journal issue devoted to the most recent iteration of evidence-based psychotherapy relationships and frames it within the work of the Third Interdivisional American Psychological Association Task Force on Evidence-Based Relationships and Responsiveness. The authors summarize the overarching purposes and processes of the Task Force and trace the devaluation of the ...
APA Style Journal Article Reporting Standards (APA Style Jars) are a set of standards designed for journal authors, reviewers, and editors to enhance scientific rigor in peer-reviewed journal articles.Educators and students can use APA Style JARS as teaching and learning tools for conducting high quality research and determining what information to report in scholarly papers.
The Mastering APA Style Student Workbook is an online and interactive workbook for teaching and learning seventh edition APA Style. Explore the workbook to learn more, register for a webinar, watch a demo video, try a sample workbook, and purchase your copy. Adopt the workbook for your course or workshop to use it to teach APA Style and ...
Psychological Science, the flagship journal of the Association for Psychological Science, is the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology and is truly a leader in the field. The journal publishes cutting-edge research articles and short reports, spanning the entire spectrum of the science of psychology. This journal is the source for the ...
Tools and insight for scientists and researchers on human and animal research, data collection and analysis, running your lab, mentoring, ethics, research tools, and calls for papers in APA journals. ... Highlights in psychological research . Curated content from APA Publishing, featuring scholarly works on current issues, summaries of research ...
Psychological Science, the flagship journal of the Association for Psychological Science, is the leading peer-reviewed journal publishing empirical research spanning the entire spectrum of the science of psychology.The journal publishes high quality research articles of general interest and on important topics spanning the entire spectrum of the science of psychology.
Each of the three articles in this section describes the findings from empirical research on the association between trauma and psychological adjustment. The first article pre-sented a study of the connection between racial trauma and substance abuse among American Indians. Whereas the second research article examined the role of racial and
What Is APA Style? APA style is a set of guidelines for writing in psychology and related fields.These guidelines are set down in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2006) [1].The Publication Manual originated in 1929 as a short journal article that provided basic standards for preparing manuscripts to be submitted for publication (Bentley et al., 1929) [2].
This guide contains examples of common types of APA Style references. Section numbers indicate where to find the examples in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). More information on references and reference examples are in Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual as well as the Concise Guide to APA ...
View the latest from the world of psychology: from behavioral research to practical guidance on relationships, mental health and addiction. Find help from our directory of therapists ...
Reporting standards are guidelines that describe how to communicate findings clearly in journal articles so that readers can access and understand the story of the research endeavor. Recognizing that reporting standards can aid authors in the process of writing and evaluating manuscripts and editors and reviewers in the process of evaluating those manuscripts, the Publications and ...
Explore the number one source for psychology publications, children's books, and journals. Learn and teach with digital databases covering the newest in psychology research.
The American Psychological Association (APA) is a scientific and professional organization that represents psychologists in the United States. APA educates the public about psychology, behavioral science and mental health; promotes psychological science and practice; fosters the education and training of psychological scientists, practitioners and educators; advocates for psychological ...
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