presentation about the united nations

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United Nations

By: History.com Editors

Updated: August 21, 2018 | Original: April 4, 2018

The United Nations (U.N.) is a global diplomatic and political organization dedicated to international peace and stability. The U.N. was officially established in 1945 following the horrific events of World War II, when international leaders proposed creating a new global organization to maintain peace and avoid the abuses of war. The U.N. initially had just 51 member states; today, the organization, which is headquartered in New York City, has 193 members. Major U.N. initiatives include preventing conflict by exploring options to ensure peace, providing food and medical assistance in emergencies, and offering humanitarian support to millions of people around the world. While the United Nations is sometimes criticized for its policies, bureaucracy and spending, the organization has accomplished hundreds of successful peacekeeping missions.

Atlantic Charter

After World War I , an international group developed the League of Nations to solve disputes between countries. When World War II started, the initiative failed but highlighted the need for a new, reformed organization that could promote global peace.

In August 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill held a secret meeting where they discussed the possibility of starting an international peace effort. They came up with a declaration called the Atlantic Charter , which outlined ideal goals of war and paved the way for the development of the U.N.

The United States joined the war in December 1941, and the title “United Nations” was first adopted to identify the countries that allied against Germany, Italy and Japan.

Representatives from 26 Allied nations met in Washington , D.C. on January 1, 1942 to sign the Declaration of the United Nations, which essentially described the war objectives of the Allied powers. The United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union led the charge.

U.N. Charter

Over the next few years, several meetings took place to draft a post-war charter that would decisively describe the roles of the U.N.

The main principles and structure of the United Nations Charter were determined by leaders at the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) in San Francisco on April 25, 1945.

After the war ended, the official United Nations Charter was ratified by 51 members on October 24, 1945.

United Nation’s Four Main Goals

The organization’s purpose and principles are outlined in the U.N. Charter. According to the document, the United Nations’ four main purposes are to:

• Maintain international peace and security;
• Develop friendly relations among nations;
• Achieve international cooperation in solving international problems; and
• Be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.

U.N. Bodies

The U.N. is divided into different bodies, including the following:

General Assembly : The General Assembly is the main policymaking body of the U.N. that votes on decisions the organization makes. All 193 members are represented in this branch.

Security Council : This 15-member council oversees measures that ensure the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council determines if a threat exists and encourages the parties involved to settle it peacefully.

Economic and Social Council : The Economic and Social Council makes policies and recommendations regarding economic, social and environmental issues. It consists of 54 members who are elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms.

Trusteeship Council : The Trusteeship Council was originally created to supervise the 11 Trust Territories that were placed under the management of seven member states. By 1994, all the territories had gained self-government or independence, and the body was suspended. But that same year, the Council decided to continue meeting occasionally, instead of annually.

International Court of Justice : This branch is responsible for settling legal disputes submitted by the states and answering questions in accordance with international law.

Secretariat : The Secretariat is made up of the Secretary-General and thousands of U.N. staffers. Its members carry out the daily duties of the U.N. and work on international peacekeeping missions.

U.N. Members

What started as a group of 51 states has grown increasingly over the years. War, independence movements and decolonization have all helped boost membership in the U.N.

Currently, there are 193 members, representing countries from all over the world.

New members must be recommended by the United Nations’ Security Council and accepted by a two-thirds vote from the General Assembly.

The U.N. states that membership in the organization is “open to all peace-loving States that accept the obligations contained in the United Nations Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able to carry out these obligations.”

U.N. Successes

Since its inception, the United Nations has performed numerous humanitarian, environmental and peace-keeping undertakings, including:

• Providing food to 90 million people in over 75 countries
• Assisting more than 34 million refugees
• Authorizing 71 international peacekeeping missions
• Working with 140 nations to minimize climate change
• Assisting about 50 countries per year with their elections
• Providing vaccinations for 58 percent of children in the world
• Helping about 30 million women a year with maternal health efforts
• Protecting human rights with 80 treaties and declarations

United Nations Criticisms

Over the years, the role of the U.N. has expanded from an organization that focused on peace and security to one that includes a wide range of global concerns. Today, the U.N. provides solutions for problems related to healthcare, the environment, criminal justice, refugee dilemmas and more.

Though many support including these extended responsibilities, others believe the organization may be overstepping its boundaries.

The U.N. has also faced criticism for promoting globalization, not being effective enough, backing provocative policies, providing controversial health options, being too bureaucratic, giving certain countries more power than others and spending too much money.

U.N. Failures

Some of the more well-known U.N. efforts that ended in failure or a publicized scandal include:

The 1994 Rwanda Mission : During this undertaking, the U.N. tried to stop the Rwandan genocide , but the Hutus slaughtered nearly a million members of the Tutsi minority.

Cholera in Haiti : After the 2010 earthquake, U.N.-led Nepali aid workers were blamed for spreading cholera throughout Haiti. More than 10,000 people died from the outbreak.

Oil for Food Program : This initiative was designed to allow Iraq to sell oil through the U.N. in exchange for food and medicine. But, accusations surfaced that much of the money was funneled to the Iraqi government and to U.N. officials.

Sexual abuse allegations : In early 2005, U.N. peacekeepers were accused of rape or paying for sex in the Republic of Congo. Similar allegations of sexual misconduct were also reported in Cambodia, Haiti and other countries.

Crisis in South Sudan : A U.N. peacekeeping mission, which was established in 2011, was unsuccessful at protecting civilians from death, torture or rape in South Sudan.

While every organization has its flaws and shortcomings, the majority of international leaders and experts agree that the U.N. continues to play a critical role in securing peace, stability and prosperity throughout the world.

History of the United Nations, United Nations . Main Organs, United Nations . The Formation of the United Nations, Department of State United States of America . What We Do, United Nations . A Brief History of the United Nations, GOOD . 20 Facts About the United Nations, The Borgen Project . United Nations Fast Facts, CNN . UN at 70: Five Biggest Successes and Failures, The Telegraph . UN admits role in Haiti’s deadly cholera outbreak, BBC . UN failed to protect civilians in South Sudan, report finds, The Guardian .

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Return To: The 2019 AMUN Handbook

• Origins of the United Nations
• Purpose of the United Nations
• Structure of the United Nations

Representatives participating in the American Model United Nations (AMUN) Conference should be familiar with the history of the United Nations and with the changing role the organization plays in international affairs. This section provides a brief introduction to the United Nations system and some of the issues it faces today.

History of the United Nations History of the United Nations

Origins of the united nations origins of the united nations.

The United Nations came into existence on 24 October 1945. On that day, the United Nations Charter became operative, following ratification by the 51 original Members. The concept of all States uniting to settle disputes peacefully was born of the desire to avoid repeating the horrors of the First and Second World Wars. The United Nations developed as a successor to the League of Nations, which represented the first modern attempt by the countries of the world to achieve this unity.

United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt coined the term “United Nations” in 1942, when 47 countries signed the Declaration of the United Nations in support of the Atlantic Charter. In 1944, representatives of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and China prepared the first blueprint of the United Nations at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference. The final details for the United Nations were established at the Yalta Conference in 1945. On 26 June 1945, 51 States signed the Charter of the United Nations in San Francisco.

Purpose of the United Nations Purpose of the United Nations

The primary purposes for which the United Nations was founded are detailed in Chapter I, Article 1, of the Charter:

• To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
• To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
• To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
• To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.

Structure of the United Nations Structure of the United Nations

The United Nations has six primary organs. Understanding what each of these bodies does and how it interacts with other United Nations bodies, agencies and affiliated organizations is a critical part of Model United Nations preparation.

The General Assembly (GA)

The General Assembly is the central deliberative organ of the United Nations. The General Assembly has been described as the nearest thing to a “parliament of mankind.” All Member States are Members of the General Assembly, and each Member has one vote. The General Assembly makes recommendations on international issues, oversees all other United Nations bodies that report to the General Assembly, approves the United Nations budget and apportions United Nations funds. On the recommendation of the Security Council, the General Assembly elects the Secretary-General and holds the authority to admit and expel Member States. Voting in the General Assembly is ordinarily by simple majority, but most of the body’s work is adopted by consensus.

The Security Council (SC)

The Security Council’s primary responsibility is maintaining international peace and security. It has the power to employ United Nations peacekeepers and direct action against threats to the peace. Fifteen Members sit on the Security Council, including five Permanent Members (China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 10 at-large Member States, which the General Assembly elects for rotating two-year terms. A majority in the Security Council consists of nine Members voting “yes”; however, a “no” vote by any of the Permanent Members has the effect of vetoing or blocking actions.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

The Economic and Social Council is the primary body dealing with the economic, social, humanitarian and cultural work of the United Nations system. It also has a mandate to coordinate the activities of United Nations technical and specialized agencies and programs. The Economic and Social Council oversees five regional economic commissions and nine functional, or subject-matter, commissions. The Economic and Social Council is composed of 54 Member States elected by the General Assembly for three-year renewable terms.

The Trusteeship Council (TC)

In 1945 there were 11 Trust Territories, which were regions without their own governments. These 11 regions were placed under the Trusteeship Council, which helped them prepare for and achieve independence. With the admission of Palau as a United Nations Member State in 1994, the Trusteeship Council has now completed its original mandate. Today, the Trusteeship Council is inactive but is formally composed of the Permanent Members of the Security Council.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ)

The International Court of Justice, or World Court, is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations and decides international legal disputes. All United Nations Member States are able to bring matters before the International Court of Justice; however, States must agree to accept the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice before it can decide a dispute involving that State. Fifteen judges serving nine-year terms sit on the Court.

Secretariat

The Secretariat is composed of the Secretary-General and the United Nations staff. Approximately 44,000 people are employed as the staff of the United Nations, only 5,000 of whom work at the United Nations headquarters in New York City. The vast majority work for various subsidiaries of the United Nations. The Secretary-General serves a five-year renewable term.

In addition to the six main bodies, the United Nations system includes a number of autonomous technical and specialized agencies and programs. Examples include the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). While most of these agencies and programs have independent governance structures, the Economic and Social Council coordinates their activities.

How the United Nations Seeks to Achieve Its Purpose How the United Nations Seeks to Achieve Its Purpose

Since 1945, the United Nations has established itself as a forum for discussing international disputes. The United Nations seeks, through both its principal organs and various subsidiary bodies, to settle disputes through peaceful means without resorting to the threat or use of force. Through their participation in the various bodies of the United Nations, Member States recognize and legitimize the established machinery of the United Nations and its relevance to solving international problems. It should be understood that the United Nations is not a world government, nor does it legislate. Rather, the actions of the United Nations, in the form of resolutions passed by its bodies, have a strong moral persuasive effect. Member States frequently find it in their own best interests to follow United Nations recommendations.

Bloc Politics at the United Nations Bloc Politics at the United Nations

Historically, Member States with mutual interests have used a system of bloc politics to organize their efforts within the United Nations. These blocs tend to be made up of Member States with similar political, historical or cultural backgrounds and are often, but not exclusively, formed on a geographical basis. By organizing themselves with other Member States that hold similar interests, bloc members hope to increase their influence above the level that they would have as a single Member State in the General Assembly.

Regional groups were formally established at the United Nations in 1957 with an endorsement by the General Assembly. As the number of Member States increased, the groups were realigned to form today’s five groups: Latin America and the Caribbean group (GRULAC), the Asia-Pacific group, the Africa group, the Eastern European group and the Western Europe and Others group (WEOG). These regional groups are still used today to manage the elections to various United Nations bodies, including the Security Council, and to determine who will serve as Vice Presidents of the General Assembly. Other smaller regional blocs with more specific affinities and interests, such as the Nordic countries or the JUSCANZ group (Japan, United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) are also important, but they lack the formal recognition granted to the five regional groups.

Regional groups are not the only blocs active at the United Nations. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), formed in 1967 as a group seeking a middle course between the Western and Eastern blocs of the Cold War, rapidly became an active body for the coordination of action at the United Nations for developing countries. While its importance has diminished since the end of the Cold War, it is still active on numerous issues at the United Nations. The Group of 77 (G-77) was founded in 1964 as a coordinating body to protect the economic interests of small and developing countries. With 134 members, the G-77 is the largest United Nations bloc, though coordination among members is fairly loose.

Blocs often attempt to form a consensus among members, allowing them to act as a cohesive group. The effectiveness of any given bloc in exerting its positions in the General Assembly depends upon the bloc’s ability to form a consensus among its own members and to get its members to vote accordingly. These acts of compromise form the basis of United Nations politics and often occur within the various caucusing groups. They also form the starting points for debate in the larger United Nations body.

Bloc politics have changed considerably over time. Some blocs are still coherent, like the Nordic countries, while others, like the Western European and Others Group, lack continuing cohesion. In general, their viability as a political tool is diminishing, and blocs are falling out of use as a predictable measure of votes. Often, blocs get together to draft resolutions which will begin the discussion in the larger body, but ultimately, each Member State will usually vote in its own interest, regardless of bloc memberships. States may be part of multiple blocs with diverging or competing interests, which further complicates the issue.

Today, the most common blocs are small, temporary negotiating groups that gather around one issue to try to overcome stalemate in the larger membership bodies. Additionally, developing countries often bind together to maximize their power, especially given their relative lack of economic power. Some blocs have their own secretariat staff whose job is to draft proposals and find solutions that the larger body is unable to find. Some of the more well-funded and organized blocs have a formally recognized role as permanent observers with permanent observer missions at the United Nations headquarters. Examples include the African Union, the Caribbean Community, the European Union, the Arab League and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. These blocs are powerful examples of Member States coming together to advance goals that may be independent of the regions they represent.

At AMUN, blocs are not be treated as official bodies. Representatives are encouraged to caucus in their bloc groups only when appropriate. Representatives should be aware that the State they represent may no longer actively participate in bloc politics or may vote outside of its traditional bloc based on the circumstances. Above all, remember that you represent your State and your State’s interests, regardless of your participation in a bloc while caucusing and drafting.

• Get involved

THE SDGS IN ACTION.

What are the sustainable development goals.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

The 17 SDGs are integrated—they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.

Countries have committed to prioritize progress for those who're furthest behind. The SDGs are designed to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls.

The creativity, knowhow, technology and financial resources from all of society is necessary to achieve the SDGs in every context.

Eradicating poverty in all its forms remains one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. While the number of people living in extreme poverty dropped by more than half between 1990 and 2015, too many are still struggling for the most basic human needs.

As of 2015, about 736 million people still lived on less than US$1.90 a day; many lack food, clean drinking water and sanitation. Rapid growth in countries such as China and India has lifted millions out of poverty, but progress has been uneven. Women are more likely to be poor than men because they have less paid work, education, and own less property.

Progress has also been limited in other regions, such as South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, which account for 80 percent of those living in extreme poverty. New threats brought on by climate change, conflict and food insecurity, mean even more work is needed to bring people out of poverty.

The SDGs are a bold commitment to finish what we started, and end poverty in all forms and dimensions by 2030. This involves targeting the most vulnerable, increasing basic resources and services, and supporting communities affected by conflict and climate-related disasters.

736 million people still live in extreme poverty.

10 percent of the world’s population live in extreme poverty, down from 36 percent in 1990.

Some 1.3 billion people live in multidimensional poverty.

Half of all people living in poverty are under 18.

One person in every 10 is extremely poor.

Goal targets

• By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
• Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable
• By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance
• By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
• Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
• Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions

SDGs in Action

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Zero hunger.

Zero Hunger

The number of undernourished people has dropped by almost half in the past two decades because of rapid economic growth and increased agricultural productivity. Many developing countries that used to suffer from famine and hunger can now meet their nutritional needs. Central and East Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean have all made huge progress in eradicating extreme hunger.

Unfortunately, extreme hunger and malnutrition remain a huge barrier to development in many countries. There are 821 million people estimated to be chronically undernourished as of 2017, often as a direct consequence of environmental degradation, drought and biodiversity loss. Over 90 million children under five are dangerously underweight. Undernourishment and severe food insecurity appear to be increasing in almost all regions of Africa, as well as in South America.

The SDGs aim to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030, making sure all people–especially children–have sufficient and nutritious food all year. This involves promoting sustainable agricultural, supporting small-scale farmers and equal access to land, technology and markets. It also requires international cooperation to ensure investment in infrastructure and technology to improve agricultural productivity.

The number of undernourished people reached 821 million in 2017.

In 2017 Asia accounted for nearly two thirds, 63 percent, of the world’s hungry.

Nearly 151 million children under five, 22 percent, were still stunted in 2017.

More than 1 in 8 adults is obese.

1 in 3 women of reproductive age is anemic.

26 percent of workers are employed in agriculture.

• By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons
• By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment
• By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
• By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed
• Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
• Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round
• Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility.

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Good health and well-being.

We have made great progress against several leading causes of death and disease. Life expectancy has increased dramatically; infant and maternal mortality rates have declined, we’ve turned the tide on HIV and malaria deaths have halved.

Good health is essential to sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda reflects the complexity and interconnectedness of the two. It takes into account widening economic and social inequalities, rapid urbanization, threats to the climate and the environment, the continuing burden of HIV and other infectious diseases, and emerging challenges such as noncommunicable diseases. Universal health coverage will be integral to achieving SDG 3, ending poverty and reducing inequalities. Emerging global health priorities not explicitly included in the SDGs, including antimicrobial resistance, also demand action.

But the world is off-track to achieve the health-related SDGs. Progress has been uneven, both between and within countries. There’s a 31-year gap between the countries with the shortest and longest life expectancies. And while some countries have made impressive gains, national averages hide that many are being left behind. Multisectoral, rights-based and gender-sensitive approaches are essential to address inequalities and to build good health for all.

At least 400 million people have no basic healthcare, and 40 percent lack social protection.

More than 1.6 billion people live in fragile settings where protracted crises, combined with weak national capacity to deliver basic health services, present a significant challenge to global health.

By the end of 2017, 21.7 million people living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy. Yet more than 15 million people are still waiting for treatment.

Every 2 seconds someone aged 30 to 70 years dies prematurely from noncommunicable diseases - cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes or cancer.

7 million people die every year from exposure to fine particles in polluted air.

More than one of every three women have experienced either physical or sexual violence at some point in their life resulting in both short- and long-term consequences for their physical, mental, and sexual and reproductive health.

• By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births
• By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births
• By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
• By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being
• Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol
• By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
• By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes
• Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
• By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
• Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate
• Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and noncommunicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all
• Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States
• Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks

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Quality education.

Since 2000, there has been enormous progress in achieving the target of universal primary education. The total enrollment rate in developing regions reached 91 percent in 2015, and the worldwide number of children out of school has dropped by almost half. There has also been a dramatic increase in literacy rates, and many more girls are in school than ever before. These are all remarkable successes.

Progress has also been tough in some developing regions due to high levels of poverty, armed conflicts and other emergencies. In Western Asia and North Africa, ongoing armed conflict has seen an increase in the number of children out of school. This is a worrying trend. While Sub-Saharan Africa made the greatest progress in primary school enrollment among all developing regions – from 52 percent in 1990, up to 78 percent in 2012 – large disparities still remain. Children from the poorest households are up to four times more likely to be out of school than those of the richest households. Disparities between rural and urban areas also remain high.

Achieving inclusive and quality education for all reaffirms the belief that education is one of the most powerful and proven vehicles for sustainable development. This goal ensures that all girls and boys complete free primary and secondary schooling by 2030. It also aims to provide equal access to affordable vocational training, to eliminate gender and wealth disparities, and achieve universal access to a quality higher education.

Enrollment in primary education in developing countries has reached 91 percent.

Still, 57 million primary-aged children remain out of school, more than half of them in sub-Saharan Africa.

In developing countries, one in four girls is not in school.

About half of all out-of-school children of primary school age live in conflict-affected areas.

103 million youth worldwide lack basic literacy skills, and more than 60 percent of them are women.

6 out of 10 children and adolescents are not achieving a minimum level of proficiency in reading and math.

• By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective learning outcomes
• By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and preprimary education so that they are ready for primary education
• By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university
• By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
• By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations
• By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy
• By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development
• Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, nonviolent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all
• By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries
• By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing states

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Gender equality.

Gender Equality

Ending all discrimination against women and girls is not only a basic human right, it’s crucial for sustainable future; it’s proven that empowering women and girls helps economic growth and development.

UNDP has made gender equality central to its work and we’ve seen remarkable progress in the past 20 years. There are more girls in school now compared to 15 years ago, and most regions have reached gender parity in primary education.

But although there are more women than ever in the labour market, there are still large inequalities in some regions, with women systematically denied the same work rights as men. Sexual violence and exploitation, the unequal division of unpaid care and domestic work, and discrimination in public office all remain huge barriers. Climate change and disasters continue to have a disproportionate effect on women and children, as do conflict and migration.

It is vital to give women equal rights land and property, sexual and reproductive health, and to technology and the internet. Today there are more women in public office than ever before, but encouraging more women leaders will help achieve greater gender equality.

Women earn only 77 cents for every dollar that men get for the same work.

35 percent of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence.

Women represent just 13 percent of agricultural landholders.

Almost 750 million women and girls alive today were married before their 18th birthday.

Two thirds of developing countries have achieved gender parity in primary education.

Only 24 percent of national parliamentarians were women as of November 2018, a small increase from 11.3 percent in 1995.

• End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
• Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation
• Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation
• Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate
• Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decisionmaking in political, economic and public life
• Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences
• Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws
• Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women
• Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels

Climate governance, adaptation...

"The work might be hard, but I...

Clean water and sanitation.

Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent of people, an alarming figure that is projected to rise as temperatures do. Although 2.1 billion people have improved water sanitation since 1990, dwindling drinking water supplies are affecting every continent.

More and more countries are experiencing water stress, and increasing drought and desertification is already worsening these trends. By 2050, it is projected that at least one in four people will suffer recurring water shortages.

Safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030 requires we invest in adequate infrastructure, provide sanitation facilities, and encourage hygiene. Protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems is essential.

Ensuring universal safe and affordable drinking water involves reaching over 800 million people who lack basic services and improving accessibility and safety of services for over two billion.

In 2015, 4.5 billion people lacked safely managed sanitation services (with adequately disposed or treated excreta) and 2.3 billion lacked even basic sanitation.

71 percent of the global population, 5.2 billion people, had safely-managed drinking water in 2015, but 844 million people still lacked even basic drinking water.

39 percent of the global population, 2.9 billion people, had safe sanitation in 2015, but 2.3 billion people still lacked basic sanitation. 892 million people practiced open defecation.

80 percent of wastewater goes into waterways without adequate treatment.

Water stress affects more than 2 billion people, with this figure projected to increase.

80 percent of countries have laid the foundations for integrated water resources management.

The world has lost 70 percent of its natural wetlands over the last century.

• By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
• By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
• By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
• By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
• By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
• By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
• By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
• Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management

The challenges facing Sudan

Navigating the crossroads of c...

Preserving the laboratory of e...

Affordable and clean energy.

Between 2000 and 2018, the number of people with electricity increased from 78 to 90 percent, and the numbers without electricity dipped to 789 million.

Yet as the population continues to grow, so will the demand for cheap energy, and an economy reliant on fossil fuels is creating drastic changes to our climate.

Investing in solar, wind and thermal power, improving energy productivity, and ensuring energy for all is vital if we are to achieve SDG 7 by 2030.

Expanding infrastructure and upgrading technology to provide clean and more efficient energy in all countries will encourage growth and help the environment.  

One out of 10 people still lacks electricity, and most live in rural areas of the developing world. More than half are in sub-Saharan Africa.

Energy is by far the main contributor to climate change. It accounts for 73 percent of human-caused greenhouse gases.

Energy efficiency is key; the right efficiency policies could enable the world to achieve more than 40 percent of the emissions cuts needed to reach its climate goals without new technology.

Almost a third of the world’s population—2.8 billion—rely on polluting and unhealthy fuels for cooking.

As of 2017, 17.5 percent of power was generated through renewable sources.

The renewable energy sector employed a record 11.5 million people in 2019. The changes needed in energy production and uses to achieve the Paris Agreement target of limiting the rise in temperature to below 2C can create 18 million jobs.

• By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
• By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
• By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
• By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology
• By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing coun

Targeted and Inclusive Approac...

Breaking the cycle of poverty ...

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Decent work and economic growth.

Over the past 25 years the number of workers living in extreme poverty has declined dramatically, despite the lasting impact of the 2008 economic crisis and global recession. In developing countries, the middle class now makes up more than 34 percent of total employment – a number that has almost tripled between 1991 and 2015.

However, as the global economy continues to recover we are seeing slower growth, widening inequalities, and not enough jobs to keep up with a growing labour force. According to the International Labour Organization, more than 204 million people were unemployed in 2015.

The SDGs promote sustained economic growth, higher levels of productivity and technological innovation. Encouraging entrepreneurship and job creation are key to this, as are effective measures to eradicate forced labour, slavery and human trafficking. With these targets in mind, the goal is to achieve full and productive employment, and decent work, for all women and men by 2030.

An estimated 172 million people worldwide were without work in 2018 - an unemployment rate of 5 percent.

As a result of an expanding labour force, the number of unemployed is projected to increase by 1 million every year and reach 174 million by 2020.

Some 700 million workers lived in extreme or moderate poverty in 2018, with less than US$3.20 per day.

Women’s participation in the labour force stood at 48 per cent in 2018, compared with 75 percent for men. Around 3 in 5 of the 3.5 billion people in the labour force in 2018 were men.

Overall, 2 billion workers were in informal employment in 2016, accounting for 61 per cent of the world’s workforce.

Many more women than men are underutilized in the labour force—85 million compared to 55 million.

• Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries
• Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors
• Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services
• Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead
• By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value
• By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training
• Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms
• Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment
• By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
• Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all
• Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries
• By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization

Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Investment in infrastructure and innovation are crucial drivers of economic growth and development. With over half the world population now living in cities, mass transport and renewable energy are becoming ever more important, as are the growth of new industries and information and communication technologies.

Technological progress is also key to finding lasting solutions to both economic and environmental challenges, such as providing new jobs and promoting energy efficiency. Promoting sustainable industries, and investing in scientific research and innovation, are all important ways to facilitate sustainable development.

More than 4 billion people still do not have access to the Internet, and 90 percent are from the developing world. Bridging this digital divide is crucial to ensure equal access to information and knowledge, as well as foster innovation and entrepreneurship.   

Worldwide, 2.3 billion people lack access to basic sanitation.

In some low-income African countries, infrastructure constraints cut businesses’ productivity by around 40 percent.

2.6 billion people in developing countries do not have access to constant electricity.

More than 4 billion people still do not have access to the Internet; 90 percent of them are in the developing world.

The renewable energy sectors currently employ more than 2.3 million people; the number could reach 20 million by 2030.

In developing countries, barely 30 percent of agricultural products undergo industrial processing, compared to 98 percent high-income countries.

• Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all
• Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries
• Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets
• By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities
• Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending
• Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States 18
• Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities
• Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020

Popping the bottle

Small Island Digital States: H...

Harnessing technology for posi...

Unlocking barriers to a sustai...

Reduced inequalities.

Income inequality is on the rise—the richest 10 percent have up to 40 percent of global income whereas the poorest 10 percent earn only between 2 to 7 percent. If we take into account population growth inequality in developing countries, inequality has increased by 11 percent.

Income inequality has increased in nearly everywhere in recent decades, but at different speeds. It’s lowest in Europe and highest in the Middle East.

These widening disparities require sound policies to empower lower income earners, and promote economic inclusion of all regardless of sex, race or ethnicity.

Income inequality requires global solutions. This involves improving the regulation and monitoring of financial markets and institutions, encouraging development assistance and foreign direct investment to regions where the need is greatest. Facilitating the safe migration and mobility of people is also key to bridging the widening divide.

In 2016, 22 percent of global income was received by the top 1 percent compared with 10 percent of income for the bottom 50 percent.

In 1980, the top one percent had 16 percent of global income. The bottom 50 percent had 8 percent of income.

Economic inequality is largely driven by the unequal ownership of capital. Since 1980, very large transfers of public to private wealth occurred in nearly all countries. The global wealth share of the top 1 percent was 33 percent in 2016.

Under "business as usual", the top 1 percent global wealth will reach 39 percent by 2050.

Women spend, on average, twice as much time on unpaid housework as men.

Women have as much access to financial services as men in just 60 percent of the countries assessed and to land ownership in just 42 percent of the countries assessed.

• By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average
• By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
• Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard
• Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality
• Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations
• Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions
• Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies
• Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements
• Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes
• By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent

Sustainable cities and communities

More than half of us  live in cities. By 2050, two-thirds of all humanity—6.5 billion people—will be urban. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces.

The rapid growth of cities—a result of rising populations and increasing migration—has led to a boom in mega-cities, especially in the developing world, and slums are becoming a more significant feature of urban life.

Making cities sustainable means creating career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and building resilient societies and economies. It involves investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving urban planning and management in participatory and inclusive ways.

In 2018, 4.2 billion people, 55 percent of the world’s population, lived in cities. By 2050, the urban population is expected to reach 6.5 billion.

Cities occupy just 3 percent of the Earth’s land but account for 60 to 80 percent of energy consumption and at least 70 percent of carbon emissions.

828 million people are estimated to live in slums, and the number is rising.

In 1990, there were 10 cities with 10 million people or more; by 2014, the number of mega-cities rose to 28, and was expected to reach 33 by 2018. In the future, 9 out of 10 mega-cities will be in the developing world.

In the coming decades, 90 percent of urban expansion will be in the developing world.

The economic role of cities is significant. They generate about 80 percent of the global GDP.

• By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums
• By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons
• By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries
• Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage
• By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations
• By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management
• By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities
• Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning
• By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels
• Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials

The beginning of the end for p...

"I want my old life back."

Responsible consumption and production.

Achieving economic growth and sustainable development requires that we urgently reduce our ecological footprint by changing the way we produce and consume goods and resources. Agriculture is the biggest user of water worldwide, and irrigation now claims close to 70 percent of all freshwater for human use.

The efficient management of our shared natural resources, and the way we dispose of toxic waste and pollutants, are important targets to achieve this goal. Encouraging industries, businesses and consumers to recycle and reduce waste is equally important, as is supporting developing countries to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption by 2030.

A large share of the world population is still consuming far too little to meet even their basic needs.  Halving the per capita of global food waste at the retailer and consumer levels is also important for creating more efficient production and supply chains. This can help with food security, and shift us towards a more resource efficient economy.

1.3 billion tonnes of food is wasted every year, while almost 2 billion people go hungry or undernourished.

The food sector accounts for around 22 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, largely from the conversion of forests into farmland.

Globally, 2 billion people are overweight or obese.

Only 3 percent of the world’s water is fresh (drinkable), and humans are using it faster than nature can replenish it.

If people everywhere switched to energy efficient lightbulbs, the world would save US$120 billion annually.

One-fifth of the world’s final energy consumption in 2013 was from renewable sources.

• Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries
• By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources
• By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses
• By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment
• By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse
• Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle
• Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities
• By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature
• Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production
• Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
• Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities

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Popping the bottle.

Unsung heroes: Four things pol...

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Climate action.

There is no country that is not experiencing the drastic effects of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions are more than 50 percent higher than in 1990. Global warming is causing long-lasting changes to our climate system, which threatens irreversible consequences if we do not act.

The annual average economic losses from climate-related disasters are in the hundreds of billions of dollars. This is not to mention the human impact of geo-physical disasters, which are 91 percent climate-related, and which between 1998 and 2017 killed 1.3 million people, and left 4.4 billion injured. The goal aims to mobilize US$100 billion annually by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries to both adapt to climate change and invest in low-carbon development.

Supporting vulnerable regions will directly contribute not only to Goal 13 but also to the other SDGs. These actions must also go hand in hand with efforts to integrate disaster risk measures, sustainable natural resource management, and human security into national development strategies. It is still possible, with strong political will, increased investment, and using existing technology, to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, aiming at 1.5 ° C, but this requires urgent and ambitious collective action.

As of 2017 humans are estimated to have caused approximately 1.0°C of global warming above pre-industrial levels.

Sea levels have risen by about 20 cm (8 inches) since 1880 and are projected to rise another 30–122 cm (1 to 4 feet) by 2100.

To limit warming to 1.5C, global net CO2 emissions must drop by 45% between 2010 and 2030, and reach net zero around 2050.

Climate pledges under The Paris Agreement cover only one third of the emissions reductions needed to keep the world below 2°C.

Bold climate action could trigger at least US$26 trillion in economic benefits by 2030.

The energy sector alone will create around 18 million more jobs by 2030, focused specifically on sustainable energy.

• Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries
• Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
• Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
• Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible
• Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities

Life Below Water

The world’s oceans – their temperature, chemistry, currents and life – drive global systems that make the Earth habitable for humankind. How we manage this vital resource is essential for humanity as a whole, and to counterbalance the effects of climate change.

Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods. However, today we are seeing 30 percent of the world’s fish stocks overexploited, reaching below the level at which they can produce sustainable yields.

Oceans also absorb about 30 percent of the carbon dioxide produced by humans, and we are seeing a 26 percent rise in ocean acidification since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Marine pollution, an overwhelming majority of which comes from land-based sources, is reaching alarming levels, with an average of 13,000 pieces of plastic litter to be found on every square kilometre of ocean.

The SDGs aim to sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems from pollution, as well as address the impacts of ocean acidification. Enhancing conservation and the sustainable use of ocean-based resources through international law will also help mitigate some of the challenges facing our oceans.

The ocean covers three quarters of the Earth’s surface and represents 99 percent of the living space on the planet by volume.

The ocean contains nearly 200,000 identified species, but actual numbers may lie in the millions.

As much as 40 percent of the ocean is heavily affected by pollution, depleted fisheries, loss of coastal habitats and other human activities.

The ocean absorbs about 30 percent of carbon dioxide produced by humans, buffering the impacts of global warming.

More than 3 billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods.

The market value of marine and coastal resources and industries is estimated at US$3 trillion per year, about 5 percent of global GDP.

• By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution
• By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans
• Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels
• By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics
• By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information
• By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation
• By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
• Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries
• Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets
• Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want

Investing in SIDS and LLDCs is...

Small island developing states and pathways t..., life on land.

Human life depends on the earth as much as the ocean for our sustenance and livelihoods. Plant life provides 80 percent of the human diet, and we rely on agriculture as an important economic resources. Forests cover 30 percent of the Earth’s surface, provide vital habitats for millions of species, and important sources for clean air and water, as well as being crucial for combating climate change.

Every year, 13 million hectares of forests are lost, while the persistent degradation of drylands has led to the desertification of 3.6 billion hectares, disproportionately affecting poor communities.

While 15 percent of land is protected, biodiversity is still at risk. Nearly 7,000 species of animals and plants have been illegally traded. Wildlife trafficking not only erodes biodiversity, but creates insecurity, fuels conflict, and feeds corruption.

Urgent action must be taken to reduce the loss of natural habitats and biodiversity which are part of our common heritage and support global food and water security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and peace and security.

Around 1.6 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods.

Forests are home to more than 80 percent of all terrestrial species of animals, plants and insects.

2.6 billion people depend directly on agriculture for a living.

Nature-based climate solutions can contribute about a third of CO2 reductions by 2030.

The value of ecosystems to human livelihoods and well-being is $US125 trillion per year.v

Mountain regions provide 60-80 percent of the Earth's fresh water.

• By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements
• By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
• By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
• By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development
• Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
• Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed
• Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products
• By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species
• By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
• Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
• Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
• Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities

Over the hump

Press releases.

WWD 2024 international youth a...

Peace, justice and strong institutions.

We cannot hope for sustainable development without peace, stability, human rights and effective governance, based on the rule of law. Yet our world is increasingly divided. Some regions enjoy peace, security and prosperity, while others fall into seemingly endless cycles of conflict and violence. This is not inevitable and must be addressed.

Armed violence and insecurity have a destructive impact on a country’s development, affecting economic growth, and often resulting in grievances that last for generations. Sexual violence, crime, exploitation and torture are also prevalent where there is conflict, or no rule of law, and countries must take measures to protect those who are most at risk

The SDGs aim to significantly reduce all forms of violence, and work with governments and communities to end conflict and insecurity. Promoting the rule of law and human rights are key to this process, as is reducing the flow of illicit arms and strengthening the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance.

By the end of 2017, 68.5 million people had been forcibly displaced as a result of persecution, conflict, violence or human rights violations.

There are at least 10 million stateless people who have been denied nationality and its related rights.

Corruption, bribery, theft and tax evasion cost developing countries US$1.26 trillion per year.

49 countries lack laws protecting women from domestic violence.

In 46 countries, women now hold more than 30 percent of seats in at least one chamber of national parliament.

1 billion people are legally ‘invisible’ because they cannot prove who they are. This includes an estimated 625 million children under 14 whose births were never registered.

• Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
• End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children
• Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all
• By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime
• Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
• Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
• Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels
• Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance
• By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
• Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements
• Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime
• Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development

How Likely Are We to Achieve t...

Identifying Key Priorities and...

New Effective Paths for Approa...

Partnerships for the goals.

The SDGs can only be realized with strong global partnerships and cooperation. Official Development Assistance remained steady but below target, at US$147 billion in 2017. While humanitarian crises brought on by conflict or natural disasters continue to demand more financial resources and aid. Many countries also require Official Development Assistance to encourage growth and trade.

The world is more interconnected than ever. Improving access to technology and knowledge is an important way to share ideas and foster innovation. Coordinating policies to help developing countries manage their debt, as well as promoting investment for the least developed, is vital for sustainable growth and development.

The goals aim to enhance North-South and South-South cooperation by supporting national plans to achieve all the targets. Promoting international trade, and helping developing countries increase their exports is all part of achieving a universal rules-based and equitable trading system that is fair and open and benefits all.

The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) says achieving SDGs will require US$5 trillion to $7 trillion in annual investment.

Total official development assistance reached US$147.2 billion in 2017.

In 2017, international remittances totaled US$613 billion; 76 percent of it went to developing countries.

In 2016, 6 countries met the international target to keep official development assistance at or above 0.7 percent of gross national income.

Sustainable and responsible investments represent high-potential sources of capital for SDGs. As of 2016, US$18.2 trillion was invested in this asset class.

The bond market for sustainable business is growing. In 2018 global green bonds reached US$155.5billion, up 78 percent from previous year.

• Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection
• Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries
• Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources
• Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress
• Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries  
• Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism
• Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed
• Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology  

Capacity building

• Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation  
• Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda
• Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020
• Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access  

Systemic issues

Policy and institutional coherence

• Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence
• Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development
• Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development  

Multi-stakeholder partnerships

• Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries
• Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships  

Data, monitoring and accountability

• By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts
• By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries

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Sustainable Development Goals Integration

THE 17 GOALS

Publications

End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.

Reduce inequality within and among countries.

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development.

Do you know all 17 SDGs?

Implementation Progress

Sdgs icons. downloads and guidelines, the 17 goals.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,  adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.

The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, including the  UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs

• In June 1992, at the  Earth Summit  in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, more than 178 countries adopted  Agenda 21 , a comprehensive plan of action to build a global partnership for sustainable development to improve human lives and protect the environment.
• Member States unanimously adopted the Millennium Declaration at the  Millennium Summit  in September 2000 at UN Headquarters in New York. The Summit led to the elaboration of eight  Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)  to reduce extreme poverty by 2015.
• The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development and the Plan of Implementation, adopted at the  World Summit on Sustainable Development  in South Africa in 2002, reaffirmed the global community's commitments to poverty eradication and the environment, and built on Agenda 21 and the Millennium Declaration by including more emphasis on multilateral partnerships.
• At the  United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20)  in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, Member States adopted the outcome document  "The Future We Want"  in which they decided, inter alia, to launch a process to develop a set of SDGs to build upon the MDGs and to establish the  UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development . The Rio +20 outcome also contained other measures for implementing sustainable development, including mandates for future programmes of work in development financing, small island developing states and more.
• In 2013, the General Assembly set up a 30-member  Open Working Group  to develop a proposal on the SDGs.
• In January 2015, the General Assembly began the negotiation process on the  post-2015 development agenda . The process culminated in the subsequent adoption of the  2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development , with  17 SDGs  at its core, at the  UN Sustainable Development Summit  in September 2015.
• Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction  (March 2015)
• Addis Ababa Action Agenda on Financing for Development  (July 2015)
• Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development  with its 17 SDGs was adopted at the  UN Sustainable Development Summit  in New York in September 2015.
• Paris Agreement on Climate Change  (December 2015)
• Now, the annual  High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development  serves as the central UN platform for the follow-up and review of the SDGs.

Today, the  Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG)  in the United Nations  Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)  provides substantive support and capacity-building for the SDGs and their related thematic issues, including  water ,  energy ,  climate ,  oceans ,  urbanization ,  transport ,  science and technology , the  Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR) ,  partnerships  and  Small Island Developing States . DSDG plays a key role in the evaluation of UN systemwide implementation of the 2030 Agenda and on advocacy and outreach activities relating to the SDGs. In order to make the 2030 Agenda a reality, broad ownership of the SDGs must translate into a strong commitment by all stakeholders to implement the global goals. DSDG aims to help facilitate this engagement.

Follow DSDG on Facebook at  www.facebook.com/sustdev  and on Twitter at  @SustDev .

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Every year, the UN Secretary General presents an annual SDG Progress report, which is developed in cooperation with the UN System, and based on the global indicator framework and data produced by national statistical systems and information collected at the regional level.

Please, check below information about the SDG Progress Report:

• SDG Progress Report (2023)
• SDG Progress Report (2022)
• SDG Progress Report (2021)
• SDG Progress Report (2020)
• SDG Progress Report (2019)
• SDG Progress Report (2018)
• SDG Progress Report (2017)
• SDG Progress Report (2016)

Please, check here for information about SDG indicators and reports: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs#

Additionally, the Global Sustainable Development Report is produced once every four years to inform the quadrennial SDG review deliberations at the General Assembly. It is written by an Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General.

• Global Sustainable Development Report (2019)
• Global Sustainable Development Report (2023)

SDGs Icons. Downloads and guidelines.

• Download SDGs icons according to guidelines at this link .
• Please send inquiries to: United Nations Department of Global Communications

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United Nations Presentation Template

United Nations Presentation

Transcript: United Nations -May 2010, more than 124.000 Military, Police, and Civilian Staff. -Strong indications about some groups will have high demand. The Present FINANCING (pg.12) Limited to maintaining ceasefires and stabilizing situations on the ground. Monitoring, reporting, and confidence building. UN operation Congo 1960. Nobel Peace Prize 1988. History Goals United Nations The top 10 providers of contributions to United Nations Peacekeeping operations in 2013: United Nations Every Member State is legally obligated to pay their respective share towards peacekeeping. This is in accordance with the provisions of Article 17 of the Charter of the United Nations. Include Professional Staff 26 members at the beginning United Nations Peacekeeping helps countries torn by conflict create conditions for lasting peace. UN Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles: •Consent of the parts. •Impartiality. •Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. At the end of each Operation they prepare and submit a report. 193 Members at the present time Peacekeeping 1.United States (28.38%) 2.Japan (10.83%) 3.France (7.22%) 4.Germany (7.14%) 5.United Kingdom (6.68%) 6.China (6.64%) 7.Italy (4.45%) 8.Russian Federation (3.15%) 9.Canada (2.98%) 10.Spain (2.97%) Strategic context change. Many non-member countries also make voluntary contributions. You can too! Each Operation has its own budget and account. - 1 January 1942 mentioned for the first time. -The forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations. - Charter signed on 26 June 1945. - The United Nations Officially came into existence on 24 October 1945. - Day is celebrated on 24 October each year. The Early Years Multidimensional Traditional Missions After Cold War

Transcript: UN’s most powerful organ deals with threats to international peace and security has 15 members, 5 of which are permanent: the USA, China, Russia, Britain and France permanent members have veto power when the Council decides on important issues History of UN The League of Nations was the predecessor to the UN, it was founded in1919 and was responsible for ensuring peace and cooperation between world nations. An international organization designed to make the enforcement of international law, security, human rights, economic and social progress easier for countries around the world 193 member countries Headquarters in New York City Thank You For Your Attention References International Court of Justice Topic Name- United Nations (UN) Course Title- Development Studies. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that were established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration Presented By- What is the UN? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations http://www.un.org/en/ http://www.un-bd.org/ http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/index.shtml http://www.un.org/en/mainbodies/ http://www.un.org/Overview/uninbrief/institutions.shtml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/un-agencies-funds-and.html International Court of Justice The UN has four main purposes-  To maintain international peace and security;  To develop friendly relations among nations;  To cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights; and  To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. The Economic and Social Council The principal judicial organ of the UN Based in the Hague, Netherlands Consists of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council Applies international law Not bound by precedents No appeals can be made by parties to its judgment. Bangladesh was admitted to the United Nations in 1974 and was elected to a Security Council term in 1978-1980 and again for a 2000-2002 term. In recent years, Bangladesh has played a significant role in international peacekeeping activities. 1) United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 2) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 3) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 4) World Food Program (WFP) 5) United Nations Drug Control Program (UNDCP) 6) United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 7) United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) 8) UN Women Purposes of United Nations Special Agencies of United Nations The UN was founded on October 24, 1945, when the Charter of the UN was drafted at the UN Conference on International Organization in San Francisco The conference was attended by 50 nations and several non governmental organizations Includes the Secretary General and the Secretariat staff Primarily has an administrative function The Secretary General holds office for five years per term The first ever Secretary General was Trygve Lie, the office is currently held by Ban Ki-moon The Secretariat Name-Md.Musa Ali ID- 111-10-655 Batch- 22nd 1) World Bank (WB) 2) International Monetary Fund (IMF) 3) World Health Organization (WHO) 4) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 5) International Labor Organization (ILO) 6) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 7) International Maritime Organization (IMO) 8) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 9) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 10) International Civilian Aviation Organization (ICAO) 11) United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies (ICT) It was established in 1945 by the UN Charter To provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories placed under the administration of 7 Member States, and Ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government and independence. Content United Nations History of UN The Security Council The General Assembly Main principles: save future generations from war, reaffirm human rights, and establish equal rights for all nations United Nations day is celebrated on October 24 Main Organs of United Nations The United Nations has six main organs. 1. The General Assembly, 2. The Security Council, 3. The Economic and Social Council 4. The Trusteeship Council and 5. The Secretariat and 6. The International Court of Justice. Trusteeship Council 1. What is United Nations? 2. Brief History of UN 3. Purposes of UN. 4. Main organs of UN. 5. Special Agencies of United Nations 6. Special Bodies of United Nations 7. UN in Bangladesh. 8. UN and Development. 9. References United Nations and Development United Nations in Bangladesh History of UN The term ‘’United Nations’’ was coined in 1942 by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt Special Bodies of United Nations the principal judicial organ of the UN based in the Hague,

Transcript: The UN's objectives are to work with governments and businesses to keep peace, develop friendly relationships among countries, and to work together to improve the standard of living, end hunger, disease, unemployment and strengthen human freedoms and rights. United Nations Presentation 1) http://www.un.org/en/index.html 2) http://www.worldometers.info/united-nations/ 3) https://ccla.org/canada-and-the-un-past-and-present/ Pros What it is There are a total of 193 countries involved in the UN. This includes Mexico, Canada, and China. History The United Nations is a international organization that strives bring ethical thinking into business. The member countries work together to bring a better quality of life to the people and help other countries to follow their ethics too. By: Morayma, Mohammad, Miranda and Jessica The UN was founded on October 24, 1945. During WWII, countries decided to create a global organization to handle international problems. This was made official when U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter in August 1941. On January 1, 1942, 26 countries signed the Declaration by United Nations and helped fight Germany. Canada joined November 9th 1945. Canada's involvement in the UN Objectives -drafting the UN Charter -Canadian law professor John Peters Humphrey, was Director of the United Nations Human Rights Division, and drafted the International Bill on Human Rights. The UN General Assembly adopted it in 1948. -resolving conflict Canadian Lester B Pearson was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for the establishment of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) and for canadas role in resolving the Suez Crisis. -the new global challenges of contemporary world endanger their stability and efficiency. resulting in the spread of security threats, such as transnational terrorism and the illegal arms trade. -lack of democratic and accountability mechanisms affecting its structure. -lack of a mechanism to strengthen the judiciary's international judgment. When the ICJ was established, it was agreed that governments should accept a court order to judge their differences. Member Countries Cons -maintain peace and security -relationships between countries, which would increase trade -economy growth/monetary stability

Transcript: Location: Northern Europe Surrounded by the Baltic Sea,Gulf of Bothnia,Kattegat,Skagerrak,Finland,Norway. Total Area:450,295 sq km Comparison to the world: 56 out of 249 Comparison to the U.S.: Sweden is slightly larger than California United Nations Presentation Official Language: Swedish Other Languages: Small Sami and Finnish speaking minorities Nationality: Noun Swede(s) Adjective Swedish Largest Ethnic Groups: Swedes with Finnish and Sami minorities Religions: Lutheran 87%, other 13% (Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Buddhist) Geography Continued... The People Continued.... Interesting Facts about Sweden: The People: Population: 9,647,386 Comparison to the world: 91 out of 249 Urban Population: 85% of total population Life Expectancy: about 81 Years Male: about 79 Years Female: about 84 years School Life Expectancy: 16 years Male: 15 Female: 17 Climate: Temperate in southern areas with cold cloudy winters,partly cloudy summers. It is subarctic in the north. Terrain: Mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands, mountains are in the west Natural Resources: Iron, Ore, copper, lead, Zinc , gold, silver, tungsten Current Environmental issues: Acid rain damage to soils and lakes; pollution of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea Introduction Geography Sweden

Transcript: United Nations UN main organs The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat. And all of these were established in 1945 when the UN was founded. TITLE Title Title TITLE Title Title What Languages are spoken in UN? There are 6 languages that are spoken in the UN and this are: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. Although not all the countries speak the same languages they use headphones with traductors that translate the other languages into there´´s What is UN? The United Nations is an global organization that counts with 193 members that their main functions it`` s to help all the world UN Logo and Flag The logo and flag of the UN have become its symbols as it carries out its work on the world stage. They identify the United Nations in areas of trouble and conflict to any and all parties concerned. They function also as aspirational symbols, because its meaning its peace and unity

Transcript: History Sudan was colonized by the United Kingdom Sudan gained their independence on on January first,1956. Egypt used to have some power over Sudan. Rwanda Genocide Rwanda One Million Dollar Decision Current Events Major History We think that the one million dollars should go to Zimbabwe. How It Will Help In The Future Sierra Leone had the most brutal civil war in all of Africa. It lasted from 1991 to 2002. The rebel RUF (Revolutionary United Front) made children become soldiers to fight their own people and government. The Hut Tax War was a simple dispute in 1898 with a man who did not like taxes and a few hundred British soldiers. The British and United Kingdom had more resistance in this simple war than when they had colonized the country. Major Problems Zimbabwe Faces Today Sudan today is not necessarily on of the richest countries Sudan's population is 37.2 million people. Sudan has some land that is good for farming. Egypt, which borders Sudan, is one of Sudan's allies Zimbabwe selfish racist violent he was arrested Wars and Conflicts Sierra Leone My country is called Sierra Leone. They were colonized by the United Kingdom and earned their independence on April 27, 1961. Their capitol is called Freetown. Top five poorest countries in Africa Very literate Main income comes from farming Became independent in 1980 Rwanda Today 68% of people are living under the poverty line. The risk for infectious disease is very high. Their unemployment rate is 95% (2009) They are 521.9 million US dollars in debt. (2012) They have 196 airports but only 17 are paved. Life Today The Democratic Republic of the Congo was colonized in 1876 by the Belgium. There was a major problems with dictators while the DRC was colonized. The most well known was King Leopold the 3rd. He would cut off peoples` right hand if they disobeyed the law. The Democratic Republic of the Congo gained there independence on June 30, 1960 Cause: The death of the president Juvenal Habyarimana (Hutu) when his plane was shot down. The Genocide: The Hutu believed the Tutsi caused Juvenal's death, so they began to kill the Tutsi As many as one million people died They used machetes to kill, because the bullets were getting scarce and expensive. Major History famine unemployment disease racism economic chaos harsh living conditions debt poverty human trafficking Modern Problems How would Sudan and the world benefit from the money? Democratic Republic of the Congo Sudan borders: Egypt Libya Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Uganda Chad Central African Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo How It Will Help Sudan has had two civil wars since independence The first civil war was from 1955-1972. It was northern Sudan against southern Sudan. Southern Sudan won and be came independent from Sudan Sudan's second civil war lasted from 1983-2005. This war was against Darfur. A Sierra Leonian's lives today are very difficult. They have a rapid population growth. They overharvest fish and timber. Only 43.3% of people are literate. 77% of urbanized areas have no sanitation. The risk for infectious disease is very high. They have a constitutional democracy. Their President is Ernest Bai Koroma. 48% of children suffer from child labor. Facts United Nations Presentation The major problem that the DRC faced was finding people to fill jobs. The people were not trained to work the important jobs. Some of the jobs that could not be filled were any jobs in the medical field, where law degrees were needed, or political jobs. The crime rate in the DRC has also greatly increased in the past few years. Where there is not lack in disease, there is a great amount of resources gone from the DRC`s rich soil. Sudan It can help by stabilizing the country itself and eventually other countries as well. The literacy rate is very high in Zimbabwe so they could use the money to start some sort of reading school to teach people from other countries to read They could use the money to enforce or make the military better and they could help protect other countries The airports add more jobs and make more money for the economy. History: Originally colonized by Germany Colonized by Belgium during World War 1 Gained independence in 1962 Was a very beautiful country, until the genocide Sudan is involved in many conflicts. One million dollars could stabilize the country. If the country became more stable, some of the conflicts that Sudan has could be resolved. Major Problems: Poverty Education Economy Disease/ Sickness Building the Country: Since the genocide, the economy of Rwanda is extremely weak Citizens can barely feed their families with the money they earn, yet the country is slowly recovering Based on Jim Harvey's speech structures Paul Kagame Robert Mugabe

Transcript: A total of 193 countries are members of the UN. Along with Canada, Greece, South Korea and China, other important countries include Germany, the US, the UK, France, Kenya, Switzerland, Russia and Australia. The UN was created to promote peace, justice, human rights and development. It also helps encourage the well being of all people. When was the UN founded? Where is the UN located? By David, Connor, Joachim and Thomas What a mouthful of a question, ikr World map in 2008. Blue indicates UN countries. South Sudan and Eritrea became independent as of 2012. The grey country on the west end of Africa is technically part of Morocco. Introduction How long has the UN been together? This is Ban Ki-moon We interrupt your learning for a brief Korean Pride moment. Has the UN been in the news lately? One of the UN’s most famous agencies, the United Nations Children’s Fund, or UNICEF, is usually in the news, because of the work it does in many developing or troubled countries like Syria and Maldives. Other Interesting Facts How often does the UN meet? Conclusion The UN has four main headquarters. In New York City, there is the Secretariat building. This is where the General Assembly meets. UN-HABITAT is located in Nairobi, Kenya. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization, which is focused on poverty reduction and clean energy creation is based in Vienna, Austria. Finally, the last UN headquarters is an old League of Nations building, located in Geneva, Switzerland. Also, UNESCO, or the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is located in Paris, France. This agency marks historic sites to preserve them. The United Nations Did you know that Ban Ki-moon can Gangnum Style? He is the humble apprentice of PSY himself! WARNING: This is a very disorientating presentation. You may feel symptoms like nausea and vomiting. If you must throw up, please do so in the lap directly to your left or right. Thank you, and have a great day! Ban Ki-Moon of South Korea is the current Secretary-General of the UN. The Secretary-General of the UN UNICEF Trick or treat box. Have you ever heard of the famous organization United Nations? It is the very successful organization that may be the reason the world is so peaceful today. It has done amazing deeds with its peacekeeping missions. It is always ready to help. so listen carefully! UNICEF has raised over two hundred million dollars on donations collected by trick-or-treaters alone. Somewhat ironically, Japan and Germany, the countries defeated in the WWII (the war after which the UN was created) are the second and third biggest funders of the organization. Although no one is completely sure, reports say only 2-5 countries in the world are not part of the UN. KOREAN PRIDE! What countries are in the UN? The UN was founded on June 26th, 1945, after World War II. It was founded to replace the League of Nations, an organization much like the UN. However, the League of Nations had no military power. Countries that sign the UN's Charter must agree to provide military power when needed. What is the purpose of this organization? The General Assembly meets every year from September to December. They also meet at times of conflict between members, or when the Security Council is unable to agree on a consensus about a situation. The Economic and Social Council meets in July for a four week session. The UN is one of the most important organizations in the world. It helps the people of the world a lot. Literally everybody in the world thinks that the United Nations is the key to enforcing peace in the world. the UN's main goal was to keep peace and they have achieved it. We should all thank the United Nations for the work they have done to keep peace in the world.

Transcript: United Nations By Aurora & Naina What Is the United Nations? What is the United Nations Title Title Title TOPIC 2 Development of the UN Subtopic 1 TEXT PICTURES PICTURES TOPIC 3 TOPIC 3 TIMELINE TIMELINE 2018 MAP MAP Location 2 Location 3 Location 1 TOPIC 4 TOPIC 4

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The United Nations.

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Presentation on theme: "The United Nations."— Presentation transcript:

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THE UNITED NATIONS October, THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES: Introduction to the UN Main parts of the UN General Assembly Security Council Economic and.

The United Nations Keeping peace throughout the world.

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United Nations Peacekeeping Methods Slovenia declares its independence 1991 Croatia declares its independence Short war with Serbia 1992 Bosnia-

The Creation of the United Nations And the start of the Cold War.

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Formation of the United Nations

United States and International Organizations.  Factors like climate change pollution and trade all affect countries.  Nations often hold talks with.

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Chanelle LeBlanc.  Peace keeping organization.  Began on October.24 th, 1945  Involves 192 member states  International  Main Goal: To maintain peace.

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Press Release

Launch of the UNEN Report, New York, 17 September 2020

Shaping the Trends of Our Time

Assembly President announces first-ever ‘Sustainability Week’

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The President of the General Assembly on Tuesday announced the UN body’s inaugural Sustainability Week, encapsulating a series of high-level discussions and initiatives aimed at propelling the implementation of sustainable practices and to address pressing challenges.

To be held from 15 to 19 April, President Dennis Francis’ flagship initiative converges various mandated events into a singular, impactful week, elevating the discourse on such critical sectors as tourism, infrastructure, energy and transport.

“The Sustainability Week initiative is essentially designed to galvanise momentum around sustainability in a way that helps to supercharge implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ,” Mr. Francis told reporters at the UN Headquarters in New York.

He added that high-level participation is anticipated from Heads of States and Governments, sector-specific ministers and key UN officials.

Sustainability Week highlights

• 15 April : High-level thematic debate on debt sustainability and socioeconomic equality , highlighting the impact of surging debt on countries’ development trajectories
• 16 April : High-level thematic event on tourism , addressing unsustainable practices within the industry and launching a statistical framework for measuring sustainability
• 17 April : High-level meeting on sustainable transport , emphasising its importance in achieving several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• 18 April : Informal dialogue on building global resilience and promoting sustainable development through infrastructure connectivity
• 19 April : Global stock taking on sustainable energy , reflecting on progress and shortcomings over the UN Decade of Sustainable Energy for All 2014-2024 and launching a call to action to accelerate implementation of SDG 7 on affordable and clean energy

Beyond the 2030 Agenda

Assembly President Francis also highlighted initiatives beyond the 2030 Agenda, including the Choose Sustainability campaign, which encourages stakeholders to adopt pledges and sustainability practices.

“I encourage all permanent missions, stakeholders and the media to adopt pledges to promote sustainability and to declare their support on social media while adopting sustainability practices,” he said.

For its part, his office is, among other things, working to phase out the use of roll-up banners throughout the General Assembly and to replace them with long-lasting, energy-efficient LED screens.

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Trump Wants Immigrants From 'Nice Countries' Like Denmark And Switzerland Over Nations 'That Are A Disaster'

T he former President of the United States, Donald Trump , voiced his dissatisfaction with the current immigration situation, expressing a preference for immigrants from “nice” countries like Denmark, at a high-profile fundraiser on Saturday night.

What Happened : The fundraiser was held at a mansion in Palm Beach, Fla., owned by billionaire financier John Paulson . During a 45-minute presentation to a wealthy audience, Trump discussed the ongoing immigration crisis at the Southern border, reported The New York Times.

Trump criticized the countries from which people are immigrating to the U.S., describing them as “unbelievable places and countries, countries that are a disaster.” He then stated his preference for immigrants from “nice countries, you know like Denmark, Switzerland?”

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The crowd responded to Trump’s comments with laughter. He also drew attention to the influx of migrants from Latin America, comparing gang members to the Hells Angels. “They've been shipped in, brought in, deposited in our country, and they're with us tonight,” he said.

Trump used the platform to criticize his successor, President Joe Biden , for the surge in migrants and what he saw as poor decision-making in the Oval Office.

The event reportedly raised over $50 million, a record-setting amount that is yet to be confirmed. The campaign finance reports will be available in the coming months.

Why It Matters : Trump’s comments at the fundraiser are consistent with his previous rhetoric on immigration. Earlier this month, he accused President Biden of conspiring to overthrow the United States through his immigration policies.

He also claimed that a murder victim would still be alive if he were in office, using the incident to highlight his stance on illegal immigration. Just days before the fundraiser, he referred to illegal immigrants as “animals” during a speech in Michigan.

Photo via Shutterstock

Read Next: TTrump’s Niece Tells How Florida Supreme Court Abortion Ruling Could Trigger ‘Seismic Shift’ In Red State And ‘Give Donald Nightmares’

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I. The United Nations - its purposes, functions, structure

Aug 14, 2014

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I. The United Nations - its purposes, functions, structure The purposes and principles of the United Nations are set forth in the United Nations Charter which came i nto force on October 24, 1945. One of the aims of the Charter is: 

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I. The United Nations - its purposes, functions, structure • The purposes and principles of the United Nations are set forth in the United Nations Charter which came into force on October 24, 1945. One of the aims of the Charter is:  • "...To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion...."  • The Charter of the United Nations also provides for the 6 principle organs of the United Nations: • 1. General Assembly • 2. Security Council • 3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) • 4. Trusteeship Council • 5. International Court of Justice • 6. Secretariat

II. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) • The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is an organ of special significance in the UN structure, particularly in economic, social, cultural, educational, health and human rights matters. • It consists of 54 members who meet twice a year. ECOSOC carries out its functions in the form of numerous committees and commissions (i.e. Commission on Human Rights, the Sub-Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights) and specialized agencies (i.e. International Labor Organization [ILO], World Health Organization [WHO]).

II. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) • The Economic and Social Council plays a specific role in the area of human rights. Article 68 of the UN Charter requires the Council to set up a commission to promote human rights. • On February 16, 1946, the Commission on Human Rights was founded. It is made up of 54 members who serve for three-year terms. The Economic and Social Council gave the Commission the major task of drafting international human rights treaties, including The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

II. The UN Commission on Human Rights • Initially concerned with elaborating standards (drafted UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR) • “no power to take action in regard to any complaints concerning human rights” (ECOSOC 1947) • In response to pressure to act on racism in South Africa, ECOSOC changed its mind by adopting Res. 1235 in 1967

II. The UN Commission on Human Rights • 1235 Procedure: authorized the Commission on Human Rights and its Sub-Commission to examine information relating to gross human rights violations • South Africa, Namibia, and Rhodesia were the initial States subject to the 1235 procedure

II. The UN Commission on Human Rights • Public nature of 1235 procedure made states nervous, so they created a new, confidential procedure called the 1503 Procedure • 1235 (public debate) • 1503 (confidential debate)

II. The UN Commission on Human Rights • 1503 Procedure: • Petition-information procedure (not petition-reparation procedure) • Activated by complaints from NGO sources that reveal: “a consistent pattern of gross and reliably attested violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms” (Res. 1503)

II. The UN Commission on Human Rights • 1503 Procedure: • Who may submit a communication? • Anyone with direct and reliable knowledge of violations • Against what State? • Any UN Member State!!! • UN Commission has different source of authority than the treaty bodies (UN Charter v. individual treaty)

II. The UN Commission on Human Rights • 1503 Procedure: Procedural Req’s • No anonymity, but confidentiality can be requested • Must not be “based exclusively on reports disseminated by mass media” • Must explain how domestic remedies have been exhausted (applied loosely in practice- Why???) • Must be submitted within a reasonable time after exhaustion

II. The UN Commission on Human Rights • 1503 Procedure: Substantive Req’s • Must show the existence of a consistent pattern of gross violations (how can individual cases be brought in?) • Torture, disappearances, extra-judicial killings, arbitrary detention, freedom of movement • The more widespread, the need to show “gross” violation is diminished and vice-versa • Must contain evidence and indicate which rights have been violated (basically, the communication will look like a brief)

II. The UN Commission on Human Rights States reviewed under 1503 Procedure (through 2006) • Africa: 32 States have been targeted (27 under 1503 procedure, 18 under 1235 procedure, 13 under both) • Asia: 30 States (27 under 1503 procedure, 13 under 1235 procedure, 9 under both) • Latin America: 19 States (16 under 1503 procedure, 10 under 1235 procedure, 7 under both) • Eastern Europe: 18 States (10 under 1503 procedure, 9 under 1235 procedure, 1 under both) • Western States: 7 States (6 under 1503 procedure, 3 under 1235 procedure, 2 under both) • http://www.ishr.ch/handbook/Annexes/CommProcs/1503outcms.pdf

II. The UN Commission on Human Rights Why use the 1503 Procedure?

II. The UN Commission on Human Rights Why use the 1503 Procedure? BECAUSE OF WHAT IT CAN LEAD TO: • 1235 public discussion in the Commission • Creation of a “Special Procedure” • Asking SG to establish direct contacts • Asking the Government for further info • Keep the situation “under review”

III. The Special Procedures 28 Thematic Mandates 13 Country Mandates

III. The Special Procedures Mandate Powers Functions Outputs Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/121/27/PDF/G0612127.pdf?OpenElement

http://switchboard.real.com/player/email.html?PV=6.0.12&&title=UN%20Webcast&link=http%3A%2F%2Fwebcast.un.org%2Framgen%2Fga%2F60%2Fga060315am.rm http://switchboard.real.com/player/email.html?PV=6.0.12&&title=UN%20Webcast&link=http%3A%2F%2Fwebcast.un.org%2Framgen%2Fga%2F60%2Fga060315am.rm

F. Reports of the procedure established in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolutions 1503 (XLVIII) and 2000/3 (confidential procedure) • The Council considered the reports of the procedure established in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolutions 1503 (XLVIII) and 2000/3 in two closed meetings, at its 12th meeting on 19 March, and at its 22nd meeting on 26 March 2007, pursuant to paragraph 7 of Economic and Social Council resolution 2000/3 of 16 June 2000. The Council had before it for consideration the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Uzbekistan. • At the 23rd meeting, on 26 March 2007, the President announced publicly that the Council had decided to discontinue the consideration of the human rights situations in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Uzbekistan. • The President reminded the members of the Council that, in conformity with paragraph 9 of Economic and Social Council resolution 2000/3, they should not make any reference in public debate to the confidential decisions taken under that resolution or to any confidential material relating thereto.

Weaknesses • Not an primary body of UN • No explicit criteria for membership • No significant reduction in size • Only majority vote required to be elected • Potential for duplication

Strengths • Universal peer review mechanism • Maintains the best of the Commission • Extended time for dialogue • Emphasis on follow-up • Suspension provision • Elections

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