literature review on auditorium building pdf

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Literature Review and Case Study on Convention Center

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suptish mandal

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Valter Roesler

Meeting rooms, as well as classrooms, can be transformed in multimedia spaces that amplify collaboration and education. Computers, projectors, large displays, videoconference systems and wi-fi networks are examples of Information Technologies infrastructures commonly installed in modern rooms. However, the investment to transform a traditional classroom in a digital learning space must be spent efficiently to justify the invested resources. The cost of any physical space depends on how often it is used. For example, a US$100,000.00 regular classroom can cost more than a US$500,000.00 one. How? Suppose the cheaper room is used eight hours a month, while the more expensive one is used eighty hours a month. Over five years (or 60 months), the per-hour cost of the cheaper room will be US$100,000.00 / (60 * 8) = US$208.33, while the per-hour cost of the more expensive one will be US$500,000.00 / (60 * 80) = US$104.17, i.e., half the cost of the first. The bottom line is that keeping an i...

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Dr. Julie Whitfield

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International expositions began to gain popularity in late 19 th century, particularly in europe, and in time came to influence both architecture and urban planning, affecting their historical development. expositions serve as a means of displaying architecture, particularly since industrialization, and have an influence that can transform their surrounding metropolitan areas in different ways. These influenced areas extend way beyond their own scales, and even if they no longer exist today, and have the potential to transform the urban space in which they are located. This study analyses the case of the Great exhibition of 1851, in london, united Kingdom, which can be considered as the world's first international event, and which played a significant role in the transformation of the Kensington site. Although the exhibition space itself was temporary, it transformed the Kensington site on which it was located at an urban scale. This part of the london has changed following the reorganization and redesign after the exhibition was over, and the exposition space has developed into an integrated part of the city by taking on a set of additional functions, with the additional influence also of such neighbouring institutions as museums and later exhibition spaces.

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This article approaches, in a summarized way, the existing relations between World Expos and architectural structures, establishing the diverse historical stages existing in this relation. Likewise, it explains, through relevant examples, the influence that these structures have had on others built outside of Expos.

Conference Centre Evaluation Criteria

AIPC is an international association of convention and exhibition centres whose mission is to support, encourage and recognize excellence in convention centre operation and management. Its programs are directed toward enhancing the profile and performance of its members, who are purpose built facilities whose primary purpose is to accommodate and service meetings, conventions, congresses and exhibitions. In order to host international events, the building should comply with current international standards regarding, structure, layout and technical facilities. A conference centre must also provide adequate services and ensure that their staff possesses the required experience and skills to enable events to run efficiently and safely. In order to comply with AIPC Quality Standards, a convention centre must be able to meet the criteria detailed below. VENUE Minimum Space Requirements • Space dedicated for delegate registration must consist of no less than 0.7 sq.m. for each person times the maximum capacity of the main auditorium; • The main auditorium must seat a minimum of 300 delegates; • Breakout rooms must offer at least 80% of the seating capacity of the main auditorium; • An organizers' office space of 20 sq.m. must be provided; • Catering areas must provide seating for a minimum of 60% of the capacity of the main auditorium, allowing for 1 sq.m. per delegate; • Foyer and circulation areas must be available, and provide occasional seating and refreshments service; • Exhibition space must provide sufficient access and appropriately sized delivery bay; • Cloakrooms must have a total capacity equal to that of the maximum capacity of the main auditorium.

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Study of modified VVER and typical PWR fuel in the HBWR reactor (Norway)

• Published: 21 December 2012
• Volume 113 , pages 171–178, ( 2013 )

Cite this article

• B. Yu. Volkov 1 ,
• W. Wiesenack 1 ,
• V. V. Yakovlev 2 ,
• E. P. Ryazantsev 2 ,
• A. K. Panyushkin 3 ,
• A. V. Ivanov 3 ,
• O. V. Kryukov 3 ,
• P. I. Lavrenyuk 4 &
• Yu. V. Pimenov 4  

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Two experiments studying the standard and modified VVER fuel fabricated at the Machine-Building Plant (in Elektrostal) and PWR fuel produced according to the typical specifications were performed on the HBWR research reactor (Halden, Norway) from 1995 to 2005. The objective of these experiments was to study the effect of the structural-technological parameters on the behavior of VVER fuel in comparison with the typical PWR fuel. These studies made it possible to expand the in-reactor data base on the behavior of VVER uranium oxide fuel as well as to develop recommendations for improving the technology of its production in order to increase fuel stability under irradiation.

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Fuel for VVER and PWR: Current Status and Prospects

Techno-economic prognosis for the manufacture of fuel assemblies with mixed uranium-plutonium fuel for the vver-skd power reactor.

PWR Fuel Cycle Increased Enrichment, Combination of Burnable Absorbers

B. Yu. Volkov, E. P. Ryazantsev, V. V. Yakovlev, et al., “Studies of the behavior of VVER and PWR irradiated in the HBWR reactor (Halden, Norway),” At. Énerg. , 111 , No. 6, 342–348 (2011).

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B. Volkov, E. Ryazantzev, and V. Yakovlev, The Thermal and Mechanical Behaviour of Modified WWER Fuel Compared with PWR Specification Fuel in IFA-503.2 , HWR-637, December 2000.

B. Volkov and T. Tverberg, “Irradiation performance of modified WWER fuel compared with typical PWR fuel in the Halden Reactor Test,” in: 4th Int. Conf. on WWER Fuel Performance, Modelling, and Experimental Support , Bulgaria, Varna, Oct. 15, 2001, pp. 186–196.

B. Volkov and E. Kolstad, “Review of WWER fuel and material tests in the Halden reactor,” in: 6th Int. Conf. on WWER Fuel Performance, Modelling and Experimental Support , Bulgaria, Albena, Sept. 19–23, 2005, pp. 214–221.

K. Vinjamuru and D. Owen, “Helium fill gas absorption in pressurized UO2 fuel rods during irradiation,” Nucl. Technol ., 47 , No. 1, 119–124 (1980).

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Article   MathSciNet   ADS   Google Scholar  

M. Freshley et al., “Irradiation-induced densification of UO2 pellet fuel,” ibid ., 62 , No. 2, 138–166 (1976).

W. Wiesenack and T. Tverberg, “Thermal performance of high burnup fuel – in-pile temperature data and analysis,” in: Int. Topical Meeting on LWR Fuel Performance , Utah, USA, April 10–3, 2000, pp. 626–633.

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Halden Reactor Project, Halden, Norway

B. Yu. Volkov & W. Wiesenack

National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

V. V. Yakovlev & E. P. Ryazantsev

Machine-Building Plant, Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia

A. K. Panyushkin, A. V. Ivanov & O. V. Kryukov

TVEL Company, Moscow, Russia

P. I. Lavrenyuk & Yu. V. Pimenov

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Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 113, No. 3, pp. 140–145, September, 2012.

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Volkov, B.Y., Wiesenack, W., Yakovlev, V.V. et al. Study of modified VVER and typical PWR fuel in the HBWR reactor (Norway). At Energy 113 , 171–178 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10512-012-9613-7

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Received : 14 February 2012

Published : 21 December 2012

Issue Date : January 2013

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10512-012-9613-7

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