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Writing a Literature Review

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A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis ). The lit review is an important genre in many disciplines, not just literature (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels and plays). When we say “literature review” or refer to “the literature,” we are talking about the research ( scholarship ) in a given field. You will often see the terms “the research,” “the scholarship,” and “the literature” used mostly interchangeably.

Where, when, and why would I write a lit review?

There are a number of different situations where you might write a literature review, each with slightly different expectations; different disciplines, too, have field-specific expectations for what a literature review is and does. For instance, in the humanities, authors might include more overt argumentation and interpretation of source material in their literature reviews, whereas in the sciences, authors are more likely to report study designs and results in their literature reviews; these differences reflect these disciplines’ purposes and conventions in scholarship. You should always look at examples from your own discipline and talk to professors or mentors in your field to be sure you understand your discipline’s conventions, for literature reviews as well as for any other genre.

A literature review can be a part of a research paper or scholarly article, usually falling after the introduction and before the research methods sections. In these cases, the lit review just needs to cover scholarship that is important to the issue you are writing about; sometimes it will also cover key sources that informed your research methodology.

Lit reviews can also be standalone pieces, either as assignments in a class or as publications. In a class, a lit review may be assigned to help students familiarize themselves with a topic and with scholarship in their field, get an idea of the other researchers working on the topic they’re interested in, find gaps in existing research in order to propose new projects, and/or develop a theoretical framework and methodology for later research. As a publication, a lit review usually is meant to help make other scholars’ lives easier by collecting and summarizing, synthesizing, and analyzing existing research on a topic. This can be especially helpful for students or scholars getting into a new research area, or for directing an entire community of scholars toward questions that have not yet been answered.

What are the parts of a lit review?

Most lit reviews use a basic introduction-body-conclusion structure; if your lit review is part of a larger paper, the introduction and conclusion pieces may be just a few sentences while you focus most of your attention on the body. If your lit review is a standalone piece, the introduction and conclusion take up more space and give you a place to discuss your goals, research methods, and conclusions separately from where you discuss the literature itself.

Introduction:

  • An introductory paragraph that explains what your working topic and thesis is
  • A forecast of key topics or texts that will appear in the review
  • Potentially, a description of how you found sources and how you analyzed them for inclusion and discussion in the review (more often found in published, standalone literature reviews than in lit review sections in an article or research paper)
  • Summarize and synthesize: Give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
  • Analyze and interpret: Don’t just paraphrase other researchers – add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
  • Critically Evaluate: Mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
  • Write in well-structured paragraphs: Use transition words and topic sentence to draw connections, comparisons, and contrasts.

Conclusion:

  • Summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance
  • Connect it back to your primary research question

How should I organize my lit review?

Lit reviews can take many different organizational patterns depending on what you are trying to accomplish with the review. Here are some examples:

  • Chronological : The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time, which helps familiarize the audience with the topic (for instance if you are introducing something that is not commonly known in your field). If you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order. Try to analyze the patterns, turning points, and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred (as mentioned previously, this may not be appropriate in your discipline — check with a teacher or mentor if you’re unsure).
  • Thematic : If you have found some recurring central themes that you will continue working with throughout your piece, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic. For example, if you are reviewing literature about women and religion, key themes can include the role of women in churches and the religious attitude towards women.
  • Qualitative versus quantitative research
  • Empirical versus theoretical scholarship
  • Divide the research by sociological, historical, or cultural sources
  • Theoretical : In many humanities articles, the literature review is the foundation for the theoretical framework. You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts. You can argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach or combine various theorical concepts to create a framework for your research.

What are some strategies or tips I can use while writing my lit review?

Any lit review is only as good as the research it discusses; make sure your sources are well-chosen and your research is thorough. Don’t be afraid to do more research if you discover a new thread as you’re writing. More info on the research process is available in our "Conducting Research" resources .

As you’re doing your research, create an annotated bibliography ( see our page on the this type of document ). Much of the information used in an annotated bibliography can be used also in a literature review, so you’ll be not only partially drafting your lit review as you research, but also developing your sense of the larger conversation going on among scholars, professionals, and any other stakeholders in your topic.

Usually you will need to synthesize research rather than just summarizing it. This means drawing connections between sources to create a picture of the scholarly conversation on a topic over time. Many student writers struggle to synthesize because they feel they don’t have anything to add to the scholars they are citing; here are some strategies to help you:

  • It often helps to remember that the point of these kinds of syntheses is to show your readers how you understand your research, to help them read the rest of your paper.
  • Writing teachers often say synthesis is like hosting a dinner party: imagine all your sources are together in a room, discussing your topic. What are they saying to each other?
  • Look at the in-text citations in each paragraph. Are you citing just one source for each paragraph? This usually indicates summary only. When you have multiple sources cited in a paragraph, you are more likely to be synthesizing them (not always, but often
  • Read more about synthesis here.

The most interesting literature reviews are often written as arguments (again, as mentioned at the beginning of the page, this is discipline-specific and doesn’t work for all situations). Often, the literature review is where you can establish your research as filling a particular gap or as relevant in a particular way. You have some chance to do this in your introduction in an article, but the literature review section gives a more extended opportunity to establish the conversation in the way you would like your readers to see it. You can choose the intellectual lineage you would like to be part of and whose definitions matter most to your thinking (mostly humanities-specific, but this goes for sciences as well). In addressing these points, you argue for your place in the conversation, which tends to make the lit review more compelling than a simple reporting of other sources.

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What is a Literature Review? How to Write It (with Examples)

literature review

A literature review is a critical analysis and synthesis of existing research on a particular topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps, and highlights key findings in the literature. 1 The purpose of a literature review is to situate your own research within the context of existing scholarship, demonstrating your understanding of the topic and showing how your work contributes to the ongoing conversation in the field. Learning how to write a literature review is a critical tool for successful research. Your ability to summarize and synthesize prior research pertaining to a certain topic demonstrates your grasp on the topic of study, and assists in the learning process. 

Table of Contents

  • What is the purpose of literature review? 
  • a. Habitat Loss and Species Extinction: 
  • b. Range Shifts and Phenological Changes: 
  • c. Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs: 
  • d. Adaptive Strategies and Conservation Efforts: 
  • How to write a good literature review 
  • Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question: 
  • Decide on the Scope of Your Review: 
  • Select Databases for Searches: 
  • Conduct Searches and Keep Track: 
  • Review the Literature: 
  • Organize and Write Your Literature Review: 
  • Frequently asked questions 

What is a literature review?

A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the existing literature, establishes the context for their own research, and contributes to scholarly conversations on the topic. One of the purposes of a literature review is also to help researchers avoid duplicating previous work and ensure that their research is informed by and builds upon the existing body of knowledge.

literature review gif

What is the purpose of literature review?

A literature review serves several important purposes within academic and research contexts. Here are some key objectives and functions of a literature review: 2  

  • Contextualizing the Research Problem: The literature review provides a background and context for the research problem under investigation. It helps to situate the study within the existing body of knowledge. 
  • Identifying Gaps in Knowledge: By identifying gaps, contradictions, or areas requiring further research, the researcher can shape the research question and justify the significance of the study. This is crucial for ensuring that the new research contributes something novel to the field. 
  • Understanding Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks: Literature reviews help researchers gain an understanding of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks used in previous studies. This aids in the development of a theoretical framework for the current research. 
  • Providing Methodological Insights: Another purpose of literature reviews is that it allows researchers to learn about the methodologies employed in previous studies. This can help in choosing appropriate research methods for the current study and avoiding pitfalls that others may have encountered. 
  • Establishing Credibility: A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with existing scholarship, establishing their credibility and expertise in the field. It also helps in building a solid foundation for the new research. 
  • Informing Hypotheses or Research Questions: The literature review guides the formulation of hypotheses or research questions by highlighting relevant findings and areas of uncertainty in existing literature. 

Literature review example

Let’s delve deeper with a literature review example: Let’s say your literature review is about the impact of climate change on biodiversity. You might format your literature review into sections such as the effects of climate change on habitat loss and species extinction, phenological changes, and marine biodiversity. Each section would then summarize and analyze relevant studies in those areas, highlighting key findings and identifying gaps in the research. The review would conclude by emphasizing the need for further research on specific aspects of the relationship between climate change and biodiversity. The following literature review template provides a glimpse into the recommended literature review structure and content, demonstrating how research findings are organized around specific themes within a broader topic. 

Literature Review on Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity:

Climate change is a global phenomenon with far-reaching consequences, including significant impacts on biodiversity. This literature review synthesizes key findings from various studies: 

a. Habitat Loss and Species Extinction:

Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns contribute to habitat loss, affecting numerous species (Thomas et al., 2004). The review discusses how these changes increase the risk of extinction, particularly for species with specific habitat requirements. 

b. Range Shifts and Phenological Changes:

Observations of range shifts and changes in the timing of biological events (phenology) are documented in response to changing climatic conditions (Parmesan & Yohe, 2003). These shifts affect ecosystems and may lead to mismatches between species and their resources. 

c. Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs:

The review explores the impact of climate change on marine biodiversity, emphasizing ocean acidification’s threat to coral reefs (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). Changes in pH levels negatively affect coral calcification, disrupting the delicate balance of marine ecosystems. 

d. Adaptive Strategies and Conservation Efforts:

Recognizing the urgency of the situation, the literature review discusses various adaptive strategies adopted by species and conservation efforts aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate change on biodiversity (Hannah et al., 2007). It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches for effective conservation planning. 

literature review gif

How to write a good literature review

Writing a literature review involves summarizing and synthesizing existing research on a particular topic. A good literature review format should include the following elements. 

Introduction: The introduction sets the stage for your literature review, providing context and introducing the main focus of your review. 

  • Opening Statement: Begin with a general statement about the broader topic and its significance in the field. 
  • Scope and Purpose: Clearly define the scope of your literature review. Explain the specific research question or objective you aim to address. 
  • Organizational Framework: Briefly outline the structure of your literature review, indicating how you will categorize and discuss the existing research. 
  • Significance of the Study: Highlight why your literature review is important and how it contributes to the understanding of the chosen topic. 
  • Thesis Statement: Conclude the introduction with a concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument or perspective you will develop in the body of the literature review. 

Body: The body of the literature review is where you provide a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, grouping studies based on themes, methodologies, or other relevant criteria. 

  • Organize by Theme or Concept: Group studies that share common themes, concepts, or methodologies. Discuss each theme or concept in detail, summarizing key findings and identifying gaps or areas of disagreement. 
  • Critical Analysis: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each study. Discuss the methodologies used, the quality of evidence, and the overall contribution of each work to the understanding of the topic. 
  • Synthesis of Findings: Synthesize the information from different studies to highlight trends, patterns, or areas of consensus in the literature. 
  • Identification of Gaps: Discuss any gaps or limitations in the existing research and explain how your review contributes to filling these gaps. 
  • Transition between Sections: Provide smooth transitions between different themes or concepts to maintain the flow of your literature review. 

Conclusion: The conclusion of your literature review should summarize the main findings, highlight the contributions of the review, and suggest avenues for future research. 

  • Summary of Key Findings: Recap the main findings from the literature and restate how they contribute to your research question or objective. 
  • Contributions to the Field: Discuss the overall contribution of your literature review to the existing knowledge in the field. 
  • Implications and Applications: Explore the practical implications of the findings and suggest how they might impact future research or practice. 
  • Recommendations for Future Research: Identify areas that require further investigation and propose potential directions for future research in the field. 
  • Final Thoughts: Conclude with a final reflection on the importance of your literature review and its relevance to the broader academic community. 

what is a literature review

Conducting a literature review

Conducting a literature review is an essential step in research that involves reviewing and analyzing existing literature on a specific topic. It’s important to know how to do a literature review effectively, so here are the steps to follow: 1  

Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question:

  • Select a topic that is relevant to your field of study. 
  • Clearly define your research question or objective. Determine what specific aspect of the topic do you want to explore? 

Decide on the Scope of Your Review:

  • Determine the timeframe for your literature review. Are you focusing on recent developments, or do you want a historical overview? 
  • Consider the geographical scope. Is your review global, or are you focusing on a specific region? 
  • Define the inclusion and exclusion criteria. What types of sources will you include? Are there specific types of studies or publications you will exclude? 

Select Databases for Searches:

  • Identify relevant databases for your field. Examples include PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. 
  • Consider searching in library catalogs, institutional repositories, and specialized databases related to your topic. 

Conduct Searches and Keep Track:

  • Develop a systematic search strategy using keywords, Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT), and other search techniques. 
  • Record and document your search strategy for transparency and replicability. 
  • Keep track of the articles, including publication details, abstracts, and links. Use citation management tools like EndNote, Zotero, or Mendeley to organize your references. 

Review the Literature:

  • Evaluate the relevance and quality of each source. Consider the methodology, sample size, and results of studies. 
  • Organize the literature by themes or key concepts. Identify patterns, trends, and gaps in the existing research. 
  • Summarize key findings and arguments from each source. Compare and contrast different perspectives. 
  • Identify areas where there is a consensus in the literature and where there are conflicting opinions. 
  • Provide critical analysis and synthesis of the literature. What are the strengths and weaknesses of existing research? 

Organize and Write Your Literature Review:

  • Literature review outline should be based on themes, chronological order, or methodological approaches. 
  • Write a clear and coherent narrative that synthesizes the information gathered. 
  • Use proper citations for each source and ensure consistency in your citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). 
  • Conclude your literature review by summarizing key findings, identifying gaps, and suggesting areas for future research. 

The literature review sample and detailed advice on writing and conducting a review will help you produce a well-structured report. But remember that a literature review is an ongoing process, and it may be necessary to revisit and update it as your research progresses. 

Frequently asked questions

A literature review is a critical and comprehensive analysis of existing literature (published and unpublished works) on a specific topic or research question and provides a synthesis of the current state of knowledge in a particular field. A well-conducted literature review is crucial for researchers to build upon existing knowledge, avoid duplication of efforts, and contribute to the advancement of their field. It also helps researchers situate their work within a broader context and facilitates the development of a sound theoretical and conceptual framework for their studies.

Literature review is a crucial component of research writing, providing a solid background for a research paper’s investigation. The aim is to keep professionals up to date by providing an understanding of ongoing developments within a specific field, including research methods, and experimental techniques used in that field, and present that knowledge in the form of a written report. Also, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the scholar in his or her field.  

Before writing a literature review, it’s essential to undertake several preparatory steps to ensure that your review is well-researched, organized, and focused. This includes choosing a topic of general interest to you and doing exploratory research on that topic, writing an annotated bibliography, and noting major points, especially those that relate to the position you have taken on the topic. 

Literature reviews and academic research papers are essential components of scholarly work but serve different purposes within the academic realm. 3 A literature review aims to provide a foundation for understanding the current state of research on a particular topic, identify gaps or controversies, and lay the groundwork for future research. Therefore, it draws heavily from existing academic sources, including books, journal articles, and other scholarly publications. In contrast, an academic research paper aims to present new knowledge, contribute to the academic discourse, and advance the understanding of a specific research question. Therefore, it involves a mix of existing literature (in the introduction and literature review sections) and original data or findings obtained through research methods. 

Literature reviews are essential components of academic and research papers, and various strategies can be employed to conduct them effectively. If you want to know how to write a literature review for a research paper, here are four common approaches that are often used by researchers.  Chronological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the chronological order of publication. It helps to trace the development of a topic over time, showing how ideas, theories, and research have evolved.  Thematic Review: Thematic reviews focus on identifying and analyzing themes or topics that cut across different studies. Instead of organizing the literature chronologically, it is grouped by key themes or concepts, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of various aspects of the topic.  Methodological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the research methods employed in different studies. It helps to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of various methodologies and allows the reader to evaluate the reliability and validity of the research findings.  Theoretical Review: A theoretical review examines the literature based on the theoretical frameworks used in different studies. This approach helps to identify the key theories that have been applied to the topic and assess their contributions to the understanding of the subject.  It’s important to note that these strategies are not mutually exclusive, and a literature review may combine elements of more than one approach. The choice of strategy depends on the research question, the nature of the literature available, and the goals of the review. Additionally, other strategies, such as integrative reviews or systematic reviews, may be employed depending on the specific requirements of the research.

The literature review format can vary depending on the specific publication guidelines. However, there are some common elements and structures that are often followed. Here is a general guideline for the format of a literature review:  Introduction:   Provide an overview of the topic.  Define the scope and purpose of the literature review.  State the research question or objective.  Body:   Organize the literature by themes, concepts, or chronology.  Critically analyze and evaluate each source.  Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the studies.  Highlight any methodological limitations or biases.  Identify patterns, connections, or contradictions in the existing research.  Conclusion:   Summarize the key points discussed in the literature review.  Highlight the research gap.  Address the research question or objective stated in the introduction.  Highlight the contributions of the review and suggest directions for future research.

Both annotated bibliographies and literature reviews involve the examination of scholarly sources. While annotated bibliographies focus on individual sources with brief annotations, literature reviews provide a more in-depth, integrated, and comprehensive analysis of existing literature on a specific topic. The key differences are as follows: 

References 

  • Denney, A. S., & Tewksbury, R. (2013). How to write a literature review.  Journal of criminal justice education ,  24 (2), 218-234. 
  • Pan, M. L. (2016).  Preparing literature reviews: Qualitative and quantitative approaches . Taylor & Francis. 
  • Cantero, C. (2019). How to write a literature review.  San José State University Writing Center . 

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Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review

Marco pautasso.

1 Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology (CEFE), CNRS, Montpellier, France

2 Centre for Biodiversity Synthesis and Analysis (CESAB), FRB, Aix-en-Provence, France

Literature reviews are in great demand in most scientific fields. Their need stems from the ever-increasing output of scientific publications [1] . For example, compared to 1991, in 2008 three, eight, and forty times more papers were indexed in Web of Science on malaria, obesity, and biodiversity, respectively [2] . Given such mountains of papers, scientists cannot be expected to examine in detail every single new paper relevant to their interests [3] . Thus, it is both advantageous and necessary to rely on regular summaries of the recent literature. Although recognition for scientists mainly comes from primary research, timely literature reviews can lead to new synthetic insights and are often widely read [4] . For such summaries to be useful, however, they need to be compiled in a professional way [5] .

When starting from scratch, reviewing the literature can require a titanic amount of work. That is why researchers who have spent their career working on a certain research issue are in a perfect position to review that literature. Some graduate schools are now offering courses in reviewing the literature, given that most research students start their project by producing an overview of what has already been done on their research issue [6] . However, it is likely that most scientists have not thought in detail about how to approach and carry out a literature review.

Reviewing the literature requires the ability to juggle multiple tasks, from finding and evaluating relevant material to synthesising information from various sources, from critical thinking to paraphrasing, evaluating, and citation skills [7] . In this contribution, I share ten simple rules I learned working on about 25 literature reviews as a PhD and postdoctoral student. Ideas and insights also come from discussions with coauthors and colleagues, as well as feedback from reviewers and editors.

Rule 1: Define a Topic and Audience

How to choose which topic to review? There are so many issues in contemporary science that you could spend a lifetime of attending conferences and reading the literature just pondering what to review. On the one hand, if you take several years to choose, several other people may have had the same idea in the meantime. On the other hand, only a well-considered topic is likely to lead to a brilliant literature review [8] . The topic must at least be:

  • interesting to you (ideally, you should have come across a series of recent papers related to your line of work that call for a critical summary),
  • an important aspect of the field (so that many readers will be interested in the review and there will be enough material to write it), and
  • a well-defined issue (otherwise you could potentially include thousands of publications, which would make the review unhelpful).

Ideas for potential reviews may come from papers providing lists of key research questions to be answered [9] , but also from serendipitous moments during desultory reading and discussions. In addition to choosing your topic, you should also select a target audience. In many cases, the topic (e.g., web services in computational biology) will automatically define an audience (e.g., computational biologists), but that same topic may also be of interest to neighbouring fields (e.g., computer science, biology, etc.).

Rule 2: Search and Re-search the Literature

After having chosen your topic and audience, start by checking the literature and downloading relevant papers. Five pieces of advice here:

  • keep track of the search items you use (so that your search can be replicated [10] ),
  • keep a list of papers whose pdfs you cannot access immediately (so as to retrieve them later with alternative strategies),
  • use a paper management system (e.g., Mendeley, Papers, Qiqqa, Sente),
  • define early in the process some criteria for exclusion of irrelevant papers (these criteria can then be described in the review to help define its scope), and
  • do not just look for research papers in the area you wish to review, but also seek previous reviews.

The chances are high that someone will already have published a literature review ( Figure 1 ), if not exactly on the issue you are planning to tackle, at least on a related topic. If there are already a few or several reviews of the literature on your issue, my advice is not to give up, but to carry on with your own literature review,

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The bottom-right situation (many literature reviews but few research papers) is not just a theoretical situation; it applies, for example, to the study of the impacts of climate change on plant diseases, where there appear to be more literature reviews than research studies [33] .

  • discussing in your review the approaches, limitations, and conclusions of past reviews,
  • trying to find a new angle that has not been covered adequately in the previous reviews, and
  • incorporating new material that has inevitably accumulated since their appearance.

When searching the literature for pertinent papers and reviews, the usual rules apply:

  • be thorough,
  • use different keywords and database sources (e.g., DBLP, Google Scholar, ISI Proceedings, JSTOR Search, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science), and
  • look at who has cited past relevant papers and book chapters.

Rule 3: Take Notes While Reading

If you read the papers first, and only afterwards start writing the review, you will need a very good memory to remember who wrote what, and what your impressions and associations were while reading each single paper. My advice is, while reading, to start writing down interesting pieces of information, insights about how to organize the review, and thoughts on what to write. This way, by the time you have read the literature you selected, you will already have a rough draft of the review.

Of course, this draft will still need much rewriting, restructuring, and rethinking to obtain a text with a coherent argument [11] , but you will have avoided the danger posed by staring at a blank document. Be careful when taking notes to use quotation marks if you are provisionally copying verbatim from the literature. It is advisable then to reformulate such quotes with your own words in the final draft. It is important to be careful in noting the references already at this stage, so as to avoid misattributions. Using referencing software from the very beginning of your endeavour will save you time.

Rule 4: Choose the Type of Review You Wish to Write

After having taken notes while reading the literature, you will have a rough idea of the amount of material available for the review. This is probably a good time to decide whether to go for a mini- or a full review. Some journals are now favouring the publication of rather short reviews focusing on the last few years, with a limit on the number of words and citations. A mini-review is not necessarily a minor review: it may well attract more attention from busy readers, although it will inevitably simplify some issues and leave out some relevant material due to space limitations. A full review will have the advantage of more freedom to cover in detail the complexities of a particular scientific development, but may then be left in the pile of the very important papers “to be read” by readers with little time to spare for major monographs.

There is probably a continuum between mini- and full reviews. The same point applies to the dichotomy of descriptive vs. integrative reviews. While descriptive reviews focus on the methodology, findings, and interpretation of each reviewed study, integrative reviews attempt to find common ideas and concepts from the reviewed material [12] . A similar distinction exists between narrative and systematic reviews: while narrative reviews are qualitative, systematic reviews attempt to test a hypothesis based on the published evidence, which is gathered using a predefined protocol to reduce bias [13] , [14] . When systematic reviews analyse quantitative results in a quantitative way, they become meta-analyses. The choice between different review types will have to be made on a case-by-case basis, depending not just on the nature of the material found and the preferences of the target journal(s), but also on the time available to write the review and the number of coauthors [15] .

Rule 5: Keep the Review Focused, but Make It of Broad Interest

Whether your plan is to write a mini- or a full review, it is good advice to keep it focused 16 , 17 . Including material just for the sake of it can easily lead to reviews that are trying to do too many things at once. The need to keep a review focused can be problematic for interdisciplinary reviews, where the aim is to bridge the gap between fields [18] . If you are writing a review on, for example, how epidemiological approaches are used in modelling the spread of ideas, you may be inclined to include material from both parent fields, epidemiology and the study of cultural diffusion. This may be necessary to some extent, but in this case a focused review would only deal in detail with those studies at the interface between epidemiology and the spread of ideas.

While focus is an important feature of a successful review, this requirement has to be balanced with the need to make the review relevant to a broad audience. This square may be circled by discussing the wider implications of the reviewed topic for other disciplines.

Rule 6: Be Critical and Consistent

Reviewing the literature is not stamp collecting. A good review does not just summarize the literature, but discusses it critically, identifies methodological problems, and points out research gaps [19] . After having read a review of the literature, a reader should have a rough idea of:

  • the major achievements in the reviewed field,
  • the main areas of debate, and
  • the outstanding research questions.

It is challenging to achieve a successful review on all these fronts. A solution can be to involve a set of complementary coauthors: some people are excellent at mapping what has been achieved, some others are very good at identifying dark clouds on the horizon, and some have instead a knack at predicting where solutions are going to come from. If your journal club has exactly this sort of team, then you should definitely write a review of the literature! In addition to critical thinking, a literature review needs consistency, for example in the choice of passive vs. active voice and present vs. past tense.

Rule 7: Find a Logical Structure

Like a well-baked cake, a good review has a number of telling features: it is worth the reader's time, timely, systematic, well written, focused, and critical. It also needs a good structure. With reviews, the usual subdivision of research papers into introduction, methods, results, and discussion does not work or is rarely used. However, a general introduction of the context and, toward the end, a recapitulation of the main points covered and take-home messages make sense also in the case of reviews. For systematic reviews, there is a trend towards including information about how the literature was searched (database, keywords, time limits) [20] .

How can you organize the flow of the main body of the review so that the reader will be drawn into and guided through it? It is generally helpful to draw a conceptual scheme of the review, e.g., with mind-mapping techniques. Such diagrams can help recognize a logical way to order and link the various sections of a review [21] . This is the case not just at the writing stage, but also for readers if the diagram is included in the review as a figure. A careful selection of diagrams and figures relevant to the reviewed topic can be very helpful to structure the text too [22] .

Rule 8: Make Use of Feedback

Reviews of the literature are normally peer-reviewed in the same way as research papers, and rightly so [23] . As a rule, incorporating feedback from reviewers greatly helps improve a review draft. Having read the review with a fresh mind, reviewers may spot inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and ambiguities that had not been noticed by the writers due to rereading the typescript too many times. It is however advisable to reread the draft one more time before submission, as a last-minute correction of typos, leaps, and muddled sentences may enable the reviewers to focus on providing advice on the content rather than the form.

Feedback is vital to writing a good review, and should be sought from a variety of colleagues, so as to obtain a diversity of views on the draft. This may lead in some cases to conflicting views on the merits of the paper, and on how to improve it, but such a situation is better than the absence of feedback. A diversity of feedback perspectives on a literature review can help identify where the consensus view stands in the landscape of the current scientific understanding of an issue [24] .

Rule 9: Include Your Own Relevant Research, but Be Objective

In many cases, reviewers of the literature will have published studies relevant to the review they are writing. This could create a conflict of interest: how can reviewers report objectively on their own work [25] ? Some scientists may be overly enthusiastic about what they have published, and thus risk giving too much importance to their own findings in the review. However, bias could also occur in the other direction: some scientists may be unduly dismissive of their own achievements, so that they will tend to downplay their contribution (if any) to a field when reviewing it.

In general, a review of the literature should neither be a public relations brochure nor an exercise in competitive self-denial. If a reviewer is up to the job of producing a well-organized and methodical review, which flows well and provides a service to the readership, then it should be possible to be objective in reviewing one's own relevant findings. In reviews written by multiple authors, this may be achieved by assigning the review of the results of a coauthor to different coauthors.

Rule 10: Be Up-to-Date, but Do Not Forget Older Studies

Given the progressive acceleration in the publication of scientific papers, today's reviews of the literature need awareness not just of the overall direction and achievements of a field of inquiry, but also of the latest studies, so as not to become out-of-date before they have been published. Ideally, a literature review should not identify as a major research gap an issue that has just been addressed in a series of papers in press (the same applies, of course, to older, overlooked studies (“sleeping beauties” [26] )). This implies that literature reviewers would do well to keep an eye on electronic lists of papers in press, given that it can take months before these appear in scientific databases. Some reviews declare that they have scanned the literature up to a certain point in time, but given that peer review can be a rather lengthy process, a full search for newly appeared literature at the revision stage may be worthwhile. Assessing the contribution of papers that have just appeared is particularly challenging, because there is little perspective with which to gauge their significance and impact on further research and society.

Inevitably, new papers on the reviewed topic (including independently written literature reviews) will appear from all quarters after the review has been published, so that there may soon be the need for an updated review. But this is the nature of science [27] – [32] . I wish everybody good luck with writing a review of the literature.

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to M. Barbosa, K. Dehnen-Schmutz, T. Döring, D. Fontaneto, M. Garbelotto, O. Holdenrieder, M. Jeger, D. Lonsdale, A. MacLeod, P. Mills, M. Moslonka-Lefebvre, G. Stancanelli, P. Weisberg, and X. Xu for insights and discussions, and to P. Bourne, T. Matoni, and D. Smith for helpful comments on a previous draft.

Funding Statement

This work was funded by the French Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB) through its Centre for Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity data (CESAB), as part of the NETSEED research project. The funders had no role in the preparation of the manuscript.

University of Texas

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Literature Reviews

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What is a Literature Review?

A literature or narrative review is a comprehensive review and analysis of the published literature on a specific topic or research question. The literature that is reviewed contains: books, articles, academic articles, conference proceedings, association papers, and dissertations. It contains the most pertinent studies and points to important past and current research and practices. It provides background and context, and shows how your research will contribute to the field. 

A literature review should: 

  • Provide a comprehensive and updated review of the literature;
  • Explain why this review has taken place;
  • Articulate a position or hypothesis;
  • Acknowledge and account for conflicting and corroborating points of view

From  S age Research Methods

Purpose of a Literature Review

A literature review can be written as an introduction to a study to:

  • Demonstrate how a study fills a gap in research
  • Compare a study with other research that's been done

Or it can be a separate work (a research article on its own) which:

  • Organizes or describes a topic
  • Describes variables within a particular issue/problem

Limitations of a Literature Review

Some of the limitations of a literature review are:

  • It's a snapshot in time. Unlike other reviews, this one has beginning, a middle and an end. There may be future developments that could make your work less relevant.
  • It may be too focused. Some niche studies may miss the bigger picture.
  • It can be difficult to be comprehensive. There is no way to make sure all the literature on a topic was considered.
  • It is easy to be biased if you stick to top tier journals. There may be other places where people are publishing exemplary research. Look to open access publications and conferences to reflect a more inclusive collection. Also, make sure to include opposing views (and not just supporting evidence).

Source: Grant, Maria J., and Andrew Booth. “A Typology of Reviews: An Analysis of 14 Review Types and Associated Methodologies.” Health Information & Libraries Journal, vol. 26, no. 2, June 2009, pp. 91–108. Wiley Online Library, doi:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x.

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For help in other subject areas, please see the guide to library specialists by subject .

Periodically, UT Libraries runs a workshop covering the basics and library support for literature reviews. While we try to offer these once per academic year, we find providing the recording to be helpful to community members who have missed the session. Following is the most recent recording of the workshop, Conducting a Literature Review. To view the recording, a UT login is required.

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Advanced AI-Powered Assistance

Uses state-of-the-art AI technology to provide relevant literature suggestions and structural guidance.

May rely on simpler algorithms, resulting in less dynamic or comprehensive support.

User-Friendly Interface

Designed for ease of use, making it accessible for users with varying levels of tech proficiency.

Interfaces can be complex or less intuitive, posing a challenge for some users.

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Pricing structures can be opaque or inflexible, with fewer user options.

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Offers highly personalized suggestions and adapts to your specific research needs over time.

Often provide generic suggestions that may not align closely with individual research topics.

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Provides access to a vast and up-to-date range of academic literature, ensuring comprehensive research coverage.

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Literature Review là gì? Cách viết Literature Review hay nhất

Lưu Hà Chi 14/04/2023 Cẩm Nang Assignment Essay 0 51,772 Views

Sinh viên thường gặp khó khăn trong việc viết Literature Review của mình do chủ đề mình viết không yêu thích, phạm vi chủ đề không phù hợp, việc gặp thầy giáo bất tiện,… Vậy Literature Review là gì ? Cùng Luận Văn Việt tìm hiểu rõ về vấn đề này cũng như hướng dẫn bạn biết các viết Literature Review đơn giản mà mang lại hiệu quả cao nhất.

1. Literature Review là gì?

2. mục đích của literature review, 3.1 nghiên cứu lý thuyết thuyết minh (narrative literature review), 3.2 nghiên cứu lý thuyết hệ thống (systematic literature review), 4.1. xác định vấn đề, phạm vi nghiên cứu (scoping), 4.2. lên kế hoạch (planning), 4.3. đánh giá và chọn lọc dữ liệu, 4.4. trình bày dữ liệu, 5. các lỗi thường gặp khi viết literature review, 6.1 parent theory (theory base) – lý thuyết nền, 6.3 research issues (your study) – xây dựng vấn đề, mô hình, giả thuyết.

hinh-anh-literature-review-la-gi-1

Literature Review là xác định, tổng hợp và đánh giá các nghiên cứu khoa học xoay quanh một vấn đề hoặc câu hỏi nghiên cứu cụ thể. Nó bao gồm các phân tích phản biện về mối quan hệ giữa các kết quả nghiên cứu khác nhau, và liên hệ các kết quả đó với nghiên cứu của bạn.

Literature review có thể dưới dạng một bài nghiên cứu độc lập, là phần mở đầu của một bài báo khoa học hoặc là một chương trong luận văn/luận án cung cấp khung lý thuyết/cơ sở lý luận cho một nghiên cứu.

Viết Literature Review không chỉ nhằm giúp sinh viên thể hiện hiểu biết của họ trong lĩnh vực nghiên cứu mà nó còn đóng vai trò quan trọng trong các vấn đề sau:

  • Phân tích và tìm ra câu hỏi nghiên cứu mới
  • Liên hệ lý thuyết với thực tiễn nghiên cứu, cung cấp các khái niệm cơ bản
  • Tăng hiểu biết về các phương pháp tiếp cận khác nhau đã được áp dụng cho vấn đề nghiên cứu này
  • Tránh các phương pháp nghiên cứu và tiếp cận kém hiệu quả
  • Đề ra kiến nghị và định hướng nghiên cứu cho tương lai
  • Chỉ ra bằng chứng, những vấn đề mâu thuẫn với nhau

Những bài báo nổi tiếng nhất, trích dẫn nhiều nhất, từ các tác giả lớn nhất, phần lớn là các bài Tổng hợp Literature hoặc Phản biện Literature, đặc biệt là trong khoa học kinh tế và khoa học xã hội.

Trong kinh doanh, nếu nói khách hàng là quan trọng nhất, các công cụ marketing tất cả cũng chỉ là từ nhu cầu khách hàng và để thỏa mãn khách hàng. Thì trong khoa học, tất cả các nghiên cứu thực nghiệm cũng đều từ Literature và để đóng góp lại cho Literature.

Nói vậy để thấy sự quan trọng của Literature Review và sự cần thiết phải thay đổi cách viết Literature Review cho phù hợp với yêu cầu khoa học. Từ đó những đề tài của các bạn sinh viên sẽ có giá trị hơn, đóng góp nhiều hơn cho các dự án lớn của các thầy cô, và công bố được ở các tạp chí quốc tế uy tín.

Literature review được xuất hiện rất nhiều trong các đề thi. Bên cạnh đó, compare and contrast cũng không “kém cạnh”. Hãy cùng tham khảo ngay compare and contrast essay cùng hưỡng dẫn cách làm, cấu trúc hoàn toàn miễn phí!

3. 2 kiểu Literature Review thường gặp

Có hai nghiên cứu lý thuyết là thuyết minh ( narrative ) và hệ thống ( systematic ). Một bài nghiên cứu thuyết minh có thể là nền tảng cho nghiên cứu hệ thống và ngược lại.

  • Phân tích, tổng hợp một cách tường tận và thấu đáo
  • Không theo một quy trình rõ ràng, cụ thể (non-explicit protocol)
  • Các nghiên cứu chọn để phân tích là những nghiên cứu yểm trợ những đề xuất của tác giả (nhưng vẫn mang tính khách quan, cân bằng)
  • Có thể đánh giá chất lượng và điểm mạnh của từng nghiên cứu khác nhau một cách định tính
  • Khi thiếu dữ kiện, tác giả có thể đề xuất dựa trên ý kiến và kinh nghiệm của chính mình – và độ thuyết phục của những đề xuất cá nhân này tùy thuộc vào độ mạnh của những dữ kiện cơ sở mà tác giả sử dụng trong bài (underlying evidence)

hinh-anh-literature-review-la-gi-2

  • Sử dụng bằng chứng từ nghiên cứu thực nghiệm (empirical evidence)
  • Có quy trình rõ ràng (explicit protocol)
  • Có tiêu chí chọn lựa và loại trừ cụ thể (inclusion/exclusion criteria)
  • Dữ kiện từ từng nghiên cứu riêng lẻ có thể được tổng hợp thành một nghiên cứu phân tích tổng hợp (meta-analysis)
  • Thường gồm các nghiên cứu định lượng
  • Khi thiếu dữ kiện, tác giả đề xuất hướng nghiên cứu tương lai để bổ khuyết cho khoảng trống nghiên cứu

4. Hướng dẫn cách viết Literature Review hay nhất

Ở bước đầu tiên này, bạn cần xác định xem literature review mình viết sẽ trả lời những câu hỏi nào. Bạn cũng cần đưa ra các tiêu chí để lựa chọn những bài báo khoa học để đưa vào phần literature review và loại bỏ những bài báo (articles) ít liên quan. Để lọc được các bài articles chất lượng, bạn cần tập trung đọc phần tóm lược (abstract), giới thiệu (introduction), và phần kết luận (conclusion) của mỗi article.

Bạn cần chú ý rằng câu hỏi cho phần literature review và câu hỏi nghiên cứu luận văn là khác nhau. Chẳng hạn, câu hỏi phần literature review là “Nghiên cứu trước đây kết luận những yếu tố nào ảnh hưởng đến cấu trúc vốn của doanh nghiệp?”. Còn câu hỏi chính của luận văn nên là “Đối với các công ty dược tại Anh, hiện tại những yếu tố này còn quan trọng đối với cấu trúc vốn hay không?”

Cho nên, làm literature review chỉ giúp bạn tìm thấy một phần đáp án cho bài luận văn, dựa trên nghiên cứu thứ cấp (secondary research). Còn để trả lời toàn bộ câu hỏi nghiên cứu của bài luận thì bạn cần phải thực hiện thêm nghiên cứu sơ cấp (primary research).

Tùy vào mục tiêu của luận văn mà bạn cần đưa ra câu hỏi nghiên cứu literature review khác nhau. Chẳng hạn, nếu mục tiêu luận văn tập trung vào “kết quả”, thì câu hỏi nên đặt ra là “Những báo cáo khoa học trước cho thấy yếu tố X và Y ảnh hưởng đến kết quả Z như thế nào?”.

Nếu mục tiêu luận văn là “lý thuyết”, thì phần literature review cần trả lời cho câu hỏi “Những lý thuyết chính nào đã được sử dụng để giải thích hiện tượng X?”

Các tiêu chí cụ thể để lựa chọn bài báo khoa học bao gồm:

  • Các bài báo phải viết bằng tiếng Anh, đã được đăng trên các tạp chí khoa học nổi tiếng.
  • Các bài báo phải sử dụng phương pháp nghiên cứu định lượng là phương pháp chính.
  • Các bài báo phải được công bố trong vòng 5 năm trở lại đây. Tuy nhiên cũng có những bài báo cũ hơn nhưng tạo nền tảng quan trọng cho nghiên cứu thì vẫn cần phải nhắc tới.
  • Dữ liệu sử dụng của các bài nghiên cứu không được trùng lặp.
  • Bài báo phải công bố các dữ liệu định lượng như trung bình mẫu và phương sai mẫu. Hoặc bài báo phải công khai các dữ liệu thô đủ để tính toán trung bình mẫu và phương sai mẫu

Tiêu chí lựa chọn bài báo khoa học phải rõ ràng và toàn diện để bạn có thể lựa chọn những bài báo phù hợp nhất với nghiên cứu của mình.

hinh-anh-literature-review-la-gi-3

Tham khảo ngay Essay là gì? Hướng dẫn cách viết essay đơn giản mà cuốn hút >>> TẠI ĐÂY <<<

Trong bước này bạn cần chia nhỏ câu hỏi nghiên cứu thành những khái niệm riêng lẻ để hình thành từ khóa tìm kiếm (anchor articles) về chủ đề đã chọn. Các anchor articles là các bài nghiên cứu tiêu biểu trong lĩnh vực bạn đang quan tâm. Khi đó, bạn có thể xem phần “References” của các article này để định vị ra các articles tiếp theo cần phải đọc…

Có 3 cách giúp bạn thực hiện điều này:

  • Thứ nhất, hỏi advisor, hoặc chuyên gia trong ngành/lĩnh vực bạn đang quan tâm.
  • Thứ hai, tìm trên thư viện online. Các trường đại học lớn thường mua bản quyền của nhiều tạp chí nghiên cứu, do đó nguồn dữ liệu dồi dào và miễn phí cho sinh viên. Ví dụ Thư viện Đại học quốc gia Seoul: http://library.snu.ac.kr
  • Thứ ba là tìm trên Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.co.kr

Lưu ý: trong cách tìm kiếm online: Phải lựa chọn từ khoá tìm kiếm phù hợp, nên thử nhiều từ khoá khác nhau… Ví dụ: academic research performance, university professor’s research performance, teacher research performance,…

Quá trình tìm kiếm này cũng giúp bạn thu hẹp (narrow) chủ đề nghiên cứu sao cho cụ thể hơn. Ví dụ nếu bạn quan tâm tới “university professor research performance”, trong quá trình tìm kiếm bạn có thể lựa chọn hẹp lại ví dụ, how factor A affects university professor research performance…

Download or print all articles (khoảng 20 articles). Phần lớn các articles đều có thể access online. Name a new folder like “Literature Review”.

Nếu không thể access toàn bộ article thì tối thiểu nên save phần abstract của từng article. Phần abstract thường đã trình bày methodology và các findings chính của article đó.

Khi bạn đã có list các articles cần đọc, thì việc tiếp theo là cần organize các article đó trước khi take notes.

  • Sử dụng phần mềm quản lý tài liệu nếu số lượng tài liệu phê bình lớn (ie. Refworks, Endnote, Mendeley,…)
  • Đọc Tựa đề hoặc Phần Tóm Tắt của tất cả các kết quả tìm được từ quy trình trên; nếu thỏa bộ tiêu chí bao gồm và loại trừ thì lấy nguyên bài (full-text) để đọc
  • Đọc full-text, tập trung vào phần Phương Pháp và Kết Quả hơn là phần Giới Thiệu và Kết Luận. Tiếp tục đối chiếu với tiêu chí bao gồm và loại trừ trong khi đọc để giảm bớt các bài không phù hợp
  • Ở bước này, chú trọng vào độ cụ thể ( specificity )
  • Ghi chú lại số lượng bài bị loại bỏ và lý do
  • Đánh giá tổng quan về chất lượng bài báo (để ý đến phương pháp)

Phần Đánh giá và chọn lọc dữ liệu được xem là một trong những bước quan trọng và dễ khiến bài làm đi sai nhất. Bạn có thể tham khảo dịch vụ làm assignment và essay tại Luận Văn Việt. Với 17 năm kinh nghiệm cùng đội ngũ chuyên viên trình độ học vấn cao, chắc chắn sẽ hoàn thành bài làm của bạn nhanh và xuất sắc nhất.

Tóm tắt bằng cách liệt kê hoặc lập sơ đồ các tài liệu tham khảo cùng với kết quả nghiên cứu của chúng (ví dụ: dưới dạng bảng biểu). Sau đó bạn cần t ổng hợp và đánh giá, phê bình

Có 3 hình thức tổng hợp

  • Thống kê (statistical): Meta-analysis (phân tích tổng hợp)
  • Thuyết minh (narrative): tóm tắt bằng lời văn: sắp xếp theo chủ đề, loại nghiên cứu, vv…
  • Theo khái niệm: gom các khái niệm của các nghiên cứu khác nhau lại thành một nhóm để phân tích

hinh-anh-literature-review-la-gi-4

Các vấn đề có thể phân tích

  • Nền tảng lý thuyết
  • Thiết kế nghiên cứu
  • Phương pháp chọn mẫu
  • Cách đo lường
  • Chiến lược phân tích dữ liệu
  • Phân tích kết quả
  • Tổng hợp, đánh giá các kết quả nghiên cứu để đi đến một kết luận rõ ràng về các bằng chứng hiện có
  • Giới thiệu không rõ ràng – đừng đợi đến cuối mới viết ý chính của bạn
  • Bao quát chưa đầy đủ các tài liệu hiện có
  • Thiếu tính tổng hợp(integration)
  • Thiếu đánh giá phê phán ( critical appraisal ) – đi vào những lỗi và điểm yếu của dữ kiện/ bằng chứng
  • Không điều chỉnh kết luận sau khi đánh giá phê phán
  • Những khẳng định và bằng chứng mập mờ, không rõ ràng
  • Chỉ phê bình những bằng chứng một cách ‘có chọn lọc’

6. Hướng dẫn cách trình bày Literature Review

Cấu trúc Literature Review 3 cấp độ:

Là phần lý thuyết nền tảng để dẫn đến vấn đề cần nghiên cứu. Lý thuyết nền tảng được chọn trình bày cần có mối quan hệ trực tiếp và bao hàm vấn đề cần nghiên cứu. Đây chính là những khái niệm, lĩnh vực chúng ta được học trong các môn tại giảng đường. Sở dĩ LR phải bắt đầu bằng phần này là để xác định lại vấn đề nghiên cứu của mình đang phục vụ cho lĩnh vực nào.

6.2 Research Problem Theory – Lý thuyết trực tiếp

Là phần lý thuyết trọng tâm liên quan đến vấn đề cần nghiên cứu. Khác với phần trước, phần này yêu cầu phải trình bày kết hợp với lập luận. Lý thuyết ở đây là các nghiên cứu trước đó trong cùng lĩnh vực, các mô hình được dùng, các kết quả nghiên cứu khác nhau. Kết quả của phần này là xác định được “research gap” và chọn được “theoretical framework” (mô hình) dùng trong bài.

Ví dụ: Một nghiên cứu về Customer Satisfaction cần trình bày lại các “gap” trong mô hình SERVQUAL, khả năng ứng dụng của mô hình và tại sao mô hình này phù hợp cho đề tài hiện tại. Thật sự nếu làm đúng như vậy thì đây là phần rất khó đối với chúng ta vì không có cơ hội đọc và review nhiều bài. Tuy nhiên, ít nhất bạn cũng có thể trình bày được tại sao mô hình này lại phù hợp với bài của mình.

Sau khi xác định được “research gap” và chọn được “theoretical framework” cho đề tài từ những lập luận ở phần trước. Phần này dùng để trình bày lại “theoretical framework” (chính là model) của mình với đầy đủ các định nghĩa các yếu tố, câu hỏi nghiên cứu và các giả thuyết đặt ra dùng để test. Đây chính là phần các bạn phải làm và đang làm tốt trong các thesis hiện tại.

hinh-anh-literature-review-la-gi-5

Các lỗi về trình bày Literature Review thường gặp:

  • Tập trung vào mô hình và định nghĩa các yếu tố: đưa ra mô hình, trình bày định nghĩa các yếu tố mà không nói được tại sao chọn mô hình này, sự phù hợp đối với đề tài.
  • Tập trung vào bối cảnh nghiên cứu: trình bày một vài số liệu cho thấy ngành này quan trọng, đang phát triển, công ty này quan trọng, đang gặp khó khăn và không nói được nền tảng lý thuyết.

Bài viết trên đây đã cung cấp những thông tin cơ bản về Literature Review là gì cũng như hướng dẫn cách viết Literature Review chi tiết nhất. Hi vọng rằng bạn đọc đã có được cái nhìn tổng quát về Literature Review. Nếu còn bất kỳ thắc mắc gì vui lòng liên hệ   0915 686 999  hoặc email qua địa chỉ: [email protected]

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CEO Helen Lưu Hà Chi – Nhà sáng lập website luanvanviet.com , nơi cung cấp các dịch vụ viết thuê luận văn thạc sĩ, tốt nghiệp, tiểu luận, essay, Assignment, cùng với các giải pháp chuyên sâu về xử lý số liệu bao gồm SPSS, STATA, EVIEWS, và SmartPLS .

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Literature Review là gì? Hướng dẫn cách viết Literature Review

Cũng giống như việc viết Assignment , rất nhiều bạn sinh viên gặp khó khăn và bỡ ngỡ khi làm literature review. Nếu bạn đang trong quá trình làm bài luận. Và gặp vấn đề trong việc viết Literature Review. Hãy tham khảo ngay bài viết này để biết cách viết Literature Review chuẩn nhé.

Nếu bạn muốn tư vấn thêm về dịch vụ viết bài của MAAS, thì bạn hãy nhấn vào đây nhé!

Xem thêm: >>Hướng dẫn cải thiện kỹ năng viết Tiếng Anh >>Hướng dẫn cách viết Case Study Assignment

Bài viết này có gì

I. Literature Review là gì?

Ii. tầm quan trọng của literature review, iii. một số kiểu literature review mẫu phổ biến nhất, 1. xác định vấn đề, phạm vi nghiên cứu (scoping), 2. lên kế hoạch (planning), 3. chọn lọc và trình bày dữ liệu, v. một số lưu ý khi viết literature review, dịch vụ về maas.

Rất nhiều bạn thắc mắc Literature Review là gì . Literature review là một phần trong một bài viết nhằm ghi lại những nghiên cứu, báo cáo một cách tổng quan. Nó có thể dưới dạng một bài nghiên cứu độc lập, là phần mở đầu của một bài báo khoa học hoặc là một chương trong luận văn/luận án cung cấp khung lý thuyết/cơ sở lý luận cho một nghiên cứu.

literature review gif

Literature Review và những điều bạn cần biết

Literature Review được xem là một phần rất quan trọng trong quá trình làm luận văn của các bạn sinh viên. Vì trong quá trình chấm bài, hầu hết các giảng viên sẽ thường có xu hướng quan tâm vào phần literature review của sinh viên. Với mục đích có thể có một cái nhìn tổng quát về các mục tiêu nghiên cứu được sinh viên triển khai trong bài. Từ đó có thể biết được luận văn có đang đi đúng hướng hay không. Do vậy, các bạn sinh viên cần phải hết sức chú trọng vào phần này trong một bài luận. Vậy, cách viết Literature Review như thế nào?

Kiểu nghiên cứu lý thuyết thuyết minh, nó bao gồm việc:

– Phân tích, tổng hợp một cách tường tận và thấu đáo

– Không theo một quy trình rõ ràng, cụ thể (non-explicit protocol)

– Các nghiên cứu chọn để phân tích là những nghiên cứu yểm trợ những đề xuất của tác giả 

– Có thể đánh giá chất lượng và điểm mạnh của từng nghiên cứu khác nhau một cách định tính

Kiểu nghiên cứu lý thuyết hệ thống:

– Sử dụng bằng chứng từ nghiên cứu thực nghiệm (empirical evidence)

– Có quy trình rõ ràng (explicit protocol)

– Có tiêu chí chọn lựa và loại trừ cụ thể (inclusion/exclusion criteria)

– Dữ kiện từ từng nghiên cứu riêng lẻ có thể được tổng hợp thành một nghiên cứu phân tích tổng hợp (meta-analysis)

– Thường gồm các nghiên cứu định lượng

– Khi thiếu dữ kiện, tác giả đề xuất hướng nghiên cứu tương lai để bổ khuyết cho khoảng trống nghiên cứu

IV. Hướng dẫn cách viết Literature Review hay nhất

Để có cách viết literature review hay và đạt chuẩn nhất, điều đầu tiên cần phải làm đó là xác định được literature review của mình sẽ viết về vấn đề gì. Để có được một câu hỏi nghiên cứu rõ ràng, bạn nên trả lời được các câu hỏi như nghiên cứu về cái gì, ở đâu? Những khái niệm hoặc biến số quan tâm là gì? Các biến này có liên hệ với nhau như thế nào?

Bạn cần chú ý rằng câu hỏi cho phần literature review và câu hỏi nghiên cứu luận văn là khác nhau. Chính vì vậy, làm literature review chỉ giúp bạn tìm thấy một phần đáp án cho bài luận văn, dựa trên nghiên cứu thứ cấp. Còn để trả lời toàn bộ câu hỏi nghiên cứu của bài luận thì bạn cần phải thực hiện thêm nghiên cứu sơ cấp.

Nếu mục tiêu luận văn là “lý thuyết”, cách viết literature review là cần trả lời cho câu hỏi “Những lý thuyết chính nào đã được sử dụng để giải thích hiện tượng X?”

Trong bước này, bạn cần hình thành từ khóa tìm kiếm về chủ đề đã chọn. Có một số cách bạn có thể tìm các nguồn tài liệu về cách viết Literature Review hay. 

– Hỏi các bậc tiền bối, chuyên gia trong ngành.

– Tìm trên các trang web, thư viện online của các trường đại học lớn trên thế giới. Ví dụ Thư viện Đại học Quốc Gia Seoul:   http://library.snu.ac.kr

– Tìm trên Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.co.kr

Bạn hãy tóm tắt bằng cách liệt kê nhưng kết quả nghiên cứu từ các tài liệu tham khảo. Sau đó bạn tổng hợp và nhận xét chúng.

Một số lỗi thường gặp trong cách viết Literature Review mà sinh viên hay mắc phải là: 

– Giới thiệu không rõ ràng – đừng đợi đến cuối mới viết ý chính của bạn

– Bao quát chưa đầy đủ các tài liệu hiện có

– Thiếu tính tổng hợp(integration)

– Thiếu đánh giá phê phán (critical appraisal) – đi vào những lỗi và điểm yếu của dữ kiện.

– Không điều chỉnh kết luận sau khi đánh giá phê phán

– Những khẳng định và bằng chứng mập mờ, không rõ ràng

– Chỉ phê bình những bằng chứng một cách có chọn lọc

Có thể những việc này sẽ có đôi chút khó khăn với bạn, và làm bạn mất đi hứng thú với bài viết. Vì vậy ngoài những lưu ý trên, vẫn còn cách giúp bạn hoàn thành bài viết mà không cần bận tâm tới những lưu ý, nhưng vẫn đảm bảo được chất lượng của bài viết. Đó chính là sử dụng dịch vụ writing service của MAAS tại đây chúng tôi chuyên cung cấp các dịch vụ viết như assignment help, check turnitin, writing service essay, assignment making ,… và các dịch vụ khác như Research, Report, Case Study, Business Plan, Personal Statement sẽ giúp bạn rất nhiều trong công việc học tập của mình và giúp bạn có nhiều thời gian hơn dành cho bản thân

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