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Kpop addiction: It's effects to shs students in M.U

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Marl Jeric A Robillos , Hanne Gay Gerez

This study looked into the level of K-pop influence to the third year BSEd students of Leyte Normal University. The researchers used the seven stages of K-pop fandom as indicators of the study. The underlying framework of the study is the Media Dependency theory. A survey (questionnaire) distributed through random sampling to the sample population of 3rd year BSEd students. This questionnaire designed to get a quantitative overview of the frequency about the level of K-pop Influence. The study found out that K-pop has slightly influence in most of the stages of K-pop fandom. This means that K-pop influence is minimal only.

Micah Paygane

Eehnadeth Llamas

The rapid spread of kpop in our country has made a great impact on our people. More and more students in our school are being influenced by the groove and rhythm of kpop music. Kpop fits in our generation particularly in the 21 st generation which has already accepted the Kpop civilization. Most schools in the Philippines has been also conquered by the kpop music, it has ruled the school. Kpop generation is caused by globalization through the use of internet. That is why most of us people are updated in the happenings in our world. And like many other organizations in the internet, organizations' regarding Kpop is one of them. Facebook, Twitter and many other are social networking cites where group of people in favor of Kpop are present. We had made questions concerning about what are the psychological effects of kpop and will it affect the academic performance in the students in our school. We gathered concepts regarding pop culture (how pop music is accepted and talked from the people) and fandom theory (how fandom was utilized and enacted throughout people) to further analyze and to complete this research. The respondents were the 3 rd and fourth year classes of Lorma Colleges Special Science High School (LCSSHS) students excluding our class. This study will contribute for better understanding of people about the significance of kpop on the fans, and how it will affect people's lives.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Studies and Environmental Issues (ICOSSEI 2019)

Irfan Asrori

Daisy Honrado

Horizon JHSSR Vol. 3 (2) Dec.

Horizon Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences Research (JHSSR)

Hallyu or the Korean wave has reverberated around the globe since the turn of the millennium in 2000, yet the emergence of Korean pop (K-pop) has been around even before that, ever since 1992. With such attention upon the K-pop idols, the impact they have – whether good or otherwise – upon youths is inevitable. Most researchers tend to study these effects based on economic instruments and psychological factors, thus this research would shed a different light on this issue using philosophy as the social apparatus. Methodology implemented was via questionnaires containing eight items related to K-pop disseminated to 100 undergraduates at National University of Malaysia (UKM). The findings from the eight items would be covered under the four sub disciplines – axiology (3), epistemology (1), logic (1) and metaphysics (3) and elucidated with these themes respectively: social identity, aesthetics, ethics, theory of knowledge (TOK), logical fallacy, determinism, nihilism and possibility-necessity. This study is significant because it gives insight on this social phenomenon with rather abstract yet fundamental concepts in philosophy that lay the foundation for K-pop becoming what it is now, the perception of ongoing idol-fandom interaction, and how the industry will propel in the future.

GAS Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies

Argel B . Masanda

K-pop music has been one of the most influential contemporary musical genres nowadays. Hence, curiosities on its educational benefits aroused the interest of this paper. This experimental study aimed to determine if K-pop music has a significant effect on the concentration level among college students. 32 participants consisted of 16 males and 16 females were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. A reading comprehension test with a good internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha of 0.88) was utilized to measure the concentration level of the students. K-pop music was selected based on the recently awarded songs. Independent Sample T-test were used to analyse the data. The results suggested rejection of the null hypothesis while highlighting the possible academic or educational benefits of Kpop music. Hence, the data showed that K-pop music positively affected the concentration level of the college students. This indicated that listening to music while taking a test can boost the college's students reading comprehension. Further, there seems to be no significant difference in terms of the participant's socio-demographic characteristics in terms of their concentration level as affected by K-pop music.

Arwa Forhana

This article entitled "Understanding the Concept of K-pop as Modern Subculture Identity in the Field of Psychological Well-being" aims to convey more about K-pop which widely discussed and researched in the field of mental health matter, yet bringing the modern subculture issue up to the surface since it is still an underrated topic among common people in the country. K-pop has been considered a big deal. With its language, demeanors, and, K-pop culture is a real progressive subculture in Asia, not just a popular music genre. The system is a multi-stage, sophisticated procedure for turning youngsters into K-pop icons, which has helped K-pop gain worldwide popularity. Even though there are pros and cons for the significant growth of it, K-pop was considered to have a meaningful role in the field of psychological well-being. It is one of mental healer and well-put therapy for those in need. A lot of references have been read by the author in order to be more understand about subculture and how K-pop has a correlation in psychology field especially, and cultural understanding in general.

Streetlamp Lamoose

The aim of this dissertation is to identify how the theory of cultural industry applies to the Korean pop music industry. It argues that K-pop is not only a perfect fit for the Frankfurt school’s theory, but a continuation of it in a manner that was not predicted. It draws on theories of cultural commodification, the reduction of art into a product and the standardisation of popular music using selected key examples in K-pop itself. These examples include several groups, but primarily the three founders of the three most successful K-pop production houses. It also identifies how Lee Soo-man’s practice of “cultural technology” became the blueprint for the K-pop industry as a whole in the early 2000s, leading it to reach substantial international success by the end of the decade. This dissertation concludes that the K-pop industry makes no effort to hide its purely capitalist motivation, and that its success is based primarily on such business decisions. It also concludes that the consumers of K-pop have effectively been conditioned to expect certain behaviour from their chosen idols and agencies as they derive enjoyment from the capitalist venture of purchasing and supporting them – as the theory of cultural industry identified in the 1940s.

Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS)

tonny dian effendi

This paper discussing the comparison of Korean Pop Culture and Japan Pop Culture to the youth in Malang.One of the important of this research is about public diplomacy using pop culture which creating many fans and lovers. The main purpose of the research is to show how the globalization in culture has influencing the youth in developing country like Indonesia. Malang is one of the city that have many K-Pop lovers and J-Pop lovers. This research is qualitative and using depth interview to get information from the participant as the member of the pop lovers. The result shows that both Korea and Japan's government have role on their public diplomacy by using this pop culture. They are often held the events like competition on music, dance and another shape of pop culture. J-pop has more focus on the animation (anime), cartoon (manga) and costume-player (cosplay). Whereas K-pop has more focus on the drama movie and music. From observation to the pop lovers, the J-pop lovers is more...

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Guest Essay

Say Hello to Your Addiction Risk Score — Courtesy of the Tech Industry

By Maia Szalavitz

Ms. Szalavitz is a contributing Opinion writer who covers addiction and public policy.

Before Dr. Bobby Mukkamala — an ear, nose, and throat specialist in Michigan — prescribed postsurgical opioids recently, he checked state records of his patient’s existing controlled substance prescriptions, as legally required. A score generated by a proprietary algorithm appeared on his screen. Known as NarxCare (now used by most state prescription monitoring databases, major hospitals and pharmacy chains), the algorithm indicated his patient had an elevated risk of developing an addiction to opioid painkillers.

“I create a lot of pain when I operate,” said Dr. Mukkamala, who leads the American Medical Association’s Substance Use and Pain Task Force. “The nose and the face are very painful places to have procedures done.” Consequently, it is difficult to avoid prescribing opioids to manage pain.

Algorithms like NarxCare and a newly approved genetic test for opioid use disorder risk known as AvertD use machine learning techniques to try to help doctors reduce the odds that patients will become addicted to these medications.

Via NarxCare, most Americans now have an opaque equivalent of a controlled substance credit score, which they often don’t even know exists unless a doctor or pharmacist tells them that it’s a problem. (NarxCare’s manufacturer claims that its scores and reports “are intended to aid, not replace, medical decision making.”) And if it ever becomes widely used, AvertD, promoted as a way to use personalized genetics to assess risk, could put yet more difficult-to-challenge red flags on people’s records.

These tools may be well intentioned. But addiction prediction and prevention is a mind-bogglingly difficult task. Only a minority of people who take opioids become addicted, and risk factors vary for biological, psychological, sociological and economic reasons.

Even accurate scores can do harm, since addiction is stigmatized and often criminalized. Some people have been expelled from physicians’ practices for having high NarxCare scores, with no way of appealing the decision. Others were denied postsurgical opioids by nurses or turned away from multiple pharmacies, with little recourse.

These kinds of algorithms could potentially worsen race and class biases in medical decision making. It’s not hard to imagine a dystopian future of unaccountable algorithms that render some people forever ineligible for pain care with controlled substances.

Dr. Mukkamala noted that closer scrutiny of his recent patient’s medical history showed there really wasn’t reason for concern. “What’s inappropriate is for me to look at any number other than zero and say: ‘Boy, this person’s got a problem. I can’t prescribe them anything for their pain,’” he said. Many medical professionals, however, don’t have his level of knowledge and confidence. Prejudice against people with addiction is common, as is fear of being charged with overprescribing — and the algorithms’ scores only feed into those concerns. Different, also unaccountable, algorithms monitor physicians’ prescribing patterns and compare them with their colleagues’, so this is not an overblown concern.

When I reported on NarxCare in 2021 for Wired , I heard from patients who were left in agony. One said that she had her opioids stopped in the hospital and was then dismissed from care by her gynecologist during treatment for painful endometriosis, because of a high score. She didn’t have a drug problem; her score seems to have been elevated because prescriptions for her two medically needy rescue dogs were recorded under her name, making it appear she was doctor shopping. Another high-scoring patient had his addiction treatment medication prescription repeatedly rejected by pharmacies, even though such medications are the only treatment proven to reduce overdose risk.

More recent research and reporting confirm that scientists’ concerns about the widespread use of the software remain and that patients are still reporting encountering problems because of potentially incorrect risk assessments and medical staff members’ fears about disregarding NarxCare scores.

To generate risk scores, NarxCare apparently uses variables like the number of doctors someone sees, the pharmacies they visit and the prescriptions they get and compares an individual’s data with information on patterns of behavior associated with doctor shopping and other indicators of possible addiction.

But there is no transparency: The NarxCare algorithm is proprietary, and its information sources, training data and risk variables — and how they are weighted — aren’t public.

Another problem for NarxCare is that opioid addiction is actually quite uncommon — affecting 2 to 4 percent of the adult and adolescent population, despite the fact that a 2016 study shows some 70 percent of adults have been exposed to medical opioids. “Identifying somebody’s base line risk of opioid use disorder is inherently going to be pretty difficult,” said Angela Kilby, an economist who studied algorithms like NarxCare when she was an assistant professor at Northeastern University. “It’s sort of like trying to find a needle in a haystack.” The rarity of the condition possibly lowers the algorithm’s precision, meaning that most positive tests may be falsely positive simply because the base line rate of the disorder is low.

Research shows that about 20 percent of the time, people who are flagged as doctor shoppers by identifying risk factors similar to those apparently included in NarxCare in fact have cancer: They typically see multiple specialists, often at academic medicine centers where there may be teams of doctors writing prescriptions. The algorithm can’t necessarily distinguish between coordinated care and doctor shopping.

Likewise, people who are visiting multiple doctors or pharmacies and traveling long distances might be drug seeking, or they could be chronically ill and unable to find care locally. Some states also put information from criminal records into prescription monitoring databases, and this can lead to bias against Black and Hispanic people simply because racial discrimination means that they are more likely to have been arrested.

There’s also a more fundamental problem. As Dr. Kilby notes, the algorithm is designed to predict elevations in someone’s lifetime risk of opioid addiction, not whether a new prescription will change that trajectory. For example, if someone is already addicted, a new prescription doesn’t change that, and denying one can increase overdose death risk if the person turns to street drugs.

Recently, NarxCare has been joined in the addiction prediction game by AvertD, a genetic test for risk of opioid use disorder for patients who may be prescribed such medications, which the Food and Drug Administration approved last December. Research by the manufacturer, Solvd Health, shows that a patient who will develop opioid addiction is 18 times as likely to receive a positive result as a patient who will not develop it. The test, which looks for specific genes associated with motivational pathways in the brain that are affected by addiction, utilizes an algorithm trained on data from over 7,000 people, including some with opioid use disorder.

But that F.D.A. approval came, surprisingly, after the agency’s advisory committee for the test voted overwhelmingly against it. While the F.D.A. worked with the company behind the test to modify it based on the committee’s feedback, it has continued to raise concerns. And recently a group of 31 experts and scientists wrote to the F.D.A. urging it to reverse course and rescind its approval. Some of the group’s concerns echo the problems with NarxCare and its algorithm.

For a study published in 2021, Dr. Alexander S. Hatoum, a research assistant professor of psychological and brain sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, and his colleagues independently evaluated the algorithm elements used for a tool like AvertD, based on information published by the company. They found that all the iterations they tested were confounded by population stratification — a problem that affects genetic tests because they reflect the history of human ancestry and how it changed over time because of migration patterns.

When AvertD was being considered for F.D.A. approval, Dr. Hatoum and his colleagues wrote a public comment to the agency that said genomic variants used in the test were “highly confounded by genetic ancestry” and did not predict risk any better than chance when population stratification is not taken into account. (At a 2022 meeting, Solvd’s chief executive claimed AvertD adjusted adequately for population stratification; the F.D.A. did not reply directly to a question about this claim.)

Dr. Hatoum’s work also demonstrated that these tests could mislabel people who are descended from two or more groups that were historically isolated from each other as being at risk of addiction. Since most African Americans have such admixed ancestry, this could bias the test into identifying them as high risk.

“This means that the model can use the genetic markers of African American status to predict opioid use disorder, instead of using any biologically plausible genetic markers,” said D. Marzyeh Ghassemi, a professor at M.I.T. who studies machine learning in health care.

In an email, Solvd said that in its clinical study of AvertD, “no differences in performance were seen by race, ethnicity or gender,” adding that it was undertaking postmarketing tests as required by the F.D.A. to further evaluate the test. The company also critiqued Dr. Hatoum’s methodology, saying that his study “asserts a false premise.”

The F.D.A. said in a statement that it “recognizes that in premarket decision making for devices, there generally exists some uncertainty around benefits and risks,” adding that it had nevertheless “determined that there is a reasonable assurance of AvertD’s safety and effectiveness.”

Still, the agency has placed a black box warning on AvertD, forbidding its use in chronic pain patients and emphasizing that the test cannot be used without patient consent. But this is unlikely to be a genuinely free choice: Patients may fear being stigmatized as potentially addicted if they don’t agree to be tested. And false negatives that incorrectly label someone as low risk may conversely lead to careless prescribing.

Amid the opioid crisis, it is understandable that regulators want to enable technologies that could reduce risk of addiction. But they must ensure that such algorithms and devices are transparent as to their methods and limitations and that they reduce racial and other biases rather than reinforce them.

Maia Szalavitz (@maiasz) is a contributing Opinion writer and the author, most recently, of “Undoing Drugs: How Harm Reduction Is Changing the Future of Drugs and Addiction.

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