depression urdu essay

Depression - Symptoms, Causes and Prevention

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Depression in Urdu

ڈپریشن ایک دماغی بیماری ہے جس کی علامات میں مسلسل پریشانی، اداسی، گھبراہٹ، نیند اور بھوک کی کمی، وزن میں اچانک کمی اور سر درد جیسی شکایات شامل ہیں۔ ڈپریشن کسی کو بھی لاحق ہو سکتا ہے اورمریض کو کسی بھی دوسری بیماری کی طرح علاج اور توجہ کی ضرورت پڑتی ہے۔ ڈپریشن سے متاثرہ افراد زندگی سے بے زار اور اکتائے ہوئے رہتے ہیں۔ ڈپریشن کی صورت میں مریض اپنی جان لینے کی کوشش بھی کر سکتا ہے۔ طبی ماہرین کے مطابق ڈپریشن کی وجہ سے سر درد، جبڑں میں درد اور سانس کی بیماریوں جیسے مسائل بھی سامنے آ سکتے ہیں۔

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Summary about Depression in English

Marham enlists the best doctors for depression in Pakistan. Book an appointment or online consultation with a doctor for the management of gastritis. Consult the most experienced specialists for depression based on their qualifications, patient reviews, location, and fees.

What is Depression?

Major depressive disorder is a mental illness that negatively affects your thinking and behavior. It is a constant feeling of sadness and loss of interest in pleasure activities. Depression affects the emotional and physical health of a person and his everyday activities. Antidepressant medicines and psychological counseling treat depression.

What are the symptoms of Depression?

The most noticeable symptoms of depression are;

Persistent sadness and low energy levels

Disturbances in sleeping and eating schedules

Low moods and suicidal thoughts

What causes Depression?

A few causes of depression are;

Environmental factors such as trauma or loss of a loved one

Genetic factors that cause alterations in the neurotransmitters 

Hormonal disturbances that can be triggered during pregnancy or thyroid disease

How to diagnose Depression?

Depression is diagnosed using lab tests to rule out other diseases. A psychiatric evaluation is also performed by a psychiatrist to diagnose the type and stage of depression.

What is the treatment for Depression?

Depression is treated by using;

Antidepressants

Psychotherapy or talk therapy

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Consult the best psychiatrist for depression in Pakistan now to avoid any complications. You can also book a video consultation through Marham to discuss your symptoms with the most experienced doctor for depression in Pakistan.

Symptoms of Depression

Although there are several types of depression, many of them have similar recognizable symptoms. This list scratches the surface, but gives a general idea of what depression is:

Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, uselessness, or emptiness.

Irritability, frustration, or anxiety.

Loss of interest in activities or hobbies that were once pleasant.

Sleep disturbances or too much sleep

Fatigue and lack of energy.

Difficulties in thinking, remembering, concentrating, or making decisions

Changes in appetite or weight

Returning thoughts about death or suicide.

Physical symptoms such as migraine , abdominal pain, or back pain

If you have a combination of these symptoms for at least two weeks, it probably means you are currently suffering from a depressive episode.

Risk Factors of Depression

Risk factors of the depression include, if you have depression in your family then there are many chances that you developed depression. Early childhood trauma is the biggest reason for depression. If the frontal lobe of the brain is not active, there are chances particular individual might develop depression. A certain medical condition in the individual might develops depression that is a chronic illness or ADHD. Drug abuser also has chances of developing depression.

Preventive Measures of Depression

The treatment of the depression is possible and treatment can improve the quality of life and individual enjoy a healthy life. Treatment of depression includes medications and psychotherapies. Psychiatrists use medication for the treatment of the depression while the psychologist uses psychological therapies.

Types of Depression

Just as there is no single cause for depression, there is not just one type of depression. The fifth edition of the Manual of Diseases and Statistics for Mental Illness contains nine different types:

In many people, the common form of depression is major depression. People with severe depression often experience recurring episodes throughout their lives.

Dysthymia is a constantly persistent mood for a long time, even a year or more. 

Some people are more sensitive to less light in winter. The seasonal affective disorder is a type of depression caused by the absence of natural light.

People with atypical depression often report a feeling of weight in their limbs. You may have irritability and relationship problems and may be overeating and sleeping too much.

Bipolar disorder causes the manic and depressive episodes is also called manic-depressive disorder.

Depressive episodes can sometimes be so severe that hallucinations or illusions occur. A person becomes catatonic or gets stuck in bed is called psychotic depression.

Postpartum depression, depression occurs after delivery. Mothers may feel disconnected from a new child or fear that their child will be hurt.

The phase of depression occurs in the second half of the menstrual cycle is called premenstrual dysphoric.

This affects the ability of the individual to function normally.

Situational depression is triggered by an event that changes our life. This can range from losing your job to the death of a close family member.

Depression treatment in other cities

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Related Diseases

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Mental health information in Urdu

اردو میں دماغی صحت کی معلومات.

On this page you will find translations of our mental health information resources in Urdu.

Please carefully read the  disclaimer  that accompanies each translation. It explains that the College cannot guarantee the quality of the translations, nor that the information is necessarily the most up to date.

اس صفحے پر آپ کو ہمارے دماغی صحت سے متعلق معلومات کے وسائل کا اردو میں ترجمہ ملے گا۔ 

براہ کرم ہر ترجمے کے ساتھ موجود دستبرداری کو غور سے پڑھیں. یہ وضاحت کرتا ہے کہ کالج ترجمے کے معیار کی ضمانت نہیں دے سکتا، اور نہ ہی یہ کہ معلومات ضروری طور پر تازہ ترین ہوں.

Urdu translations

• الکحل اور ڈپریشن Alcohol and depression
• ڈپریشن کی ادویات Antidepressants
• اضطراب اور عمومی اضطراب کی بیماری Anxiety and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
• سوگ  Bereavement
• بائی پولر ڈس آرڈر  Bipolar disorder
• بائی پولر افیکٹو ڈس آرڈر Bipolar affective disorder
• چرس اور ذہنی صحت Cannabis and mental health
• ایک تکلیف دہ واقعے کے بعد مقابلہ کرنا Coping after a traumatic event
• بالغوں میں ڈپریشن Depression in adults
• الزائمر کی بیماری میں استعمال ہونے والی ادویات Drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease
• یادداشت کے مسائل اور ڈیمنشیا Memory problems and dementia
• زچگی کے بعد ہونے والی نفسیاتی بیماریاں Mental illness after childbirth
• آبسیسو کمپلسو ڈس آرڈر Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• پوسٹ نیٹل ڈپریشن Postnatal depression
• پوسٹ ٹرامیٹک اسٹریس ڈس آرڈر -- پی ٹی ایس ڈی Post-traumatic stress disorder
• پوسٹ ٹرامیٹک اسٹریس ڈس آرڈر (پی ٹی ایس ڈی) ۔ اہم باتیں Post-traumatic stress disorder - key facts
• شیزوفرینیا  Schizophrenia
• اپنے آپ کو اذیت پہنچانا  Self-harm
• اپنے آپ کو اذیت پہنچانا ۔ مختصر کتابچہ  Self-harm - brief version
• اچھی نیند  Sleeping well

Who are we?

The Royal College of Psychiatrists is the main professional body for psychiatrists in the UK. We have a world-wide membership.

We work to secure the best outcomes for people with mental illness, learning disabilities and developmental disorders by:

• promoting excellent mental health services
• training outstanding psychiatrists
• promoting quality and research
• setting standards
• being the voice of psychiatry.

ہم کون ہیں؟

رائل کالج آف سائیکیٹرسٹ برطانیہ میں نفسیاتی ماہرین کے لیے بنیادی پیشہ ورانہ ادارہ ہے. دنیا بھر سے لوگ ہمارے ساتھ رکنیت رکھتے ہیں.

ہم دماغی بیماری، سیکھنے میں معذوری اور نشوونما میں خرابی کے شکار لوگوں کے لیے بہترین نتائج حاصل کرنے کے لیے کام کرتے ہیں:

بہترین دماغی صحت کی خدمات کو فروغ دینا

بہترین ماہرین نفسیات کی تربیت کرنا

معیار اور تحقیق کو فروغ دینا

معیارات طے کرنا

نفسیات کی آواز بننا۔

Why do we produce mental health information?

We believe that high-quality information can help people to make informed decisions about their health and care. We aim to produce information which is:

• evidence-based
• up to date.

ہم دماغی صحت کی معلومات کیوں تیار کرتے ہیں؟

ہمیں یقین ہے کہ اعلیٰ معیار کی معلومات لوگوں کو اپنی صحت اور دیکھ بھال کے بارے میں باخبر فیصلے کرنے میں مدد دے سکتی ہے۔ ہمارا مقصد ایسی معلومات پیدا کرنا ہے جو کہ:

ثبوت کی بنیاد پر ہو

قابل رسائی ہو

تازہ ترین ہو۔

How is our information written?

Our information is written by psychiatrists and other healthcare professionals. Our information is also developed with the support of patients and carers. This helps to ensure our information is representative of the lived experiences of people with mental illness.

We are grateful to the psychiatrists, healthcare professionals, College members, staff and experts who have helped to produce and review our information.

ہماری معلومات کیسے لکھی جاتی ہیں؟

ہماری معلومات ماہرین نفسیات اور دیگر صحت کی دیکھ بھال کرنے والے پیشہ ور افراد نے لکھی ہیں۔ ہماری معلومات مریضوں اور دیکھ بھال کرنے والوں کے تعاون سے بھی تیار کی جاتی ہے۔ اس سے یہ یقینی بنانے میں مدد ملتی ہے کہ ہماری معلومات ذہنی بیماری میں مبتلا لوگوں کے ذاتی تجربات کی نمائندہ ہے۔

ہم ماہرین نفسیات، صحت کی دیکھ بھال کے پیشہ ور افراد، کالج کے اراکین، عملے اور ماہرین کے مشکور ہیں جنہوں نے ہماری معلومات کو تیار کرنے اور اس کا جائزہ لینے میں مدد کی۔

About our translations

In 2022, we began collaborating with a non-profit, CLEAR Global, and their community of more than 100,000 language volunteers, Translators without Borders. We are working with them to update the translations of our latest information resources in the most in-demand languages. You can see who delivered our translations at the bottom of each translated page.

Our translations are based on  our mental health information resources in English . These resources reflect the best evidence available at the time of writing, and we aim to review our resources every three years. However, this is not always possible, and we have dated our resources to show when they were last reviewed.

Whenever we update our English resources, we will aim to update our translations. However, this will not always be possible.

If you have feedback on our translations you would like to share with us, you can contact  [email protected]  

ہمارے ترجموں کے بارے میں

ہم نے 2022 میں ایک غیر منافع بخش CLEAR Global اور ان کے 100,000 سے زائد زبان کے رضاکاروں کی کمیونٹی Translators without Borders کے ساتھ تعاون شروع کیا۔ ہم ان کے ساتھ مل کر بہت زیادہ مطلوب زبانوں میں اپنی معلوماتی وسائل کے ترجموں کو تازہ کر رہے ہیں۔ آپ ہر ترجمہ شدہ صفحے کے نیچے دیکھ سکتے ہیں کہ ہمارے ترجمے کس نے فراہم کیے ہیں۔

ہمارے ترجمے انگریزی میں ہمارے ذہنی صحت سے متعلق معلوماتی وسائل پر مبنی ہیں۔ یہ وسائل تحریر کے وقت دستیاب بہترین ثبوت کی پیش کرتے ہیں اور ہمارا مقصد ہر تین سال بعد اپنے وسائل کا جائزہ لینا ہے۔ تاہم یہ ہمیشہ ممکن نہیں ہوتا اور ہم نے اپنے وسائل کے آخری جائزے کی تاریخ دی ہے۔

جب بھی ہم اپنے انگریزی وسائل کو تازہ کرتے ہیں تو ہمارا مقصد اپنے ترجمے کو تازہ کرنا ہوتا ہے۔ تاہم، یہ ہمیشہ ممکن نہیں ہو گا۔

اگر آپ ہمارے ترجموں کے بارے میں ہم سے اپنی رائے کا اشتراک کرنا چاہیں تو، آپ [email protected] سے رابطہ کر سکتے ہیں۔ 

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Regional instability and the path to peace, mental stress in girls from teenage to adulthood, raising forex reserves, uxi highlights father’s legacy at uog book week opener, a simple buffalo disease, anthrax and toilet cleaners, lahore flourishes with seasonal blooms before eid, russian deputy minister of defense arrested on bribery suspicion, economist warns of turmoil, change in india’s map if modi wins…, china slashes ‘hypocritical move’ by us on ukraine crisis, urging washington…, xi calls on chongqing to promote high-quality development, blinken lands in shanghai with ‘little optimism’ on major breakthrough, pakistani brothers shine at qatar int’l junior squash championship, pakistani participant delight in cultural spectacle at weifang kite festival, arbab niaz cricket stadium to get floodlights in new lighting project, pcb sets up medical board to analyse handling of ihsanullah’s injury, salman khan lauds shahzaib rindh’s performance after defeating india in karate…, depression in pakistan.

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses worldwide. Approximately 280 million depression cases happen annually. It has been estimated that mental illnesses affect at least 3.8% of the population, including a large proportion of the youth. Most people confuse depression with bipolar disorder and often depression is understood as usual mood fluctuations and short-lived emotional responses to the challenges of everyday life. However, depression is a separate mental illness, which can become a serious condition if there is a recurrent pattern with moderate or severe intensity.

If depression is left unaddressed, it can cause the affected person to suffer significantly and function poorly at work, school, and in the family. At its worst, depression results in suicides. According to a World Health Organization report, globally depression is more common among women than men. The report also reveals that an estimated 5% of adults suffer from depression around the world. The ever-changing dynamics of the world has further contributed to the rise in depression amongst the youth. This includes increased competition, urban lifestyles, and hectic schedules, competing counterparts with the same results, etc.

Surprisingly, depression is seldom part of the popular discourse in Pakistan. The most horrifying part is the non-acceptance of its existence. Most people in Pakistan consider temperature as more dangerous than depression. However, research has revealed otherwise. Today, approximately 3.4% of total deaths are caused by depression. The Covid pandemic has led to a surge in depression amongst the youth in Pakistan. It is time to begin raising awareness and addressing depression. Awareness campaigns, seminars and workshops on the identification of the symptoms of depression and prevention methods must be conducted regularly. If we fail to address this effectively and promptly, it will result in the loss of many lives and have a negative impact on society.

The psychological health care system is woefully deficient in Pakistan, and the way it is mainly managed explains why accessing psychological help is a taboo subject. At the time of independence in 1947, there were three asylum-like hospitals, one each at Hyderabad, Lahore, and Peshawar, with a total of 2000 beds. These were in a miserable shape with no psychiatrists and managed by medical officers only. These hospitals were called mad-houses or “pagal khanay,” and patients were often brought there in chains. Before the Mental Health Ordinance (MHO) of 2001, the law related to mental health provision was the Lunacy Act of 1912. After the 18th Amendment, health became a provincial subject in Pakistan. The Sindh Provincial Assembly took the lead and passed the Mental Health Act in 2013. The Punjab government enacted the Punjab Mental Health Act in 2014.

Seven decades after independence, the health care system is still not adequate. Whereas the median number of mental health beds per 100,000 population is above 50 in high-income countries, and 11.3 in the more developed countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, this figure is around 1.7 for Pakistan. A recent survey showed that nearly a third of the respondents believed that people fail to access mental health services because mental health professionals are not accessible.

In the absence of a formal functioning health system that is adequate for the needs of the population, traditional spiritual healers call the shots in Pakistan. Popularly known as baba, pir, or Sufi, the spiritual healers are well respected in the community. They practice at their residences, clinics, shrines or mosques and explain mental illness in terms of possession by an evil spirit, or by magical influences cast by enemies.

The treatment includes amulets, spiritually treated water, burning incense, or reciting mantras. Much to the chagrin and resentment of mental health professionals, the spiritual healers enjoy the acceptance of large masses of people who approach them for their mental health problems.

Though collaboration between spiritual healers and psychiatrists, as is often suggested, under some formal institutional arrangement has some appeal, there could be no denying the fact that public investment is the key to overcoming the challenge. Given the limited fiscal space available to the governments for significantly increasing investment in mental health, how and when investment in mental health will take place is an open question. At least, the government should try its best to sensitize the population that mental disorders are just like physical disorders.

Abdul Khaliq

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Prevalence of depression and anxiety among general population in Pakistan during COVID-19 lockdown: An online-survey

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• Published: 08 February 2022
• Volume 43 , pages 8338–8345, ( 2024 )

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• Irfan Ullah   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1100-101X 1 ,
• Sajjad Ali   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8024-5942 2 ,
• Farzana Ashraf   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-2618 3 ,
• Yasir Hakim 1 ,
• Iftikhar Ali 4 ,
• Arslan Rahat Ullah 5 ,
• Vijay Kumar Chattu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9840-8335 6 , 7 , 8 &
• Amir H. Pakpour   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8798-5345 9  

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The present study's aim is to find the prevalence of two of the common indicators of mental health - depression and anxiety – and any correlation with socio-demographic indicators in the Pakistani population during the lockdown from 5 May to 25 July 2020. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online questionnaire sent to volunteer participants. A total of 1047 participants over 18 were recruited through convenience sampling. The survey targeted depression and anxiety levels, which were measured using a 14 item self-reporting Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Out of the total sample population ( N =354), 39.9% suffered from depression and 57.7% from anxiety. Binary logistical regressions indicated significant predictive associations of gender ( OR=1.410 ), education ( OR=9.311 ), residence ( OR=0.370 ), household income ( OR=0.579 ), previous psychiatric problems ( OR=1.671 ), and previous psychiatric medication (OR=2.641) . These were the key factors e associated with a significant increase in depression. Increases in anxiety levels were significantly linked to gender ( OR=2.427 ), residence ( OR=0.619 ), previous psychiatric problems ( OR=1.166 ), and previous psychiatric medication ( OR=7.330 ). These results suggest depression and anxiety were prevalent among the Pakistani population during the lockdown. Along with other measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, citizens' mental health needs the Pakistani government's urgent attention as well as that of mental health experts. Further large-scale, such as healthcare practitioners, should be undertaken to identify other mental health indicators that need to be monitored.

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Introduction

In early December 2019, many cases of pneumonia caused by a novel beta coronavirus (the 2019 novel coronavirus) were identified in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei, China (Guan et al., 2020 ). This virus has been named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), which displays phylogenetically identical characteristics to severe/acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-Co-V) (Lu et al., 2020 ). The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global pandemic on 11 March 2020, when the registered cases of COVID-19 reached 118,000, and the number of deaths reached 4291 in 114 countries (WHO, 2020 ). Amid epidemics, there is a growing sense of fear among individuals of becoming infected with viral diseases, which further causes anxiety and depression (Ahorsu et al., 2020 ; Hall et al., 2008 ). Anxiety is defined as the body's normal response to stress (Holland, 2018 ). Depression, on the other hand, is defined as a lack of interest in everyday tasks. It is hypothesized that persons who are exposed to a pandemic without immunization will experience anxiety, tension, and depression as a result of their fear of the unknown (in this case, the coronavirus) (Lin et al., 2021 ).

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, a large number of studies have been conducted on people’s mental health during lockdown and quarantine situations, particularly on ways to cope with the spread of these conditions. All the research has led to the conclusion that various restrictions to an individual’s behavior can have an adverse effect on their mental health. For example, a study conducted by Sprang and Silman ( 2013 ) showed that 25% of isolated parents and 30% of isolated children had symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A Korean by Jeong et al. in 2016 found that 7.6% of patients displayed symptoms of anxiety during the epidemic of Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). In addition, similar results were reported in Canada during the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak (Reynolds et al., 2008 ).

Fear, anxiety, desperation, and helplessness can be associated with epidemic outbreaks of infectious diseases, especially when infection and death rates are reported to be high (Ashraf et al., 2021 ; Rajabimajd et al., 2021 ). Tension spikes in the general population during infectious disease outbreaks, bringing not only poor mental health but also major economic consequences in the social and household sectors (Smith et al., 2019 ). The travel bans in China during the outbreak of SARS in 2003 and avian influenza in 2013 had a huge impact on the business sector and the jobs of individuals (Wishnick, 2010 ). The mental health of the general population can be affected by the COVID 19 pandemic and is of great importance from various aspects (Xiang et al., 2020 ). Due attention needs to be paid to the psychological traumas, and mental health problems experience in the general population. Controlling situations such as lockdowns can provoke anxiety responses and increase the fear and prejudice against infected and affected persons (Person et al., 2004 ). Studies examining the effect of COVID-19 on mental wellbeing not only highlight problematic areas but can also generate ways to provide health care services with the necessary information and support to deliver mental health treatment to those in need. Though a large number of studies have explored mental health in the particular context of mental health outcomes, yet there is a paucity of research assessing the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms relating to socio-demographic factors. Furthermore, the present study will be a valuable addition to the existing literature on the cultural aspect of mental health and depression.

Methodology

Study design and participants.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from 5 May to 25 July 2020 in Pakistan, targeting the general population. Online survey was accompanied by a self-administered questionnaire. The online survey was distributed by commonly used social media such as Facebook, WhatsApp and Telegram. Participants were also asked to share the online survey with their peers to obtain a more normal distribution and representative sample. To control the possible confounding factors, certain inclusion criteria were devised. Participants had to be (i) Pakistani nationals residing in the country since the outbreak of the corona pandemic, (ii) at least 18 years of age, (iii) able to speak Urdu as their first language, and (iv) not previously diagnosed with a psychological or psychiatric disorder or on any medications for the same. The exclusion criteria include: (i) Non- Pakistani nationals inside the country as well as Pakistani national living abroad, (2) anyone less than 18 years of age, (iii) anyone with a prior diagnosis of depression or anxiety disorder or any other mental health issue (iv) anyone who is on anti-psychotic or psychiatric medications. Dropouts and participants who provided insufficient or incomplete data were excluded from the study. The final sample comprised 1047 participants recruited through convenience sampling. The study was approved by the ethics committee of COMSATS University Lahore (REF: CUI/LHR/HUM/178) and carried out in accordance with the human research ethics outlined in the Helsinki Declaration 1975. The online survey comprised three sections; informed consent, demographic information, and study tools. Informed consent was provided by all the participants before completing the online survey. The participants were assured that their participation in the study was voluntary and were free to withdraw from the survey at any point without any privacy concerns. The survey remained anonymous to assure the reliability, replicability and confidentiality of the data

Demographic Questionnaire: With the help of a self-reporting standard questionnaire, socio-demographics parameters of the participants such as age, gender, marital status, education, region, area of residence, occupation, monthly household income, and smoker status were collected.

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): The HADS was used to assess anxiety and depression in the study sample (Waqas et al., 2019 ). HADS is a valid measure for assessing mental health outcomes in terms of depression and anxiety and is widely used locally and internationally. The scale comprises 14 items equally distributed to assess anxiety (e.g., “I feel tense or wound up” ) and depression (e.g., “ I still enjoy the things I used to enjoy ”) through responses to statements. Two of the items are reverse coded (items 7 and 10) to cross-check the random responses. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert scale (0 to 3 with diverse descriptions for each item) with total scores ranging from 0 to 21. High scores are an indicator of a high level of depression and anxiety. Scores on HADS can be used on a continuum and as categorical as well (e.g., normal=0-7; mild=8-10; moderate=15-21 and severe=15-21). The present study showed a good fit for the alpha coefficient for total HADS (α=.85), depression (α=.72) as well as anxiety (α=.84) subscales.

Data Analysis

The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics V.26.0. All the data were coded in SPSS, and invalid data (e.g., random responses, incomplete responses, and repetitive responses) were dealt with using missing values analysis and outliers’ analysis in SPSS. We ran descriptive statistics -means, standard deviation, percentages, and frequency distribution - to estimate the descriptive characteristics of the study variables. First, the association between independent and dependent variables was determined using the Chi-square test of association. In addition, we ran logistical regression analyses to evaluate the degree of association of socio-demographic characteristics with depression and/or anxiety. The level of significance had a p-value < 0.05 and a confidence interval (CI) of 95%.

Of the total 1047 participants, a majority 550 (52.5%) were females and 497 (47.5%) were males. The vast majority (85%) of them were aged 18 - 30 years and the remaining (15%) were over 30 years of age indicating that the majority of the sample comprised of young adult population. The mean age (S.D) was found to be 25.76 ± 11.262 years which also indicates the higher use of social media platforms by this age groups. The participants resided in all provinces: 53.7% lived in Sindh, 22.5% in Punjab, 12.9% in Khayber Pukhtoonkhawah, 10.4% in Islamabad, 0.3% in Azad Jammu Kashmir, 0.2% in Gilgit Baltistan, and 0.1% Balochistan. More than 1/3 of the study participants (77.8%) were unmarried. Only 221(21.1%) were married, 6 (0.5%) were separated/divorced and 5 (0.4%) widowed (see Table 1 ).

Gender was found to be significantly associated with depression ( p<0.01 ) and anxiety (p=.001) . Education status was only significantly associated with depression ( p<0.001 ). Place of residence and occupation were significantly associated with both depression ( p<0.001 ) and anxiety ( p< 0.001 ). Household income was significantly associated only with symptoms of depression ( p<0.01 ). Previous psychiatric illness and previous psychiatric medications were significantly associated with depression ( p<0.001 ) and anxiety ( p<0.001 ) (Table 2 ).

Binary logistic regressions were performed to determine any predictive association of socio-demographics with depression and/or anxiety. The analysis indicated that gender, education, residence, household income, previous psychiatric problems and previous psychiatric medication are the key factors associated with a significant increase in depression among the participants with odds ratios of 1.410 [1.099-1.809], 9.311 [1.020-85.030], 0.370 [0.229-0.596], 0.579 [0.227-1.480], 1.671 [1.244-2.246], 2.641 [1.748-3.989] and 4.711 [2.416-9.187], respectively. In addition, gender, place of residence, previous psychiatric problem, and previous psychiatric medications were found to be the key factors associated with a significant increase in depression with an odds ratio of 2.427 [1.888-3.119], 0.619 [0.376-1.019], 1.166 [0.458-2.969], 7.330 [3.876-13.863] and 5.313 [2.236-12.629], respectively (Table 3 and 4 ).

Out of the total sample population, 39.9% suffered from depression and 57.7% from anxiety (Table 5 ).

The present study indicated the significant prevalence of anxiety and depression in a sample of the general population of Pakistan during the COVID 19 outbreak from 5 May to 25 July 2020. Our study findings suggest that being a woman with a lower level of education, living in an urban area, occupation, previous psychiatric illness, and medication were significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Our study findings suggest that women were more likely to be anxious and depressed (67.8% & 43.8%, respectively) than males (46.5% and 35.6%, respectively) during the lockdown. This result is supported by a study conducted by (Farooq et al., 2019 ) in which females were 2.5 times as anxious and depressed as males (39.4% vs. 23.3%, respectively). Another research (Zahidie & Jamali, 2013 ) found that the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms were 29% and 66% among women, compared to 10% and 33% among men. These findings are backed by studies conducted globally which report higher anxiety symptoms among females in China (Zhou et al., 2020 ; Hou et al., 2020 ), India (Varshney et al., 2020 ), Oman (Badahdah et al., 2020 ) and Spain (González-Sanguino et al., 2020 ). Plausible reasons for the higher prevalence of anxiety and depression among women could be biological factors, socioeconomic disadvantage, loss of social status, maladapted coping strategies, and the lack of a support system for women in this country (Mirza & Jenkins, 2004 ). Other well-known reasoning may be that most women have to balance their household work and professional workload due to the inherited socio-cultural norms that still prevail in Pakistani households. Males are barely involved in household activities. As men spend more time at home due to the ‘stay home, stay safe’ policy of the government, the workload burden of the women in the household increases.

Moreover, anxiety and depression can be seen as more prevalent in urban and semi-urban locations. This could be because COVID-19 is more prevalent in urban settlements. Lockdown has had a great impact on all the densely populated cities of Pakistan, putting all the lives of the people living there on hold. Anxiety and depression can be significantly associated with the employment status of the general public, a local reflection of the hundreds of thousands of jobs being lost across the world. Pakistan’s Ministry of Finance revealed 3 million jobs had been lost during the COVD19 outbreak (Gulf news, 2020 ). The findings are supported by a Chinese study which showed that the prevalence of psychological health problems are more common among urban residents due to a great number of COVID-19 cases among cities and urban areas acting as epicenters of the diseases (Liu et al., 2021 ). Salary cuts and reductions in new jobs are expected. Moreover, uncertainty and possibly fear could have led to the development of more depression and anxiety symptoms. In addition, offices have been shut down because of the travel ban, and most employees are working from home. Lack of contact with co-workers could affect workers' motivation, satisfaction with work, and productivity. Not being able to meet deadlines and targets due to only earning hand of house and the usual pressure may cause a rise in anxiety levels among them.

Furthermore, household income is significantly associated with depression in the participants. The lower the household income, the more indicators of depressive symptoms there were. Sareen et al. ( 2011 ) found that low levels of household income are associated with mental disorders and suicide attempts, and a reduction in household income is associated with an increased risk of mental disorder incidents. One possible explanation for this could be that the lockdown imposed has disrupted the economic flow throughout the country.

Our results suggest that there is an increased prevalence of depression and anxiety among people with previous mental health problems and/or who were on medication for psychiatric disorders (p<0.001). One of the reasons for this is that the widespread lockdown has meant psychiatric patients are unable to contact their doctors in times of need. The closure of all psychiatric OPDs (Dawn news, 2020 ) and the current chaotic situation due to COVID-19 has increased the severity of some patients’ psychiatric conditions, leading to a spike in depression and anxiety among them. Also, being unable to travel and get medications during the lockdown is a reason for the spike.

Monitoring the mental health of populations during a pandemic is crucial, as public fear and fear induced by over-reacting behavior could act as a barrier to the control of infectious diseases (Dong & Bouey, 2020 ). In addition, the existing stringent lockdown measures and the uncertain period of home isolation reflect an ongoing traumatic occurrence that could potentially contribute to substantial long-term health costs. Therefore, epidemiological monitoring and targeted intervention should be introduced in good time to avoid more mental health issues in the future.

Limitations of the Study

Along with the strong evidence this study has highlighted, there are some limitations and bias which are common with any cross-sectional study. Firstly, the researchers did not go into the field to collect data but used electronic means during the lockdown since the public health regulations were in place. Since the participation was voluntary, only the young adults who were active on social media had more participation resulting in lack of representation of all socio-demographic features. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized to the entire population of Pakistan. Secondly, most of the study sample was from 18 to 30 years of age leaving the gaps for the middle aged and older age groups. Thirdly, considering the high illiteracy rate of Pakistan, our sample size was mostly made up of a literal population. All of these factors mean the results are not generalizable as representative of the entire population. They do, however, offer important indicators, likely to be shared more generally,

The present study reported the high prevalence of depression and anxiety in participants from a broad spectrum of the general population of Pakistan during the country-wide lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental Health Ordinance 2001 in Pakistan preserves the rights of citizens dealing with mental health issues and guarantees to take care of them. In these difficult times, the government of Pakistan should make mental health care one of its top priorities. Pakistan's government is doing its best to reduce the spread of the pandemic in the country; however, effective steps should also be taken for the care of mental health of its citizens.

Availability of data and materials

The data set is available upon request from the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

Coronavirus outbreak

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2

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Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan

Irfan Ullah & Yasir Hakim

Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan

Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Lahore, Pakistan

Farzana Ashraf

Paraplegic Centre, Hayatabad, Peshawar, Pakistan

Iftikhar Ali

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Arslan Rahat Ullah

Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada

Vijay Kumar Chattu

Center for Transdisciplinary Research, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, India

Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India

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IU and SA have made substantial contributions to the conception and design. FA, YH, IA, and ARU participated in the study design and data acquisition. IU, SA, VKC and AHP were involved in drafting and revising the manuscript. VKC provided critical comments and re-edicted the final draft. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

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Ullah, I., Ali, S., Ashraf, F. et al. Prevalence of depression and anxiety among general population in Pakistan during COVID-19 lockdown: An online-survey. Curr Psychol 43 , 8338–8345 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02815-7

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Psychiatric rating scales in Urdu: a systematic review

• Syed Ahmer 1 ,
• Rafey A Faruqui 2 &
• Anita Aijaz 1  

BMC Psychiatry volume  7 , Article number:  59 ( 2007 ) Cite this article

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Researchers setting out to conduct research employing questionnaires in non-English speaking populations need instruments that have been validated in the indigenous languages. In this study we have tried to review the literature on the status of cross-cultural and/or criterion validity of all the questionnaires measuring psychiatric symptoms available in Urdu language.

A search of Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and http://www.pakmedinet.com was conducted using the search terms; Urdu psychiatric rating scale, and Urdu and Psychiatry. References of retrieved articles were searched. Only studies describing either cross-cultural or criterion validation of a questionnaire in Urdu measuring psychiatric symptoms were included.

Thirty two studies describing validation of 19 questionnaires were identified. Six of these questionnaires were developed indigenously in Urdu while thirteen had been translated from English. Of the six indigenous questionnaires five had had their criterion validity examined. Of the thirteen translated questionnaires only four had had both their cross-cultural and criterion validity assessed.

There is a paucity of validated questionnaires assessing psychiatric symptoms in Urdu. The BSI, SRQ and AKUADS are the questionnaires that have been most thoroughly evaluated in Urdu.

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With an estimated population of about 165 million [ 1 ] Pakistan is the sixth most populous nation in the world. Although only about 8% of Pakistanis speak Urdu (the national language of Pakistan) as their first language, most people in Pakistan are bilingual speaking their regional language and Urdu almost equally easily [ 2 ]. English is spoken mostly by the educated classes and used for official correspondence. With a literacy ratio of 44% and about 50% of the population receiving only primary or below primary education [ 3 ] there are many Pakistanis who are unable to read and understand English.

Most psychiatric research involves use of questionnaires of one sort of another. Most of these questionnaires have been developed in the English language and Western culture. There are questions as to how applicable or relevant these questionnaires would be in a primarily non-English speaking Eastern nation like Pakistan. We, therefore, need questionnaires that are in a language that can be understood by majority of the Pakistani people, like Urdu, and are relevant to their culture. In the absence of such questionnaires the two options available are either to create a new questionnaire in Urdu, or to translate and adapt an already established questionnaire from English.

If the latter route of translating and adapting an established questionnaire is taken, which is more often taken by virtue of being a less daunting task than creating a new questionnaire, there are five major domains of cross-cultural validity that need to be considered [ 4 , 5 ].

1. Content validity. The content of the instrument should be relevant in the culture into which the instrument is being translated.

2. Semantic validity. The words in the original instrument and the translated instrument should have the same meaning.

3. Technical validity. The method of assessment is comparable in each culture e.g. self-rated instruments assume literacy which is not very high in Pakistan.

4. Criterion validity. The interpretation of responses to similar items in source and target languages should remain the same when compared with the norm of each culture studied.

5. Conceptual validity. The instrument is measuring the same theoretical construct within each culture.

Whether indigenously developed or translated, all new questionnaires also need to have their criterion validity established against an existing gold standard in an appropriate group of respondents to be declared clinically useful [ 6 ]. In this manner their validity coefficients such as sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value can be established to make them comparable with other similar questionnaires. An instrument is valid if it correctly identifies most people with the disorder (high sensitivity) and correctly excludes most people without the disorder (high specificity).

We were able to find only one review "Clinicians' Compendium Of Assessment Tools for Mental Health Clients from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds [ 7 ]" done in Australia that has reviewed validation status of questionnaires available in languages other than English. While the Compendium does list a few assessment tools that have been translated into Urdu, Urdu was not a search term in that review and all instruments in Urdu were included in the category of Instruments in Languages Other Than English (LOTE) for which insufficient published information was available and accessible. In this review we have therefore, tried to explore how many questionnaires measuring psychiatric symptoms are available in Urdu, whether indigenous or translated, that have undergone some degree of validation. We have also tried to assess to what extent these questionnaires have undergone either criterion validation (applicable to all questionnaires) or cross-cultural validation (applicable to translated questionnaires only).

Search strategy

We searched Medline (since 1951), Embase (since 1974) and PsycINFO (since 1806) through the http://www.hilo.nhs.uk website. We searched http://www.pakmedinet.com (a website that indexes most of the medical journals published in Pakistan including those that are not indexed on Medline or Embase) on 8 February 2006 using the following search terms; Urdu psychiatric rating scale, and Urdu and Psychiatry. We searched the references, and the references of the references, of the retrieved articles. We contacted 21 psychiatrists and four psychologists working in Pakistan, and one psychiatrist working in UK, to find out if they were aware of any scales validated in Urdu that were not on our list. We searched the titles of all the dissertations, and in 2 cases full dissertations, in the subject of Psychiatry submitted to the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan.

Inclusion/exclusion criteria

Only those studies that reported the process of assessment of either criterion validity or cross-cultural validity of a questionnaire measuring psychiatric symptoms in Urdu language were included.

Studies were excluded if they reported use of a questionnaire in Urdu but did not provide any details about validation. Similarly, studies reporting validation of questionnaires in Urdu for uses other than measuring psychiatric symptoms were not included.

One of us (SA) extracted validation data from all the studies except two [ 8 , 9 ]. The data from these two studies was extracted by RAF. We used the following parameters.

For criterion validation we extracted data on all the questionnaires about the setting they had been validated in, sample size, the gold standard used, reliability values, area under the curve, and validity coefficients like sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall misattribution ratio.

Guillemin et al (1993) [ 10 ] have suggested the following guidelines to preserve equivalence in adapting measures developed in one language and culture for use in another language and culture; 1. more than one independent translations, 2. as many back-translations as translations[ 11 ], 3. a committee approach to produce a final version in the target language, and 4. pre-testing to establish equivalence in source and target versions using either a probe technique (using qualitative methods) or bilingual method (administering both the versions to a group of bilingual lay people to assess if they respond similarly to the same question in both languages).

For cross-cultural validation we, therefore, extracted data on process of back-translation, whether or not a committee approach had been taken, and whether the authors had done pre-testing. If a bilingual approach for pre-testing had been taken we assessed whether the authors had examined linguistic equivalence (whether the questionnaire has been translated literally), conceptual equivalence (whether the translation captures the meaning of the original), and scale equivalence (whether both the source and target language versions identify the same individuals as high scorers) [ 12 ].

For being clinically useful, besides being valid, a new test or scale must also be reliable . The reliability of a test describes the degree to which the test consistently measures a variable [ 13 ]. The higher the reliability of a test the more likely it is that the test will yield a similar result when administered; by different raters (inter-rater reliability), by the same rater after some interval of time (intra-rater reliability), or in two halves (split-half reliability), and that items measuring different dimensions of the same phenomenon will be scored similarly (internal consistency). A scale can be reliable but not valid, but if a scale is unreliable it can not be valid. We therefore extracted data on different forms of reliability whenever it was reported in a paper.

Our initial databases search yielded 29 studies. Of these 15 were found to be relevant. Our secondary search yielded 42 more studies. Three of these were found through the experts we had contacted. Of these 17 were found to be relevant. Thus a total of 32 studies, reporting either cross-cultural or clinical validation of 19 psychiatric questionnaires in Urdu were included in the review. Details of validation of translation of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were found in the abstract of validation study of Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [ 14 ].

Indigenously developed scales

We found six rating scales which did not have an original English language version. Three of these the Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale ( AKUADS ) [ 15 – 18 ], Pakistan Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire ( PADQ ) [ 19 ], and Siddiqui-Shah Depression Scale ( SSDS ) [ 20 , 21 ] were developed indigenously in Urdu, while Bradford Somatic Inventory ( BSI ) [ 22 – 27 ] was developed simultaneously in Urdu and English.

Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire ( ASR-Q ) [ 8 , 28 ] and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire ( PTSD-Q )[ 9 ] were developed converting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for these disorders into questions in English language which were then translated into Urdu. We have included these with indigenously developed questionnaires as there is no equivalent questionnaire in English. However, as these were developed translating DSM criteria these are not truly indigenous scales.

Translated scales

Thirteen scales were translated from English and underwent some degree of validation. These included Clinical Interview Schedule-revised ( CIS-R ) [ 29 ], Eating Attitudes Test ( EAT ) [ 30 ], Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ( EPDS ) [ 14 ], General Health Questionnaire ( GHQ ) both 12 [ 31 ] and 28 [ 12 ] items versions, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire ( HTQ ) [ 14 ], Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) [ 32 , 33 ], How I Feel scale [ 18 ], Hopkins Symptoms Checklist ( HSCL )[ 34 ], Inventory of Traumatic Grief ( ITG )[ 35 ], Personal Health Questionnaire ( PHQ ) [ 36 – 38 ], Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ( SDQ ) [ 39 ], Self-Reporting Questionnaire ( SRQ ) [ 22 , 25 , 36 , 38 , 40 , 41 ], and World Health Organization Quality of Life scale Brief version ( WHO-QOL BREF )[ 42 ].

Cross-cultural Validation status

Table 1 shows the cross-cultural validation status for all the scales translated from English language. Of the thirteen translated scales six, the CIS-R, EAT, HADS, How I feel scale, SRQ AND WHO-QOL BREF were evaluated most rigorously for cross-cultural validation employing back-translation, translation committee, and pre-testing in a non-clinical sample. The GHQ-28 did not have back-translation done but had a translation committee and was also pre-tested.

The EAT, GHQ-28, HADS and WHO-QOL-BREF were pre-tested tested using the bilingual method and had their linguistic, conceptual and scale equivalence examined. The CIS-R, How I Feel scale and SRQ were pre-tested using the probe technique. The SDQ was back-translated and had a translation committee but was not pre-tested on a non-clinical sample. The EPDS, GHQ-12 and PHQ did not undergo cross-cultural validation.

Reliability and Criterion validity coefficients

Additional file 1 shows the reliability and validity coefficients for the 12 questionnaires, indigenous or translated, that have been evaluated for criterion validity in a clinical sample. Among the indigenous questionnaires the AKUADS, ASR-Q, BSI (44, 21 and 14 items versions), PADQ, and PTSD-Q were examined for criterion validity. Among the translated questionnaires GHQ (12 items version), HADS, How I Feel scale, PHQ, SDQ, SRQ and SSDS underwent criterion validity evaluation.

The AKUADS, BSI and SRQ were the ones that were most extensively evaluated for criterion validity.

Gold standards used

The gold standards against which the new scales were validated were Psychiatric Assessment Schedule (PAS) [ 43 ] in five studies, Psychiatrists' Clinical Diagnoses and ICD-10 Research Diagnostic Criteria in four studies each, DSM-IV criteria applied by psychiatrists and Diagnostic Interview Schedule used in two studies each, and DSM-III-R criteria and Clinical Interview Schedule used in one study each. There are several mentions of the instruments used being translated in Urdu but none of these gold standards has itself been validated in Urdu.

Quality of reviewed studies

Quality of included studies varied greatly. Some studies had very small sample sizes like 20 for HADS or 30 for PTSD-Q validation study making it questionable if the results could be extrapolated to the whole Pakistan population or even a sub-population. Four studies have used "Psychiatrists' Clinical Diagnoses" as gold standard [ 15 , 17 , 20 , 39 ] rather than using a more valid gold standard like a structured or semi-structured diagnostic interview. This puts the validity of the validation itself in question. Many studies have either not mentioned Reliability at all or mentioned that they tested for Reliability but have not provided any values, as detailed in Additional file 1 .

To our knowledge our study is the first of its kind looking at the validation status of all the psychiatric rating scales available in Urdu. We found 19 rating scales, 6 indigenous and 13 translated from English, which have undergone some degree of validation in Urdu. Among the six indigenous scales, the BSI has been most extensively validated both in urban and rural settings. Among the other indigenous scales AKUADS, PADQ and SSDS were validated in reasonably large samples. ASR-Q did not go through a criterion validation study while the PTSD-Q validation study had a very small sample size.

Among the 13 translated scales only the How I Feel scale, the SDQ and SRQ were evaluated for both cross-cultural and criterion validation, the SRQ being the most extensively evaluated and validated. Rest of the translated scales underwent either only cross-cultural (CIS-R, EAT, GHQ-28, HSCL, HTQ, ITG, WHO-QOL) or criterion (GHQ-12, PHQ) validation. The HADS scale underwent both cross-cultural and criterion validity evaluation but these were two different translations one undergoing the former and the other the latter.

The Australian "Clinicians' Compendium Of Assessment Tools for Mental Health Clients from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds [ 7 ]" shows that BDI-II, HADS, EPDS and GHQ have all been translated and undergone some degree of validation in Arabic; EPDS, GHQ and HADS in Italian; BDI, EPDS, GHQ and HADS in Chinese/Cantonese; and BDI-II and HADS in Spanish. As explained above Urdu was not a search term in this review.

On one hand it was rather surprising and encouraging to find 19 questionnaires measuring psychiatric symptoms in Urdu which had undergone some degree of either cross-cultural or criterion validation. On the other hand most of these are screening tools for anxiety, depression or general psychiatric morbidity. The very commonly used research tools like HRSD, MADRS, BDI, PANSS etc, and the definitive diagnostic instruments like SCID have not undergone any sort of validation in Urdu.

Bhui et al. [ 44 ] have suggested that even within a broad ethnic group expressions of distress may vary between different sub-groups and may change as a result of acculturation. The GHQ-12 performed better than the ADI (Amritsar Depression Inventory, developed in the Punjab in India) in detecting depression even in the Punjabi population settled in UK. This suggests that even instruments developed in one language may not be equally valid for all sub-groups speaking that language depending on the culture they are living in. In that sense language and culture are not one and the same where validation of instruments is concerned.

So what does one do when one wants to do research in a language other than English and there is no fit-for-purpose tool that has been validated in that language? In their review of cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures Guillemin et al. [ 10 ] have stated that there are two possible options. The first is to develop a new measure using culturally defined, within-group variables that have been developed and described in terms of the language and customs of a particular culture at a particular time, called the Emic approach [ 4 ]. The second approach is to use a measure from another language and culture applying the concepts of behaviour and techniques of measuring that behaviour from the so-called source culture to the target culture, called the Etic approach.

The problem with an exclusively emic approach is that it does not allow quantitative comparison across times and between cultures. The problem with an exclusively etic approach is that manifestations and expressions of a universal phenomenon, for example depression, may be different in different cultures, and thus may be missed if concepts and measures from one culture are applied blindly to another culture [ 4 ]. The first is time, labour and expertise intensive because of the need to conceptualise a new measure and select its items, while the second is fraught with the difficulties of the relevance and validity of a measure developed in one language and culture being used in another language and culture.

In Urdu it seems like both approaches have been used, with most scales being translated from English and a few being developed indigenously from complaints of Pakistani patients later diagnosed as suffering from Depression and Anxiety. However, since even the latter were validated against etic constructs like ICD and DSM diagnoses it is difficult to say if there are any purely emic instruments in Urdu. This raises the question whether there should be a different set of criteria for diagnosing depression in Pakistan if people suffering from depression in Pakistan present with different expressions of distress compared to patients in the West? If the diagnostic criteria are different should we call this syndrome something other than depression? Questions like these would only be answered after a lot more cultre-centred research than has been carried out as yet.

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Syed Ahmer & Anita Aijaz

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SA and RAF thought of the idea. SA developed the protocol. SA and RAF carried out the searches. SA, RAF and AA contributed to retrieving the data. All authors reviewed the manuscript critically and approved it.

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Additional file 1: Reliability and validity coefficients of psychiatric rating scales in Urdu that have undergone evaluation of criterion validity. The file contains data for reliability, and validity coefficients like sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for scales that have been validated against a gold standard in a clinical sample (DOC 96 KB)

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Ahmer, S., Faruqui, R.A. & Aijaz, A. Psychiatric rating scales in Urdu: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 7 , 59 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-7-59

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• Criterion Validity
• Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
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• Validity Coefficient
• Eating Attitude Test

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Learn more about depression from Craig Sawchuk, Ph.D., L.P., clinical psychologist at Mayo Clinic.

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The good news is that treatment helps. Effective treatments for depression exist and you do have options to see what works best for you. Lifestyle changes that improve sleep habits, exercise, and address underlying health conditions can be an important first step. Medications such as antidepressants can be helpful in alleviating depressive symptoms. Therapy, especially cognitive behavioral therapy, teaches skills to better manage negative thoughts and improve coping behaviors to help break you out of cycles of depression. Whatever the cause, remember that depression is not your fault and it can be treated.

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Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble doing normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn't worth living.

More than just a bout of the blues, depression isn't a weakness and you can't simply "snap out" of it. Depression may require long-term treatment. But don't get discouraged. Most people with depression feel better with medication, psychotherapy or both.

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Although depression may occur only once during your life, people typically have multiple episodes. During these episodes, symptoms occur most of the day, nearly every day and may include:

• Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness
• Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters
• Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, such as sex, hobbies or sports
• Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much
• Tiredness and lack of energy, so even small tasks take extra effort
• Reduced appetite and weight loss or increased cravings for food and weight gain
• Anxiety, agitation or restlessness
• Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or self-blame
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• Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts or suicide
• Unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches

For many people with depression, symptoms usually are severe enough to cause noticeable problems in day-to-day activities, such as work, school, social activities or relationships with others. Some people may feel generally miserable or unhappy without really knowing why.

Depression symptoms in children and teens

Common signs and symptoms of depression in children and teenagers are similar to those of adults, but there can be some differences.

• In younger children, symptoms of depression may include sadness, irritability, clinginess, worry, aches and pains, refusing to go to school, or being underweight.
• In teens, symptoms may include sadness, irritability, feeling negative and worthless, anger, poor performance or poor attendance at school, feeling misunderstood and extremely sensitive, using recreational drugs or alcohol, eating or sleeping too much, self-harm, loss of interest in normal activities, and avoidance of social interaction.

Depression symptoms in older adults

Depression is not a normal part of growing older, and it should never be taken lightly. Unfortunately, depression often goes undiagnosed and untreated in older adults, and they may feel reluctant to seek help. Symptoms of depression may be different or less obvious in older adults, such as:

• Memory difficulties or personality changes
• Physical aches or pain
• Fatigue, loss of appetite, sleep problems or loss of interest in sex — not caused by a medical condition or medication
• Often wanting to stay at home, rather than going out to socialize or doing new things
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If you feel depressed, make an appointment to see your doctor or mental health professional as soon as you can. If you're reluctant to seek treatment, talk to a friend or loved one, any health care professional, a faith leader, or someone else you trust.

When to get emergency help

If you think you may hurt yourself or attempt suicide, call 911 in the U.S. or your local emergency number immediately.

Also consider these options if you're having suicidal thoughts:

• Call your doctor or mental health professional.
• Contact a suicide hotline.
• In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use the Lifeline Chat . Services are free and confidential.
• U.S. veterans or service members who are in crisis can call 988 and then press “1” for the Veterans Crisis Line . Or text 838255. Or chat online .
• The Suicide & Crisis Lifeline in the U.S. has a Spanish language phone line at 1-888-628-9454 (toll-free).
• Reach out to a close friend or loved one.
• Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community.

If you have a loved one who is in danger of suicide or has made a suicide attempt, make sure someone stays with that person. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Or, if you think you can do so safely, take the person to the nearest hospital emergency room.

More Information

Depression (major depressive disorder) care at Mayo Clinic

• Male depression: Understanding the issues
• Nervous breakdown: What does it mean?
• Pain and depression: Is there a link?

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It's not known exactly what causes depression. As with many mental disorders, a variety of factors may be involved, such as:

• Biological differences. People with depression appear to have physical changes in their brains. The significance of these changes is still uncertain, but may eventually help pinpoint causes.
• Brain chemistry. Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that likely play a role in depression. Recent research indicates that changes in the function and effect of these neurotransmitters and how they interact with neurocircuits involved in maintaining mood stability may play a significant role in depression and its treatment.
• Hormones. Changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. Hormone changes can result with pregnancy and during the weeks or months after delivery (postpartum) and from thyroid problems, menopause or a number of other conditions.
• Inherited traits. Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives also have this condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression.
• Marijuana and depression
• Vitamin B-12 and depression

Risk factors

Depression often begins in the teens, 20s or 30s, but it can happen at any age. More women than men are diagnosed with depression, but this may be due in part because women are more likely to seek treatment.

Factors that seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering depression include:

• Certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem and being too dependent, self-critical or pessimistic
• Traumatic or stressful events, such as physical or sexual abuse, the death or loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or financial problems
• Blood relatives with a history of depression, bipolar disorder, alcoholism or suicide
• Being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, or having variations in the development of genital organs that aren't clearly male or female (intersex) in an unsupportive situation
• History of other mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorder, eating disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder
• Abuse of alcohol or recreational drugs
• Serious or chronic illness, including cancer, stroke, chronic pain or heart disease
• Certain medications, such as some high blood pressure medications or sleeping pills (talk to your doctor before stopping any medication)

Complications

Depression is a serious disorder that can take a terrible toll on you and your family. Depression often gets worse if it isn't treated, resulting in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your life.

Examples of complications associated with depression include:

• Excess weight or obesity, which can lead to heart disease and diabetes
• Pain or physical illness
• Alcohol or drug misuse
• Anxiety, panic disorder or social phobia
• Family conflicts, relationship difficulties, and work or school problems
• Social isolation
• Suicidal feelings, suicide attempts or suicide
• Self-mutilation, such as cutting
• Premature death from medical conditions
• Depression and anxiety: Can I have both?

There's no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help.

• Take steps to control stress, to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem.
• Reach out to family and friends, especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells.
• Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening.
• Consider getting long-term maintenance treatment to help prevent a relapse of symptoms.
• Brown AY. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Nov. 17, 2016.
• Research report: Psychiatry and psychology, 2016-2017. Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayo.edu/research/departments-divisions/department-psychiatry-psychology/overview?_ga=1.199925222.939187614.1464371889. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depressive disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. http://www.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression. National Alliance on Mental Illness. http://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Depression/Overview. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression: What you need to know. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression-what-you-need-to-know/index.shtml. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• What is depression? American Psychiatric Association. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression. NIH Senior Health. https://nihseniorhealth.gov/depression/aboutdepression/01.html. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Children’s mental health: Anxiety and depression. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/depression.html#depression. Accessed. Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression and complementary health approaches: What the science says. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. https://nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/depression-science. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Depression. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/databases/medical-conditions/d/depression.aspx. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Natural medicines in the clinical management of depression. Natural Medicines. http://naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com/ce/CECourse.aspx?cs=naturalstandard&s=ND&pm=5&pc=15-111. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• The road to resilience. American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Simon G, et al. Unipolar depression in adults: Choosing initial treatment. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Stewart D, et al. Risks of antidepressants during pregnancy: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Kimmel MC, et al. Safety of infant exposure to antidepressants and benzodiazepines through breastfeeding. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Bipolar and related disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. http://www.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017.
• Hirsch M, et al. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) for treating depressed adults. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Jan. 24, 2017.
• Hall-Flavin DK (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Jan. 31, 2017.
• Krieger CA (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Feb. 2, 2017.
• Antidepressant withdrawal: Is there such a thing?
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Associated Procedures

• Complete blood count (CBC)
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Translation, adaptation and validation of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale in Urdu

2020, Insights on the Depression and Anxiety

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Objective: To translate and validate the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in Pashto. Methodology: This study was conducted in Peshawar from July 2015 to January 2016 on 216 participants. The participants consisted of two groups; Students (n=111), and patients (n=105). The mean age of the sample was 21.8 ± 5.6 years with majority females [n=132 (61.1%)], unmarried [n=181, (83.2%)], and were educated to a level of intermediate or higher [n= 201, (93.1%)]. Three bilingual experts, using forward-backward method, translated HADS from English to Pashto. Both, English and Pashto version of HADS were given to the participants separately. Pashto version of Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI) was also given to find out its correlation with HADS. The data were analysed using SPSS v. 20 and AMOS. Results: HADS Pashto version, well discriminated between both groups of participants indicating that anxiety and depression scores were significantly higher in patient group of participants as...

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Aim of the present study was to translate and validate subjective job stress scale (SJSS) into Urdu, by providing an Urdu version of the said scale which has been validated upon the indigenous population. For this purpose ITC (2010) guidelines were followed in translating the scale (forward & backward translations) and the resultant scale after pilot testing was validated by administration on 597 working adults, including 391 males and 206 females belonging to three cities, Karachi, Multan and Lahore. Out of the total respondents, 50 were later reached for test-retest reliability. For validation and determination of psychometric properties, different measures of Reliability & Validity Analysis were carried out. The latter was carried out by assessing Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (.82), Split-half (Gutman) coefficient (.86), and Test-retest reliability (.70). For validity analysis scores on SJSS translation were correlated with scores of Perceived Stress Scale, (r =.86, p<.01), Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem scale (r = -.72, p<.01), and Job Satisfaction Survey (r = -.69, p<.01), which proved adequate convergent validity. Hence the instrument was found to be an adequate measure of Job Stress to be used with local Pakistani workforce

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The International Test Commission (ITC) established guidelines for test adaptations. The ITC encourages the adaptation of locally developed measures with proven validity. A good quality translation process ensures that the same meaning is conveyed from the source to the target language. Through test adaptation, researchers focus on cultural differences between the source and the target language to maintain linguistic equivalence. Research involving adaptation has systematically failed to report on the rigour of the translation process and to make translation part of the empirical process. The ITC guidelines are generally referred to; however, the assessment of the quality of translations and the process of establishing linguistic equivalence remain an important research focus. This study reports on the development of the Quality of Translation and Linguistic Equivalence Checklist (QTLC). The construction of the QTLC was based on ITC guidelines. The QTLC consists of two sections, tra...

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The purpose of the study was to assess the translation adequacy of a Hebrew version of the POMS, and to report the decision-making process of overcoming methodological flaws. The English version was translated to Hebrew by expert team approach. Factor analysis for construct validation was predominantly used for assessment, in addition to other techniques: back translation, use of bilingual subjects, and correlation with other instruments for concurrent validation. The final 28-item Hebrew version has suitable psychometric properties. Of the six dimensions on the English version scale, five dimensions--&quot;anger,&quot; &quot;depression:&#39; &quot;fatigue,&quot; &quot;tension&quot; and &quot;vigor&quot;--were found comparable to the English version, while &quot;confusion&quot; was deleted. The pre-testing was performed on students only. Although the study shows valid psychometric properties, further studies in various populations are needed to assess the sensitivity of the scale to...

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To translate and validate Generalized Anxiety Disorder -7scale in Urdu, for use in Pakistan in the primary healthcare setups. The validation study was conducted at the Combined Military Hospital, Gilgit, Pakistan, from February to May 2016.We followed a systematic six-step process to validate the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale in the target population. The instrument was translated independently and then fused together. Back-translation was followed by recommendations by an expert committee, and face validity improvement by a language expert. A pilot study was done to get user&#39;s feedback on the construct. Volunteers were administered the questionnaire for validation procedure, along with a well-being scale, at three different cities representing volunteers from four different administrative regions of Pakistan. There were 285 volunteers in the study. Principal component exploratory factor analysis supported unidimensional structure of the scale with an eigenvalue of 5.18 a...

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Little scholarly reflection has been published on the subject of medical research and translation. The aim of this study is to contribute to such literature by investigating the quality of original and retranslated medical questionnaires. The various steps medical researchers follow when translating their questionnaires are considered and discussed. Particular attention is given to questionnaires on AIDS-related topics in South Africa, as well as to the role of translation in ensuring the collection of valid data in medical research. Different translation approaches, which are followed when translating medical texts, and the impact they have on the quality of the research, are discussed. These approaches are the linguistic, text-linguistic and functional approaches. Attention is given to translators as communicators and mediators, as well as to the more general role of the translator. This study hypothesises that the quality of translations of medical research questions is largely i...

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Essay on Discipline In Urdu

Back to: Urdu Essays List 3

نظم و ضبط مضمون

نظم و ضبط ایک ایسی چیز ہے جو ہر شخص کو اپنے کنٹرول میں رکھتی ہے۔ یہ انسان کو زندگی میں ترقی اور کامیابی کے حصول کی ترغیب دیتی ہے۔ ہر ایک کو اپنی زندگی میں نظم و ضبط کو مختلف شکل میں اپنانا چاہیے۔ کچھ لوگ اسے اپنی زندگی کا حصہ سمجھتے ہیں اور کچھ نہیں۔یہ ایک ہدایت نامہ ہے کہ انسان کو سیدھے راستے پر گامزن کرتی ہے۔

نظم و ضبط کی اہمیت اور اقسام

نظم و ضبط کے بغیر کسی بھی شخص کی زندگی مدھم اور غیر فعال ہوجائے گی۔ نیز نظم و ضبط والا شخص دوسرے لوگوں کے مقابلے میں نفیس انداز میں زندگی گزار سکتا ہے۔

مزید یہ کہ اگر آپ کا کوئی منصوبہ ہے اور آپ اسے اپنی زندگی میں نافذ کرنا چاہتے ہیں تو آپ کو نظم و ضبط کی ضرورت ہے۔ نظم و ضبط چیزوں کو سنبھالنا آسان بناتا ہے اور بالآخر آپ کی زندگی میں کامیابی لاتا ہے۔

اگر نظم و ضبط کی اقسام کے بارے میں بات کی جائے تو وہ عام طور پر دو قسم کے ہوتے ہیں۔ پہلی ایک نظم و ضبط کی حوصلہ افزائی ہے اور دوسرا خود نظم و ضبط ہے۔

حوصلہ افزائی کی نظم و ضبط وہ چیز ہے جسے دوسروں نے ہمیں سکھایا یا ہم دوسروں کو دیکھ کر سیکھتے ہیں۔ جب کہ خود نظم و ضبط اندر سے آتا ہے اور ہم اسے خود ہی سیکھتے ہیں۔ خود نظم و ضبط کے لیے دوسروں کی طرف سے بہت حوصلہ افزائی اور تعاون کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ سب سے بڑھ کر بغیر کسی غلطی کے اپنے روزمرہ کے شیڈول پر عمل کرنا بھی نظم و ضبط کا حصہ ہے۔

نظم و ضبط کی ضرورت

ہمیں زندگی میں تقریباً ہر جگہ نظم و ضبط کی ضرورت ہے۔ لہذا بہتر یہی ہے کہ ہماری زندگی کے ابتدائی مرحلے سے ہی نظم و ضبط کو بروئے کار لایا جائے۔ خود نظم و ضبط کا مطلب مختلف لوگوں کے لئے مختلف چیزیں ہیں۔ طلباء کے لئے اس کے معنی الگ ، ملازم کے لئے مختلف ہیں اور بچوں کے لئے اس کے معنی مختلف ہیں۔

مزید یہ کہ زندگی اور ترجیح کے مراحل کے ساتھ نظم و ضبط کے معنی بدل جاتے ہیں کیونکہ اس کے لئے بہت محنت اور لگن کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ نیز اس کو مثبت دماغ اور صحت مند جسم کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ کسی کو نظم و ضبط کے لیے سختی اختیار کرنی ہوگی تاکہ وہ کامیابی کی راہ کو کامیابی کے ساتھ مکمل کر سکے۔

نظم و ضبط کے فوائد

شاگرد ایک سیڑھی ہے جس کے ذریعے انسان کامیابی حاصل کرتا ہے۔ نظم و ضبط سے شاگرد کو زندگی میں اپنے مقاصد پر توجہ دینے میں مدد ملتی ہے۔ نیز اسے وہ مقصد سے الگ نہیں ہونے دیتا۔

اس کے علاوہ اس فرد کے ذہن اور جسم کو قواعد و ضوابط کا جواب دینے کے لئے تربیت دے کر انسان کی زندگی میں کمال لاتا ہے جو معاشرے کا ایک مثالی شہری بننے میں اس کی مدد کرتا ہے۔

اگر ہم پیشہ ورانہ زندگی کے بارے میں بات کرتے ہیں تو نظم و ضبط والے شخص کو اس شخص سے زیادہ مواقع ملتے ہیں جو غیر نظم و ضبط ہے۔ نیز یہ فرد کی شخصیت میں ایک غیر معمولی جہت کا اضافہ ہو جاتا ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ وہ شخص جہاں بھی جاتا ہے لوگوں کے ذہنوں پر مثبت اثر ڈالتا ہے۔

آخر میں ہم یہ کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ نظم و ضبط کسی کی بھی زندگی کا ایک کلیدی عنصر ہے۔ ایک شخص صرف تب ہی کامیاب ہوسکتا ہے جب وہ سختی سے صحت مند اور تادیبی زندگی گزارے۔ اس کے علاوہ نظم و ضبط بھی بہت ساری طریقوں سے ہماری مدد کرتا ہے اور ہمارے آس پاس کے فرد کو نظم و ضبط کی طرف راغب کرنے کے لئے تحریک دیتا ہے۔ سب سے بڑھ کر نظم و ضبط انسان کو کامیابی حاصل کرنے میں مدد دیتا ہے جو وہ زندگی میں چاہتا ہے۔

327 Depression Essay Titles & Examples

When choosing a title about depression, you have to remain mindful since this is a sensitive subject. This is why our experts have listed 177 depression essay topics to help you get started.

🌧️ How to Write a Depression Essay: Do’s and Don’ts

🏆 unique titles about depression, 🥇 most interesting depression title ideas, 📌 good titles for depression essay, ✅ simple & easy depression essay titles, 🎓 interesting topics to write about depression, 📑 good research topics about depression.

• ❓ Research Questions for a Depression Essay

Depression is a disorder characterized by prolonged periods of sadness and loss of interest in life. The symptoms include irritability, insomnia, anxiety, and trouble concentrating. This disorder can produce physical problems, self-esteem issues, and general stress in a person’s life. Difficult life events and trauma are typical causes of depression. Want to find out more? Check out our compilation below.

A depression essay is an important assignment that will help you to explore the subject and its impact on people. Writing this type of paper may seem challenging at first, but there are some secrets that will make achieving a high grade much easier. Check below for a list of do’s and don’ts to get started!

DO select a narrow topic. Before starting writing, define the subject of the paper, and write down some possible titles. This will help you to focus your thoughts instead of offering generic information that can easily be found on Wikipedia. Consider writing about a particular population or about the consequences of depression. For example, a teenage depression essay could earn you excellent marks! If you find this step challenging, try searching for depression essay topics online. This will surely give you some inspiration.

DON’T copy from peers or other students. Today, tutors are usually aware of the power of the Internet and will check your paper for plagiarism. Hence, if you copy information from other depression essays, you could lose a lot of marks. You could search for depression essay titles or sample papers online, but avoid copying any details from these sources.

DO your research before starting. High-quality research is crucial when you write essays on mental health issues. There are plenty of online resources that could help you, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and others. To find relevant scientific articles, search for your primary and secondary topics of interest. Then filter results by relevance, publication date, and access type. This will help you to identify sources that you can view online and use to support your ideas.

DON’T rely on unverified sources. This is a crucial mistake many students make that usually results in failing the paper. Sources that are not academic, such as websites, blogs, and Wiki pages, may contain false or outdated information. Some exceptions are official publications and web pages of medical organizations, such as the CDC, APA, and the World Health Organization.

DO consider related health issues. Depression is often associated with other mental or physical health issues, so you should reflect on this in your paper. Some examples of problems related to depression are suicide, self-harm, eating disorders, and panic attack disorder. To show your in-depth understanding of the issue, you could write a depression and anxiety essay that shows the relationship between the two. Alternatively, you can devote one or two paragraphs to examining the prevalence of other mental health problems in people with depression.

DON’T include personal opinions and experiences unless required. A good essay on the subject of depression should be focused and objective. Hence, you should rely on research rather than on your understanding of the theme. For example, if you have to answer the question “What is depression?” look for scientific articles or official publications that contain the definition rather than trying to explain it in your own words.

DON’T forget about structure. The structure of your essay helps to present arguments or points logically, thus assisting the reader in making sense of the information. A good thing to do is to write a depression essay outline before you start the paper. You should list your key points supported by relevant depression quotes from academic publications. Follow the outline carefully to avoid gaps and inconsistencies.

Use these do’s and don’ts, and you will be able to write an excellent paper on depression! If you want to see more tips and tricks that will help you elevate your writing, look around our website!

• Understanding Teen Depression Impacts of depression on teenagers Depression is characterized by several effects; however, most of them impact negatively to the teens. For instance, a considerable percentage of teens use extra-curriculum activities such as sports and games, […]
• Beck Depression Inventory, Its History and Benefits Therefore, the detection of depression at its early stage, the evaluation of the risks, and the definition of the level of depression are the main goals.
• Depression and Grief in the “Ordinary People” Film At the end of the film, he is healed and ready to forgive his mother and stop blaming himself. I believe that the relationship between Conrad and his therapist, Dr.
• Report Writing About Depression There is concrete evidence that many people in Australia tend to believe that depression is the cause of all suicide deaths in the world, but this not true.
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Treating Depression CBT works on the principle that positive thoughts and behaviour heralds positive moods and this is something that can be learned; therefore, by learning to think and behave positively, someone may substitute negative thoughts with […]
• Social Networking and Depression The findings of the study confirmed that once an individual engages in social networking, his or her feeling of safety goes down and depression mood emerges meaning that a correlation between depression and social networking […]
• The Problem of Childhood Depression Thus, it is essential to explore the reasons for the disease and possible ways to treat depression in kids. In kids, the prevention of depression is fundamental to understanding the cause of the poor mood […]
• Depression in the Lens of History and Humanities In terms of history, this paper analyzes the origin of depression and the progress made over the years in finding treatment and preventive mechanisms.
• Case Study of Depression and Mental Pressure Alison believes that her illness is severe and taking a toll all the time, and the environment is worsening the condition.
• Depression, Grief, Loss in “Ordinary People” Film The coach is curious to know Conrad’s experiences at the hospital and the use of ECT. Towards the end of the film, Conrad reveals to the therapist that he feels guilty about his brother’s death.
• The Difference Between Art Deco and Depression Modern Design By and whole, Art Deco and Depression differ in their characteristics and their meanings as they bring unlike messages to the viewers.
• Obesity Co-Occurring With Depression The assessment will identify the patient with the two conditions, address the existing literature on the issue, examine how patients are affected by organizational and governmental policies, and propose strategies to improve the patient experience.
• Depression: A Cognitive Perspective Therefore, the cause of depression on this line may be a real shortage of skills, accompanied by negative self-evaluation because the individual is more likely to see the negative aspects or the skills he lacks […]
• Emotional Wellness: The Issue of Depression Through Different Lenses As for the humanities lens, the increasing prevalence of depression causes the institution of religion to incorporate the issue into major confessions’ mindsets and messages.
• Anxiety and Depression Among College Students The central hypothesis for this study is that college students have a higher rate of anxiety and depression. Some of the materials to be used in the study will include pencils, papers, and tests.
• Biological and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Depression The social-cognitive perspective states that the disorder’s development is influenced by the events in the patient’s life and their way of thinking.
• Depression as a Psychological Disorder Summarizing and evaluating the information that trusted journals have published on the topic of depression might help create a well-rounded review of the condition and the scientific community’s understanding of it.
• Depression and Melancholia Expressed by Hamlet The paper will not attempt and sketch the way the signs or symptoms of depression/melancholia play a part in the way Shakespeare’s period or culture concerning depression/melancholia, but in its place portrays the way particular […]
• Depression and Its Causes in the Modern Society The higher instances of depression among women can be explained using a number of reasons including the lifestyle of the modern woman and her role in the society.
• NICE Guidelines for Depression Management: Project Proposal This topic is of importance for VEGA because the center does not employ any specific depression management guidelines.
• Depression in Older Adults The understanding and modification of the contributions of these factors is the ultimate goal of the clinicians who engage in the treatment of depression.
• PICO Analysis of Depression In other words, the causes of the given mental disorder can highly vary, and there is no sufficient evidence to point out a primary factor that triggers depression.
• Depression Among University Students The greatest majority of the affected individuals in different universities will be unable to take good care of their bodies and living rooms.
• Teenage Depression: Psychology-Based Treatment This finding underlines the need to interrogate the issue of depression’s ontology and epistemology. Hence, there is the need to have an elaborate and comprehensive policy for addressing teenage depression.
• Depression Symptoms and Cognitive Behavior Therapy The tone of the article is informative and objective, throughout the text the authors maintain an academic and scientific mood. The structure of the article is well organized and easy to read.
• Proposal on Depression in Middle-Aged Women By understand the aspect of unhappiness among the young women; it will be easier for the healthcare institutions to formulate effective and appropriate approaches to reduce the menace in the society.
• Biological Psychology: Lesion Studies and Depression Detection The purpose of this article is to share the research findings and discussion on the new methodological developments of Lesion studies.
• Using AI to Diagnose and Treat Depression One of the main features of AI is the ability to machine learning, that is, to use data from past experiences to learn and modify algorithms in the future.
• Artificial Intelligence Bot for Depression By increasing the availability and accessibility of mental health services, these technologies may also contribute to the development of cognitive science practices in Malaysia.
• COVID-Related Depression: Lingering Signs of Depression The purpose of the article is to depict the research in a more approachable way, while the latter accentuates the importance of various factors and flaws of the results. While the former is more simplified, […]
• Depression and Anxiety Among African Americans Finally, it should be insightful to understand the attitudes of friends and family members, so 5 additional interviews will be conducted with Black and White persons not having the identified mental conditions. The selected mental […]
• Depression in Dialysis Patients: Treatment and Management If I were to conduct experimental research about the treatment and management of depression in dialysis patients, I would focus on finding the most effective and safe medication for the condition among adults.
• The Serotonin Theory of Depression by Moncrieff et al. The serotonin theory of depression is closely related to antidepressants since the advent of SSRIs played a significant role in the popularization of the theory.
• Avery’s Depression in “The Flick” Play by Baker The emotional and mental state of Avery, the only African-American character out of the three, is fairly obvious from the get-go when asked about why he is so depressed, the answer is: “Um.
• Depression: A Quantitative-Qualitative Analysis A decision tree can be used due to the nature of the research question or hypothesis in place, the measurement of the dependent or research variable, the number of groups or independent variable levels, and […]
• Depression Detection Tests Analysis The problem of the abundance of psychological tests leads to the need to compare multiple testing options for indicators of their purpose, features, and interpretations of the evaluation and validity.
• Nursing Care for Patients With COVID-19 & Depression The significance of the selected problem contributed to the emergence of numerous research works devoted to the issue. This approach to choosing individuals guaranteed the increased credibility of findings and provided the authors with the […]
• 16 Personality Factors Test for Depression Patient Pablos results, it is necessary to understand the interaction and pattern of the scores of the primary factors. A combination of high Apprehension and high Self-Reliance is a pattern describing a tendency to isolate oneself.
• Depression in a 30-Year-Old Female Client In the given case, it would be useful to identify the patterns in Alex’s relationships and reconsider her responses to her partner.
• Using the Neuman Model in the Early Diagnosis of Depression In the history of the academic development of nursing theories, there are a variety of iconic figures who have made significant contributions to the evolution of the discipline: one of them is Betty Neuman.
• Depression in Primary Care: Screening and Diagnosis The clinical topics for this research are the incidence of depression in young adults and how to diagnose this disorder early in the primary care setting using screening tools such as PHQ9.
• Major Depression and Cognitive Behavior Therapy Since the intervention had no significant effect on Lola, the paper will explore the physical health implication of anxiolytics and antidepressants in adolescents, including the teaching strategies that nurses can utilize on consumers to recognize […]
• Jungian Psychotherapy for Depression and Anxiety They work as a pizza delivery man in their spare time from scientific activities, and their parents also send them a small amount of money every month.S.migrated to New York not only to get an […]
• COVID-19 and Depression: The Impact of Nursing Care and Technology Nevertheless, combatting depression is a crucial step in posing positive achievements to recover from mental and physical wellness caused by COVID-19.
• Depression Disorder Intervention The researchers evaluated the socioemotional signs of mental illnesses in a sample of diagnostically referred adolescents with clinical depression required to undergo regular cognitive behavioral therapy in a medical setting.
• Financial Difficulties in Childhood and Adult Depression in Europe The authors found that the existence of closer ties between the catalyst of depression and the person suffering from depression leads to worse consequences.
• Activity During Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression Studies have shown that women’s mood and cardiorespiratory fitness improve when they engage in moderate-intensity physical activity in the weeks and months after giving birth to a child.
• Clinical Depression: Causes and Development Therefore, according to Aaron Beck, the causes and development of depression can be explained through the concepts of schema and negative cognitive triad.
• Aspects of Working With Depression It also contributes to the maintenance and rooting of a bad mood, as the patient has sad thoughts due to the fact that the usual does not cause satisfaction.
• Depression Among Nurses in COVID-19 Wards The findings are of great significance to researchers and governments and can indicate the prevalence of anxiety and depression among nurses working in COVID-19 wards in the North-East of England during the pandemic.
• Depression Associated With Sleep Disorders Y, Chang, C. Consequently, it directly affects the manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and periodic limb movement disorder in people with depression.
• Depression in a 25-Year-Old Male Patient Moreover, a person in depression complains of the slowness in mental processes, notes the oppression of instincts, the loss of the instinct of self-preservation, and the lack of the ability to enjoy life.
• Aspects and Manifestation of Depression Although, symptoms of depression in young people, in contrast to older adults, are described by psychomotor agitation or lethargy, fatigue, and loss of energy.
• Complementary Therapy for Postpartum Depression in Primary Care Thus, the woman faced frustration and sadness, preventing her from taking good care of the child, and the lack of support led to the emergence of concerns similar to those in the past.
• Depression and Anxiety Clinical Case Many of the factors come from the background and life experiences of the patient. The client then had a chance to reflect on the results and think of the possible alternative thoughts.
• Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes and Depression Treatment The data synthesis demonstrates that carefully chosen depression and anxiety treatment is likely to result in better A1C outcomes for the patient on the condition that the treatment is regular and convenient for the patients.
• Technology to Fight Postpartum Depression in African American Women I would like to introduce the app “Peanut” the social network designed to help and unite women exclusively, as a technology aimed at fighting postpartum depression in African American Women.
• Complementary Therapy in Treatment of Depression Such practices lower the general level of anxiety and remove the high risks of manifestation of states of abulia, that is, clinical lack of will and acute depression.
• Social Determinants of Health and Depression Among African American Adults The article “Social Determinants of Health and Depression among African American Adults: A Scoping Review of Current Research” examines the current research on the relationship between social determinants of health and depression among African American […]
• Outcomes Exercise Has on Depression for People Between 45-55 Years According to the WHO, the rate of depression in the U.S.was 31. 5% as of October 2021, with the majority of the victims being adults aged between 45 and 55 years.
• The Postpartum Depression in Afro-Americans Policy The distribution of the funds is managed and administered on the state level. Minnesota and Maryland focused on passing the legislation regulating the adoption of Medicaid in 2013.
• Depression Among the Medicare Population in Maryland The statistics about the prevalence and comorbidity rates of depression are provided from the Medicare Chronic Conditions Dashboard and are portrayed in the table included in the paper.
• Depression as Public Health Population-Based Issue In regard to particular races and ethnicities, CDC provided the following breakdown of female breast cancer cases and deaths: White women: 128 new cases and 20 deaths per 100.
• Managing Mental Health Medications for Depression and its Ethical Contradiction The second objective is to discover ethical contradictions in such treatment for people of various cultures and how different people perceive the disorder and react to the medication.
• Aspects of Depression and Obesity In some cases, people with mild to severe depression choose not to seek professional care and instead try to overcome their depression with self-help or the support of family and friends.
• Antidepressant Treatment of Adolescent Depression At the same time, scientists evidenced that in the case of negative exposure to stress and depression, the human organism diminishes BDNF expression in the hippocampus.
• Online Peer Support Groups for Depression and Anxiety Disorder The main objective of peer support groups is connecting people with the same life experiences and challenges to share and support each other in healing and recovery.
• Depression in Adolescence and Treatment Approaches The age of adolescence, commonly referred to as children aged 10-19, is characterized by a variety of changes to one’s physical and mental health, as the child undergoes several stages of adjustment to the environment […]
• Emotional Encounter With a Patient With Major Depression Disorder I shared this idea with him and was trying to create the treatment plan, sharing some general thoughts on the issue.
• Childhood Depression in Sub-Saharan Africa According to Sterling et al, depression in early childhood places a significant load on individuals, relatives, and society by increasing hospitalization and fatality and negatively impacting the quality of life during periods of severe depression.
• Anxiety and Depression: The Case Study As he himself explained, he is not used to positive affirmation due to low self-esteem, and his family experiences also point to the fact that he was not comforted often as a child.
• Breastfeeding and Risk of Postpartum Depression The primary goal of the research conducted by Islam et al.was to analyze the correlation between exclusive breastfeeding and the risk of postpartum depression among new mothers.
• Nursing Intervention in Case of Severe Depression The patient was laid off from work and went through a divorce in the year. This led to a change in prescribed medications, and the patient was put on tricyclic anti-depressants.
• Screening for Depression in Acute Care The literature review provides EB analysis for the topic of depression to identify the need for an appropriate screening tool in addition to the PHQ-9 in the assessment evaluation process.
• Social Media Use and the Risk of Depression Thapa and Subedi explain that the reason for the development of depressive symptoms is the lack of face to face conversation and the development of perceived isolation. Is there a relationship between social media use […]
• Depression in the Field of a Healthcare Administrator According to Davey and Harrison, the most challenging part of healthcare administration in terms of depression is the presence of distorted views, shaped by patients’ thoughts.
• The Treatment of Adolescents With Depression While treating a teenager with depression, it is important to maintain the link between the cause of the mental illness’ progression and the treatment.
• Depression in the Black Community The speaker said that her counselor was culturally sensitive, which presumes that regardless of the race one belongs to, a specialist must value their background.
• Loneliness and Depression During COVID-19 While the article discusses the prevalence of loneliness and depression among young people, I agree that young people may be more subject to mental health problems than other population groups, but I do not agree […]
• Depression Screening in the Acute Setting Hence, it is possible to develop a policy recommending the use of the PHQ-9, such as the EBDST, in the acute setting.
• Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Neurobiology and Applications It is known that a violation of the functions of the serotonergic pathways leads to various mental deviations, the most typical of which is clinical depression.
• Treating Obesity Co-Occurring With Depression In most cases, the efficiency of obesity treatment is relatively low and commonly leads to the appearance of a comorbid mental health disorder depression.
• Treadmill Exercise Ameliorates Social Isolation-Induced Depression The groups included: the social isolation group, the control group, and the exercise and social isolation and exercise group. In the treadmill exercise protocol, the rat pups ran on the treadmill once a day for […]
• Depression and Anxiety Among Chronic Pain Patients The researchers used The Depression Module of the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale to interview participants, evaluate their answers, and conduct the study.
• Postpartum Depression in African American Women As far as African American women are concerned, the issue becomes even more complex due to several reasons: the stigma associated with the mental health of African American women and the mental health complications that […]
• The Depression Construct and Instrument Analysis For the therapist, this scaling allows to assess the general picture of the patient’s psychological state and obtain a result that is suitable for measurement.
• The Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on Depression in Adults Introduction It is hard to disagree that there is a vast number of mental disorders that prevent people from leading their normal lives and are quite challenging to treat. One such psychological condition is depression (Li et al., 2020). Since there is a social stigma of depression, and some of its symptoms are similar to […]
• Stress and Depression Among Nursing Students The study aims to determine how different the manifestations of stress and depression are among American nursing students compared to students of other disciplines and what supports nursing students in continuing their education.
• Depression in Diabetes Patients The presence of depression concomitant to diabetes mellitus prevents the adaptation of the patient and negatively affects the course of the underlying disease.
• Depression among Homosexual Males The literature used for the research on the paper aims to overview depression among homosexual males and describe the role of the nurse and practices based on the Recovery Model throughout the depression.
• “What the Depression Did to People” by Edward Robb Ellis Nevertheless, the way the facts are grouped and delivered could be conducive to students’ ability to develop a clearer picture of the catastrophic downturn’s influences on the nation’s and the poor population’s mentalities.
• Economic Inequality During COVID-19: Correlation With Depression and Addiction Thus, during the pandemic, people with lower incomes experienced depression and increased their addictive behaviors to cope with the stress of COVID-19.
• Depression in the Black and Minority Ethnic Groups The third sector of the economy includes all non-governmental, non-profit, voluntary, philanthropic, and charitable organizations and social enterprises specializing in various types of activities, which did not find a place in either the public or […]
• A Description on the Topic Screening Depression If there is the implementation of evidence-based care, a reduction in the proportion of disability for patients with depression would be expected. A proposal was written describing the need for screening depression patients of nearly […]
• “Disclosure of Symptoms of Postnatal Depression, …” by Carolyn Chew-Graham Critique In light of hypothesizing the research question, the researchers suggest that health practitioners have the ability to create a conducive environment for the disclosure of information.
• Depression – Psychotherapeutic Treatment Taking into account the fact that the specialist is not able to prescribe the medicine or a sort of treatment if he/she is not sure in the positive effect it might have on the health […]
• Depression as a Major Health Issue The purpose of the study was to examine the implications of cognitive behavior approaches for depression in old women receiving health care in different facilities.
• Effective Ways to Address Anxiety and Depression Looking deep into the roots of the problem will provide a vast and detailed vision of it, and will help to develop ways to enhance the disorders.
• Einstepam: The Treatment of Depression The treatment of depression has greatly revolutionized since the development of tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the 1950s. In the brain, it inhibits the NMDA receptors and isoforms of NOS.
• The Potential of Psilocybin in Treating Depression First of all, it is essential to understand the general effects of psilocybin on the brain that are present in the current literature.
• Depression Among High School Students The major problem surrounding depression among adolescents is that they are rarely diagnosed in time and therefore do not receive treatment they need.
• Depression: Diagnostics, Prevention and Treatment Constant communication with the patient and their relatives, purposeful questioning of the patient, special scales and tests, active observation of the patient’s appearance and behavior are the steps in the nursing diagnosis of depression.
• Depression and Anxiety Intervention Plan John’s Wort to intervene for her condition together with the prescribed anti-depressant drugs, I would advise and educate her on the drug-to-drug relations, and the various complications brought about by combining St. Conducting proper patient […]
• Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Therapy On the other hand, behavioral therapy relies on the assumption that “both abnormal behavior and normal behavior are learned”. The two approaches are thus highly complementary, as while humanistic therapy aims at perceiving and resolving […]
• The Use of Psychedelic Drugs in Treating Depression This study aims to establish whether depressive patients can significantly benefit from psilocybin without substantial side effects like in the case of other psychedelic drugs.
• Postpartum Depression Among the Low-Income U.S. Mothers Mothers who take part in the programs develop skills and knowledge to use the existing social entities to ensure that they protect themselves from the undesirable consequences associated with the PPD and other related psychological […]
• The Beck Depression Contrast (BDI) The second difference between the two modes of the BDI is in the methodology of conducting the survey. This is where the interviewer first gets the history of the patient to try and get the […]
• Depression: Description, Symptoms and Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment A diagnosis is made in situations where the symptoms persist for at least two weeks and lead to a change in the individual’s level of functioning.
• Psychedelic Drugs and Their Effects on Anxiety and Depression The participants must also be willing to remain in the study for the duration of the experiments and consent to the drugs’ use.
• VEGA Medical Center: The Quality of Depression Management This presentation is going to provide an overview of a project dedicated to the implementation of NICE guidelines at the VEGA Medical Center.
• Anxiety and Depression in Hispanic Youth in Monmouth County Therefore, the Health Project in Monmouth County will help Hispanic children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 to cope with anxiety and depression through behavioral therapy.
• Anxiety Disorders and Depression In her case, anxiety made her feel that she needed to do more, and everything needed to be perfect. She noted that the background of her depression and anxiety disorders was her family.
• Clinical Case Report: Depression It is possible to assume that being in close contact with a person who has depression also increases the probability of experiencing its symptoms.
• Interventions for Treating Depression after Stroke Inherently, the link between depression and stroke can be analyzed on the basis of post-stroke depression that is identified as the major neuropsychiatric corollary of stroke.
• Depression: The Implications and Challenges in Managing the Illness At home, these people lack interest in their family and are not be able to enjoy the shared activities and company of the family.
• Expression Symptoms of Depression A major finding of the critique is that although the research method and design are appropriate to this type of study, the results may be speculative in their validity and reliability as the researchers used […]
• Researching Postnatal Depression Health professionals suggest that the fluctuations in the level of hormones cause changes in the chemical composition of the brain. The researcher has stated that the sample was selected from the general practitioners and health […]
• The Older Women With Depression Living in Long-Term Care The researchers used the probability-sampling method to select the institutions that were included in the study. The health care professionals working in the nursing homes were interviewed to ascertain the diagnosis of depression as well […]
• Medical Evaluation: 82-Year-Old Patient With Depression Her extreme level of weakness unfolded when the patient admitted that she lacked the strength to stand on her feet and to head back to her sleeping bed on a disastrous night.Mrs.
• Depression in Adults: Community Health Needs The challenge of depression in the elderly is the recognition of signs and symptoms or the frequent underreporting of the symptoms of depression in adults over the age of 65.
• The Discussion about Depression in Older Patients Depression is often identified as the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the elderly and is usually determined by symptoms that belong to somatic, affective, and cognitive categories.
• Depression in Older People in Australia Although a good number of depressed elderly patients aspire to play an active role in the treatment decision-making process, some prefer to delegate this role to their doctors.
• In-Vitro Fertilization and Postpartum Depression The research was conducted through based on professional information sources and statistical data collected from the research study used to further validate the evidence and outcome of this study.
• Depression: Screening and Diagnosis What he tries to do is to live a day and observe the changes that occur around. What do you do to change your attitude to life?
• Depression in Australia. Evaluation of Different Factors In attempts to identify the biological causes of depression, the researchers focus on the analysis of brain functioning, chemical mediators, their correlations with the neurologic centers in the brain, and impact on the limbic system […]
• Mental Health Paper: Depression The prevalence of mental health conditions has been the subject of many studies, with most of these highlighting the increase in these illnesses.
• The Two Hit Model of Cytokine-Induced-Depression The association between IL-6 polymorphism and reduced risk of depressive symptoms confirms the role of the inflammatory response system in the pathophysiology of IFN-alpha-induced depression.
• Ante-Partum & Postpartum Exposure to Maternal Depression The researchers engaged in the research work on this particular study topic by approaching it on the basis of maternal behavior and circumstances, as they connect to depressive conditions in their own lives and the […]
• Depression in Australia, How Treat This Disorder According to The World Health Organization, depression is defined as a disorder in the mental health system that is presented with feelings of guiltiness, low concentration, and a decrease in the need for sleep.
• Steroid Use and Teen Depression In this manner, the researcher will be in a position to determine which of the two indicators is strongest, and then later, the indicators can be narrowed down to the most basic and relevant.
• Depression Among Minority Groups Mental disorders are among the major problems facing the health sector in America and across the world in the contemporary society.
• Aspects and Definition of Depression: Psychiatry This is the personal counseling of a patient with the doctor, and it is one of the very best processes. In the case of a physician dealing with a mental patient, the most preferable way […]
• Dual Illness – Depression and Alcohol Abuse The intention of the research paper is to assess if indeed there is an association between alcoholism as manifested by Jackson, and a case of depression.
• Depression and Paranoid Personality Disorder Bainbridge include: The analysis of paranoia and anxiety caused by substance abuse reveals that the diagnosis can be correct based on the symptoms, but the long-lasting nature of the symptoms rejects this diagnosis in favor […]
• Antidepressant Drugs for Depression or Dysthymia These are the newer form of antidepressant that are based on both the principle of serotonin reuptake prevention and norepinephrine action.
• The Relationship of Type 2 Diabetes and Depression Type 2 diabetes is generally recognized as an imbalance between insulin sensitivity and beta cell function We have chosen a rural area in Wisconsin where we can focus our study and select a group of […]
• Teenage Depression and Alcoholism There also has been a demonstrated connection between alcoholism and depression in all ages; as such, people engage in alcoholism as a method of self medication to dull the feelings of depression, hopelessness and lack […]
• “Relationships of Problematic Internet Use With Depression”: Study Strengths and Weaknesses One of the study strengths is that the subject selection process is excellently and well-designed, where the subjects represent the study sample, in general.
• Depression Treatment: Biopsychosocial Theory More to the point, the roles of nurses, an interprofessional team, and the patient’s family will be examined regarding the improvement of Majorie’s health condition.
• Postpartum Depression and Its Impact on Infants The goal of this research was “to investigate the prevalence of maternal depressive symptoms at 5 and 9 months postpartum in a low-income and predominantly Hispanic sample, and evaluate the impact on infant weight gain, […]
• Postpartum Depression: Statistics and Methods of Diagnosis The incorporation of the screening tools into the existing electronic medical support system has proved to lead to positive outcomes for both mothers and children.
• Comorbidity of Depression and Pain It is also known that dysregulation of 5-HT receptors in the brain is directly related to the development of depression and the regulation of the effects of substance P, glutamate, GABA and other pain mediators. […]
• Hallucinations and Geriatric Depression Intervention Sandy has asserted further that the cleaners at the residence have been giving him the wrong medication since they are conspiring to end his life with the FBI.Mr.
• Changes in Approaches to the Treatment of Depression Over the Past Decade In spite of the fact that over the past decade many approaches to the treatment of depression remained the same, a lot of new methods appeared and replaced some old ones due to the development […]
• Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression The significance of the problem, the project’s aims, the impact that the project may have on the nursing practice, and the coverage of this condition are the primary focuses of this paper.
• Depression and Anxiety in Dialysis Patients However, the study indicates the lack of research behind the connection of depression and cognitive impairment, which is a significant limitation to the conclusive statement.
• Adolescent Grief and Depression In looking for an activity that may help him or her keep away from the pain he or she is experiencing, the victim may decide to engage in sexual activities. Later, the adolescent is also […]
• Suicide and Depression in Students Students who belong to racial and ethnic minorities constitute the group of risk connected with high depression and suicidal rates and it is the primary task of health teachers to reduce suicidal rates among all […]
• Depression Disorder: Key Factors Epidemiology refers to the study of the distribution and determinants of health related events in specific populations and its applications to health problems.
• Depression Effects of School Children However the present difficulties that he is going through being a 16 year old; may be associated to a possible cause of Down syndrome complications, or the feelings and behavioral deficiency he associates to the […]
• Depression, Hallucination, and Suicide: Mental Cases How they handle the process determines the kind of aftermath they will experience for instance it can take the route of hallucinations which is treatable or suicide which is irreversible thus how each case is […]
• Depression, Its Perspective and Management Therefore this paper seeks to point out that stress is a major ingredient of depression; show the causes, symptoms, highlight how stresses is manifested in different kinds of people, show how to manage stress that […]
• Daily Living, Depression, and Social Support Activities of Elderly Turkish People Navigating the delicate and often convoluted maze of the current issues affecting the elderly has continued to present challenges to the professionals in the field especially with the realization that these issues and needs are […]
• The Theory of Personality Psychology During Depression The study concerns personality pathology, and the results of the treatment given to patients who are under depression, and how personalities may have adverse effects on the consequences of the cure.
• Depression and the Media Other components of the cognitive triad of depression are the aspect of seeing the environment as overwhelming and that one is too small to make an impact and also seeing the future as bleak and […]
• Poor Body Image, Anxiety, and Depression: Women Who Undergo Breast Implants H02: There is no difference in overt attractiveness to, and frequency of intimacy initiated by, the husband or cohabitating partner of a breast implant patient both before and after the procedure.
• Reducing Anxiety and Depression With Exercise Regardless of the type of results achieved, it is recommendable for people undergoing mental problems like depression and anxiety to exercise regularly.
• Stress, Depression and Psychoneuroimmunology The causes and symptoms of stress may vary from person to person and the symptoms can be mental as well as physical.
• A Critical Evaluation of Major Depression This paper has actively shown how factors such as financial insecurity, job loss, income, and educational inequalities, lifestyle diseases, and breakdown of the social fabric have acted to propel the mental disorder by making use […]
• Depression, Substance Abuse and Suicide in Elderly While significant body of research has been devoted to the study of depression in elderly, little attention has been paid to the investigation of substance abuse, emotional instability, burden feelings, and depression.
• Adult Depression Sufferer’s and Withdrawal From Family and Friends
• Depression: Helping Students in the Classroom
• Major Depression: Treating Depression in the Context of Marital Discord
• Family Therapy for Treating Major Depression
• Adverse Childhood Experiences Cause Depression
• Depression and Alzheimer’s Disease
• Rumination, Perfectionism and Depression in Young People
• “Gender Differences in Depression” by Nolen-Hoeksema
• Anxiety and Depression Disorders
• Beck’s Cognitive Therapy Approach to Depression Treatment
• Cannabis Abuse Increases the Risk of Depression
• Depression: Risk Factors, Incidence, Preventive Measures & Prognostic Factors
• Depression Diagnostics Methods
• Concept Analysis of Loneliness, Depression, Self-esteem
• Teen Suicide and Depression
• Depression and Diabetes Association in Adults
• The Correlation Between Perfectionism and Depression
• Geriatric Dementia, Delirium, and Depression
• Dementia, Delirium, and Depression in Older Adults
• Dealing with Depression in the Workplace
• Depression in People With Alcohol Dependence
• Depression and Anxiety Due to School and Work-Related Stress
• Creating a Comprehensive Psychological Treatment Plan: Depression
• Experimental Psychology. Bouldering for Treating Depression
• Depression and Psychotherapy in Adolescence
• Postpartum Depression: Treatment and Therapy
• Atypical Depression Symptoms and Treatment
• Dementia, Delirium, and Depression in Frail Elders
• Depression & Patient Safety: Speak Up Program
• Mindfulness Meditation Therapy in Depression Cases
• A Review of Postpartum Depression and Continued Post Birth Support
• Psychodynamic Therapy for Depression
• Depression Screening in Primary Care for Adolescents
• Freud’s Depression: Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions
• Optimal Mental Health Approaches: Depression & Anxiety
• Great Depression in “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty
• Depression in Adolescents and Interventions
• Bipolar Disorder: Reoccurring Hypomania & Depression
• Postpartum Depression: Understanding the Needs of Women
• Major Depression Treatment During Pregnancy
• Patients’ Depression and Practitioners’ Suggestions
• Traditional Symptoms of Depression
• Social Media Impact on Depression and Eating Disorder
• Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents
• Depression Studies and Online Research Sources
• Drug Abuse and Depression Treatment
• Depression Explanation in Psychological Theories
• Food Insecurity and Depression in Poor Families
• Peer Popularity and Depression Among Adolescents
• Alcohol Abuse, Depression and Human Trafficking
• Depression Assessment Using Intake Notes
• Depression in Adolescents and Cognitive Therapy
• Diagnosing Depression: Implementation and Evaluation Plan
• Beck Depression Inventory: Evaluation Plan
• Depression in Iranian Women and Health Policies
• Depression Patients and Psychiatrist’s Work
• Depression Patients’ Needs and Treatment Issues
• Suicide and Depression: Connection, Signs and Age
• Health Promotion: Depression Awareness in Teenagers
• Depression and Cancer in Caucasian Female Patient
• Depression in Patients with Comorbidity
• Depression After Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment
• Depression and Psychosis: 32-Year-Old Female Patient
• Postpartum Depression and Acute Depressive Symptoms
• Women with Heart Disease: Risk of Depression
• Postpartum Depression and Its Peculiarities
• Exercises as a Treatment for Depression
• Depression Treatment Changes in 2006-2017
• Depression in Elders: Social Factors
• Depression Among High School Students
• False Memories in Patients with Depression
• Postpartum Depression Analysis in “Yellow Wallpaper”
• The Canadian Depression Causes
• Widowhood Effects on Men’s and Women’s Depression
• Teen Website: Fish Will Keep Depression Away
• Bipolar Expeditions: Mania and Depression
• Obesity and Major Depression Association
• Fast Food, Obesity, Depression, and Other Issues
• Depression in the Future Public Health
• Depression: Patients With a Difficult Psychological State
• Depression: Pathophysiology and Treatment
• Stress, Depression, and Responses to Them
• Beck Depression Inventory in Psychological Practice
• Problem of the Depression in Teenagers
• Supporting the Health Needs of Patients With Parkinson’s, Preeclampsia, and Postpartum Depression
• Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Application
• Psychological Measures: The Beck Depression Inventory
• Yoga for Depression and Anxiety
• Sleep Disturbance, Depression, Anxiety Correlation
• Depression in Late Life: Interpersonal Psychotherapy
• Postpartum Depression and Comorbid Disorders
• Arab-Americans’ Acculturation and Depression
• Organizational Behaviour: Depression in the Workplace
• Relationship Between Depression and Sleep Disturbance
• Child’s Mental Health and Depression in Adulthood
• Parents’ Depression and Toddler Behaviors
• Managing Stress and Depression at Work Places – Psychology
• Job’ Stress and Depression
• Depression Measurements – Psychology
• Methodological Bias Associated with Sex Depression
• Relationship Between Sleep and Depression in Adolescence
• The Effects of Depression on Physical Activity
• Psychological Disorder: Depression
• Depression and Workplace Violence
• The Effects of Forgiveness Therapy on Depression, Anxiety and Posttraumatic Stress for Women After Spousal Emotional Abuse
• Depression Diagnosis and Theoretical Models
• The Impact of Exercise on Women Who Suffer From Depression
• Evolutionary Psychology: Depression
• Effect of Social Media on Depression
• Depression in the Elderly
• Poly-Substance Abuse in Adolescent Males With Depression
• How Does Peer Pressure Contribute to Adolescent Depression?
• How Do Genetic and Environmental Factors Contribute To The Expression of Depression?
• Depression and Cognitive Therapy
• Cognitive Treatment of Depression
• Book Review: “Breadwinning Daughters: Young Women Working in a Depression- Era City, 1929-1939” by Katrina Srigley
• Depression: A Critical Evaluation
• Psychopharmacological Treatment for Depression
• “Breadwinning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression-Era City” by Katrina Srigley
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• Interpersonal Communication Strategies Regarding Depression
• Depression: Law Enforcement Officers and Stress
• Social Influences on Behavior: Towards Understanding Depression and Alcoholism Based on Social Situations
• Depression Experiences in Law Enforcement
• Childhood Depression & Bi-Polar Disorder
• Depression Psychological Evaluation
• Concept of Childhood Depression
• Correlation Between Multiple Pregnancies and Postpartum Depression or Psychosis
• Depression and Its Effects on Participants’ Performance in the Workplace
• Catatonic Depression: Etiology and Management
• The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) Measure
• Depression: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
• Depression Levels and Development
• Depression Treatment: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
• Concept of Depression Disorder
• Does Divorce Have a Greater Impact on Men than on Women in Terms of Depression?
• Oral versus Written Administration of the Geriatric Depression Scale

❓Research Questions for a Depression Essay

• Does Poverty Impact Depression in African American Adolescents and the Development of Suicidal Ideations?
• Does Neighborhood Violence Lead to Depression Among Caregivers of Children With Asthma?
• Does Parent Depression Correspond With Child Depression?
• How Depression Affects Our Lives?
• Does Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Have an Effect on Depression Levels in Elderly Women?
• How Can Overcome Depression Through 6 Lifestyle Changes?
• Does Maternal Depression Have a Negative Effect on Parent-Child Attachment?
• Can Providers’ Education About Postpartum Depression?
• Can Vacation Help With Depression?
• How Children Deal With Depression?
• Can Diet Help Stop Depression and Violence?
• Does Depression Assist Eating Disorders?
• Does Depression Lead to Suicide and Decreased Life Expectancy?
• Can Obesity Cause Depression?
• Can Exercise Increase Fitness and Reduce Weight in Patients With Depression?
• Does Fruit and Vegetable Consumption During Adolescence Predict Adult Depression?
• Does Depression Cause Cancer?
• Does Money Relieve Depression?
• Does the Average Person Experience Depression Throughout Their Life?
• Are Vaccines Cause Depression?
• Does Social Anxiety Lead to Depression?
• Does Stress Cause Depression?
• How Bipolar and Depression Are Linked?
• Does Postpartum Depression Affect Employment?
• Does Postpartum Depression Predict Emotional and Cognitive Difficulties in 11-Year-Olds?
• Does Regular Exercise Reduce Stress Levels, and Thus Reduce Symptoms of Depression?
• Does the Natural Light During Winters Really Create Depression?
• How Can Art Overcome Depression?
• How Anxiety and Depression Are Connected?
• Does Positive Psychology Ease Symptoms of Depression?
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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Psychiatry & Mental Health — Depression

Essays About Depression

Depression essay topic examples.

Explore topics like the impact of stigma on depression, compare it across age groups or in literature and media, describe the emotional journey of depression, discuss how education can help, and share personal stories related to it. These essay ideas offer a broad perspective on depression, making it easier to understand and engage with this important subject.

Argumentative Essays

Argumentative essays require you to analyze and present arguments related to depression. Here are some topic examples:

• 1. Argue whether mental health stigma contributes to the prevalence of depression in society.
• 2. Analyze the effectiveness of different treatment approaches for depression, such as therapy versus medication.

Example Introduction Paragraph for an Argumentative Essay: Depression is a pervasive mental health issue that affects millions of individuals worldwide. This essay delves into the complex relationship between mental health stigma and the prevalence of depression in society, examining the barriers to seeking help and the consequences of this stigma.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for an Argumentative Essay: In conclusion, the analysis of mental health stigma's impact on depression underscores the urgent need to challenge and dismantle the stereotypes surrounding mental health. As we reflect on the far-reaching consequences of stigma, we are called to create a society that fosters empathy, understanding, and open dialogue about mental health.

Compare and Contrast Essays

Compare and contrast essays enable you to examine similarities and differences within the context of depression. Consider these topics:

• 1. Compare and contrast the symptoms and risk factors of depression in adolescents and adults.
• 2. Analyze the similarities and differences between the portrayal of depression in literature and its depiction in modern media.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Compare and Contrast Essay: Depression manifests differently in various age groups and mediums of expression. This essay embarks on a journey to compare and contrast the symptoms and risk factors of depression in adolescents and adults, shedding light on the unique challenges faced by each demographic.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Compare and Contrast Essay: In conclusion, the comparison and contrast of depression in adolescents and adults highlight the importance of tailored interventions and support systems. As we contemplate the distinct challenges faced by these age groups, we are reminded of the need for age-appropriate mental health resources and strategies.

Descriptive Essays

Descriptive essays allow you to vividly depict aspects of depression, whether it's the experience of the individual or the societal impact. Here are some topic ideas:

• 1. Describe the emotional rollercoaster of living with depression, highlighting the highs and lows of the experience.
• 2. Paint a detailed portrait of the consequences of untreated depression on an individual's personal and professional life.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Descriptive Essay: Depression is a complex emotional journey that defies easy characterization. This essay embarks on a descriptive exploration of the emotional rollercoaster that individuals with depression experience, delving into the profound impact it has on their daily lives.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Descriptive Essay: In conclusion, the descriptive portrayal of the emotional rollercoaster of depression underscores the need for empathy and support for those grappling with this condition. Through this exploration, we are reminded of the resilience of the human spirit and the importance of compassionate understanding.

Persuasive Essays

Persuasive essays involve arguing a point of view related to depression. Consider these persuasive topics:

• 1. Persuade your readers that incorporating mental health education into the school curriculum can reduce the prevalence of depression among students.
• 2. Argue for or against the idea that employers should prioritize the mental well-being of their employees to combat workplace depression.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay: The prevalence of depression underscores the urgent need for proactive measures to address mental health. This persuasive essay asserts that integrating mental health education into the school curriculum can significantly reduce the prevalence of depression among students, offering them the tools to navigate emotional challenges.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay: In conclusion, the persuasive argument for mental health education in schools highlights the potential for early intervention and prevention. As we consider the well-being of future generations, we are called to prioritize mental health education as an essential component of a holistic education system.

Narrative Essays

Narrative essays offer you the opportunity to tell a story or share personal experiences related to depression. Explore these narrative essay topics:

• 1. Narrate a personal experience of overcoming depression or supporting a loved one through their journey.
• 2. Imagine yourself in a fictional scenario where you advocate for mental health awareness and destigmatization on a global scale.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Narrative Essay: Personal experiences with depression can be transformative and enlightening. This narrative essay delves into a personal journey of overcoming depression, highlighting the challenges faced, the support received, and the lessons learned along the way.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Narrative Essay: In conclusion, the narrative of my personal journey through depression reminds us of the resilience of the human spirit and the power of compassion and understanding. As we reflect on our own experiences, we are encouraged to share our stories and contribute to the ongoing conversation about mental health.

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Depression, known as major depressive disorder or clinical depression, is a psychological condition characterized by enduring feelings of sadness and a significant loss of interest in activities. It is a mood disorder that affects a person's emotional state, thoughts, behaviors, and overall well-being.

Its origin can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where melancholia was described as a state of sadness and melancholy. In the 19th century, depression began to be studied more systematically, and terms such as "melancholic depression" and "nervous breakdown" emerged. The understanding and classification of depression have evolved over time. In the early 20th century, Sigmund Freud and other psychoanalysts explored the role of unconscious conflicts in the development of depression. In the mid-20th century, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was established, providing a standardized criteria for diagnosing depressive disorders.

Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition plays a role in depression, as individuals with a family history of the disorder are at a higher risk. Psychological Factors: These may include a history of trauma or abuse, low self-esteem, pessimistic thinking patterns, and a tendency to ruminate on negative thoughts. Environmental Factors: Adverse life events, such as the loss of a loved one, financial difficulties, relationship problems, or chronic stress, can increase the risk of depression. Additionally, living in a socioeconomically disadvantaged area or lacking access to social support can be contributing factors. Health-related Factors: Chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic pain, are associated with a higher risk of depression. Substance abuse and certain medications can also increase vulnerability to depression. Developmental Factors: Certain life stages, including adolescence and the postpartum period, bring about unique challenges and changes that can contribute to the development of depression.

Depression is characterized by a range of symptoms that affect an individual's emotional, cognitive, and physical well-being. These characteristics can vary in intensity and duration but generally include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed. One prominent characteristic of depression is a noticeable change in mood, which can manifest as a constant feeling of sadness or emptiness. Individuals may also experience a significant decrease or increase in appetite, leading to weight loss or gain. Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or excessive sleepiness, are common as well. Depression can impact cognitive functioning, causing difficulties in concentration, decision-making, and memory recall. Negative thoughts, self-criticism, and feelings of guilt or worthlessness are also common cognitive symptoms. Furthermore, physical symptoms may arise, including fatigue, low energy levels, and a general lack of motivation. Physical aches and pains, without an apparent medical cause, may also be present.

The treatment of depression typically involves a comprehensive approach that addresses both the physical and psychological aspects of the condition. It is important to note that the most effective treatment may vary for each individual, and a personalized approach is often necessary. One common form of treatment is psychotherapy, which involves talking to a mental health professional to explore and address the underlying causes and triggers of depression. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a widely used approach that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with depression. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage depressive symptoms. Antidepressant medications work by balancing neurotransmitters in the brain that are associated with mood regulation. It is crucial to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the right medication and dosage that suits an individual's needs. Additionally, lifestyle changes can play a significant role in managing depression. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, sufficient sleep, and stress reduction techniques can all contribute to improving mood and overall well-being. In severe cases of depression, when other treatments have not been effective, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be considered. ECT involves administering controlled electric currents to the brain to induce a brief seizure, which can have a positive impact on depressive symptoms.

1. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 264 million people worldwide suffer from depression, making it one of the leading causes of disability globally. 2. Depression can affect people of all ages, including children and adolescents. In fact, the prevalence of depression in young people is increasing, with an estimated 3.3 million adolescents in the United States experiencing at least one major depressive episode in a year. 3. Research has shown that there is a strong link between depression and other physical health conditions. People with depression are more likely to experience chronic pain, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune disorders, among other medical conditions.

The topic of depression holds immense significance and should be explored through essays due to its widespread impact on individuals and society as a whole. Understanding and raising awareness about depression is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, depression affects a significant portion of the global population, making it a pressing public health issue. Exploring its causes, symptoms, and treatment options can contribute to better mental health outcomes and improved quality of life for individuals affected by this condition. Additionally, writing an essay about depression can help combat the stigma surrounding mental health. By promoting open discussions and providing accurate information, essays can challenge misconceptions and foster empathy and support for those experiencing depression. Furthermore, studying depression allows for a deeper examination of its complex nature, including its psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors. Lastly, essays on depression can highlight the importance of early detection and intervention, promoting timely help-seeking behaviors and reducing the burden of the condition on individuals and healthcare systems. By shedding light on this critical topic, essays have the potential to educate, inspire action, and contribute to the overall well-being of individuals and society.

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. 2. World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. World Health Organization. 3. Kessler, R. C., Bromet, E. J., & Quinlan, J. (2013). The burden of mental disorders: Global perspectives from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Cambridge University Press. 4. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford Press. 5. Nierenberg, A. A., & DeCecco, L. M. (2001). Definitions and diagnosis of depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl 22), 5-9. 6. Greenberg, P. E., Fournier, A. A., Sisitsky, T., Pike, C. T., & Kessler, R. C. (2015). The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(2), 155-162. 7. Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., Andersson, G., Quigley, L., Kleiboer, A., & Dobson, K. S. (2013). A meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioural therapy for adult depression, alone and in comparison with other treatments. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(7), 376-385. 8. Hirschfeld, R. M. A. (2014). The comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders: Recognition and management in primary care. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 16(2), PCC.13r01611. 9. Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Stewart, J. W., Warden, D., ... & Fava, M. (2006). Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: A STAR*D report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(11), 1905-1917. 10. Kendler, K. S., Kessler, R. C., Walters, E. E., MacLean, C., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1995). Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(6), 833-842.

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