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An Overview of the Vaccine Debate

Looking at Both Sides of the Argument

There is a wealth of research demonstrating the efficacy and safety of vaccines —including how some have virtually eradicated infectious diseases that once killed millions. However, this has done little to sway those who believe that untold harms are being hidden from the American public.

The vaccine debate—including the argument as to whether vaccines are safe, effective, or could cause conditions like autism —has received a lot of attention from the media in recent years. With so much conflicting information being publicized, it can be a challenge to discern what is true and what is not. Therefore, it is important to learn the facts before making health decisions.

Claims and Controversy

Those who are part of the anti-vaccination movement include not only non-medical professionals but several scientists and healthcare providers who hold alternative views about vaccines and vaccination in general.

Some notable examples include:

• British healthcare provider Andrew Wakefield, who in 1998 published research linking the MMR vaccine and autism . That study has since been retracted, and he was later removed from the medical registry in the United Kingdom for falsifying scientific data.
• Pediatrician Bob Sears, who wrote the bestseller "The Vaccine Book: Making the Right Decision for your Child ," which suggested that many essential childhood vaccines were "optional." However, he was subsequently put on probation by the Medical Review Board of California in 2018 for alleged medical negligence and the inappropriate writing of medical exemptions for vaccinations.
• Dr. Jane M. Orient, director of the Association of American Healthcare Providers and Surgeons, who was among the leading opponents of the COVID-19 vaccine and one of the leading proponents of using hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19 during the pandemic.

These opposing views and claims, along with other information promoted by the news and social media, have led some people to question whether they know everything they need to know about vaccines.

Common Concerns Regarding Vaccines

The arguments made against vaccines are not new and have been made well before the first vaccine was developed for smallpox back in the 18th century.

The following are some of the common arguments against vaccines:

• Vaccines contain "toxic" ingredients that can lead to an assortment of chronic health conditions such as autism.
• Vaccines are a tool of "Big Pharma," in which manufacturers are willing to profit off of harm to children.
• Governments are "pharma shills," meaning they are bought off by pharmaceutical companies to hide cures or approve drugs that are not safe.
• A child’s immune system is too immature to handle vaccines , leading the immune system to become overwhelmed and trigger an array of abnormal health conditions.
• Natural immunity is best , suggesting that a natural infection that causes disease is "better" than receiving a vaccine that may cause mild side effects.
• Vaccines are not tested properly , suggesting a (highly unethical) approach in which one group of people is given a vaccine, another group is not, and both are intentionally inoculated with the same virus or bacteria.
• Infectious diseases have declined due in part to improved hygiene and sanitation , suggesting that hand-washing and other sanitary interventions are all that are needed to prevent epidemics.
• Vaccines cause the body to "shed" virus , a claim that is medically true, although the amount of shed virus is rarely enough to cause infection.

The impact of anti-vaccination claims has been profound. For example, it has led to a resurgence of measles in the United States and Europe, despite the fact that the disease was declared eliminated in the U.S. back in 2000.

Studies have suggested that the anti-vaccination movement has cast doubt on the importance of childhood vaccinations among large sectors of the population. The added burden of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to further declines in vaccination rates.

There is also concern that the same repercussions may affect COVID-19 vaccination rates—both domestically and abroad. Ultimately, vaccine rates must be high for herd immunity to be effective.

According to a study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the rate of complete recommended vaccination among babies age 5 months has declined from 66.6% in 2016 to 49.7% by May 2020. Declines in vaccination coverage were seen in other age groups as well.

Benefits of Vaccination

Of the vaccines recommended by the CDC, the benefits of immunization are seen to overwhelmingly outweigh the potential risks. While there are some people who may need to avoid certain vaccines due to underlying health conditions, the vast majority can do so safely.

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, there are five important reasons why your child should get the recommended vaccines:

• Immunizations can save your child’s life . Consider that polio once killed up to 30% of those who developed paralytic symptoms. Due to polio vaccination, the disease is no longer a public health concern in the United States.
• Vaccination is very safe and effective . Injection site pain and mild, flu-like symptoms may occur with vaccine shots. However, serious side effects , such as a severe allergic reaction, are very rare.
• Immunization protects others . Because respiratory viruses can spread easily among children, getting your child vaccinated not only protects your child but prevents the further spread of disease.
• Immunizations can save you time and money . According to the non-profit Borgen Project, the average cost of a measles vaccination around the world is roughly $1.76, whereas the average cost of treating measles is $307. In the end, the cost of prevention is invariably smaller than the cost of treatment.
• Immunization protects future generations . Smallpox vaccinations have led to the eradication of smallpox . Rubella (German measles) vaccinations have helped eliminate birth defects caused by infection of pregnant mothers in the developed world. With persistence and increased community uptake, measles could one day be declared eliminated (again) as well.

A Word From Verywell

If you have any questions or concerns about vaccinations, do not hesitate to speak with your healthcare provider or your child's pediatrician.

If a vaccine on the immunization schedule has been missed, speak to a healthcare provider before seeking the vaccination on your own (such as at a pharmacy or clinic). In some cases, additional doses may be needed.

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Eggerton L.  Lancet retracts 12-year-old article linking autism to MMR vaccines .  CMAJ . 2010 Mar 9; 182(4):e199-200. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-3179

Park A. Doctor behind vaccine-autism link loses license . Time .

Offit PA, Moser CA.  The problem with Dr Bob's alternative vaccine schedule .  Pediatrics.  2009 Jan;123 (1):e164-e169. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2189

Before the Medical Board of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, State of California. In the Matter of the Accusation Against Robert William Sears, M.D., Case No. 800-2015-012268 .

Stolberg SG. Anti-vaccine doctor has been invited to testify before Senate committee . The New York Times.

Wolfe RM, Sharp LK.  Anti-vaccinationists past and present . BMJ. 2002;325(7361):430-2. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430

Agley J, Xiao Y. Misinformation about COVID-19: Evidence for differential latent profiles and a strong association with trust in science . BMC Public Health. 2021;21:89. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-10103-x

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles history .

Hussain A, Ali S, Ahmed M, Hussain S. The anti-vaccination movement: a regression in modern medicine .  Cureus . 2018;10(7): e2919. doi:10.7759/cureus.2919

Bramer CA, Kimmins LM, Swanson R, et al. Decline in child vaccination coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic — Michigan Care Improvement Registry, May 2016–May 2020 . MMWR. 2020 May;69(20):630-1. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6920e1

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Why vaccinate .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Poliomyelitis .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Making the vaccine decision .

Borgen Project. What is the cost of measles in the developed world? .

By Vincent Iannelli, MD  Vincent Iannelli, MD, is a board-certified pediatrician and fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Iannelli has cared for children for more than 20 years. 

There are plenty of moral reasons to be vaccinated – but that doesn’t mean it’s your ethical duty

Director of the Master of Bioethics degree program at the Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University

Disclosure statement

Travis N. Rieder does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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With the news that all U.S. adults are now eligible to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, the holy grail of infectious disease mitigation – herd immunity – feels tantalizingly close. If enough people take the vaccine, likely at least 70% of the population, disease prevalence will slowly decline and most of us will safely get back to normal. But if not enough people get vaccinated, COVID-19 could stick around indefinitely.

The urgency of reaching that milestone has led some to claim that individuals have a civic duty or moral obligation to get vaccinated.

As a moral philosopher who has written on the nature of obligation in other contexts, I want to explore how the seemingly straightforward ethics of vaccine choice is in fact rather complex.

The simple argument

The discussion of whether or not one should take the COVID-19 vaccine is often framed in terms of individual self-interest: The benefits outweigh the risk, so you should do it.

That’s not a moral argument.

Most people likely believe that others have wide latitude in determining how they care for their own health, so it can be permissible to engage in risky activities – such as motorcycling or base jumping – even when it’s not in one’s interest. Whether one should get vaccinated, however, is a moral issue because it affects others, and in a couple of ways.

First, effective vaccines are expected to decrease not only rates of infection but also rates of virus transmission . This means that getting the vaccine can protect others from you and contribute to the population reaching herd immunity.

Second, high disease prevalence allows for more genetic mutation of a virus, which is how new variants arise. If enough people aren’t vaccinated quickly, new variants may develop that are more infectious, are more dangerous or evade current vaccines.

The straightforward ethical argument, then, says: Getting vaccinated isn’t just about you. Yes, you have the right to take risks with your own safety. But as the British philosopher John Stuart Mill argued in 1859, your freedom is limited by the harm it could do to others. In other words, you do not have the right to risk other people’s health, and so you are obligated to do your part to reduce infection and transmission rates.

It’s a plausible argument. But the case is rather more complicated.

Individual action, collective good

The first problem with the argument above is that it moves from the claim that “My freedom is limited by the harm it would cause others” to the much more contentious claim that “My freedom is limited by very small contributions my action might make to large, collective harms.”

Refusing to be vaccinated does not violate Mill’s harm principle , as it does not directly threaten some particular other with significant harm. Rather, it contributes a very small amount to a large, collective harm.

Since no individual vaccination achieves herd immunity or eliminates genetic mutation, it is natural to wonder: Could we really have a duty to make such a very small contribution to the collective good?

A version of this problem has been well explored in the climate ethics literature, since individual actions are also inadequate to address the threat of climate change. In that context, a well-known paper argues that the answer is “no”: There is simply no duty to act if your action won’t make a meaningful difference to the outcome.

Others, however, have explored a variety of ways to rescue the idea that individuals must not contribute to collective harms.

One strategy is to argue that small individual actions may actually make a difference to large collective effects, even if it’s difficult to see.

For instance: Although it appears that an individual getting vaccinated doesn’t make a significant difference to the outcome, perhaps that is just the result of uncareful moral mathematics. One’s chance of saving a life by reducing infection or transmission is very small, but saving a life is very valuable. The expected value of the outcome, then, is still high enough to justify taking it to be a moral requirement.

Another strategy concedes that individual actions don’t make a meaningful difference to large, structural problems, but this doesn’t mean morality must be silent with regard to those actions. Considerations of fairness , virtue and integrity all might recommend taking individual action toward a collective goal – even if that action did not by itself make a difference.

In addition, these and other considerations can provide reasons to act , even if they don’t imply an obligation to act.

The contours of obligation

There is yet another challenge in justifying an obligation to get vaccinated, which has to do with the very nature of obligations.

Obligations are requirements on actions, and, as such, those actions often seem demandable by members of the moral community. If a person is obligated to donate to charity, then other members of the community have the moral standing to demand a percentage of their income. That money is owed to others.

The relevant question here, then, is: Are there moral grounds to demand another person get vaccinated?

Philosopher Margaret Little has argued that very intimate actions, such as sex and gestation – the continuation of a pregnancy – are not demandable. In my own work, I’ve suggested that this is also true for deciding how to form a family – for example, adopting a child versus procreating. The intimacy of the actions, I argue, make it the case that no one is entitled to them. Someone can ask you for sex, and there are good reasons to adopt rather than procreate; but no one in the community has the moral standing to demand that you do either. These sorts of examples suggest that particularly intimate actions are not the appropriate targets of obligation.

Is getting vaccinated intimate? While it may not appear so at first blush, it involves having a substance injected into your body, which is a form of bodily intimacy. It requires allowing another to puncture the barrier between your body and the world. In fact, most medical procedures are the sort of thing that it seems inappropriate to demand of someone, as individuals have unilateral moral authority over what happens to their bodies.

The argument presented here objects to intimate duties because they seem too invasive. However, even if members of the moral community don’t have the standing to demand that others vaccinate, they are not required to stay silent; they may ask, request or entreat, based on very good reasons. And of course, no one is required to interact with those who decline.

I am certainly not trying to convince anyone that it’s OK not to get vaccinated. Indeed, the arguments throughout indicate, I think, that there is overwhelming reason to get vaccinated. But reasons – even when overwhelming – don’t constitute a duty, and they don’t make an action demandable.

Acting as though the moral case is straightforward can be alienating to those who disagree. And minimizing the moral stakes when we ask others to have a substance injected into their body can be disrespectful. A much better way, I think, is to engage others rather than demand from them, even if the force of reason ends up clearly on one side.

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Guest Essay

Vaccine Mandates Are Coming. Good.

By Aaron E. Carroll

Dr. Carroll is the chief health officer for Indiana University. He’s also a writer who focuses on health research and policy.

It would be nice if the United States could reach herd immunity with just vaccination incentives like tickets to ballgames and free beer. Americans don’t like to be told what to do, and public officials would almost always rather hand out cash than have to punish.

Some even view vaccine mandates as un-American, but they are part of our foundational fabric . During the Revolutionary War, inoculation against smallpox was common in Europe. Because of this, the British Army was largely safe from the disease, but the colonists’ army was not.

Gen. George Washington recognized that mandated mass inoculation was necessary to win the war, though, and told Congress so in 1777. Although he met resistance, his mandate worked. While smallpox outbreaks were common over the next few years and massively affected those who were susceptible to infection, no revolutionary regiments were incapacitated by the disease during the southern campaign, and the mandate arguably helped win the yearslong war.

Today, vaccination rates are stalling in many areas of the United States, and now nearly all Covid-19 deaths are among the unvaccinated . In Indiana, where I live, only half of people 18 or older are fully vaccinated.

Some states, including neighboring Ohio , have engaged in lotteries or prize giveaways in an attempt to entice people to get vaccinated. Those are carrots, or positive behavioral nudges. When it comes to incentives, most people like carrots. Sometimes, though, people need sticks.

When the United States was fighting smallpox long ago, it took mandates to get enough people vaccinated. To eradicate polio, the same was true. Nearly all major infectious diseases in the country — measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, diphtheria and more — have been managed through vaccine mandates by schools . The result is that the vast majority of children are vaccinated, and in time, they grow into adults who are vaccinated. That’s how the country achieves real herd immunity.

But this process can take decades. Covid-19 is an emergency, and we don’t have that much time.

The mRNA vaccines, made by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech, will likely get full approval for use from the Food and Drug Administration soon, which may be necessary for broader vaccine mandates. Although the vaccines are already known to be safe and effective, after being given to hundreds of millions of people, with full approval, more groups will begin mandating that their employees get vaccinated. It’s unlikely the United States can overcome the pandemic without such actions.

The U.S. experience with diseases for which vaccination isn’t mandated is also instructional: In those cases, vaccination rates have remained much lower than desired. The human papillomavirus vaccine approved in the United States, for example, protects against an extremely widespread and often asymptomatic sexually transmitted disease that can lead to cancer. Despite calls to mandate HPV vaccination, it is required for school only in a few states ; Washington, D.C.; and Puerto Rico and has never been mandated outside the school environment, where it would do more good.

Although the vaccine was approved in 2006, only about half of teens are currently covered. What’s worse, only 22 percent of 18- to 26-year-olds , who are most at risk for infection, are fully vaccinated. Influenza vaccination is another that has rarely been mandated, and the United States has never achieved anywhere near the rates of protection that health experts would like, even during pandemics.

When it comes to herd immunity, community matters. The rate of vaccination at the national or state level is less important than the rate among people you live or interact with. This means that smaller groups can still take action to protect themselves and those around them from Covid-19. A number of hospitals and health care settings have mandated vaccination because those settings involve higher risk.

Some colleges and universities have also required students, professors and other staff members to be vaccinated before returning to campus. The schools want to return to full classrooms, busy dining halls and a vibrant campus life. They want students to be able to go to football games, events and even parties without fear of outbreaks. The only way to do that is to achieve significant levels of immunity. The only way to do that quickly and safely is through vaccination.

More than 500 colleges and universities in the United States have mandated Covid vaccination so far. My school, Indiana University, where I am the chief health officer, is one of them. Schools like ours believe that the only way to get to the level of safety we need to reopen without outbreaks or worse is to get nearly everyone immunized.

Some private companies have done the same. Many of our health care systems in Indiana have mandated vaccination.

There will be pushback against mandates. (Some students have filed a lawsuit against Indiana University, for example.) But it’s important to understand that mandates don’t mean people will be held down and given shots against their will. The mandate for the Affordable Care Act was a tax . Other mandates, such as those imposed by cruise ship companies , mean you will be unable to take certain vacations this year without vaccination.

And there must be exemptions to vaccine mandates. Some people can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons. Others have religious objections, and such exemptions are protected by law as well as custom. We should all be comfortable with that. To get to herd immunity, even to eradicate diseases, we don’t need vaccination rates of 100 percent. We just need to get to high enough levels that those who are immune protect those who aren’t. And in much of the country, we’re not even close.

When vaccination is the default, most people will get vaccinated. Mandates still aren’t popular; few public health measures are. But they work.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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Aaron E. Carroll  is the chief health officer for Indiana University and the vice president for faculty development at the  Regenstrief Institute . He blogs on health research and policy at  The Incidental Economist . @ aaronecarroll

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• Volume 107, Issue 3
• Should children be vaccinated against COVID-19?
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• http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2388-4318 Petra Zimmermann 1 , 2 , 3 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2395-4574 Laure F Pittet 3 , 4 , 5 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1756-5668 Adam Finn 6 , 7 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-719X Andrew J Pollard 8 , 9 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-4594 Nigel Curtis 3 , 4 , 10
• 1 Faculty of Science and Medicine , University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
• 2 Department of Paediatrics , Fribourg Hospital HFR , Fribourg , Switzerland
• 3 Infectious Diseases Research Group , Murdoch Children’s Research Institute , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
• 4 Department of Paediatrics , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
• 5 Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit , Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine , Geneva , Switzerland
• 6 Bristol Vaccine Centre, School of Clinical Sciences and School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
• 7 Bristol Royal Hospital for Children , University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust , Bristol , UK
• 8 Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
• 9 NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford , UK
• 10 Infectious Diseases Unit , The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
• Correspondence to Dr Petra Zimmermann, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland; petra.zimmermann{at}unifr.ch

Whether all children under 12 years of age should be vaccinated against COVID-19 remains an ongoing debate. The relatively low risk posed by acute COVID-19 in children, and uncertainty about the relative harms from vaccination and disease mean that the balance of risk and benefit of vaccination in this age group is more complex. One of the key arguments for vaccinating healthy children is to protect them from long-term consequences. Other considerations include population-level factors, such as reducing community transmission, vaccine supply, cost, and the avoidance of quarantine, school closures and other lockdown measures. The emergence of new variants of concern necessitates continual re-evaluation of the risks and benefits. In this review, we do not argue for or against vaccinating children against COVID-19 but rather outline the points to consider and highlight the complexity of policy decisions on COVID-19 vaccination in this age group.

• child health
• communicable diseases
• epidemiology

Data availability statement

No data are available. N/A.

https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2021-323040

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What is already known on this topic?

COVID-19 is generally asymptomatic or mild in children, but can be more severe in those with certain comorbidities.

There is no consensus on whether all healthy children less than 12 years of age should be vaccinated against COVID-19.

Data from COVID-19 vaccine use in this age group will become available in the near future.

What this study adds?

The balance of risks and benefits of COVID-19 vaccination in children is more complex than in adults as the relative harms from vaccination and disease are less well established in this age group.

One of the key arguments for vaccinating children less than 12 years of age, apart from reducing acute illness, is to protect them from long-term consequences of COVID-19; other considerations include population-level factors.

The risks and benefits need continual re-evaluation with the emergence of new variants of concern, and new data on effectiveness and adverse effects.

Introduction

Whether all children should be offered vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has been controversial in children aged 12–15 years old, and remains so for those under 12 years of age, partly because the balance of risk and benefit in this age group is more complex (see figure 1 ).

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Summary of benefits and risks of vaccinating children against COVID-19. PIMS-TS, paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome-temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2.

The risk of severe acute COVID-19 in healthy children infected with SARS-CoV-2 is much lower than in adults. 1–10 Two longer term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection might therefore be more of a concern in this age group. The first is ‘paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome-temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS)’, also known as ‘multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children’, an immune-mediated disease that occurs in a small proportion of children 2–6 weeks after being infected with SARS-CoV-2. 11–20 The second is long COVID-19, the persistence of symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection, a heterogeneous group of conditions. 21

Aside from potential long-term consequences, other considerations in deciding on COVID-19 vaccine policy for children include safety (both common reactions and rare serious side effects), population-level factors, such as reducing community transmission, vaccine supply, cost of vaccination, the avoidance of quarantine, school closures and other lockdown measures, and the potential impact on routine immunisation programmes.

In this review, we do not argue for or against vaccinating children against COVID-19 but rather outline the points to consider to highlight the complexity of policy decisions on COVID-19 vaccination in this age group.

Benefits and risks of vaccinating children against COVID-19

The main question for implementing any vaccine is ‘do the benefits of the vaccine in preventing the harms of the disease outweigh any known or potential risks associated with vaccination?’ To date, two COVID-19 vaccines have been shown to be effective in children aged 12–17 years, and have been authorised for emergency use and subsequently recommended for this age group in many countries. 22–26 Both vaccines are currently being evaluated in children aged 6 months–12 years and it is likely that emergency authorisation will be sought in this age group soon. Nevertheless, COVID-19 vaccine trials in adolescents so far include less than 4000 participants and appropriately focus on efficacy, immunogenicity and rates of common reactions. 25 26 A phase 2/3 trial in children 5–12 years of age recently reported that a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine was safe, well tolerated and induced robust neutralising antibodies. 27 Results from the same trial in children under 5 years of age are expected by the end of 2021. Rare adverse effects are difficult to detect with such sample sizes, and are often seen only after large-scale use. Outside clinical trials, millions of adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age have been vaccinated, including 13 million in the USA. 28 Arguments for and against vaccinating children against COVID-19 are summarised in table 1 .

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Arguments for and against vaccinating children against COVID-19

Potential benefits of vaccinating children

Protection against covid-19.

COVID-19 is generally a mild disease in children with less than 2% of symptomatic children requiring hospital admission. 1–10 The rate of intensive care admission of hospitalised children ranges between 2% and 13%. 1 7 8 29 30 Higher rates (10%–25%, 31 32 up to 33% in some studies 33 34 ) are reported from the USA. However, these numbers often include children who are hospitalised with COVID-19 and not because of COVID-19, and therefore overestimate the severity. In children and adolescents, the risk of death from SARS-CoV-2 infection is 0.005%, 35 and in those who are hospitalised with COVID-19 it is 0%–0.7%. 1 7 8 29 30 33 34 However, again, these numbers often include children who died with a SARS-CoV-2 infection and not because of it (a recent population-based study showed that only 41% of child deaths reported from SARS-CoV-2 infections were from COVID-19). 35 Therefore, the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not as strong an argument for vaccinating all healthy children as it is for adults. Nevertheless, this might change if new variants emerge which cause more severe disease in otherwise healthy children.

There are insufficient data to estimate the risk of myocarditis in children and adolescents with COVID-19, although one report from the USA suggested a risk of 876 cases per million. 36 Another study reported an adjusted risk ratio for myocarditis from patients with COVID-19 compared with patients without COVID-19 of 36.8 in children less than 16 years of age and 7.4 in adolescents 16–24 years of age. 37 A third study reported an 8.2-fold increase in myocarditis admissions during the pandemic, but no cases among the 1371 children and adolescents less than 18 years of age. 38 Information on the long-term outcome of myocarditis resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection (e.g., progression to fibrosis) is currently lacking.

In the USA, with the emergence of the more transmissible Delta variant, a recent rise in infections in children has led to overcrowded hospital and intensive care units. 39 For hospitalised children, intensive care admission and mortality rates are currently stable at 23% and 0.4% 29 – 1.8%, 30 respectively. Of note, this has occurred in settings with low vaccine coverage in adults and suboptimal preventive measures in place. There are no reports indicating an increase in the severity of COVID-19 in children since the Delta variant has become dominant.

At this time, COVID-19 vaccines only have ‘emergency use authorisation’ in children between 12 and 16 years of age, which is for interventions that address a serious or life-threatening condition. It has been argued that, unless children are at high risk of severe COVID-19 because of an underlying condition, it is unclear whether the benefits to the individual outweigh the risks in this age group, and approval through the standard regulatory process should be awaited. 40

There are good reasons to consider offering vaccination to children and adolescents at higher risk of being hospitalised or becoming severely unwell from a SARS-CoV-2 infection, as, in their case, the risk of harm from vaccination is estimated to be lower than the risk of harm from COVID-19. This includes children with neurodisabilities, Down’s syndrome, immunodeficiencies, malignancies, some cardiac, respiratory and renal diseases, obesity and poorly controlled diabetes. 41

The low risk of hospitalisation and death from COVID-19 might not be a good argument against vaccinating against this disease as the risk is similar or even higher than that for other diseases for which vaccines are routinely given, such as varicella, rubella, hepatitis A and influenza. 42 In addition, if a high proportion of children are infected, even a very low rate of severe illness might translate to a high absolute number of cases. Moreover, in low/middle-income countries (LMICs), the impact of COVID-19 in children may be greater due to comorbidities that impact immunity, including diarrhoea, dengue fever, tuberculosis, malnutrition, stunting and anaemia. 33 Similary, in high-income countries, children from deprived and ethnic minority groups are more frequently infected with SARS-CoV-2, which might be due to a greater likelihood of living with unvaccinated adults or in multigenerational and overcrowded households. 43 44 These children have also been reported to have more severe COVID-19 and to more frequently suffer from PIMS-TS. 45–47

Protection against PIMS-TS

The risk of PIMS-TS is low, affecting less than 0.1% of SARS-CoV-2-infected children. Although up to 70% of children with PIMS-TS are admitted to intensive care units, 48 49 almost all patients recover without sequelae. 11–20 48 50 51 Between 79% and 100% of abnormal cardiac findings are reported to resolve within 14–30 days after hospital discharge. 48 52 53 Six months after discharge, 96% of children have a normal echocardiography, and renal, haematological, otolaryngological and neurological abnormalities have largely resolved. 45 However, the long-term consequences of PIMS-TS remain uncertain and the death rate from PIMS-TS is estimated to be 1%–2%. 48 49 There is no evidence to date on whether vaccination protects against PIMS-TS: although by protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection it may well also protect against post-infectious sequelae; data are needed to confirm this. Since the pathogenesis of PIMS-TS remains unclear, there is also a theoretical risk that antibodies induced by COVID-19 vaccination could cause PIMS-TS, though there is no evidence of this to date.

Protection against long COVID-19

While vaccination prevents infection with SARS-CoV-2 to a degree and thus, presumably, persistent symptoms following the infection, more data are needed to determine accurately the incidence of long COVID-19 in children. 21 Studies to date report a prevalence ranging from 1.2% to 66%. 54–64 However, most of these studies have substantial limitations, including a lack of a clear case definition, the absence of a control group without infection, inclusion of children without laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, follow-up at arbitrary time points and high non-responder bias. 54–63 65–68 Of the five studies to date that have included controls, 55 59 61 65 two did not find a difference in the prevalence of persistent symptoms between infected and uninfected children. 61 65 This highlights the difficulty of separating COVID-19-related symptoms from those attributable to other factors associated with the pandemic, such as lockdowns and school closures. The three that did find a difference had significant limitations, including potential selection bias due to a high non-responder rate, that could lead to an overestimate of the risk of long COVID-19. 55 59

Prevention of community transmission

Another advantage of vaccinating children is helping decrease transmission and thus reducing severe cases in adults and the risk of new virus variants emerging. As well as reducing disease, COVID-19 vaccines also reduce infection. Initial studies reported that vaccinated individuals who become infected are less likely to transmit the virus due to decreased viral load and duration of virus shedding 69 70 and as a consequence, transmission from vaccinated individual to household contacts is significantly lower 71 (by 50% in one study 69 ). However, more recent studies done since the Delta variant became dominant show similar viral loads in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. 72–75

Children, including young children, can transmit SARS-CoV-2. 76 Nonetheless, even though transmission in schools can contribute to the circulation of SARS-CoV-2, 77 the rate of transmission in educational settings is low and index cases are often adults. 78–81 The risk of infection in schools correlates strongly with local community infection rates, which can be reduced by vaccinating older age groups. Nevertheless, the risk of transmission in different age groups and settings might change with the emergence of new virus variants of concern. For the Delta variant, it has been suggested that infected fully vaccinated individuals are as likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 as infected unvaccinated individuals, although for shorter duration. 82 83 However, recent data from Australia reported a low risk of transmission in educational settings with protection measurements in place, even with the Delta variant (the transmission rate from adults to children was 8%, from children to adults 1.3% and from children to other children 1.8%). 84

Earlier in the pandemic, it was reported that index cases in households were more likely to be a parent or adolescent than a young child. 6 85–87 However, one study suggests that children and adolescents are more likely to infect others. 88 Another study reported that household transmission was more common from children aged 0–3 years than from children aged 14–17 years. 89 However, this might change with the Delta or other new variants. In a population with low numbers of vaccinated adults, infected children transmitted the Delta variant to 70% of households (in 57% of households all members became infected). 84 Nevertheless, once a large proportion of the adult population is vaccinated, preventing transmission to them from unvaccinated children becomes less important. There is a stronger argument for vaccinating children and adolescents who live with immunosuppressed or other high-risk household members, not only for the protection of the latter but also to benefit the mental health of the former. Also, in LMICs children under 12 years of age form a larger proportion of the population and might therefore have a larger role in tranmission.

Another consideration is that, once SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic, primary SARS-CoV-2 infection in early childhood, when COVID-19 is mild, with subsequent boosting from ongoing exposure at older ages, may bring about population immunity, as seen with common circulating coronaviruses, more effectively than mass immunisation. 90

Avoidance of indirect (population-level) harms

Vaccinating children and adolescents might help reduce the indirect harms caused by quarantine, lockdowns, repeat testing, school exclusion and closures, and other policies aimed at reducing community transmission, although the extent to which mass vaccination is necessary to achieve this remains unclear. Also, if the purpose of lockdowns and school closures is to protect adults, the incremental benefit of vaccinating children will be minimal once most adults are protected through vaccination. The possibility that vaccination might become a requirement for children for international travel is another consideration.

Potential risks of vaccinating children

Risk of adverse effects.

As with any vaccine, there are potential rare adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines. The development of myocarditis or pericarditis after mRNA vaccines has been a recent concern, 91 92 particularly in male adolescents (studies reporting 6.3–6.7 cases per 100 000 second vaccine doses in males aged 12–17 years, 91 93 and 15.1 cases per 100 000 second vaccine doses in males aged 16–19 years 94 ). Another study reported an incidence of 10.7 cases per 100 000 persons in males aged 16–29 years. 95 Of these patients, approximately 6% required intensive care admission. 96 However, most recovered without sequelae (86% had resolution of symptoms after mean duration of 35 days). 97 98 Importantly, even in this age group, recent reports suggest the risk of myocarditis associated with COVID-19 is higher (see above).

The risk of thrombosis after viral vector vaccines observed rarely in adults also needs to be considered. The thrombotic risk in children or adolescents is less 99 and no cases have been reported to date in this age group. However, since the pathogenesis underlying thrombosis associated with COVID-19 vaccines is thought to differ from that for clots from other causes, such as stasis and the contraceptive pill, further data from children are necessary. As thrombotic events have either not been observed or appear to be very rare in Asia, Africa and Latin America, some countries are considering these vaccines as an option. The theoretical risk of COVID-19 vaccines triggering PIMS-TS has been raised but there are no reports of this to date. 100

Long-term safety

The lack of long-term safety data is another consideration. Longer term follow-up of myocarditis cases is needed to exclude any possibility of myocardial fibrosis and associated dysfunction or arrhythmia risk. Two studies showed a high prevalence of late gadolinium enhancement in MRIs in patients suffering from post-vaccine myocarditis. 97 101 Further studies are needed to establish whether this resolves or evolves into fibrosis. As discussed above, information on this risk is also needed for myocarditis resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Although the majority of adverse vaccine effects occur early after vaccination, any unforeseen adverse effects could undermine vaccine confidence and reduce vaccination rates against other diseases. 102

Vaccine supply

The currently limited global COVID-19 vaccine supply is another factor to consider. To date, many LMICs have only been able to vaccinate less than 5% of their population despite the COVAX programme. At this time, available supplies might be better prioritised for vaccinating adults with a higher risk of severe COVID-19 and death, including healthcare workers. 103 Another consideration is the higher immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines in children, meaning that one dose or a reduced dose might be sufficient to protect this age group. 25 On the other hand, the infrastructure to upscale the production of COVID-19 vaccines already exists and strategies for boosting global supply have been outlined. 104

Since the risks of intensive care admission or death in children are so low, the cost–benefit ratio of COVID-19 vaccination in children is higher. However, the emergence of new variants might change this if these variants cause more frequent or more severe disease in children. 105 The cost of vaccination also needs to be balanced against the reduction in community transmission that might be achieved through vaccinating children, which would enable a faster return to pre-pandemic economic stability with associated benefits to children.

Other immunisation programmes

Routine immunisation programmes for children and adolescents have been disrupted by the pandemic. 106 107 Implementing a universal COVID-19 vaccine programme for these age groups runs the risk of causing further delays by using up existing delivery resources and personnel. This in turn may harm children by resulting in more cases of vaccine-preventable infections and diseases such as cervical cancer, meningitis, measles and pertussis. However, if COVID-19 vaccination is combined with the administration of other routine vaccines, this problem might be reduced.

Concluding remarks

In summary, the case for vaccinating all healthy children against COVID-19 is more difficult than for adults as the balance of risks and benefits is more nuanced. If COVID-19 remains a generally mild disease in children and in vaccinated adults, it may not be necessary to vaccinate all children. 90 108 In addition, it is important to consider different age groups separately; the balance of risk and benefit of vaccination is likely to differ between infants, young children and adolescents. Children under 5 years of age are likely to need separate consideration to those 5–11 years of age. Continued monitoring of disease severity across all age groups is crucial. If a variant of concern emerges with increased severity in children (as is, for example, the case for Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus), this would alter the risk–benefit equation. 90 In LMICs, where the burden of COVID-19 is higher in the paediatric population as a result of comorbidities, there may be a lower threshold for vaccinating children. A one-dose schedule (as now recommended in the UK and Norway) 109 110 or a reduced-dose vaccine might be an option for this age group; this might also reduce the risk of myocarditis with the second dose of mRNA vaccines. Although mass COVID-19 vaccination of all ages, including children under 12 years of age, may become the general approach globally in the future, it seems wise at present to weigh up the risks and benefits with caution and to proceed with care.

Ethics statements

Patient consent for publication.

Not required.

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Twitter @Dr_Petzi, @PittetLaure, @adamhfinn, @ajpollard1, @nigeltwitt

Contributors PZ drafted the initial manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted.

Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Disclaimer The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of the DHSC, JCVI, NIHR or WHO.

Competing interests AJP is chair of UK Department of Health and Social Care’s (DHSC) Joint Committee on Vaccination & Immunisation (JCVI), but does not participate in policy decisions on COVID-19 vaccine. He is a member of the WHO’s SAGE. AJP is chief investigator on clinical trials of Oxford University’s COVID-19 vaccine funded by NIHR. Oxford University has entered a joint COVID-19 vaccine development partnership with AstraZeneca. AF is an investigator in trials and studies of COVID-19 vaccines manufactured by Pfizer-BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Valneva and Sanofi but receives no personal remuneration or benefits for this work. He is a member of the UK Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation and chairs the WHO Euro Regional Technical Advisory Group of Experts (ETAGE) on immunisation.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

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Persuasive Essay Guide

Persuasive Essay About Covid19

How to Write a Persuasive Essay About Covid19 | Examples & Tips

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Are you looking to write a persuasive essay about the Covid-19 pandemic?

Writing a compelling and informative essay about this global crisis can be challenging. It requires researching the latest information, understanding the facts, and presenting your argument persuasively.

But don’t worry! with some guidance from experts, you’ll be able to write an effective and persuasive essay about Covid-19.

In this blog post, we’ll outline the basics of writing a persuasive essay . We’ll provide clear examples, helpful tips, and essential information for crafting your own persuasive piece on Covid-19.

Read on to get started on your essay.

• 1. Steps to Write a Persuasive Essay About Covid-19
• 2. Examples of Persuasive Essay About Covid19
• 3. Examples of Persuasive Essay About Covid-19 Vaccine
• 4. Examples of Persuasive Essay About Covid-19 Integration
• 5. Examples of Argumentative Essay About Covid 19
• 6. Examples of Persuasive Speeches About Covid-19
• 7. Tips to Write a Persuasive Essay About Covid-19
• 8. Common Topics for a Persuasive Essay on COVID-19 

Steps to Write a Persuasive Essay About Covid-19

Here are the steps to help you write a persuasive essay on this topic, along with an example essay:

Step 1: Choose a Specific Thesis Statement

Your thesis statement should clearly state your position on a specific aspect of COVID-19. It should be debatable and clear. For example:

Step 2: Research and Gather Information

Collect reliable and up-to-date information from reputable sources to support your thesis statement. This may include statistics, expert opinions, and scientific studies. For instance:

• COVID-19 vaccination effectiveness data
• Information on vaccine mandates in different countries
• Expert statements from health organizations like the WHO or CDC

Step 3: Outline Your Essay

Create a clear and organized outline to structure your essay. A persuasive essay typically follows this structure:

• Introduction
• Background Information
• Body Paragraphs (with supporting evidence)
• Counterarguments (addressing opposing views)

Step 4: Write the Introduction

In the introduction, grab your reader's attention and present your thesis statement. For example:

Step 5: Provide Background Information

Offer context and background information to help your readers understand the issue better. For instance:

Step 6: Develop Body Paragraphs

Each body paragraph should present a single point or piece of evidence that supports your thesis statement. Use clear topic sentences, evidence, and analysis. Here's an example:

Step 7: Address Counterarguments

Acknowledge opposing viewpoints and refute them with strong counterarguments. This demonstrates that you've considered different perspectives. For example:

Step 8: Write the Conclusion

Summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement in the conclusion. End with a strong call to action or thought-provoking statement. For instance:

Step 9: Revise and Proofread

Edit your essay for clarity, coherence, grammar, and spelling errors. Ensure that your argument flows logically.

Step 10: Cite Your Sources

Include proper citations and a bibliography page to give credit to your sources.

Remember to adjust your approach and arguments based on your target audience and the specific angle you want to take in your persuasive essay about COVID-19.

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Examples of Persuasive Essay About Covid19

When writing a persuasive essay about the Covid-19 pandemic, it’s important to consider how you want to present your argument. To help you get started, here are some example essays for you to read:

Check out some more PDF examples below:

Persuasive Essay About Covid-19 Pandemic

Sample Of Persuasive Essay About Covid-19

Persuasive Essay About Covid-19 In The Philippines - Example

If you're in search of a compelling persuasive essay on business, don't miss out on our “ persuasive essay about business ” blog!

Examples of Persuasive Essay About Covid-19 Vaccine

Covid19 vaccines are one of the ways to prevent the spread of Covid-19, but they have been a source of controversy. Different sides argue about the benefits or dangers of the new vaccines. Whatever your point of view is, writing a persuasive essay about it is a good way of organizing your thoughts and persuading others.

A persuasive essay about the Covid-19 vaccine could consider the benefits of getting vaccinated as well as the potential side effects.

Below are some examples of persuasive essays on getting vaccinated for Covid-19.

Covid19 Vaccine Persuasive Essay

Persuasive Essay on Covid Vaccines

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Examples of Persuasive Essay About Covid-19 Integration

Covid19 has drastically changed the way people interact in schools, markets, and workplaces. In short, it has affected all aspects of life. However, people have started to learn to live with Covid19.

Writing a persuasive essay about it shouldn't be stressful. Read the sample essay below to get idea for your own essay about Covid19 integration.

Persuasive Essay About Working From Home During Covid19

Searching for the topic of Online Education? Our persuasive essay about online education is a must-read.

Examples of Argumentative Essay About Covid 19

Covid-19 has been an ever-evolving issue, with new developments and discoveries being made on a daily basis.

Writing an argumentative essay about such an issue is both interesting and challenging. It allows you to evaluate different aspects of the pandemic, as well as consider potential solutions.

Here are some examples of argumentative essays on Covid19.

Argumentative Essay About Covid19 Sample

Argumentative Essay About Covid19 With Introduction Body and Conclusion

Looking for a persuasive take on the topic of smoking? You'll find it all related arguments in out Persuasive Essay About Smoking blog!

Examples of Persuasive Speeches About Covid-19

Do you need to prepare a speech about Covid19 and need examples? We have them for you!

Persuasive speeches about Covid-19 can provide the audience with valuable insights on how to best handle the pandemic. They can be used to advocate for specific changes in policies or simply raise awareness about the virus.

Check out some examples of persuasive speeches on Covid-19:

Persuasive Speech About Covid-19 Example

Persuasive Speech About Vaccine For Covid-19

You can also read persuasive essay examples on other topics to master your persuasive techniques!

Tips to Write a Persuasive Essay About Covid-19

Writing a persuasive essay about COVID-19 requires a thoughtful approach to present your arguments effectively. 

Here are some tips to help you craft a compelling persuasive essay on this topic:

Choose a Specific Angle

Start by narrowing down your focus. COVID-19 is a broad topic, so selecting a specific aspect or issue related to it will make your essay more persuasive and manageable. For example, you could focus on vaccination, public health measures, the economic impact, or misinformation.

Provide Credible Sources 

Support your arguments with credible sources such as scientific studies, government reports, and reputable news outlets. Reliable sources enhance the credibility of your essay.

Use Persuasive Language

Employ persuasive techniques, such as ethos (establishing credibility), pathos (appealing to emotions), and logos (using logic and evidence). Use vivid examples and anecdotes to make your points relatable.

Organize Your Essay

Structure your essay involves creating a persuasive essay outline and establishing a logical flow from one point to the next. Each paragraph should focus on a single point, and transitions between paragraphs should be smooth and logical.

Emphasize Benefits

Highlight the benefits of your proposed actions or viewpoints. Explain how your suggestions can improve public health, safety, or well-being. Make it clear why your audience should support your position.

Use Visuals -H3

Incorporate graphs, charts, and statistics when applicable. Visual aids can reinforce your arguments and make complex data more accessible to your readers.

Call to Action

End your essay with a strong call to action. Encourage your readers to take a specific step or consider your viewpoint. Make it clear what you want them to do or think after reading your essay.

Revise and Edit

Proofread your essay for grammar, spelling, and clarity. Make sure your arguments are well-structured and that your writing flows smoothly.

Seek Feedback 

Have someone else read your essay to get feedback. They may offer valuable insights and help you identify areas where your persuasive techniques can be improved.

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Common Topics for a Persuasive Essay on COVID-19 

Here are some persuasive essay topics on COVID-19:

• The Importance of Vaccination Mandates for COVID-19 Control
• Balancing Public Health and Personal Freedom During a Pandemic
• The Economic Impact of Lockdowns vs. Public Health Benefits
• The Role of Misinformation in Fueling Vaccine Hesitancy
• Remote Learning vs. In-Person Education: What's Best for Students?
• The Ethics of Vaccine Distribution: Prioritizing Vulnerable Populations
• The Mental Health Crisis Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic
• The Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 on Healthcare Systems
• Global Cooperation vs. Vaccine Nationalism in Fighting the Pandemic
• The Future of Telemedicine: Expanding Healthcare Access Post-COVID-19

In search of more inspiring topics for your next persuasive essay? Our persuasive essay topics blog has plenty of ideas!

To sum it up,

You have read good sample essays and got some helpful tips. You now have the tools you needed to write a persuasive essay about Covid-19. So don't let the doubts stop you, start writing!

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MyPerfectWords.com is a professional persuasive essay writing service that can help you craft an excellent persuasive essay on Covid-19. Our experienced essay writer will create a well-structured, insightful paper in no time!

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Frequently Asked Questions

Are there any ethical considerations when writing a persuasive essay about covid-19.

Yes, there are ethical considerations when writing a persuasive essay about COVID-19. It's essential to ensure the information is accurate, not contribute to misinformation, and be sensitive to the pandemic's impact on individuals and communities. Additionally, respecting diverse viewpoints and emphasizing public health benefits can promote ethical communication.

What impact does COVID-19 have on society?

The impact of COVID-19 on society is far-reaching. It has led to job and economic losses, an increase in stress and mental health disorders, and changes in education systems. It has also had a negative effect on social interactions, as people have been asked to limit their contact with others.

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