aiou 1421 assignment autumn 2022

AIOU Course Code 1421-1 Solved Assignment Autumn 2022

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Code : 1421

Course : Introduction to Environment

Assignment No. 1

Semester : Autumn 2022

Program : BA

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Q. l      Define the following terms:              

            1.          Lithosphere

Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth. It consists of minerals occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil e.g. minerals, organic matter, air and water.

            2.          Fertility of Soil

The fertility of soils is rapidly depleting. The data generated by public and private organizations reflect the general agreement about the deficiency of nitrogen in 100 per cent soils. In case of phosphorus, more than 90 per cent soils are deficient. Potassium deficiency in soils, not a soil fertility problem earlier, is increasing rapidly due to discriminate use of only nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizers.

            3.          Irreversible Damage

In contrast, ecologists view large scale ecological processes such as evolution, adoption and biogeochemical cycle as the most important aspect of nature. This view is termed as ecocentric as it considers ecological processes as whole more important rather than its individual parts. If you kill individual organisms, you deny it a few months or years of life but if you eliminate an entire species or a whole landscape, you have destroyed something that took millions of years to create. Such a destruction that took millions of years to establish is known as irreversible damage.

            4.          Egocentric

The term egocentric is a concept that originated within  Piaget’s  theory of childhood development. Egocentrism refers to someone’s inability to understand that another person’s view or opinion may be different than their own.

            5.          Commensalism

Commensalism defines the co-action in which two or more species are associated and one species at least, derives benefit from the association, while the other associates are neither benefited nor harmed.

            6.          Velamen

Dust is also a source of the nutrients. Roots of epiphytes often store water in a special tissue, called velamen.

            7.          Jet Stream

Jet streams are relatively narrow bands of strong wind in the upper levels of the atmosphere. The winds blow from west to east in jet streams but the flow often shifts to the north and south. Jet streams follow the boundaries between hot and cold air .

            8.          Polar Tundra

ET or polar tundra is a climate where the soil is permanently frozen to depths of hundreds of meters, a condition known as permafrost.

            9.          Cfa

Cfa – humid subtropical: The humid subtropical climate (Cfa) has hot muggy summers and frequent thunderstorms. Winters are mild and precipitation during this season comes from mid-latitude cyclones.

            10.        Soil Water Management

soil water management is to encourage water movement into rather off the soil. If the water is allowed to penetrate, the soil can serve as a ‘reservoir’ for future plant uptake.

Q.2       Differentiate between the following terms:            

                        i.           Soil texture and soil structure

`                        ii.          Natural and Artificial Ecosystem

There are several differences between natural and artificial ecosystems, including sustainability, diversity and purpose. A natural ecosystem has a diverse amount of species and plants, whereas artificial ecosystems are limited. Natural ecosystems are self-sustaining and result from spontaneous natural reaction, while artificial ecosystems require the assistance of humans.

                        iii.         Zooplankton and Phytoplankton

Following are some of the important differences between Phytoplankton and Zooplankton.

                        iv.         Positive and Negative interaction

·          These connections can be beneficial—like mutualism or commensalism—or harmful—like when one species eats another. Other harmful interactions lead to the presence of one species in or on the host, a different organism.

·          Positive interactions are friendly relationships between species that improve at least one species’ development, reproduction, and survival without having an adverse effect.

·          Negative interactions might involve, among other things, stifling the expression of emotions, criticising others, violating their privacy, meddling in their business, or failing to deliver on a promise of assistance.

·          By grinning at your child, you can convey warmth in your relationship and positive attention to your youngster. using compassionate facial expressions and eye contact. embracing your child is one method of demonstrating physical affection.

·          Trust, respect for one another, and active engagement are characteristics of productive working interactions.

                        v.          Mantle and core

Mantle – The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called as the mantle. The mantle is about 2900kms in thickness. Nearly 84% of the earth’s volume and 67% of the earth’s mass is occupied by the mantle.

Core – It is the innermost layer surrounding the earth’s centre. The core constitutes nearly 15% of earth’s volume and 32.5% of earth’s mass. The Core consists of two sub-layers: the inner core and the outer core.

Q.3       What are the three major types of water erosion? How can erosion be controlled?     

Types of Water Erosion

Land depletion caused by water occurs in several stages and is manifested in different ways according to the factors that caused it. Below are the common water erosion types that can affect soil if not prevented promptly.

Splash Erosion

This is the first stage in the erosion process that is caused by rain. Raindrops basically “bombard” the exposed and bare land, moving its particles and destroying the structure of the top layer. Eventually, it causes the  formation of surface crusts, negatively affects soil infiltration ability, and eventually results in runoff formation .

Sheet Erosion

This type of soil degradation by water occurs when the rainfall intensity is greater than the soil infiltration ability and results in  the loss of the finest soil particles that contain nutrients and organic matter . It usually follows after crusting that is caused by the previous stage of soil damage by water. If not prevented timely, one of the most negative effects of sheet erosion will be the formation of rills.

Rill Erosion

Rill erosion follows after, when the water concentrates deeper in the soil and starts forming faster-flowing channels. These channels can be up to 30cm deep and cause  detachment and transportation of soil particles . Rill erosion can eventually evolve into gully erosion. That is when the rills become at least 0.3m deep

Gully Erosion

This is an advanced stage of land damage by water when the surface channels are eroded to the extent when even tillage operations wouldn’t be of any help. Apart from causing huge soil losses and destroying farmland, it also results in  reduction of water quality by increasing the sediment load in streams .

Tunnel Erosion

This is the so-called “hidden” type of land degradation by water that can  cause severe disruption even before any signs are evident to the eye . It begins when large water mass starts moving through the structurally unstable soil. That is why it is usually the biggest threat to sodic soil. The manifestations of tunneling would be a series of tunnels beneath the soil surface.

How can erosion be controlled        

Surface cover

Surface cover is the key to erosion control in grazing lands. It prevents erosion by maintaining the soil so it can absorb rainfall.

A well-managed pasture with good cover will ensure that runoff spreads rather than concentrates. Bore drains, tracks, roads, cattle pads and fences concentrate runoff, so careful planning is required to ensure that property improvements are located where they will not contribute to erosion.

The critical level of cover for pastures in tussock grasslands is about 40% cover and 1000 kilograms per hectare of dry grass. Ideally, this level of cover will exist at the beginning of the summer storm season.

The ideal stocking rate is flexible, and stock numbers should match available feed. Regular monitoring of pastures is necessary to achieve this. Long-term weather forecasting, using predictive tools such as the  Southern Oscillation Index  (SOI), has improved the options available for predicting droughts.

Opportunistic spelling

Opportunistic spelling should also be part of a grazing strategy. A total spell in a good year may be required to allow desirable grasses to recover from past grazing. Grazing pressure can also be managed by locating watering points away from areas vulnerable to erosion.

Fire is useful for controlling woody weeds but it needs to be managed carefully. Regular burning of pastures will further reduce ground cover and promote runoff and erosion.

Q.4       a.          Write a detail note on the Structure of Ecosystem.            

The structure of an ecosystem is basically a description of the species of organisms that are present, including information on their life histories, populations and distribution in space. It is a guide to who’s who in the ecosystem. It also includes descriptive information on the non-living (physical) features of environment, including the amount and distribution of nutrients. An ecosystem typically has two major components:

1. Abiotic or Non-living Components

Abiotic component of the ecosystem comprises three sorts of components:

a Climatic condition and physical factors of the given region includes air, water, soil, temperature, light (i.e., its duration and intensity), moisture (relative humidity), pH, etc.

b Inorganic substances such as water, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P) and so on, all of which are involved in cycling of materials in the ecosystem. The amount of these inorganic substances, present at any given time in an ecosystem, is designated as the standing state or standing quality.

c Organic substances such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, humus, etc., present either in the biomass or in the environment.

2. Biotic or Living Components

In an ecosystem, the living organisms are distinguished on the basis of their nutritional relationships, which are discussed as follows: a Autotrophic component: Autotrophic (auto = self; trophic = nourishing) component of ecosystem includes the producers which convert solar energy into chemical energy that becomes locked in complex organic substances such as carbohydrate, lipid, protein, etc. (Recall the concept of photosynthesis given to you in unit no. 1 – Box 1.3) with the help of simple inorganic substances such as water and carbon dioxide.

Autotrophs fall into following two groups:

 Photoautotroph: which contain green photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll to trap the solar or light energy of sun, e.g., trees, grasses, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue green algae).

 Chemoautotroph: these use energy generated in oxidation – reduction process, but their significance in the ecosystem as producers is minimal, e.g. microorganisms such as Beggiatoa, sulfur bacteria, etc. (It is important to note that during the study of ecosystem when the term autotrophs or autotrophy is used, generally photoautotrophy is meant).

b Heterotrophic component: In the heterotrophic (hetero = other; trophic = nourishing) organisms predominate the activities of utilization, rearrangement and decomposition of complex organic materials.

Heterotrophic organisms are also called consumers, as they consume the matter built up by the producers (autotrophs). The consumers are of following two main types:

 Macroconsumers: These are also called phagotrophs (phago = to eat) and include mainly animals which consume other organisms or chunks of organic matter. Depending on their food habits, consumers may either be herbivores (plant eaters) or carnivores (flesh eaters).

Herbivores live on living plants and are also known as primary consumers e.g., insects, zooplanktons (protozoa, jelly fish, worms etc.) and higher animals (deer, cattle, elephant, etc.).

Secondary and Tertiary consumers are carnivores or omnivores, e.g., insects such

as dragon flies; spiders and large animals such as tiger, lion, leopard, wolf, etc.

            b.          How have volcanic emission contributed to the formation of atmosphere.

The gases and dust particles thrown into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions have influences on climate. Most of the particles spewed from volcanoes cool the planet by shading incoming solar radiation. The cooling effect can last for months to years depending on the characteristics of the eruption. Volcanoes have also caused global warming over millions of years during times in Earth’s history when extreme amounts of volcanism occurred, releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Even though volcanoes are in specific places on Earth, their effects can be more widely distributed as gases, dust, and ash get into the atmosphere. Because of atmospheric circulation patterns, eruptions in the tropics can have an effect on the climate in both hemispheres while eruptions at mid or high latitudes only have impact the hemisphere they are within.

Below is an overview of materials that make their way from volcanic eruptions into the atmosphere: particles of dust and ash, sulfur dioxide, and greenhouse gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide.

Particles of Dust and Ash 

Volcanic ash or dust released into the atmosphere during an eruption shade sunlight and cause temporary cooling. Larger particles of ash have little effect because they fall out of the air quickly. Small ash particles form a dark cloud in the troposphere that shades and cools the area directly below. Most of these particles fall out of the atmosphere within rain a few hours or days after an eruption. But the smallest particles of dust get into the stratosphere and are able to travel vast distances, often worldwide. These tiny particles are so light that they can stay in the stratosphere for months, blocking sunlight and causing cooling over large areas of the Earth.

Sulfur from Volcanoes

Often, erupting volcanoes emit  sulfur dioxide  into the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide is much more effective than ash particles at cooling the climate. The sulfur dioxide moves into the stratosphere and combines with water to form sulfuric acid aerosols. The sulfuric acid makes a haze of tiny droplets in the stratosphere that reflects incoming solar radiation, causing cooling of the Earth’s surface. The aerosols can stay in the stratosphere for up to three years, moved around by winds and causing significant cooling worldwide. Eventually, the droplets grow large enough to fall to Earth.

Greenhouse Gases Emitted by Volcanoes

Volcanoes also release large amounts of greenhouse gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide. The amounts put into the atmosphere from a large eruption doesn’t change the global amounts of these gases very much. However, there have been times during Earth history when intense volcanism has significantly increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and caused global warming.

Q.5       Write notes on the following:                       

            1.          Elements of Environment

Environment is constituted by the interacting systems of physical, biological and cultural elements inter-related in various ways, individually as well as collectively. These elements may be explained as under:

1. Physical elements: Physical elements are as space, landforms, water bodies, climate soils, rocks and minerals. They determine the variable character of the human habitat, its opportunities as well as limitations.

2. Biological elements: Biological elements such as plants, animals, microorganisms and human beings constitute the biosphere.

3. Cultural elements: Cultural elements such as economic, social and political elements are essentially manmade features, which make cultural milieu.

            2.          Significance of food chain and food web

Food chains are important because they show the intricate relationships in ecosystems. They can reveal how each organism depends on someone else for survival. Food chains also display what happens when a problem occurs and a producer or consumer is lost. Entire communities can collapse. Food chains can help scientists learn more about ecosystems and how to help them stay balanced.

Food chains are important because they reveal the complex connections that exist throughout ecosystems. Each creature in a food chain is regarded to occupy a distinct niche in an ecosystem. Food chains show how one organism relies on the survival of others.

• The environment is balanced by the food chain.
• Food webs show plants are the foundation.
• The flow of energy and nutrients is explained by food webs.
• The trophic level of organisms is determined by the food chain.

The food web and food chain processes are interesting to study. We frequently just sit down and eat without thinking about where our food comes from or the journey it takes to get to our tables. We hope the information provided was helpful. 

            3.          Soil profile

A soil profile is a vertical section of soil like the diagram above.  It allows you to examine the structure of soil.   A soil profile is divided into layers called horizons.  The main soil horizons are A, B, C and D.

Most important for plant growth, the A and B horizons are the top two layers of the soil.  The A horizon is where there is most soil life and is sometimes called topsoil.  Depending on the soil, the A horizon can be further divided into A1, A2 or Ao (organic).  The B horizon is where clays and materials washed down from the A horizon accumulate.  This is sometimes called subsoil.

The C Horizon consists of weathering rock.

The D horizon is bedrock.  This is rock which has weathered to produce the soil you see above it (unless the soil has been deposited from elsewhere eg floodplains contain soil that has been carried downstream in water and then deposited as the flood recedes).

            4.          Ecology energies

There are several different factors that control the primary productivity of energy and biomass flow. Energy flow is the amount of energy that moves through a food chain. The energy input, or energy that enters the ecosystem, is measured in Joules or calories. Accordingly, the energy flow is also called calorific flow. In the study of energy flow, ecologists try to quantify the importance of different species and feeding relationships.

The largest source of energy for an ecosystem is the sun. Energy that is not used in an ecosystem is eventually lost as heat. Energy and nutrients are passed around through the food chain, when one organism eats another organism. Any energy remaining in a dead organism is consumed by decomposers. Nutrients can be cycled through an ecosystem but energy is simply lost over time.

An example of energy flow in an ecosystem would begin with the autotrophs that take energy from the sun. Herbivores then feed on the autotrophs and change the energy from the plant into energy that they can use. Carnivores subsequently feed on the herbivores and, finally, other carnivores prey on the carnivores.

In each case, energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next trophic level and each time some energy is lost as heat into the environment. This is due to the fact that each organism must use some energy that they received from other organisms in order to survive. The top consumer of a food chain will be the organism that receives the least amount of energy.

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Aiou code 1421 introduction to environment assignments spring and autumn.

AIOU Code 1421 Introduction To Environment Assignments Spring And Autumn Within the tutorial tapestry of Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU), Code 1421 – Introduction to Environment emerges as a beacon of environmental consciousness. As University students embark on the journey of understanding the fragile steadiness between human actions and the pure world, the assignments of Code 1421, supplied in each spring and autumn semester, play a pivotal function in shaping their ecological views.

Code 1421 Introduction To Environment:

Code 1421 shouldn’t be merely a course; it is a name to motion. This module serves as a gateway for University students to discover the intricate relationships between people and their surroundings. From the fundamentals of ecosystems to the complexities of environmental challenges, Code 1421 supplies a complete overview, inviting University students to ponder their function as stewards of the planet.

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Because the flowers bloom and the world awakens from winter slumber, spring assignments in Code 1421 typically deal with foundational environmental ideas. University students could discover themselves unraveling the intricacies of biodiversity, understanding the impression of local weather change, and exploring sustainable practices. These assignments function as a springboard for delving into the interconnected net of environmental science.

Autumn Assignments:

Come autumn, Code 1421 assignments delve into extra nuanced elements of environmental research. University students could grapple with subjects equivalent to environmental insurance policies, conservation methods, and the worldwide footprint of human actions. The autumn part challenges University students to assume critically concerning the environmental implications of societal decisions and fosters a way of duty for sustainable dwelling.

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The Allama Iqbal Open University was established in May, 1974, with the main objectives of providing educational opportunities to masses and to those who cannot leave their homes and jobs. During all these past years, the University has more than fulfilled this promise.

برائے مہربانی امتحانی مشقیں حل کرنے سے پہلے درج ذیل ہدایات کو غور سے پڑھیے ۔ہدایات برائے طلبامیٹرک، ایف اے اور بی اے پروگرامز

۔1۔ تمام سوالات لازمی ہیں اور تمام سوالات کے نمبر مساوی ہیں البتہ ہر سوال کی نوعیت کے مطابق نمبر تقسیم ہوں گے۔ ۔2۔ سوالات کو توجہ سے پڑھیے اور سوال کے تقاضے کے مطابق جواب تحریر کیجیے۔ ۔3- مقررہ تاریخ کے بعد/تاخیر کی صورت میں امتحانی مشقیں اپنے متعلقہ ٹیوٹر کو نہ بھیجنے کی صورت میں تمام تر ذمہ داری طالب علم پر ہو گی۔ ۔4۔ آپ کے تجزیاتی اور نظریاتی طرزِ تحریر کی قدر افزائی کی جائے گی۔ ۔5۔ غیر متعلقہ بحث / معلومات اور کتب، سٹڈی گائیڈ یا دیگر مطالعاتی مواد سے ہو بہو نقل کرنے سے اجتناب کیجیے۔

Please read the following instructions for writing your assignments.

(SSC, HSSC & BA Programmes)

1. All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a question the marks are distributed according to its requirements. 2. Read the question carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the question. 3. Late submission of assignments will not be accepted. 4. Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated. 5. Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide or allied material۔

Rollno Slips / End Term Assesment (Q P) for Semester Autumn 2019

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Complete AIOU Solved Assignment Autumn 2022 – 2023

Table of Contents

Looking for the AIOU Solved Assignment for the Autumn 2022/2023 pdf download academic session? You’ve come to the right place! On this website, you can download the solved assignments for all levels offered by Allama Iqbal Open University – Matric, FA, B.A, B.Ed, MA, MSc, and M.Ed. All assignments are available in pdf format and can be downloaded for free.

Specifically, if you’re enrolled in the Bachelor class (General Group / Mass Communication) / B.Com / BLIS program, you can find the solved assignments for Autumn 2023 right here on this page. Just follow the link to access and download your assignments, all for free.

AIOU Solved Assignment Autumn 2022 – 2023

At AIOU Solved Assignment Autumn 2023, we strive to provide the most up-to-date and accurate solved assignments for students enrolled in Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. Whether you’re in the Bachelor, Class (General Group / Mass Communication) / B.Com / BLIS, or Masters program, we’ve got you covered. So what are you waiting for? Download your solved assignments now

Matric (General Group, Dar-e-Nizami)

Intermediate (f.a/i.com), ba general / bcom (renamed associate degree), bs urdu 4 year (odl), bs islamic studies 4 years (odl), bs english 4 years (odl), bs mass communication 4 years (odl), bs pakistan studies 4 years (odl), b. ed (1.5 year), (2.5 year), (4 year) + ade, aiou solved assignment 2023 pdf download.

Hey there! I have some good news for all the students who are enrolled at Allama Iqbal Open University. If you’re struggling to find time to write your assignments, don’t worry! I have prepared a wide range of AIOU Solved Assignment that you can easily download for free from our website. You’ll find different subject codes available to choose from.

However, if you prefer to write the AIOU Solved Assignment on your own, that’s perfectly fine too. Just make sure to follow the syllabus provided with the AIOU books. Usually, when you take AIOU admission, the delivery books are sent to your postal address within a few months. After you receive the books, you can start writing the assignments and send them either through the post or online to the AIOU tutor’s address.

Additionally, AIOU also publishes the admission fee schedule for all the students, which can be checked on their official website. I hope that all the students, whether they are new or continuing, are provided with the best facilities to succeed in their studies.

It’s worth mentioning that Allama Iqbal Lahore is the only university that accepts online AIOU Solved Assignment through the Aaghi Portal. So, for all the programs in 2023, you can find AIOU Solved Assignment online.

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AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 Spring & Autumn 2023 PDF

Here, We have provided AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 for both Spring and Autumn semesters. According to AIOU policy, The assignment marks are 50% of your total exam marks. So Without submission of your assignments of code 1423 for BA , you will be considered a Fail.

It’s important to submit your all assignments of code 1423 on time to avoid any problems using AIOU Aagahi Portal. For this purpose, we have provided AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 for BA in PDF Format.

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 Spring & Autumn (PDF Download)

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Geographic coordinates of Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia

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Coordinates of Elektrostal in decimal degrees

Coordinates of elektrostal in degrees and decimal minutes, utm coordinates of elektrostal, geographic coordinate systems.

WGS 84 coordinate reference system is the latest revision of the World Geodetic System, which is used in mapping and navigation, including GPS satellite navigation system (the Global Positioning System).

Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) define a position on the Earth’s surface. Coordinates are angular units. The canonical form of latitude and longitude representation uses degrees (°), minutes (′), and seconds (″). GPS systems widely use coordinates in degrees and decimal minutes, or in decimal degrees.

Latitude varies from −90° to 90°. The latitude of the Equator is 0°; the latitude of the South Pole is −90°; the latitude of the North Pole is 90°. Positive latitude values correspond to the geographic locations north of the Equator (abbrev. N). Negative latitude values correspond to the geographic locations south of the Equator (abbrev. S).

Longitude is counted from the prime meridian ( IERS Reference Meridian for WGS 84) and varies from −180° to 180°. Positive longitude values correspond to the geographic locations east of the prime meridian (abbrev. E). Negative longitude values correspond to the geographic locations west of the prime meridian (abbrev. W).

UTM or Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system divides the Earth’s surface into 60 longitudinal zones. The coordinates of a location within each zone are defined as a planar coordinate pair related to the intersection of the equator and the zone’s central meridian, and measured in meters.

Elevation above sea level is a measure of a geographic location’s height. We are using the global digital elevation model GTOPO30 .

Elektrostal , Moscow Oblast, Russia

For the first time Rosatom Fuel Division supplied fresh nuclear fuel to the world’s only floating nuclear cogeneration plant in the Arctic

The fuel was supplied to the northernmost town of Russia along the Northern Sea Route.

The first in the history of the power plant refueling, that is, the replacement of spent nuclear fuel with fresh one, is planned to begin before 2024. The manufacturer of nuclear fuel for all Russian nuclear icebreakers, as well as the Akademik Lomonosov FNPP, is Machinery Manufacturing Plant, Joint-Stock Company (MSZ JSC), a company of Rosatom Fuel Company TVEL that is based in Elektrostal, Moscow Region.

The FNPP includes two KLT-40S reactors of the icebreaking type. Unlike convenient ground-based large reactors (that require partial replacement of fuel rods once every 12-18 months), in the case of these reactors, the refueling takes place once every few years and includes unloading of the entire reactor core and loading of fresh fuel into the reactor.

The cores of KLT-40 reactors of the Akademik Lomonosov floating power unit have a number of advantages compared to the reference ones: a cassette core was used for the first time in the history of the unit, which made it possible to increase the fuel energy resource to 3-3.5 years between refuelings, and also reduce the fuel component of the electricity cost by one and a half times. The FNPP operating experience formed the basis for the designs of reactors for nuclear icebreakers of the newest series 22220. Three such icebreakers have been launched by now.

For the first time the power units of the Akademik Lomonosov floating nuclear power plant were connected to the grid in December 2019, and put into commercial operation in May 2020. The supply of nuclear fuel from Elektrostal to Pevek and its loading into the second reactor is planned for 2024. The total power of the Akademik Lomonosov FNPP, supplied to the coastal grid of Pevek without thermal energy consumption on shore, is about 76 MW, being about 44 MW in the maximum thermal power supply mode. The FNPP generated 194 million kWh according to the results of 2023. The population of Pevek is just a little more than 4 thousand, while the FNPP has a potential for supplying electricity to a city with a population of up to 100 thousand people. After the FNPP commissioning two goals were achieved. These include first of all the replacement of the retiring capacities of the Bilibino NPP, which has been operating since 1974, as well as the Chaunskaya TPP, which has already been operating for more than 70 years. Secondly, energy is supplied to the main mining companies in western Chukotka in the Chaun-Bilibino energy hub a large ore and metal cluster, including gold mining companies and projects related to the development of the Baimsk ore zone. In September 2023, a 110 kilovolt power transmission line with a length of 490 kilometers was put into operation, connecting the towns of Pevek and Bilibino. The line increased the reliability of energy supply from the FNPP to both Bilibino consumers and mining companies, the largest of which is the Baimsky GOK. The comprehensive development of the Russian Arctic is a national strategic priority. To increase the NSR traffic is of paramount importance for accomplishment of the tasks set in the field of cargo shipping. This logistics corridor is being developed due regular freight voyages, construction of new nuclear-powered icebreakers and modernization of the relevant infrastructure. Rosatom companies are actively involved in this work. Rosatom Fuel Company TVEL (Rosatom Fuel Division) includes companies fabricating nuclear fuel, converting and enriching uranium, manufacturing gas centrifuges, conducting researches and producing designs. As the only nuclear fuel supplier to Russian NPPs, TVEL supplies fuel for a total of 75 power reactors in 15 countries, for research reactors in nine countries, as well as for propulsion reactors of the Russian nuclear fleet. Every sixth power reactor in the world runs on TVEL fuel. Rosatom Fuel Division is the world’s largest producer of enriched uranium and the leader on the global stable isotope market. The Fuel Division is actively developing new businesses in chemistry, metallurgy, energy storage technologies, 3D printing, digital products, and decommissioning of nuclear facilities. TVEL also includes Rosatom integrators for additive technologies and electricity storage systems. Rosenergoatom, Joint-Stock Company is part of Rosatom Electric Power Division and one of the largest companies in the industry acting as an operator of nuclear power plants. It includes, as its branches, 11 operating NPPs, including the FNPP, the Scientific and Technical Center for Emergency Operations at NPPs, Design and Engineering as well as Technological companies. In total, 37 power units with a total installed capacity of over 29.5 GW are in operation at 11 nuclear power plants in Russia. Machinery Manufacturing Plant, Joint-Stock Company (MSZ JSC, Elektrostal) is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of fuel for nuclear power plants. The company produces fuel assemblies for VVER-440, VVER-1000, RBMK-1000, BN-600,800, VK-50, EGP-6; powders and fuel pellets intended for supply to foreign customers. It also produces nuclear fuel for research reactors. The plant belongs to the TVEL Fuel Company of Rosatom.

Rosatom obtained a license for the first land-based SMR in Russia

On April 21, Rosenergoatom obtained a license issued by Rostekhnadzor to construct the Yakutsk land-based SMR in the Ust-Yansky District of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

ROSATOM and FEDC agree to cooperate in the construction of Russia's first onshore SNPP

ROSATOM and FEDC have signed a cooperation agreement to build Russia's first onshore SNPP in Yakutia.

Rosatom develops nuclear fuel for modernized floating power units

Rosatom has completed the development of nuclear fuel for the RITM-200S small modular reactor designed for the upgraded floating power units.

Jewish Calendar 2022 Elektrostal’, Moscow Oblast, Russia

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Victor Mukhin

• Scientific Program

Title : Active carbons as nanoporous materials for solving of environmental problems

However, up to now, the main carriers of catalytic additives have been mineral sorbents: silica gels, alumogels. This is obviously due to the fact that they consist of pure homogeneous components SiO2 and Al2O3, respectively. It is generally known that impurities, especially the ash elements, are catalytic poisons that reduce the effectiveness of the catalyst. Therefore, carbon sorbents with 5-15% by weight of ash elements in their composition are not used in the above mentioned technologies. However, in such an important field as a gas-mask technique, carbon sorbents (active carbons) are carriers of catalytic additives, providing effective protection of a person against any types of potent poisonous substances (PPS). In ESPE “JSC "Neorganika" there has been developed the technology of unique ashless spherical carbon carrier-catalysts by the method of liquid forming of furfural copolymers with subsequent gas-vapor activation, brand PAC. Active carbons PAC have 100% qualitative characteristics of the three main properties of carbon sorbents: strength - 100%, the proportion of sorbing pores in the pore space – 100%, purity - 100% (ash content is close to zero). A particularly outstanding feature of active PAC carbons is their uniquely high mechanical compressive strength of 740 ± 40 MPa, which is 3-7 times larger than that of  such materials as granite, quartzite, electric coal, and is comparable to the value for cast iron - 400-1000 MPa. This allows the PAC to operate under severe conditions in moving and fluidized beds.  Obviously, it is time to actively develop catalysts based on PAC sorbents for oil refining, petrochemicals, gas processing and various technologies of organic synthesis.

Victor M. Mukhin was born in 1946 in the town of Orsk, Russia. In 1970 he graduated the Technological Institute in Leningrad. Victor M. Mukhin was directed to work to the scientific-industrial organization "Neorganika" (Elektrostal, Moscow region) where he is working during 47 years, at present as the head of the laboratory of carbon sorbents.     Victor M. Mukhin defended a Ph. D. thesis and a doctoral thesis at the Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (in 1979 and 1997 accordingly). Professor of Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. Scientific interests: production, investigation and application of active carbons, technological and ecological carbon-adsorptive processes, environmental protection, production of ecologically clean food.   

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