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Abstract Beispiel für eine Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit

Veröffentlicht am 6. April 2017 von Lea Genau . Aktualisiert am 17. Januar 2022.

Der Abstract ist eine kurze und aussagekräftige Darstellung deiner Forschung.

Der Abstract fasst für die Lesenden deine Bachelorarbeit bzw. Masterarbeit so zusammen, dass sie einen klaren Überblick darüber erhalten, was du untersucht und was du herausgefunden hast.

• Einen Abstract kannst du im Präsens oder im Perfekt schreiben.
• Verwende keine komplizierten Begriffe – auch Fachfremde sollten den kurzen Text verstehen können.
• Der Abstract sollte dabei nicht länger als eine A4-Seite sein.

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Erfahre mehr über den Inhalt und die Besonderheiten des Abstracts deiner Abschlussarbeit.

Abstract Bachelorarbeit | Abstract Masterarbeit

Unternehmen verfolgen zunehmend das Ziel, Marketingkampagnen zur Vermarktung ihrer Produkte einzusetzen. Um online einen wachsenden Umsatz zu generieren, greifen sie insbesondere auf Social-Media-Kanäle zurück. Daher ist es notwendig zu verstehen, wie solche Marketingkampagnen konzipiert sind und wie sie funktionieren.

Das Ziel in der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es zu beantworten, durch welche Kriterien eine Marketingkampagne in Social Media erfolgreich verläuft. Dazu wird die folgende Forschungsfrage gestellt: Wie kann eine erfolgreiche Marketingkampagne für Onlinefotodruckunternehmen auf Social Media geplant werden?[/scribbr-annotation]

Um die Forschungsfrage zu beantworten, wurde eine quantitative Studie zu aktuellen Druckgeschäftsanzeigen und deren Wirkung durchgeführt. Spezifisch wurde in der Studie auf Anzeigen aus den Social-Media-Kanälen Twitter, Facebook und Instagram Bezug genommen. Es wurde untersucht, welche Kriterien bei einer Anzeige erfüllt sein müssen, damit diese bei den Nutzern erfolgreich ist. In der quantitativen Studie waren den Teilnehmenden geschlossene Fragen auf einer Skala von 1 bis 10 gestellt worden, die im Anschluss ausgewertet wurden. Dabei wurden drei Altersklassen berücksichtigt: 15–29-Jährige, 30–45-Jährige und alle Teilnehmenden ab 45 Jahren wurden in je eine Gruppe unterteilt.

Die Antworten auf die Fragebogen zeigen, dass die Altersgruppe von 30–45 Jahren und jene darüber im Durchschnitt am häufigsten auf die Anzeigen von Onlinefotodruckunternehmen reagieren. Diese Anzeigen sind in erster Linie auf Twitter und Facebook erfolgreich, weil diese Plattformen von Personen in dieser Altersklasse am häufigsten genutzt werden. Jüngere Menschen hingegen, die vorwiegend Instagram verwenden, reagieren seltener auf die Anzeigen von Online-Fotodruckunternehmen. Eine Social-Media-Kampagne bietet sich für Online-Fotodruckunternehmen also insbesondere auf Twitter und Facebook mit der Fokussierung auf die Altersgruppe ab 30 Jahren an.

Weiterführende Forschung im Bereich des Marketings für den Onlinefotodruck könnte auf Anzeigenwerbung von Suchmaschinen ausgerichtet sein.

Das gehört in den Abstract

Dein Abstract sollte die folgenden Elemente enthalten:

• die Relevanz deines Themas
• deine Forschungsfrage
• ggf. von dir aufgestellte Hypothesen
• die Methodik
• deine zentralen Forschungsergebnisse
• Formulierungen im Präsens oder Perfekt
• keine Zitate
• keine Abkürzungen
• keine subjektive Meinungsäußerungen

Häufig gestellte Fragen

Der Abstract ist ein Text, in dem deine Abschlussarbeit kurz zusammengefasst wird. Er sollte maximal eine Seite lang sein.

Du gehst im Abstract nicht nur auf das Thema deiner Arbeit ein, sondern auch auf die Forschungsfrage, deine Methode und die zentralen Ergebnisse. So bekommen Lesende einen Eindruck davon, was sie in deiner Arbeit erwartet.

Beim Schreiben deines Abstracts solltest du darauf achten, eine kompakte Zusammenfassung deiner Bachelorarbeit zu liefern. Dies gelingt am besten, wenn du den Abstract ganz am Schluss verfasst.

In deinem Abstract solltest du folgende Fragen beantworten:

• Worum geht es?
• Wie wurde vorgegangen?
• Was sind die wichtigsten Ergebnisse?
• Was bedeuten deine Ergebnisse?

Der Abstract sollte maximal eine Seite bzw. 150–250 Wörter lang sein.

Der Abstract steht in einer Bachelorarbeit meist zwischen dem Deckblatt und dem Inhaltsverzeichnis. Wenn deine Arbeit ein Vorwort enthält, steht es nach dem Abstract.

Je nach Vorgabe der jeweiligen Hochschule kann der Abstract aber auch manchmal hinter dem Inhaltsverzeichnis platziert werden.

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Genau, L. (2022, 17. Januar). Abstract Beispiel für eine Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit. Scribbr. Abgerufen am 22. April 2024, von https://www.scribbr.de/aufbau-und-gliederung/abstract-beispiel/

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Abstract schreiben

Du fragst dich, was ein Abstract ist und wie du ein gutes Abstract schreibst? Alles zum Thema Abstract Bachelorarbeit und Abstract Masterarbeit erfährst du in diesem Beitrag und in unserem Video .

Abstract schreiben – einfach erklärt

Abstract schreiben – beispiel, abstract schreiben – englische zusammenfassung, abstract schreiben – dos und don’ts, unterschied: abstract, einleitung und fazit, abstract schreiben – häufigste fragen, exposé schreiben.

In einem Abstract fasst du kurz und knapp zusammen, was in deiner Bachelorarbeit, Masterarbeit oder Dissertation wichtig ist. Dieser Überblickstext zeigt deiner Leserschaft schnell, ob dein Thema für sie interessant ist und ob sie deine ganze Arbeit lesen möchten.   Das Abstract befindet sich vor dem Inhaltsverzeichnis , deshalb ist es auch kein eigener Gliederungspunkt.

Ein gelungenes Abstract beinhaltet folgende Punkte:

• die Fragestellung und generelle Zielsetzung deiner Abschlussarbeit
• Hypothesen und verwendete Methoden
• erzielte  Ergebnisse  

Das Abstract sollte nicht zu ausführlich oder ausschmückend werden, sondern die Inhalte kurz und prägnant darstellen. Der Umfang umfasst ungefähr eine halbe Seite bzw. 150 bis 300 Worte.

Im Abstract sieht deine Leserschaft deine gesamte Abschlussarbeit auf einen Blick. Du zeigst, welches Thema du erforscht hast. Zusätzlich präsentierst du, zu welchen Ergebnissen du gekommen bist.

Folgende Inhalte solltest du beim Abstract schreiben einbringen:

Wie du siehst, übernimmst du hier größtenteils den Aufbau deiner Abschlussarbeit. Fasse dich im Abstract aber wesentlich kürzer . Stelle jeden dieser Punkte in wenigen Sätzen dar. Trotzdem verwendest du Zitate und Paraphrasen , um deine Aussagen zu bekräftigen.

Erkundige dich vor dem Abstract Schreiben für deine Bachelor- oder Masterarbeit über bestimmte Vorgaben deiner Uni!

Abstract schreiben – Position

Üblicherweise stellst du das Abstract an den Anfang deiner Abschlussarbeit. Schließlich ist es ein Überblick für deine Leserschaft. So sieht sie auf einen Blick, ob es sich für sie lohnt, deine gesamte Arbeit zu lesen. Verwechsle das Abstract nicht mit der Einleitung. Diese ist eher dafür da, das Interesse der Leserschaft zu wecken.

Tipp: Auch du kannst dir diese Funktion des Abstracts zu Nutze machen. In deiner Recherche z. B. für deine Bachelorarbeit können dir Abstracts helfen, schnell festzustellen, ob eine Quelle für dein Thema brauchbar ist. So kannst du viel Zeit sparen!

Verfasse das Abstract erst, wenn du deine Abschlussarbeit fertig geschrieben hast. Schließlich kannst du deine Inhalte nur dann zusammenfassen, wenn deine Arbeit komplett ist.

Abstract schreiben – Umfang

Abstracts sind Kurzzusammenfassungen . Inhalte deiner Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit reduzierst du beim Abstract schreiben also auf eine geringere Wortanzahl. Üblicherweise hast du dafür etwa 150 bis 300 Worte . Das entspricht ungefähr einer halben Seite. 

Hast du zu viel geschrieben, gibt es verschiedene Wege, effektiv zu kürzen . Beachte dabei folgende Dinge: 

• Verwende keine Schachtelsätze.
• Wiederhole dich nicht zu oft.
• Benutze nicht zu viele Passivsätze.

Tipp: Lese dein Abstract nicht nur selbst Korrektur, sondern frage auch deine Kommilitonen nach Feedback . Da sie deine Arbeit nicht so gut kennen wie du, werden ihnen unverständliche Sätze schneller auffallen.

Hier findest du ein Abstract Beispiel einer Bachelor- oder Masterarbeit aus dem Studienfach Anglistik.

Ruf dir für einen besseren Überblick noch einmal die Leitfragen ins Gedächtnis:

• Worum geht es in deiner Abschlussarbeit?
• Wie sieht deine Vorgehensweise aus?
• Was konntest du herausfinden?
• Was bedeuten deine Ergebnisse?

Die vorliegende Abschlussarbeit beschäftigt sich mit Geschlechterrollen in Shakespeares Theaterstücken. Dazu wurde die Forschungsfrage untersucht, ob Frauen und Männer in der  stereotypischen Klischees dargestellt werden. Die Arbeit reiht sich damit in die Forschungstradition der feministischen Literaturanalyse ein.

Um die Forschungsfrage zu beantworten, wurden die Hauptfiguren aus den Werken „A Midsummer Night’s Dream“ und „Macbeth“ miteinander verglichen. Besonderer Fokus wurde auf die Charakterisierung der weiblichen und männlichen Hauptrollen gelegt sowie auf deren Interaktionen. Als theoretischer Hintergrund wurden Geschlechtermodelle aus dem Elisabethanischen Zeitalter und modernere Gender-Theorien herangezogen.

Die Analyse zeigt, dass Shakespeare an vielen Stellen gängige Klischees umdreht und sie somit hinterfragt. So sind in „Macbeth“ periodentypisch männliche Attribute wie Ehrgeiz und Grausamkeit Lady Macbeth zugeschrieben. Dagegen verkörpert Macbeth selbst das Konzept der weiblichen Leichtgläubigkeit. In „A Midsummer Night’s Dream“ werden die Geschlechter-Hierarchien der Liebenden und der Feen im direkten Vergleich gegenübergestellt. Die Feen, welche sich nicht an patriarchischen Strukturen orientieren, werden als glücklichere Lebensform dargestellt.

Anhand der vorliegenden Ergebnisse können neue Erkenntnisse zu Shakespeares Verhältnis zur Gender-Thematik gewonnen werden. So spiegeln diese Charaktere Shakespeares eine scheinbar progressive Sichtweise auf das Konzept von Gender wider.

An vielen Unis ist es üblich, ein zusätzliches Abstract auf Englisch zu verfassen. Das ist vor allem der Fall, wenn deine Arbeit veröffentlicht wird. So verstehen auch internationale Leser und Leserinnen, worum es in deiner Arbeit geht.

Achte bei der Übersetzung deines Abstracts unbedingt auf Fachtermini sowie auf eine richtige Grammatik und Rechtschreibung.

Wichtig: Verfasst du deine Abschlussarbeit auf Englisch, verlangen viele Unis eine Kurzzusammenfassung auf Deutsch.

Schau dir die wichtigsten Dos und Don’ts für ein gelungenes Abstract einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit an:

Abstracts enthalten Elemente, die du durchaus auch in der Einleitung  oder im Fazit deiner Abschlussarbeit geschrieben hast. Tatsächlich bieten beide Kapitel die Basis für dein Abstract. Natürlich darfst du sie aber nicht einfach kopieren, denn sie unterscheiden sich inhaltlich voneinander.

Die wichtigsten Unterschiede siehst du hier auf einen Blick:

• Was ist ein Abstract? Ein Abstract ist eine 150-300 Wörter lange Inhaltsangabe deiner Abschlussarbeit.
• Warum schreibe ich ein Abstract? Ein Abstract bietet Lesern einen schnellen Überblick deiner Arbeit. Es enthält alle Informationen, um entscheiden zu können, ob sie die ganze Arbeit lesen wollen.
• Wie schreibt man ein Abstract? Schreibe in dein Abstract, was das Thema deiner Abschlussarbeit ist, wie du vorgegangen bist, was du herausgefunden hast und warum diese Ergebnisse wichtig sind.
• Wo steht das Abstract in der Abschlussarbeit? Stelle dein Abstract an den Anfang deiner Arbeit, direkt nach dem Deckblatt.

Wie du für deine Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit ein Abstract schreiben kannst, weißt du jetzt. Noch bevor du deine Abschlussarbeit beginnst, musst du deine Ideen und Vorstellungen in einem sogenannten Exposé zusammenfassen. Alles, was in dieses wissenschaftliche Dokument gehört, erfährst du hier !

Beliebte Inhalte aus dem Bereich Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten

• Exzerpt Dauer: 04:46
• Danksagung Bachelorarbeit Dauer: 02:32
• Bachelorarbeit Seitenzahl Dauer: 05:17

Weitere Inhalte: Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten

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• Dissertation
• How to Write an Abstract | Steps & Examples

How to Write an Abstract | Steps & Examples

Published on 1 March 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on 10 October 2022 by Eoghan Ryan.

An abstract is a short summary of a longer work (such as a dissertation or research paper ). The abstract concisely reports the aims and outcomes of your research, so that readers know exactly what your paper is about.

Although the structure may vary slightly depending on your discipline, your abstract should describe the purpose of your work, the methods you’ve used, and the conclusions you’ve drawn.

One common way to structure your abstract is to use the IMRaD structure. This stands for:

• Introduction

Abstracts are usually around 100–300 words, but there’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check the relevant requirements.

In a dissertation or thesis , include the abstract on a separate page, after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .

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Table of contents

Abstract example, when to write an abstract, step 1: introduction, step 2: methods, step 3: results, step 4: discussion, tips for writing an abstract, frequently asked questions about abstracts.

Hover over the different parts of the abstract to see how it is constructed.

This paper examines the role of silent movies as a mode of shared experience in the UK during the early twentieth century. At this time, high immigration rates resulted in a significant percentage of non-English-speaking citizens. These immigrants faced numerous economic and social obstacles, including exclusion from public entertainment and modes of discourse (newspapers, theater, radio).

Incorporating evidence from reviews, personal correspondence, and diaries, this study demonstrates that silent films were an affordable and inclusive source of entertainment. It argues for the accessible economic and representational nature of early cinema. These concerns are particularly evident in the low price of admission and in the democratic nature of the actors’ exaggerated gestures, which allowed the plots and action to be easily grasped by a diverse audience despite language barriers.

Keywords: silent movies, immigration, public discourse, entertainment, early cinema, language barriers.

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You will almost always have to include an abstract when:

• Completing a thesis or dissertation
• Submitting a research paper to an academic journal
• Writing a book proposal
• Applying for research grants

It’s easiest to write your abstract last, because it’s a summary of the work you’ve already done. Your abstract should:

• Be a self-contained text, not an excerpt from your paper
• Be fully understandable on its own
• Reflect the structure of your larger work

Start by clearly defining the purpose of your research. What practical or theoretical problem does the research respond to, or what research question did you aim to answer?

You can include some brief context on the social or academic relevance of your topic, but don’t go into detailed background information. If your abstract uses specialised terms that would be unfamiliar to the average academic reader or that have various different meanings, give a concise definition.

After identifying the problem, state the objective of your research. Use verbs like “investigate,” “test,” “analyse,” or “evaluate” to describe exactly what you set out to do.

This part of the abstract can be written in the present or past simple tense  but should never refer to the future, as the research is already complete.

• This study will investigate the relationship between coffee consumption and productivity.
• This study investigates the relationship between coffee consumption and productivity.

Next, indicate the research methods that you used to answer your question. This part should be a straightforward description of what you did in one or two sentences. It is usually written in the past simple tense, as it refers to completed actions.

• Structured interviews will be conducted with 25 participants.
• Structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants.

Don’t evaluate validity or obstacles here — the goal is not to give an account of the methodology’s strengths and weaknesses, but to give the reader a quick insight into the overall approach and procedures you used.

Next, summarise the main research results . This part of the abstract can be in the present or past simple tense.

• Our analysis has shown a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.
• Our analysis shows a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.
• Our analysis showed a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.

Depending on how long and complex your research is, you may not be able to include all results here. Try to highlight only the most important findings that will allow the reader to understand your conclusions.

Finally, you should discuss the main conclusions of your research : what is your answer to the problem or question? The reader should finish with a clear understanding of the central point that your research has proved or argued. Conclusions are usually written in the present simple tense.

• We concluded that coffee consumption increases productivity.
• We conclude that coffee consumption increases productivity.

If there are important limitations to your research (for example, related to your sample size or methods), you should mention them briefly in the abstract. This allows the reader to accurately assess the credibility and generalisability of your research.

If your aim was to solve a practical problem, your discussion might include recommendations for implementation. If relevant, you can briefly make suggestions for further research.

If your paper will be published, you might have to add a list of keywords at the end of the abstract. These keywords should reference the most important elements of the research to help potential readers find your paper during their own literature searches.

Be aware that some publication manuals, such as APA Style , have specific formatting requirements for these keywords.

It can be a real challenge to condense your whole work into just a couple of hundred words, but the abstract will be the first (and sometimes only) part that people read, so it’s important to get it right. These strategies can help you get started.

Read other abstracts

The best way to learn the conventions of writing an abstract in your discipline is to read other people’s. You probably already read lots of journal article abstracts while conducting your literature review —try using them as a framework for structure and style.

You can also find lots of dissertation abstract examples in thesis and dissertation databases .

Reverse outline

Not all abstracts will contain precisely the same elements. For longer works, you can write your abstract through a process of reverse outlining.

For each chapter or section, list keywords and draft one to two sentences that summarise the central point or argument. This will give you a framework of your abstract’s structure. Next, revise the sentences to make connections and show how the argument develops.

Write clearly and concisely

A good abstract is short but impactful, so make sure every word counts. Each sentence should clearly communicate one main point.

To keep your abstract or summary short and clear:

• Avoid passive sentences: Passive constructions are often unnecessarily long. You can easily make them shorter and clearer by using the active voice.
• Avoid long sentences: Substitute longer expressions for concise expressions or single words (e.g., “In order to” for “To”).
• Avoid obscure jargon: The abstract should be understandable to readers who are not familiar with your topic.
• Avoid repetition and filler words: Replace nouns with pronouns when possible and eliminate unnecessary words.
• Avoid detailed descriptions: An abstract is not expected to provide detailed definitions, background information, or discussions of other scholars’ work. Instead, include this information in the body of your thesis or paper.

If you’re struggling to edit down to the required length, you can get help from expert editors with Scribbr’s professional proofreading services .

Check your formatting

If you are writing a thesis or dissertation or submitting to a journal, there are often specific formatting requirements for the abstract—make sure to check the guidelines and format your work correctly. For APA research papers you can follow the APA abstract format .

Checklist: Abstract

The word count is within the required length, or a maximum of one page.

The abstract appears after the title page and acknowledgements and before the table of contents .

I have clearly stated my research problem and objectives.

I have briefly described my methodology .

I have summarized the most important results .

I have stated my main conclusions .

I have mentioned any important limitations and recommendations.

The abstract can be understood by someone without prior knowledge of the topic.

You've written a great abstract! Use the other checklists to continue improving your thesis or dissertation.

An abstract is a concise summary of an academic text (such as a journal article or dissertation ). It serves two main purposes:

• To help potential readers determine the relevance of your paper for their own research.
• To communicate your key findings to those who don’t have time to read the whole paper.

Abstracts are often indexed along with keywords on academic databases, so they make your work more easily findable. Since the abstract is the first thing any reader sees, it’s important that it clearly and accurately summarises the contents of your paper.

An abstract for a thesis or dissertation is usually around 150–300 words. There’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check your university’s requirements.

The abstract is the very last thing you write. You should only write it after your research is complete, so that you can accurately summarize the entirety of your thesis or paper.

Avoid citing sources in your abstract . There are two reasons for this:

• The abstract should focus on your original research, not on the work of others.
• The abstract should be self-contained and fully understandable without reference to other sources.

There are some circumstances where you might need to mention other sources in an abstract: for example, if your research responds directly to another study or focuses on the work of a single theorist. In general, though, don’t include citations unless absolutely necessary.

The abstract appears on its own page, after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .

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Writing an Abstract for Your Research Paper

Definition and Purpose of Abstracts

An abstract is a short summary of your (published or unpublished) research paper, usually about a paragraph (c. 6-7 sentences, 150-250 words) long. A well-written abstract serves multiple purposes:

• an abstract lets readers get the gist or essence of your paper or article quickly, in order to decide whether to read the full paper;
• an abstract prepares readers to follow the detailed information, analyses, and arguments in your full paper;
• and, later, an abstract helps readers remember key points from your paper.

It’s also worth remembering that search engines and bibliographic databases use abstracts, as well as the title, to identify key terms for indexing your published paper. So what you include in your abstract and in your title are crucial for helping other researchers find your paper or article.

If you are writing an abstract for a course paper, your professor may give you specific guidelines for what to include and how to organize your abstract. Similarly, academic journals often have specific requirements for abstracts. So in addition to following the advice on this page, you should be sure to look for and follow any guidelines from the course or journal you’re writing for.

The Contents of an Abstract

Abstracts contain most of the following kinds of information in brief form. The body of your paper will, of course, develop and explain these ideas much more fully. As you will see in the samples below, the proportion of your abstract that you devote to each kind of information—and the sequence of that information—will vary, depending on the nature and genre of the paper that you are summarizing in your abstract. And in some cases, some of this information is implied, rather than stated explicitly. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , which is widely used in the social sciences, gives specific guidelines for what to include in the abstract for different kinds of papers—for empirical studies, literature reviews or meta-analyses, theoretical papers, methodological papers, and case studies.

Here are the typical kinds of information found in most abstracts:

• the context or background information for your research; the general topic under study; the specific topic of your research
• the central questions or statement of the problem your research addresses
• what’s already known about this question, what previous research has done or shown
• the main reason(s) , the exigency, the rationale , the goals for your research—Why is it important to address these questions? Are you, for example, examining a new topic? Why is that topic worth examining? Are you filling a gap in previous research? Applying new methods to take a fresh look at existing ideas or data? Resolving a dispute within the literature in your field? . . .
• your research and/or analytical methods
• your main findings , results , or arguments
• the significance or implications of your findings or arguments.

Your abstract should be intelligible on its own, without a reader’s having to read your entire paper. And in an abstract, you usually do not cite references—most of your abstract will describe what you have studied in your research and what you have found and what you argue in your paper. In the body of your paper, you will cite the specific literature that informs your research.

When to Write Your Abstract

Although you might be tempted to write your abstract first because it will appear as the very first part of your paper, it’s a good idea to wait to write your abstract until after you’ve drafted your full paper, so that you know what you’re summarizing.

What follows are some sample abstracts in published papers or articles, all written by faculty at UW-Madison who come from a variety of disciplines. We have annotated these samples to help you see the work that these authors are doing within their abstracts.

Choosing Verb Tenses within Your Abstract

The social science sample (Sample 1) below uses the present tense to describe general facts and interpretations that have been and are currently true, including the prevailing explanation for the social phenomenon under study. That abstract also uses the present tense to describe the methods, the findings, the arguments, and the implications of the findings from their new research study. The authors use the past tense to describe previous research.

The humanities sample (Sample 2) below uses the past tense to describe completed events in the past (the texts created in the pulp fiction industry in the 1970s and 80s) and uses the present tense to describe what is happening in those texts, to explain the significance or meaning of those texts, and to describe the arguments presented in the article.

The science samples (Samples 3 and 4) below use the past tense to describe what previous research studies have done and the research the authors have conducted, the methods they have followed, and what they have found. In their rationale or justification for their research (what remains to be done), they use the present tense. They also use the present tense to introduce their study (in Sample 3, “Here we report . . .”) and to explain the significance of their study (In Sample 3, This reprogramming . . . “provides a scalable cell source for. . .”).

Sample Abstract 1

From the social sciences.

Reporting new findings about the reasons for increasing economic homogamy among spouses

Gonalons-Pons, Pilar, and Christine R. Schwartz. “Trends in Economic Homogamy: Changes in Assortative Mating or the Division of Labor in Marriage?” Demography , vol. 54, no. 3, 2017, pp. 985-1005.

Sample Abstract 2

From the humanities.

Analyzing underground pulp fiction publications in Tanzania, this article makes an argument about the cultural significance of those publications

Emily Callaci. “Street Textuality: Socialism, Masculinity, and Urban Belonging in Tanzania’s Pulp Fiction Publishing Industry, 1975-1985.” Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol. 59, no. 1, 2017, pp. 183-210.

Sample Abstract/Summary 3

From the sciences.

Reporting a new method for reprogramming adult mouse fibroblasts into induced cardiac progenitor cells

Lalit, Pratik A., Max R. Salick, Daryl O. Nelson, Jayne M. Squirrell, Christina M. Shafer, Neel G. Patel, Imaan Saeed, Eric G. Schmuck, Yogananda S. Markandeya, Rachel Wong, Martin R. Lea, Kevin W. Eliceiri, Timothy A. Hacker, Wendy C. Crone, Michael Kyba, Daniel J. Garry, Ron Stewart, James A. Thomson, Karen M. Downs, Gary E. Lyons, and Timothy J. Kamp. “Lineage Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Proliferative Induced Cardiac Progenitor Cells by Defined Factors.” Cell Stem Cell , vol. 18, 2016, pp. 354-367.

Sample Abstract 4, a Structured Abstract

Reporting results about the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis, from a rigorously controlled study

Note: This journal requires authors to organize their abstract into four specific sections, with strict word limits. Because the headings for this structured abstract are self-explanatory, we have chosen not to add annotations to this sample abstract.

Wald, Ellen R., David Nash, and Jens Eickhoff. “Effectiveness of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children.” Pediatrics , vol. 124, no. 1, 2009, pp. 9-15.

“OBJECTIVE: The role of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) in children is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-dose amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate in the treatment of children diagnosed with ABS.

METHODS : This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Children 1 to 10 years of age with a clinical presentation compatible with ABS were eligible for participation. Patients were stratified according to age (<6 or ≥6 years) and clinical severity and randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin (90 mg/kg) with potassium clavulanate (6.4 mg/kg) or placebo. A symptom survey was performed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30. Patients were examined on day 14. Children’s conditions were rated as cured, improved, or failed according to scoring rules.

RESULTS: Two thousand one hundred thirty-five children with respiratory complaints were screened for enrollment; 139 (6.5%) had ABS. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, and 56 were randomly assigned. The mean age was 6630 months. Fifty (89%) patients presented with persistent symptoms, and 6 (11%) presented with nonpersistent symptoms. In 24 (43%) children, the illness was classified as mild, whereas in the remaining 32 (57%) children it was severe. Of the 28 children who received the antibiotic, 14 (50%) were cured, 4 (14%) were improved, 4(14%) experienced treatment failure, and 6 (21%) withdrew. Of the 28children who received placebo, 4 (14%) were cured, 5 (18%) improved, and 19 (68%) experienced treatment failure. Children receiving the antibiotic were more likely to be cured (50% vs 14%) and less likely to have treatment failure (14% vs 68%) than children receiving the placebo.

CONCLUSIONS : ABS is a common complication of viral upper respiratory infections. Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate results in significantly more cures and fewer failures than placebo, according to parental report of time to resolution.” (9)

Some Excellent Advice about Writing Abstracts for Basic Science Research Papers, by Professor Adriano Aguzzi from the Institute of Neuropathology at the University of Zurich:

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How to Write an Abstract (With Examples)

Sarah Oakley

Table of Contents

What is an abstract in a paper, how long should an abstract be, 5 steps for writing an abstract, examples of an abstract, how prowritingaid can help you write an abstract.

If you are writing a scientific research paper or a book proposal, you need to know how to write an abstract, which summarizes the contents of the paper or book.

When researchers are looking for peer-reviewed papers to use in their studies, the first place they will check is the abstract to see if it applies to their work. Therefore, your abstract is one of the most important parts of your entire paper.

In this article, we’ll explain what an abstract is, what it should include, and how to write one.

An abstract is a concise summary of the details within a report. Some abstracts give more details than others, but the main things you’ll be talking about are why you conducted the research, what you did, and what the results show.

When a reader is deciding whether to read your paper completely, they will first look at the abstract. You need to be concise in your abstract and give the reader the most important information so they can determine if they want to read the whole paper.

Remember that an abstract is the last thing you’ll want to write for the research paper because it directly references parts of the report. If you haven’t written the report, you won’t know what to include in your abstract.

If you are writing a paper for a journal or an assignment, the publication or academic institution might have specific formatting rules for how long your abstract should be. However, if they don’t, most abstracts are between 150 and 300 words long.

A short word count means your writing has to be precise and without filler words or phrases. Once you’ve written a first draft, you can always use an editing tool, such as ProWritingAid, to identify areas where you can reduce words and increase readability.

If your abstract is over the word limit, and you’ve edited it but still can’t figure out how to reduce it further, your abstract might include some things that aren’t needed. Here’s a list of three elements you can remove from your abstract:

Discussion : You don’t need to go into detail about the findings of your research because your reader will find your discussion within the paper.

Definition of terms : Your readers are interested the field you are writing about, so they are likely to understand the terms you are using. If not, they can always look them up. Your readers do not expect you to give a definition of terms in your abstract.

References and citations : You can mention there have been studies that support or have inspired your research, but you do not need to give details as the reader will find them in your bibliography.

Good writing = better grades

ProWritingAid will help you improve the style, strength, and clarity of all your assignments.

If you’ve never written an abstract before, and you’re wondering how to write an abstract, we’ve got some steps for you to follow. It’s best to start with planning your abstract, so we’ve outlined the details you need to include in your plan before you write.

Remember to consider your audience when you’re planning and writing your abstract. They are likely to skim read your abstract, so you want to be sure your abstract delivers all the information they’re expecting to see at key points.

1. What Should an Abstract Include?

Abstracts have a lot of information to cover in a short number of words, so it’s important to know what to include. There are three elements that need to be present in your abstract:

Your context is the background for where your research sits within your field of study. You should briefly mention any previous scientific papers or experiments that have led to your hypothesis and how research develops in those studies.

Your hypothesis is your prediction of what your study will show. As you are writing your abstract after you have conducted your research, you should still include your hypothesis in your abstract because it shows the motivation for your paper.

Throughout your abstract, you also need to include keywords and phrases that will help researchers to find your article in the databases they’re searching. Make sure the keywords are specific to your field of study and the subject you’re reporting on, otherwise your article might not reach the relevant audience.

2. Can You Use First Person in an Abstract?

You might think that first person is too informal for a research paper, but it’s not. Historically, writers of academic reports avoided writing in first person to uphold the formality standards of the time. However, first person is more accepted in research papers in modern times.

If you’re still unsure whether to write in first person for your abstract, refer to any style guide rules imposed by the journal you’re writing for or your teachers if you are writing an assignment.

3. Abstract Structure

Some scientific journals have strict rules on how to structure an abstract, so it’s best to check those first. If you don’t have any style rules to follow, try using the IMRaD structure, which stands for Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Discussion.

Following the IMRaD structure, start with an introduction. The amount of background information you should include depends on your specific research area. Adding a broad overview gives you less room to include other details. Remember to include your hypothesis in this section.

The next part of your abstract should cover your methodology. Try to include the following details if they apply to your study:

What type of research was conducted?

How were the test subjects sampled?

What were the sample sizes?

What was done to each group?

How long was the experiment?

How was data recorded and interpreted?

Following the methodology, include a sentence or two about the results, which is where your reader will determine if your research supports or contradicts their own investigations.

The results are also where most people will want to find out what your outcomes were, even if they are just mildly interested in your research area. You should be specific about all the details but as concise as possible.

The last few sentences are your conclusion. It needs to explain how your findings affect the context and whether your hypothesis was correct. Include the primary take-home message, additional findings of importance, and perspective. Also explain whether there is scope for further research into the subject of your report.

Your conclusion should be honest and give the reader the ultimate message that your research shows. Readers trust the conclusion, so make sure you’re not fabricating the results of your research. Some readers won’t read your entire paper, but this section will tell them if it’s worth them referencing it in their own study.

4. How to Start an Abstract

The first line of your abstract should give your reader the context of your report by providing background information. You can use this sentence to imply the motivation for your research.

You don’t need to use a hook phrase or device in your first sentence to grab the reader’s attention. Your reader will look to establish relevance quickly, so readability and clarity are more important than trying to persuade the reader to read on.

5. How to Format an Abstract

Most abstracts use the same formatting rules, which help the reader identify the abstract so they know where to look for it.

Here’s a list of formatting guidelines for writing an abstract:

Stick to one paragraph

Use block formatting with no indentation at the beginning

Put your abstract straight after the title and acknowledgements pages

Use present or past tense, not future tense

There are two primary types of abstract you could write for your paper—descriptive and informative.

An informative abstract is the most common, and they follow the structure mentioned previously. They are longer than descriptive abstracts because they cover more details.

Descriptive abstracts differ from informative abstracts, as they don’t include as much discussion or detail. The word count for a descriptive abstract is between 50 and 150 words.

Here is an example of an informative abstract:

A growing trend exists for authors to employ a more informal writing style that uses “we” in academic writing to acknowledge one’s stance and engagement. However, few studies have compared the ways in which the first-person pronoun “we” is used in the abstracts and conclusions of empirical papers. To address this lacuna in the literature, this study conducted a systematic corpus analysis of the use of “we” in the abstracts and conclusions of 400 articles collected from eight leading electrical and electronic (EE) engineering journals. The abstracts and conclusions were extracted to form two subcorpora, and an integrated framework was applied to analyze and seek to explain how we-clusters and we-collocations were employed. Results revealed whether authors’ use of first-person pronouns partially depends on a journal policy. The trend of using “we” showed that a yearly increase occurred in the frequency of “we” in EE journal papers, as well as the existence of three “we-use” types in the article conclusions and abstracts: exclusive, inclusive, and ambiguous. Other possible “we-use” alternatives such as “I” and other personal pronouns were used very rarely—if at all—in either section. These findings also suggest that the present tense was used more in article abstracts, but the present perfect tense was the most preferred tense in article conclusions. Both research and pedagogical implications are proffered and critically discussed.

Wang, S., Tseng, W.-T., & Johanson, R. (2021). To We or Not to We: Corpus-Based Research on First-Person Pronoun Use in Abstracts and Conclusions. SAGE Open, 11(2).

Here is an example of a descriptive abstract:

From the 1850s to the present, considerable criminological attention has focused on the development of theoretically-significant systems for classifying crime. This article reviews and attempts to evaluate a number of these efforts, and we conclude that further work on this basic task is needed. The latter part of the article explicates a conceptual foundation for a crime pattern classification system, and offers a preliminary taxonomy of crime.

Farr, K. A., & Gibbons, D. C. (1990). Observations on the Development of Crime Categories. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 34(3), 223–237.

If you want to ensure your abstract is grammatically correct and easy to read, you can use ProWritingAid to edit it. The software integrates with Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and most web browsers, so you can make the most of it wherever you’re writing your paper.

Before you edit with ProWritingAid, make sure the suggestions you are seeing are relevant for your document by changing the document type to “Abstract” within the Academic writing style section.

You can use the Readability report to check your abstract for places to improve the clarity of your writing. Some suggestions might show you where to remove words, which is great if you’re over your word count.

We hope the five steps and examples we’ve provided help you write a great abstract for your research paper.

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The Dissertation Abstract: 101

How to write a clear & concise abstract (with examples).

By:   Madeline Fink (MSc) Reviewed By: Derek Jansen (MBA)   | June 2020

So, you’ve (finally) finished your thesis or dissertation or thesis. Now it’s time to write up your abstract (sometimes also called the executive summary). If you’re here, chances are you’re not quite sure what you need to cover in this section, or how to go about writing it. Fear not – we’ll explain it all in plain language , step by step , with clear examples .

Overview: The Dissertation/Thesis Abstract

• What exactly is a dissertation (or thesis) abstract
• What’s the purpose and function of the abstract
• Why is the abstract so important
• How to write a high-quality dissertation abstract
• Example/sample of a quality abstract
• Quick tips to write a high-quality dissertation abstract

What is an abstract?

Simply put, the abstract in a dissertation or thesis is a short (but well structured) summary that outlines the most important points of your research (i.e. the key takeaways). The abstract is usually 1 paragraph or about 300-500 words long (about one page), but but this can vary between universities.

A quick note regarding terminology – strictly speaking, an abstract and an executive summary are two different things when it comes to academic publications. Typically, an abstract only states what the research will be about, but doesn’t explore the findings – whereas an executive summary covers both . However, in the context of a dissertation or thesis, the abstract usually covers both, providing a summary of the full project.

In terms of content, a good dissertation abstract usually covers the following points:

• The purpose of the research (what’s it about and why’s that important)
• The methodology (how you carried out the research)
• The key research findings (what answers you found)
• The implications of these findings (what these answers mean)

We’ll explain each of these in more detail a little later in this post. Buckle up.

What’s the purpose of the abstract?

A dissertation abstract has two main functions:

The first purpose is to  inform potential readers  of the main idea of your research without them having to read your entire piece of work. Specifically, it needs to communicate what your research is about (what were you trying to find out) and what your findings were . When readers are deciding whether to read your dissertation or thesis, the abstract is the first part they’ll consider. 

The second purpose of the abstract is to  inform search engines and dissertation databases  as they index your dissertation or thesis. The keywords and phrases in your abstract (as well as your keyword list) will often be used by these search engines to categorize your work and make it accessible to users. 

Simply put, your abstract is your shopfront display window – it’s what passers-by (both human and digital) will look at before deciding to step inside. 

Why’s it so important?

The short answer – because most people don’t have time to read your full dissertation or thesis! Time is money, after all…

If you think back to when you undertook your literature review , you’ll quickly realise just how important abstracts are! Researchers reviewing the literature on any given topic face a mountain of reading, so they need to optimise their approach. A good dissertation abstract gives the reader a “TLDR” version of your work – it helps them decide whether to continue to read it in its entirety. So, your abstract, as your shopfront display window, needs to “sell” your research to time-poor readers.

You might be thinking, “but I don’t plan to publish my dissertation”. Even so, you still need to provide an impactful abstract for your markers. Your ability to concisely summarise your work is one of the things they’re assessing, so it’s vital to invest time and effort into crafting an enticing shop window.  

A good abstract also has an added purpose for grad students . As a freshly minted graduate, your dissertation or thesis is often your most significant professional accomplishment and highlights where your unique expertise lies. Potential employers who want to know about this expertise are likely to only read the abstract (as opposed to reading your entire document) – so it needs to be good!

Think about it this way – if your thesis or dissertation were a book, then the abstract would be the blurb on the back cover. For better or worse, readers will absolutely judge your book by its cover .

How to write your abstract

As we touched on earlier, your abstract should cover four important aspects of your research: the purpose , methodology , findings , and implications . Therefore, the structure of your dissertation or thesis abstract needs to reflect these four essentials, in the same order.  Let’s take a closer look at each of them, step by step:

Step 1: Describe the purpose and value of your research

Here you need to concisely explain the purpose and value of your research. In other words, you need to explain what your research set out to discover and why that’s important. When stating the purpose of research, you need to clearly discuss the following:

• What were your research aims and research questions ?
• Why were these aims and questions important?

It’s essential to make this section extremely clear, concise and convincing . As the opening section, this is where you’ll “hook” your reader (marker) in and get them interested in your project. If you don’t put in the effort here, you’ll likely lose their interest.

Step 2: Briefly outline your study’s methodology

In this part of your abstract, you need to very briefly explain how you went about answering your research questions . In other words, what research design and methodology you adopted in your research. Some important questions to address here include:

• Did you take a qualitative or quantitative approach ?
• Who/what did your sample consist of?
• How did you collect your data?
• How did you analyse your data?

Simply put, this section needs to address the “ how ” of your research. It doesn’t need to be lengthy (this is just a summary, after all), but it should clearly address the four questions above.

Need a helping hand?

Step 3: Present your key findings

Next, you need to briefly highlight the key findings . Your research likely produced a wealth of data and findings, so there may be a temptation to ramble here. However, this section is just about the key findings – in other words, the answers to the original questions that you set out to address.

Again, brevity and clarity are important here. You need to concisely present the most important findings for your reader.

Step 4: Describe the implications of your research

Have you ever found yourself reading through a large report, struggling to figure out what all the findings mean in terms of the bigger picture? Well, that’s the purpose of the implications section – to highlight the “so what?” of your research. 

In this part of your abstract, you should address the following questions:

• What is the impact of your research findings on the industry /field investigated? In other words, what’s the impact on the “real world”. 
• What is the impact of your findings on the existing body of knowledge ? For example, do they support the existing research?
• What might your findings mean for future research conducted on your topic?

If you include these four essential ingredients in your dissertation abstract, you’ll be on headed in a good direction.

Example: Dissertation/thesis abstract

Here is an example of an abstract from a master’s thesis, with the purpose , methods , findings , and implications colour coded.

The U.S. citizenship application process is a legal and symbolic journey shaped by many cultural processes. This research project aims to bring to light the experiences of immigrants and citizenship applicants living in Dallas, Texas, to promote a better understanding of Dallas’ increasingly diverse population. Additionally, the purpose of this project is to provide insights to a specific client, the office of Dallas Welcoming Communities and Immigrant Affairs, about Dallas’ lawful permanent residents who are eligible for citizenship and their reasons for pursuing citizenship status . The data for this project was collected through observation at various citizenship workshops and community events, as well as through semi-structured interviews with 14 U.S. citizenship applicants . Reasons for applying for U.S. citizenship discussed in this project include a desire for membership in U.S. society, access to better educational and economic opportunities, improved ease of travel and the desire to vote. Barriers to the citizenship process discussed in this project include the amount of time one must dedicate to the application, lack of clear knowledge about the process and the financial cost of the application. Other themes include the effects of capital on applicant’s experience with the citizenship process, symbolic meanings of citizenship, transnationalism and ideas of deserving and undeserving surrounding the issues of residency and U.S. citizenship. These findings indicate the need for educational resources and mentorship for Dallas-area residents applying for U.S. citizenship, as well as a need for local government programs that foster a sense of community among citizenship applicants and their neighbours.

Practical tips for writing your abstract

When crafting the abstract for your dissertation or thesis, the most powerful technique you can use is to try and put yourself in the shoes of a potential reader. Assume the reader is not an expert in the field, but is interested in the research area. In other words, write for the intelligent layman, not for the seasoned topic expert. 

Start by trying to answer the question “why should I read this dissertation?”

Remember the WWHS.

Make sure you include the  what , why ,  how , and  so what  of your research in your abstract:

• What you studied (who and where are included in this part)
• Why the topic was important
• How you designed your study (i.e. your research methodology)
• So what were the big findings and implications of your research

Keep it simple.

Use terminology appropriate to your field of study, but don’t overload your abstract with big words and jargon that cloud the meaning and make your writing difficult to digest. A good abstract should appeal to all levels of potential readers and should be a (relatively) easy read. Remember, you need to write for the intelligent layman.

Be specific.

When writing your abstract, clearly outline your most important findings and insights and don’t worry about “giving away” too much about your research – there’s no need to withhold information. This is the one way your abstract is not like a blurb on the back of a book – the reader should be able to clearly understand the key takeaways of your thesis or dissertation after reading the abstract. Of course, if they then want more detail, they need to step into the restaurant and try out the menu.

Psst... there’s more!

This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

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17 Comments

This was so very useful, thank you Caroline.

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I am so grateful for the tips. I am very optimistic in coming up with a winning abstract for my dessertation, thanks to you.

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Abstract Writing: A Step-by-Step Guide With Tips & Examples

Table of Contents

Introduction

Abstracts of research papers have always played an essential role in describing your research concisely and clearly to researchers and editors of journals, enticing them to continue reading. However, with the widespread availability of scientific databases, the need to write a convincing abstract is more crucial now than during the time of paper-bound manuscripts.

Abstracts serve to "sell" your research and can be compared with your "executive outline" of a resume or, rather, a formal summary of the critical aspects of your work. Also, it can be the "gist" of your study. Since most educational research is done online, it's a sign that you have a shorter time for impressing your readers, and have more competition from other abstracts that are available to be read.

The APCI (Academic Publishing and Conferences International) articulates 12 issues or points considered during the final approval process for conferences & journals and emphasises the importance of writing an abstract that checks all these boxes (12 points). Since it's the only opportunity you have to captivate your readers, you must invest time and effort in creating an abstract that accurately reflects the critical points of your research.

With that in mind, let’s head over to understand and discover the core concept and guidelines to create a substantial abstract. Also, learn how to organise the ideas or plots into an effective abstract that will be awe-inspiring to the readers you want to reach.

What is Abstract? Definition and Overview

The word "Abstract' is derived from Latin abstractus meaning "drawn off." This etymological meaning also applies to art movements as well as music, like abstract expressionism. In this context, it refers to the revealing of the artist's intention.

Based on this, you can determine the meaning of an abstract: A condensed research summary. It must be self-contained and independent of the body of the research. However, it should outline the subject, the strategies used to study the problem, and the methods implemented to attain the outcomes. The specific elements of the study differ based on the area of study; however, together, it must be a succinct summary of the entire research paper.

Abstracts are typically written at the end of the paper, even though it serves as a prologue. In general, the abstract must be in a position to:

• Describe the paper.
• Identify the problem or the issue at hand.
• Explain to the reader the research process, the results you came up with, and what conclusion you've reached using these results.
• Include keywords to guide your strategy and the content.

Furthermore, the abstract you submit should not reflect upon any of  the following elements:

• Examine, analyse or defend the paper or your opinion.
• What you want to study, achieve or discover.
• Be redundant or irrelevant.

After reading an abstract, your audience should understand the reason - what the research was about in the first place, what the study has revealed and how it can be utilised or can be used to benefit others. You can understand the importance of abstract by knowing the fact that the abstract is the most frequently read portion of any research paper. In simpler terms, it should contain all the main points of the research paper.

What is the Purpose of an Abstract?

Abstracts are typically an essential requirement for research papers; however, it's not an obligation to preserve traditional reasons without any purpose. Abstracts allow readers to scan the text to determine whether it is relevant to their research or studies. The abstract allows other researchers to decide if your research paper can provide them with some additional information. A good abstract paves the interest of the audience to pore through your entire paper to find the content or context they're searching for.

Abstract writing is essential for indexing, as well. The Digital Repository of academic papers makes use of abstracts to index the entire content of academic research papers. Like meta descriptions in the regular Google outcomes, abstracts must include keywords that help researchers locate what they seek.

Types of Abstract

Informative and Descriptive are two kinds of abstracts often used in scientific writing.

A descriptive abstract gives readers an outline of the author's main points in their study. The reader can determine if they want to stick to the research work, based on their interest in the topic. An abstract that is descriptive is similar to the contents table of books, however, the format of an abstract depicts complete sentences encapsulated in one paragraph. It is unfortunate that the abstract can't be used as a substitute for reading a piece of writing because it's just an overview, which omits readers from getting an entire view. Also, it cannot be a way to fill in the gaps the reader may have after reading this kind of abstract since it does not contain crucial information needed to evaluate the article.

To conclude, a descriptive abstract is:

• A simple summary of the task, just summarises the work, but some researchers think it is much more of an outline
• Typically, the length is approximately 100 words. It is too short when compared to an informative abstract.
• A brief explanation but doesn't provide the reader with the complete information they need;
• An overview that omits conclusions and results

An informative abstract is a comprehensive outline of the research. There are times when people rely on the abstract as an information source. And the reason is why it is crucial to provide entire data of particular research. A well-written, informative abstract could be a good substitute for the remainder of the paper on its own.

A well-written abstract typically follows a particular style. The author begins by providing the identifying information, backed by citations and other identifiers of the papers. Then, the major elements are summarised to make the reader aware of the study. It is followed by the methodology and all-important findings from the study. The conclusion then presents study results and ends the abstract with a comprehensive summary.

In a nutshell, an informative abstract:

• Has a length that can vary, based on the subject, but is not longer than 300 words.
• Contains all the content-like methods and intentions
• Offers evidence and possible recommendations.

Informative Abstracts are more frequent than descriptive abstracts because of their extensive content and linkage to the topic specifically. You should select different types of abstracts to papers based on their length: informative abstracts for extended and more complex abstracts and descriptive ones for simpler and shorter research papers.

What are the Characteristics of a Good Abstract?

• A good abstract clearly defines the goals and purposes of the study.
• It should clearly describe the research methodology with a primary focus on data gathering, processing, and subsequent analysis.
• A good abstract should provide specific research findings.
• It presents the principal conclusions of the systematic study.
• It should be concise, clear, and relevant to the field of study.
• A well-designed abstract should be unifying and coherent.
• It is easy to grasp and free of technical jargon.
• It is written impartially and objectively.

What are the various sections of an ideal Abstract?

By now, you must have gained some concrete idea of the essential elements that your abstract needs to convey . Accordingly, the information is broken down into six key sections of the abstract, which include:

An Introduction or Background

Research methodology, objectives and goals, limitations.

Let's go over them in detail.

The introduction, also known as background, is the most concise part of your abstract. Ideally, it comprises a couple of sentences. Some researchers only write one sentence to introduce their abstract. The idea behind this is to guide readers through the key factors that led to your study.

It's understandable that this information might seem difficult to explain in a couple of sentences. For example, think about the following two questions like the background of your study:

• What is currently available about the subject with respect to the paper being discussed?
• What isn't understood about this issue? (This is the subject of your research)

While writing the abstract’s introduction, make sure that it is not lengthy. Because if it crosses the word limit, it may eat up the words meant to be used for providing other key information.

Research methodology is where you describe the theories and techniques you used in your research. It is recommended that you describe what you have done and the method you used to get your thorough investigation results. Certainly, it is the second-longest paragraph in the abstract.

In the research methodology section, it is essential to mention the kind of research you conducted; for instance, qualitative research or quantitative research (this will guide your research methodology too) . If you've conducted quantitative research, your abstract should contain information like the sample size, data collection method, sampling techniques, and duration of the study. Likewise, your abstract should reflect observational data, opinions, questionnaires (especially the non-numerical data) if you work on qualitative research.

The research objectives and goals speak about what you intend to accomplish with your research. The majority of research projects focus on the long-term effects of a project, and the goals focus on the immediate, short-term outcomes of the research. It is possible to summarise both in just multiple sentences.

In stating your objectives and goals, you give readers a picture of the scope of the study, its depth and the direction your research ultimately follows. Your readers can evaluate the results of your research against the goals and stated objectives to determine if you have achieved the goal of your research.

In the end, your readers are more attracted by the results you've obtained through your study. Therefore, you must take the time to explain each relevant result and explain how they impact your research. The results section exists as the longest in your abstract, and nothing should diminish its reach or quality.

One of the most important things you should adhere to is to spell out details and figures on the results of your research.

Instead of making a vague assertion such as, "We noticed that response rates varied greatly between respondents with high incomes and those with low incomes", Try these: "The response rate was higher for high-income respondents than those with lower incomes (59 30 percent vs. 30 percent in both cases; P<0.01)."

You're likely to encounter certain obstacles during your research. It could have been during data collection or even during conducting the sample . Whatever the issue, it's essential to inform your readers about them and their effects on the research.

Research limitations offer an opportunity to suggest further and deep research. If, for instance, you were forced to change for convenient sampling and snowball samples because of difficulties in reaching well-suited research participants, then you should mention this reason when you write your research abstract. In addition, a lack of prior studies on the subject could hinder your research.

Your conclusion should include the same number of sentences to wrap the abstract as the introduction. The majority of researchers offer an idea of the consequences of their research in this case.

Your conclusion should include three essential components:

• A significant take-home message.
• Corresponding important findings.
• The Interpretation.

Even though the conclusion of your abstract needs to be brief, it can have an enormous influence on the way that readers view your research. Therefore, make use of this section to reinforce the central message from your research. Be sure that your statements reflect the actual results and the methods you used to conduct your research.

Good Abstract Examples

Abstract example #1.

Children’s consumption behavior in response to food product placements in movies.

The abstract:

"Almost all research into the effects of brand placements on children has focused on the brand's attitudes or behavior intentions. Based on the significant differences between attitudes and behavioral intentions on one hand and actual behavior on the other hand, this study examines the impact of placements by brands on children's eating habits. Children aged 6-14 years old were shown an excerpt from the popular film Alvin and the Chipmunks and were shown places for the item Cheese Balls. Three different versions were developed with no placements, one with moderately frequent placements and the third with the highest frequency of placement. The results revealed that exposure to high-frequency places had a profound effect on snack consumption, however, there was no impact on consumer attitudes towards brands or products. The effects were not dependent on the age of the children. These findings are of major importance to researchers studying consumer behavior as well as nutrition experts as well as policy regulators."

Abstract Example #2

Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women’s body image concerns and mood. The abstract:

"The research conducted in this study investigated the effects of Facebook use on women's moods and body image if the effects are different from an internet-based fashion journal and if the appearance comparison tendencies moderate one or more of these effects. Participants who were female ( N = 112) were randomly allocated to spend 10 minutes exploring their Facebook account or a magazine's website or an appearance neutral control website prior to completing state assessments of body dissatisfaction, mood, and differences in appearance (weight-related and facial hair, face, and skin). Participants also completed a test of the tendency to compare appearances. The participants who used Facebook were reported to be more depressed than those who stayed on the control site. In addition, women who have the tendency to compare appearances reported more facial, hair and skin-related issues following Facebook exposure than when they were exposed to the control site. Due to its popularity it is imperative to conduct more research to understand the effect that Facebook affects the way people view themselves."

Abstract Example #3

The Relationship Between Cell Phone Use and Academic Performance in a Sample of U.S. College Students

"The cellphone is always present on campuses of colleges and is often utilised in situations in which learning takes place. The study examined the connection between the use of cell phones and the actual grades point average (GPA) after adjusting for predictors that are known to be a factor. In the end 536 students in the undergraduate program from 82 self-reported majors of an enormous, public institution were studied. Hierarchical analysis ( R 2 = .449) showed that use of mobile phones is significantly ( p < .001) and negative (b equal to -.164) connected to the actual college GPA, after taking into account factors such as demographics, self-efficacy in self-regulated learning, self-efficacy to improve academic performance, and the actual high school GPA that were all important predictors ( p < .05). Therefore, after adjusting for other known predictors increasing cell phone usage was associated with lower academic performance. While more research is required to determine the mechanisms behind these results, they suggest the need to educate teachers and students to the possible academic risks that are associated with high-frequency mobile phone usage."

Quick tips on writing a good abstract

There exists a common dilemma among early age researchers whether to write the abstract at first or last? However, it's recommended to compose your abstract when you've completed the research since you'll have all the information to give to your readers. You can, however, write a draft at the beginning of your research and add in any gaps later.

If you find abstract writing a herculean task, here are the few tips to help you with it:

1. Always develop a framework to support your abstract

Before writing, ensure you create a clear outline for your abstract. Divide it into sections and draw the primary and supporting elements in each one. You can include keywords and a few sentences that convey the essence of your message.

2. Review Other Abstracts

Abstracts are among the most frequently used research documents, and thousands of them were written in the past. Therefore, prior to writing yours, take a look at some examples from other abstracts. There are plenty of examples of abstracts for dissertations in the dissertation and thesis databases.

3. Avoid Jargon To the Maximum

When you write your abstract, focus on simplicity over formality. You should  write in simple language, and avoid excessive filler words or ambiguous sentences. Keep in mind that your abstract must be readable to those who aren't acquainted with your subject.

4. Focus on Your Research

It's a given fact that the abstract you write should be about your research and the findings you've made. It is not the right time to mention secondary and primary data sources unless it's absolutely required.

Conclusion: How to Structure an Interesting Abstract?

Abstracts are a short outline of your essay. However, it's among the most important, if not the most important. The process of writing an abstract is not straightforward. A few early-age researchers tend to begin by writing it, thinking they are doing it to "tease" the next step (the document itself). However, it is better to treat it as a spoiler.

The simple, concise style of the abstract lends itself to a well-written and well-investigated study. If your research paper doesn't provide definitive results, or the goal of your research is questioned, so will the abstract. Thus, only write your abstract after witnessing your findings and put your findings in the context of a larger scenario.

The process of writing an abstract can be daunting, but with these guidelines, you will succeed. The most efficient method of writing an excellent abstract is to centre the primary points of your abstract, including the research question and goals methods, as well as key results.

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Types of Essays in Academic Writing - Quick Guide (2024)

• How to Write an Abstract for a Dissertation or Thesis
• Doing a PhD

What is a Thesis or Dissertation Abstract?

The Cambridge English Dictionary defines an abstract in academic writing as being “ a few sentences that give the main ideas in an article or a scientific paper ” and the Collins English Dictionary says “ an abstract of an article, document, or speech is a short piece of writing that gives the main points of it ”.

Whether you’re writing up your Master’s dissertation or PhD thesis, the abstract will be a key element of this document that you’ll want to make sure you give proper attention to.

What is the Purpose of an Abstract?

The aim of a thesis abstract is to give the reader a broad overview of what your research project was about and what you found that was novel, before he or she decides to read the entire thesis. The reality here though is that very few people will read the entire thesis, and not because they’re necessarily disinterested but because practically it’s too large a document for most people to have the time to read. The exception to this is your PhD examiner, however know that even they may not read the entire length of the document.

Some people may still skip to and read specific sections throughout your thesis such as the methodology, but the fact is that the abstract will be all that most read and will therefore be the section they base their opinions about your research on. In short, make sure you write a good, well-structured abstract.

How Long Should an Abstract Be?

If you’re a PhD student, having written your 100,000-word thesis, the abstract will be the 300 word summary included at the start of the thesis that succinctly explains the motivation for your study (i.e. why this research was needed), the main work you did (i.e. the focus of each chapter), what you found (the results) and concluding with how your research study contributed to new knowledge within your field.

Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of the United States of America, once famously said:

The point here is that it’s easier to talk open-endedly about a subject that you know a lot about than it is to condense the key points into a 10-minute speech; the same applies for an abstract. Three hundred words is not a lot of words which makes it even more difficult to condense three (or more) years of research into a coherent, interesting story.

What Makes a Good PhD Thesis Abstract?

Whilst the abstract is one of the first sections in your PhD thesis, practically it’s probably the last aspect that you’ll ending up writing before sending the document to print. The reason being that you can’t write a summary about what you did, what you found and what it means until you’ve done the work.

A good abstract is one that can clearly explain to the reader in 300 words:

• What your research field actually is,
• What the gap in knowledge was in your field,
• The overarching aim and objectives of your PhD in response to these gaps,
• What methods you employed to achieve these,
• You key results and findings,
• How your work has added to further knowledge in your field of study.

Another way to think of this structure is:

• Introduction,
• Aims and objectives,
• Discussion,
• Conclusion.

Following this ‘formulaic’ approach to writing the abstract should hopefully make it a little easier to write but you can already see here that there’s a lot of information to convey in a very limited number of words.

How Do You Write a Good PhD Thesis Abstract?

The biggest challenge you’ll have is getting all the 6 points mentioned above across in your abstract within the limit of 300 words . Your particular university may give some leeway in going a few words over this but it’s good practice to keep within this; the art of succinctly getting your information across is an important skill for a researcher to have and one that you’ll be called on to use regularly as you write papers for peer review.

Keep It Concise

Every word in the abstract is important so make sure you focus on only the key elements of your research and the main outcomes and significance of your project that you want the reader to know about. You may have come across incidental findings during your research which could be interesting to discuss but this should not happen in the abstract as you simply don’t have enough words. Furthermore, make sure everything you talk about in your thesis is actually described in the main thesis.

Make a Unique Point Each Sentence

Keep the sentences short and to the point. Each sentence should give the reader new, useful information about your research so there’s no need to write out your project title again. Give yourself one or two sentences to introduce your subject area and set the context for your project. Then another sentence or two to explain the gap in the knowledge; there’s no need or expectation for you to include references in the abstract.

Explain Your Research

Some people prefer to write their overarching aim whilst others set out their research questions as they correspond to the structure of their thesis chapters; the approach you use is up to you, as long as the reader can understand what your dissertation or thesis had set out to achieve. Knowing this will help the reader better understand if your results help to answer the research questions or if further work is needed.

Keep It Factual

Keep the content of the abstract factual; that is to say that you should avoid bringing too much or any opinion into it, which inevitably can make the writing seem vague in the points you’re trying to get across and even lacking in structure.

Write, Edit and Then Rewrite

Spend suitable time editing your text, and if necessary, completely re-writing it. Show the abstract to others and ask them to explain what they understand about your research – are they able to explain back to you each of the 6 structure points, including why your project was needed, the research questions and results, and the impact it had on your research field? It’s important that you’re able to convey what new knowledge you contributed to your field but be mindful when writing your abstract that you don’t inadvertently overstate the conclusions, impact and significance of your work.

Thesis and Dissertation Abstract Examples

Perhaps the best way to understand how to write a thesis abstract is to look at examples of what makes a good and bad abstract.

Example of A Bad Abstract

Let’s start with an example of a bad thesis abstract:

In this project on “The Analysis of the Structural Integrity of 3D Printed Polymers for use in Aircraft”, my research looked at how 3D printing of materials can help the aviation industry in the manufacture of planes. Plane parts can be made at a lower cost using 3D printing and made lighter than traditional components. This project investigated the structural integrity of EBM manufactured components, which could revolutionise the aviation industry.

What Makes This a Bad Abstract

Hopefully you’ll have spotted some of the reasons this would be considered a poor abstract, not least because the author used up valuable words by repeating the lengthy title of the project in the abstract.

Working through our checklist of the 6 key points you want to convey to the reader:

• There has been an attempt to introduce the research area , albeit half-way through the abstract but it’s not clear if this is a materials science project about 3D printing or is it about aircraft design.
• There’s no explanation about where the gap in the knowledge is that this project attempted to address.
• We can see that this project was focussed on the topic of structural integrity of materials in aircraft but the actual research aims or objectives haven’t been defined.
• There’s no mention at all of what the author actually did to investigate structural integrity. For example was this an experimental study involving real aircraft, or something in the lab, computer simulations etc.
• The author also doesn’t tell us a single result of his research, let alone the key findings !
• There’s a bold claim in the last sentence of the abstract that this project could revolutionise the aviation industry, and this may well be the case, but based on the abstract alone there is no evidence to support this as it’s not even clear what the author did .

This is an extreme example but is a good way to illustrate just how unhelpful a poorly written abstract can be. At only 71 words long, it definitely hasn’t maximised the amount of information that could be presented and the what they have presented has lacked clarity and structure.

A final point to note is the use of the EBM acronym, which stands for Electron Beam Melting in the context of 3D printing; this is a niche acronym for the author to assume that the reader would know the meaning of. It’s best to avoid acronyms in your abstract all together even if it’s something that you might expect most people to know about, unless you specifically define the meaning first.

Example of A Good Abstract

Having seen an example of a bad thesis abstract, now lets look at an example of a good PhD thesis abstract written about the same (fictional) project:

Additive manufacturing (AM) of titanium alloys has the potential to enable cheaper and lighter components to be produced with customised designs for use in aircraft engines. Whilst the proof-of-concept of these have been promising, the structural integrity of AM engine parts in response to full thrust and temperature variations is not clear.

The primary aim of this project was to determine the fracture modes and mechanisms of AM components designed for use in Boeing 747 engines. To achieve this an explicit finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate the environment and parameters that the engine is exposed to during flight. The FE model was validated using experimental data replicating the environmental parameters in a laboratory setting using ten AM engine components provided by the industry sponsor. The validated FE model was then used to investigate the extent of crack initiation and propagation as the environment parameters were adjusted.

This project was the first to investigate fracture patterns in AM titanium components used in aircraft engines; the key finding was that the presence of cavities within the structures due to errors in the printing process, significantly increased the risk of fracture. Secondly, the simulations showed that cracks formed within AM parts were more likely to worsen and lead to component failure at subzero temperatures when compared to conventionally manufactured parts. This has demonstrated an important safety concern which needs to be addressed before AM parts can be used in commercial aircraft.

What Makes This a Good Abstract

Having read this ‘good abstract’ you should have a much better understand about what the subject area is about, where the gap in the knowledge was, the aim of the project, the methods that were used, key results and finally the significance of these results. To break these points down further, from this good abstract we now know that:

• The research area is around additive manufacturing (i.e. 3D printing) of materials for use in aircraft.
• The gap in knowledge was how these materials will behave structural when used in aircraft engines.
• The aim was specifically to investigate how the components can fracture.
• The methods used to investigate this were a combination of computational and lab based experimental modelling.
• The key findings were the increased risk of fracture of these components due to the way they are manufactured.
• The significance of these findings were that it showed a potential risk of component failure that could comprise the safety of passengers and crew on the aircraft.

The abstract text has a much clearer flow through these different points in how it’s written and has made much better use of the available word count. Acronyms have even been used twice in this good abstract but they were clearly defined the first time they were introduced in the text so that there was no confusion about their meaning.

The abstract you write for your dissertation or thesis should succinctly explain to the reader why the work of your research was needed, what you did, what you found and what it means. Most people that come across your thesis, including any future employers, are likely to read only your abstract. Even just for this reason alone, it’s so important that you write the best abstract you can; this will not only convey your research effectively but also put you in the best light possible as a researcher.

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Abstract einer Arbeit schreiben

Marcus fiebig, schreibwerkstatt der uni lüneburg.

Hier erfahren Sie, wie Sie einfach und Schritt für Schritt Ihren Abstract entwickeln. Ein Abstract ist ein kurzer Abriss und eine knappe Inhaltsangabe. Gerade ungeduldige Leser lesen gerne den Abstract, um zu entscheiden, ob sich ein tiefer gehendes Lesen wirklich lohnt.

Wichtig beim Abstract ist …

Der Abstract soll den Leser informieren und möglichst neugierig darauf machen, was in der Bachelorarbeit, Masterarbeit, dem Konferenzvortrag oder in dem Beitrag zum Sammelband zu erwarten ist. Sinnvoll ist es dabei, explizit die Lesergruppen anzusprechen, für die der Text besonders geeignet ist. Der Abstract ist v. a. bei Master- und Bachelorarbeiten sprachlich nüchtern und sachlich zu halten. Den Leser interessieren v. a. folgende Fragen:

Was sind die wichtigsten Ergebnisse? Welche Methodik wurde wie angewendet? Was sind die wichtigsten Schlussfolgerungen usw.?

So können Sie beim Schreiben starten

Wenn Sie mit den Zielen der Arbeit starten und danach etwas zur Theorie oder Untersuchungsmethode schreiben, ergibt sich meist ein guter Start. Zwei Beispiele dazu:

Abstract Beispiel 1:

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Bachelorarbeit war es, die wichtigsten theoretischen Konzepte (Müller 2007; Meyer 2012; Schulz 2015) zum kreativen Schreiben theoretisch zu vergleichen und empirisch zu überprüfen. Dazu wurden zehn Studierende in qualitativen Interviews befragt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen zum großen Teil die Annahmen bei Müller, Meyer und Schulz. Folgende Schlussfolgerungen gehen jedoch nach der Auswertung der Interviews über die theoretischen Annahmen hinaus: A, B, C … Die Bachelorarbeit ist sowohl für Studierende im Lehramt Deutsch als auch für Lehrende im Bereich Schreibdidaktik interessant.  

Abstract Beispiel 2:

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit gibt einen Überblick über die Bedingungen und Auswirkungen von Produktionsketten am Beispiel der Firma Apple. Dabei wurde die Funktionsweise der Produktionsstätten in Südostasien organisationspsychologisch untersucht. Danach wurden diese Erkenntnisse mit anderen Smartphone-Herstellern verglichen und Handlungsempfehlungen aus Arbeitnehmer- und Arbeitgebersicht entwickelt. Die Basis der Masterarbeit sind Experteninterviews in Deutschland sowie die Studien von Beyer (2014), Johnson (2012) und Wenig-Li (2015) zu den Arbeitsbedingungen in Shanghai. Der Autor erhofft sich dadurch einen interdisziplinären Erkenntnisgewinn.

Der Abstract – häufig gibt es Vorgaben

Bevor Sie mit dem Schreiben loslegen, vergewissern Sie sich, ob es Vorgaben gibt. So darf bei Bachelorarbeiten und Masterarbeiten der Abstract üblicherweise höchstens eine halbe DIN-A4-Seite lang sein, also maximal 150 bis 250 Wörter umfassen. Einige Prüfer machen genaue Vorgaben, andere lassen mehr Freiheit und akzeptieren auch längere Abstracts. Bei Fachzeitschriften und Konferenzbeiträgen gibt es fast immer sehr genaue Vorgaben.

Definieren Sie die Adressaten des Abstracts: Soll nur das Fachpublikum angesprochen werden? Oder soll er für jeden Leser selbsterklärend sein? Vergleichen Sie Abstracts in Sammelbänden und wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften, und Sie werden große Unterschiede feststellen.

Ihr Abstract sollte genau, vollständig, kurz, knapp, objektiv und vor allem verständlich sein.

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Ein pragmatischer Ansatz beim Schreiben des Abstracts

Überlegen Sie sich die verschiedensten Stationen Ihrer Arbeit. Wie bei einer Reiseroute müssen Sie nur die wichtigsten Orte nennen, die Sie bereist haben, und nicht jeden Baum am Weg. Schreiben Sie dazu bspw. zu jedem der folgenden Punkte eigene Stichpunkte bzw. Sätze. Mit sogenannten W-Fragen (Was? Wie? Wo?) identifizieren Sie mögliche Inhalte Ihres Abstracts.

Sie können bewusst und sinnvoll aus dieser Kriterienliste auswählen. Die Liste soll nur der grundsätzlichen Orientierung dienen. Benennen Sie gerne auch Leerstellen, weisen Sie also darauf hin, wenn Sie bei einem wichtigen Punkt keine Antwort gefunden haben bzw. zu keiner klaren Erkenntnis gelangt sind.  

Nach dem Entwurf: systematisches Vervollständigen

Bravo, Sie haben bereits einen Rohentwurf des Abstracts zusammengestellt! Einige von Ihnen schreiben schon sehr früh einen Abstract, für andere ist das erst am Ende des Arbeitsprozesses möglich. Egal, wann Sie die erste Fassung Ihres Abstracts zu Papier gebracht haben – wie geht es jetzt weiter? Vervollständigen Sie Ihren Abstract entsprechend der besagten Leerstellen in der oben angeführten Checkliste. Nun können Sie den Abstract überarbeiten.  

Wie überarbeite ich einen Abstract?

Gerade weil es sich um eine sehr kleine Textmenge handelt, ist die inhaltliche und sprachliche Qualität sehr wichtig. Seien Sie ehrlich: Sie wollen selbst auch keine Abstracts lesen, in denen wesentliche Informationen fehlen oder die den Leser verwirren. Der sprachliche Spielraum ist beim Abstract nicht groß: Er sollte nüchtern, sachlich und leserfreundlich sein.

Je nach Publikation kann jedoch differenziert werden: Bei einer Masterarbeit ist der Spielraum eventuell geringer als bei einem Sammelband mit studentischen Einzelbeiträgen. Nutzen Sie den Spielraum, der Ihnen zur Verfügung steht, und ziehen Sie den Leser mit dem Abstract in Ihren Text – wie ein freundlicher Fährmann, der eine kleine Reiseroute von Hamburg nach Dresden anbietet. 

Sie können folgendermaßen vorgehen:

• Sind die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Master /Bachelorarbeit enthalten?
• Müssen Ergebnisse gestrichen werden, die weniger wichtig sind?
• Ist der Abstract selbsterklärend, kann der Leser ihn verstehen, ohne die ganze Master /Bachelorarbeit kennen zu müssen?
• Gibt es logische oder sprachliche Brüche im Textfluss?
• Korrektur: Rechtschreibung, Schriftart und die maximale Wortanzahl überprüfen.
• Bonus: Macht der Abstract inhaltlich und sprachlich neugierig?

Was unser Lektorat für Sie leisten kann

Lektorat einer Bachelorarbeit

Weitere Informationen: Bachelorarbeit-Lektorat

Erweiterte Hinweise zum Überarbeiten: Feedbackpartner / critical friends

Wenn Sie alleine nicht mehr weiterkommen und/oder wenn der Abstract sehr gut werden soll (z. B. für ein call for papers), dann bietet sich folgende Checkliste an:

• Sehen Sie sich andere Abstracts in Fachzeitschriften und Sammelbänden an, die thematisch nahe an Ihrer Master /Bachelorarbeit liegen. Was ist dort konkret gut, was ist weniger gelungen?  
• Geben Sie einen konkreten Feedbackauftrag an Kommilitonen und/oder Freunde. Dabei soll es um folgende Fragen gehen: Inwieweit ist der Abstract selbsterklärend? Wo gibt es sprachliche Brüche? Welche Informationen fehlen?  
• Wenn Sie einen Abstract schreiben, um an einer Konferenz teilzunehmen, so folgt auf eine vorläufige Annahme meist eine Überarbeitungsphase. Dabei melden sich oft zwei sogenannte Reviewer bei Ihnen. Versuchen Sie jetzt, die Hinweise der Reviewer sorgfältig zu berücksichtigen, und nutzen Sie ggf. wieder die Hilfe Ihrer Kommilitonen und/oder Freunde.  
• Nehmen Sie professionelle Hilfe in Anspruch. Ein Coaching hilft beim Schreiben einer Abschlussarbeit. Es wird sich lohnen.  

Weiterlesen:  Bachelor-Thesis schreiben

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How to Write an Abstract

An abstract of a work, usually of an essay, is a concise summary of its main points. It is meant to concentrate the argument of a work, presenting it as clearly as possible.

The abstract often appears after the title and before the main body of an essay. If you are writing an abstract as part of an assignment, you should check with your instructor about where to place it.

Here are a few guidelines to follow when composing an abstract:

• In general, avoid too much copying and pasting directly from your essay, especially from the first paragraph. An abstract is often presented directly before an essay, and it will often be the first thing readers consult after your title. You wouldn’t repeat your ideas verbatim in the body of your essay, so why would you do that in an abstract? Consider the abstract part of the work itself. 
• Start off strong. An abstract should be a mini essay, so it should begin with a clear statement of your argument. This should be the first sentence or two.
• Abstracts vary in length. But a good rule is to aim for five to seven sentences. The bulk of the abstract will review the evidence for your claim and summarize your findings.
• Avoid complicated syntax. Long sentences and intricate phrasing have their place in essays, but the abstract should be concise. It is not the place for ambitious grammar.
• The last sentence or two should point to any conclusions reached and the direction future research might take. Like the first sentence, the last should be provocative and direct. Leave your readers wanting to read your essay.

In what follows, the authors have written an effective abstract that adheres to the basic principles above:

Literary critics have long imagined that T. S. Eliot’s The Sacred Wood (1920) shaped the canon and methods of countless twentieth-century classrooms. This essay turns instead to the classroom that made The Sacred Wood : the Modern English Literature extension school tutorial that Eliot taught to working-class adults between 1916 and 1919. Contextualizing Eliot’s tutorial within the extension school movement shows how the ethos and practices of the Workers’ Educational Association shaped his teaching. Over the course of three years, Eliot and his students reimagined canonical literature as writing by working poets for working people—a model of literary history that fully informed his canon reformation in The Sacred Wood . This example demonstrates how attention to teaching changes the history of English literary study. It further reveals how all kinds of institutions, not just elite universities, have shaped the discipline’s methods and canons. (Buurma and Heffernan)

This abstract uses the first two sentences to establish the essay’s place in its field of study and to suggest how it intervenes in existing scholarship. The syntax is direct and simple. The third sentence begins to outline how the authors will support their argument. They aim to demonstrate the relevance of Eliot’s teaching to his ideas about literature, and so they move next to discuss some of the details of that teaching. Finally, the abstract concludes by telling us about the consequences of this argument. The conclusion both points to new directions for research and tells us why we should read the essay. 

Buurma, Rachel Sagner, and Laura Heffernan. Abstract of “The Classroom in the Canon: T. S. Eliot’s Modern English Literature Extension Course for Working People and  The Sacred Wood. ”  PMLA , vol. 133, no. 2, Mar. 2018, p. 463.

Estate Best 18 July 2021 AT 05:07 AM

Please how will I write an abstract for my own poem collections?

Your e-mail address will not be published

Marc Simoes 01 April 2022 AT 04:04 PM

I am teaching students how to format and write an abstract, but I find no precise guidelines in the MLA Handbook. Should the first word of the abstract body text begin with the word "Abstract" followed by a period or colon and then the abstract content? Should the word "Abstract" be underlined? Over the years, I was taught both of these ways by different instructors, but I haven't found any definitive instructions, and now my students are asking me the correct format. Please help! Thank you!

Joseph Wallace 12 April 2022 AT 01:04 PM

Although publishers like the MLA will use their own house style guidelines for abstracts in published material, there is no one correct way for students to format their abstracts. Instructors should decide what works best for their classes and assignments.

Lorraine Belo 17 April 2022 AT 10:04 PM

Can you write a brief abstract about your MLA writing

Subrata Biswas 13 July 2023 AT 10:07 AM

Generally, the abstract is written in Italics. Is there any rule as such?

Joseph Wallace 31 July 2023 AT 10:07 AM

Thanks for your question. There is no rule saying that abstracts need to be written in italics. Some publications use italics for abstracts and some do not.

Dhan 07 January 2024 AT 12:01 PM

Should I write key words at the end of the abstract of Phd dissertation?

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• Vorlagen & Muster

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Einfach von der GoThesis KI bei der Abschlussarbeit helfen lassen.

Wie schreibt man ein Abstract für die Bachelorarbeit und was muss man dabei alles beachten? Wir zeigen dir, was wissen musst.

Das Verfassen des perfekten Abstracts für deine Bachelorarbeit mag zunächst als Herausforderung erscheinen. Doch mit den richtigen Tipps und Tricks wird schnell klar, dass es eine durchaus machbare Aufgabe ist. In diesem Ratgeber erklären wir dir, was der Abstract genau ist, was darin enthalten sein sollte, wie du ihn schreibst, und wie er sich von der Einleitung und dem Fazit unterscheidet.

Auch interessant:

Bachelor- & Masterarbeit im Unternehmen: Pro & Contra

In diesem Artikel zeigen wir dir, wie du deine Abschlussarbeit in einem Unternehmen schreiben kannst.

Was ist ein Abstract der Bachelorarbeit?

Der Abstract deiner Bachelorarbeit ist eine knappe Zusammenfassung deiner gesamten Forschungsarbeit. Er bietet Leserinnen und Lesern einen schnellen Überblick über dein Thema, deine Methode, die wichtigsten Ergebnisse und die Schlussfolgerungen deiner Arbeit. Ein gut geschriebener Abstract weckt Interesse und ist oft entscheidend dafür, ob jemand deine komplette Arbeit liest oder nicht.

KI Tools für die Bachelor- & Masterarbeit

Das perfekte Thema für die Abschlussarbeit finden und dazu noch eine fertige Gliederung bekommen? Auf Knopfdruck einen ausführlichen Schreib-Leitfaden zum Thema der Arbeit? Diese und viele weitere Hilfsmittel findest du bei unseren KI-Tools. Damit wirst du deine Thesis einfach und erfolgreich schreiben!

Was gehört in den Abstract?

Ein überzeugender Abstract ist das Aushängeschild deiner Bachelorarbeit. Er sollte klar strukturiert sein und die Leser sofort über das Wesentliche deiner Forschung informieren. Hier sind die Schlüsselelemente, die in deinen Abstract gehören:

• Thema und Forschungsziel : Beginne mit einer knappen Einführung in das Thema deiner Arbeit und erkläre, was du mit deiner Forschung erreichen wolltest. Dies gibt dem Leser sofort einen Einblick in den Zweck deiner Arbeit. Hier werden auch die Forschungsfragen und Hypothesen erwähnt.
• Methodik : Beschreibe kurz, aber präzise, welche Methoden du angewendet hast, um deine Forschungsfragen zu beantworten oder deine Hypothesen zu testen. Das hilft dem Leser zu verstehen, wie du zu deinen Ergebnissen gekommen bist.
• Hauptergebnisse : Präsentiere die wichtigsten Ergebnisse deiner Forschung. Sei dabei spezifisch und vermeide allgemeine Aussagen. Die Leser sollten nach dem Lesen des Abstracts eine klare Vorstellung von den erreichten Resultaten haben.
• Schlussfolgerungen : Deine Schlussfolgerungen zeigen auf, welche Bedeutung deine Ergebnisse haben und wie sie zur bestehenden Forschung beitragen. Hier kannst du auch mögliche Anwendungen deiner Arbeit oder Vorschläge für weitere Forschung erwähnen.

So schreibst du den Abstract

Das Schreiben eines effektiven Abstracts erfordert Sorgfalt und Präzision. Hier sind einige Tipps, die dir dabei helfen, deinen Abstract wirkungsvoll zu gestalten:

• Kurz und bündig : Ein Abstract sollte normalerweise zwischen 150 und 250 Wörter lang sein (1/2 bis 1 Seite). Konzentriere dich daher auf die wesentlichen Punkte.
• Klare und präzise Sprache : Vermeide unnötigen Fachjargon und erkläre notwendige Begriffe kurz.
• Schreib in der Vergangenheitsform : Da der Abstract eine Zusammenfassung deiner abgeschlossenen Arbeit ist, ist die Vergangenheitsform angebracht.
• Verzichte auf direkte Zitate : Der Abstract sollte in deinen eigenen Worten formuliert sein.
• Korrekturlesen : Kleine Fehler können den Gesamteindruck negativ beeinflussen. Lass deinen Abstract also unbedingt von anderen Korrektur lesen.

Tipp: Aktuelle Abschlussarbeiten von Unternehmen

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Masterarbeit – Reliability Data Science

Unterschiede zwischen abstract, vorwort und danksagung.

Es ist wichtig, die unterschiedlichen Funktionen des Abstracts, der Einleitung und des Fazits zu verstehen:

• Abstract : Gibt eine kompakte Übersicht über die gesamte Arbeit - von dem Thema, den Forschungsfragen & Hypothesen bis zu den Ergebnissen und Schlussfolgerungen. Es ist also eine Zusammenfassung deiner Arbeit inkl. fachlicher Informationen.
• Vorwort: Motivation, Inspiration und eventuelle Danksagungen auszudrücken.
• Danksagung : Formulierung eines persönlichen Dankeschöns an die Personen, die dich während des Studiums und der Bachelorarbeit unterstützt haben (bspw. Familie, Freunde und Dozenten).

Wo wird der Abstract in einer Bachelorarbeit eingefügt?

Ein Abstract einer Bachelorarbeit sollte in der Regel zwischen dem Deckblatt und Inhaltsverzeichnis (auf einer separaten Seite) eingefügt werden. Somit wird ein Abstract auch nicht im Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgeführt. Je nachdem, ob du im Abstract vertrauliche Informationen eines Unternehmens erwähnst, musst du vor dem Abstract auch den Sperrvermerk einfügen.

Abstract schreiben auf Englisch

Muss der Abstract auf Englisch verfasst werden, gelten grundsätzlich dieselben Regeln. Achte besonders auf korrekte Grammatik und den Gebrauch des akademischen Vokabulars. Hilfsmittel wie Grammarly können dabei unterstützen. Zudem ist es ratsam, englische Abstracts ähnlicher Arbeiten zu lesen, um ein Gefühl für die Sprache und den entsprechenden Stil zu entwickeln.

Vorlage Abstract

Du möchtest eine Vorlage für ein Abstract verwenden bzw. ein Muster sehen, um das Thema zu verstehen? Wir stellen für alle Bestandteile der Bachelor- und Masterarbeit moderne Vorlagen zum Download zur Verfügung. Jetzt Vorlagen entdecken .

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• Themen-Generator
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• Leitfaden fürs Schreiben
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• Plagiatsprüfung
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Der perfekte Zeitplan für deine Bachelorarbeit inkl. Vorlage

Das Schreiben einer Bachelorarbeit benötigt einen guten Zeitplan. Wir stellen ihn dir vor & geben eine einfache Vorlage.

Dissertation / Doktorarbeit schreiben: Das solltest du wissen

Du planst deine Dissertation und benötigst erste Informationen und Tipps dazu? Wir zeigen dir, worauf du achten musst.

Facharbeit schreiben: Alles Wichtige für eine gute Note

Du musst eine Facharbeit schreiben und weißt nicht, was du beachten musst? Wir zeigen es dir und geben einfache Tipps.

KI Themen-Generator

Du benötigst Hilfe bei der Suche nach dem passenden Thema deiner Abschlussarbeit? Dann nutze unseren Themen-Generator, um interaktiv das perfekte Thema zu erstellen.

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Das Abstract der Bachelorarbeit – alles, was du wissen musst

• Hinweis : Der Abstract findet zwischen Vorwort und Inhaltsverzeichnis Platz, d.h. er befindet sich ganz am Anfang deiner Arbeit (direkt nach dem Deckblatt).

Welche Informationen gehören in das Abstract der Bachelorarbeit?

Praxistipps: so schreibst du ein abstract.

• Im folgenden Abschnitt informierst du dich über weitere Aspekte, auf die du beim Verfassen der Inhaltsangabe achten musst.

Sprachliche Besonderheiten beim Schreiben

• Verwende in der Zusammenfassung ausschließlich das Präsens oder das Perfekt. Sprachliche Zukunftsformen sind unbedingt zu vermeiden!
• Abkürzungen und Akronyme müssen stets erklärt werden. Andernfalls läufst du Gefahr, dass der Leser ohne Vorkenntnisse deine Arbeit nicht versteht (Beispiel: „Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) stellt die Summe aller…“).
• Verdeutliche die Objektivität, die Reliabilität sowie die Validität deiner Forschung. Und zwar, indem du deine Vorgehensweise und deine Ergebnisse nennst, dabei aber auf Bewertungen u.Ä. verzichtest.

Abstract für die Bachelorarbeit – ein Beispiel 

Ein abstract schreiben – auf deutsch oder englisch .

• Problemstellung
• Forschungsfrage
• Forschungsmethode
• Tipp : Um dir Arbeit zu ersparen, kannst du deinen deutschen Abstract einfach ins Englische übersetzen – der Aufbau bleibt gleich. Beachte aber, dass es ein paar Unterschiede zwischen den Sprachen bezüglich des akademischen Schreibens gibt. Zudem empfiehlt es sich, die englischsprachige Zusammenfassung von einem Muttersprachler oder einem anderen Experten korrigieren zu lassen .

Checkliste zum Abstract der Bachelorarbeit

• Zusatztipp : Um dein Abstract zu überprüfen, lies zuerst deinen Hauptteil und dann die Zusammenfassung. Hast du alle relevanten Fakten genannt?

Der Abstract als Überblick über die Bachelorarbeit - Fazit

Faq – frequently asked questions , was ist ein abstract, wie viele wörter umfasst ein abstract, welche zeitformen werden im abstract der bachelorarbeit verwendet, was gehört nicht in den bachelorarbeit abstract, muss ich quellen im abstract angeben.

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Bachelorarbeit abstract.

Das Abstract Bachelorarbeit, auch Zusammenfassung oder Kurzfassung genannt, ist eine komprimierte Zusammenfassung der gesamten wissenschaftlichen Abschlussarbeit. Der Leser bekommt somit das wichtigste auf einer Seite präsentiert.

Daher ist es ein wesentliches Ziel, möglichst viele W-Fragen im Abstract Bachelorarbeit zu beantworten. Die Formulierungen sollten stets Prinzip präzise und aktiv sein.

In diesem Artikel lernst du, wie du ein perfektes Abstract deiner Bachelorarbeit schreibst und auf was du bei den Formulierungen achten solltest.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• Pro und Contra
• Richtige Zeitformen wählen
• Beispielaufbau
• Abstract notwendig?
• Häufige Fragen und Antworten

Abstract Bachelorarbeit

Das Abstract ist eine Zusammenfassung deiner Bachelorarbeit und zielt darauf ab, deinem Leser eine gesamte Übersicht der Arbeit zu offerieren. Dazu zählen das Thema, das Problem, die Fragestellung, die Durchführung, die Ergebnisse und der Ausblick.

Inhalt Abstract Bachelorarbeit:

• Worum geht es?
• Wie hast du das Thema bearbeitet?
• Was sind die wichtigsten Ergebnisse?
• Wie können diese Ergebnisse interpretiert werden?

Um ein perfektes Abstract für deine Bachelorarbeit zu schreiben, solltest du folgende Punkte berücksichtigen.

• Länge zwischen 250 und 500 Wörtern, maximal 1 A4-Seite
• Kurze und verständliche Sätze
• Aussagen und keine Thesen formulieren
• Zeitform Präsens oder Perfekt

Die Punkte gehören nicht in ein Abstract und sollten dringend vermieden werden.

• Theoretischen Inhalte aus der Literatur
• Bewertung oder Diskussion von Ergebnissen

Abstract Bachelorarbeit Beispiel

Um dir das Formulieren des Abstracts deiner Bachelorarbeit zu vereinfachen, findest du im Folgenden ein Beispiel, das anhand der 4-Struktur-Regel von 1a-Studi geschrieben wurde und somit sämtliche Kriterien eines guten Abstracts Bachelorarbeit erfüllt.

Beispiel Abstract für eine Bachelorarbeit

Teil #1 – Worum geht es?

Die Krise 2020 rund um das Thema Corona-Virus hat weitreichende Folgen für die deutsche Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft. Aufgrund eines lang anhaltenden Shutdowns und der somit sinkenden Kaufkraft, waren Unternehmen gezwungen, ihre Belegschaft in die Kurzarbeit oder in das Homeoffice zu schicken. Vor allem das Thema Homeoffice war zu diesem Zeitpunkt für viele Unternehmen etwas noch Unbekanntes. Fehlende Erfahrungen und Tools machten die Einarbeitung von Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern herausfordernd.

Ziel dieser Bachelorarbeit ist, eine Übersicht über geeignete Homeoffice-Methoden zu erstellen, die Unternehmen langfristig erfolgreich anwenden können.

Teil #2 – Wie hast du das Thema bearbeitet?

Dafür wird eine umfassende Literaturrecherche zum Thema Homeoffice und digitales Arbeiten mit dem Schwerpunkt Online-Meetings durchgeführt. Des Weiteren wird eine Tabelle erstellt, die alle Vor- und Nachteile von Homeoffice gegenüber stellt.

Teil #3 – Was sind die wichtigsten Ergebnisse?

Die Ergebnisse der Ausarbeitung zeigen deutlich, dass Homeoffice für gewisse Branchen und Tätigkeitsrollen auch in der Zukunft von großer Bedeutung sind. So spiegelt sich ein dynamisches Arbeiten aktiv in der Zufriedenheit und somit Arbeitsleistung von Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern wider. Eine Voraussetzung dafür sind die richtigen digitalen Tools und eine gezielte Schulung in Bezug auf Kommunikation und Aufgabenbearbeitung.

Teil #4 – Wie können diese Ergebnisse interpretiert werden?

Da das Arbeiten im 21. Jahrhundert zunehmend digital erfolgt, ist Homeoffice eine gute Alternative für Unternehmen und ihre Belegschaft. Das Vereinen von Arbeit und Beruf entlastet vor allem Familien und schafft neue Möglichkeiten für ein Unternehmenswachstum.

Garantiert mit sehr guter Note bestehen! 🎓

Lass dir jetzt vom Testsieger für wissenschaftliche Lektorate bei deinem Bachelor und Master helfen.

Kurzfassung Bachelorarbeit

In der Kurzfassung Bachelorarbeit, auch Abstract genannt, wird deine gesamte Arbeit auf nur einer Seite zusammengefasst. Das Ziel ist es immer, dass der Leser deiner Bachelorarbeit eine gesamte Übersicht über das Thema, die Zielsetzung, das Vorgehen und die Ergebnisse bekommt. Die Kurzfassung Bachelorarbeit sollte daher die wesentlichsten und wichtigsten Ergebnisse deiner Abschlussarbeit beinhalten. Die Details kann der Leser dann in deiner Bachelorarbeit nachlesen.

Kurzfassung Bachelorarbeit Zeitform

Für das Schreiben der Kurzfassung Bachelorarbeit empfehlen sich die Zeitformen Präsens oder Perfekt. Im Präsens formulierst du dein Abstract aus der Gegenwart.

Beispiel: In der vorliegenden Bachelorarbeit wird das Thema „XXX“ behandelt. Dabei wird der Fragestellung „XXX“ nachgegangen …

Im Perfekt formulierst du dein Abstract mit den Hilfsverben „haben“ und „sein“. Dabei solltest du immer die aktive Konjugation wählen.

Beispiel: In der vorliegenden Arbeit ist das Thema „XXX“ untersucht worden. Dabei ist der Fragestellung „XXX“ nachgegangen worden.

1a-Studi-Tipp: Zuviel Grammatikdschungel? Die 1a-Studi Lektoren prüfen und korrigieren dein Abstract hinsichtlich der deutschen Grammatik.

Länge Abstract Bachelorarbeit

Die meisten Hochschulen empfehlen zwischen 250 und 500 Wörter. Das Abstract deiner Bachelorarbeit sollte 1 Seite nicht überschreiten. Wenn deine Hochschule ein Abstract für deine Bachelorarbeit fordert und eine kleine Wortanzahl vorschreibt, dann musst du dich unbedingt an diese Regelung halten. Die Herausforderungen bei beispielsweise 250 Wörtern ist es, eine sehr übersichtliche Darstellung zu formulieren, die sich exakt auf die wesentlichen Inhalte deiner Bachelorarbeit fokussiert.

Formulierungstipps Abstract Bachelorarbeit

• Kurze Sätze
• Aussagekräftig
• Aktive Sätze
• Verschachtelung
• Erklärungen
• Theorie und Quellen

Roter-Faden-Check

+184 wissenschaftliche Prüfkriterien . Inkl. Protokoll und Checkliste für den Feinschliff deiner Thesis. ✨

Abstract Aufbau

Der Abstract Aufbau für eine wissenschaftliche Bachelorarbeit beinhaltet die komprimierte Zusammenfassung der gesamten Arbeit. Im Folgenden lernst du, welche Inhalte zu den 4 Bereichen eines perfektes Abstract Bachelorarbeit gehören.

Die 4-Struktur-Regel Abstract Bachelorarbeit

#1 Worum geht es?

• Thema darstellen
• Problem aufgreifen
• Zielsetzung aufzeigen

#2 Wie hast du das Thema bearbeitet?

• Vorgehensweise
• Gewählte Methodik
• Anwendung und Studien

#3 Was sind die wichtigsten Ergebnisse?

• Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse deiner Forschung
• Einordnung in das Forschungsfeld und Zielsetzung

#4 Wie können die Ergebnisse interpretiert werden?

• Bedeutung für das Ziel
• Einordnung der Ergebnisse
• Interpretation für Verwendung

Abstract wissenschaftliche Arbeit

Das Abstract, auch Kurzfassung oder Zusammenfassung genannt, einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit ist für eine Masterarbeit und Diplomarbeit verpflichtend. Ob eine Bachelorarbeit ein Abstract enthält, das liegen die Richtlinien deiner Hochschule fest. Du kannst dafür auch den Betreuer deiner Bachelorarbeit fragen.

Der Unterschied zwischen den Zusammenfassungen/Abstract in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten ist, dass ein Abstract Bachelorarbeit in der Regel nicht zwingend auf Englisch übersetzt werden muss. Eine englische Übersetzung ist für Masterarbeiten und Diplomarbeiten notwendig. Kleine wissenschaftliche Arbeiten wie die Hausarbeit oder Seminararbeit bekommen in der Regel kein Abstract.

Übersetzung Abstract

Die professionelle Fach-Übersetzung deiner deutschen Zusammenfassung. Korrektur und Prüfung vor der Übersetzung deines deutschen Abstracts. ? Sichere dir alle Benotungspunkte!

• Inkl. Korrekturlesen und Lektorat Deutsch
• Englische Fach-Übersetzung
• Abschlusskorrektur

Du hast noch weitere Fragen zu deiner Bachelorarbeit, die du nicht in diesem Artikel beantwortet bekommen hast? Dann recherchiere weiter in der Wissensdatenbank für Bachelorarbeiten hier bei 1a-Studi.

Artikel zum entdecken

Anleitung, Tipps und Beispiel für die perfekte Einleitung.

Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse deiner Untersuchung.

Anleitungen, Tipps und Beispiele für ein perfektes Fazit.

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