a presentation on chandrayaan 3

Chandrayaan-3: A complete guide to India's third mission to the moon

A rover and lander will together explore the moon's surface.

Chandrayaan-3 mission goals

Chandrayaan-3 science payloads, past chandrayaan missions, lessons learned from failed chandrayaan-2, additional resources.

Chandrayaan-3 is India's next moon mission.

The spacecraft launched to the moon on July 14, 2023, at 5:05 a.m. EDT (0905 GMT or 2:35 p.m. local time July 14) from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India atop the medium-lift Launch Vehicle Mark-III (LVM3) rocket.

Chandrayaan-3 successfully landed near the moon's south pole on Aug. 23, 2023, at 8:33 a.m. ET (1233 GMT or 6:03 p.m. India Standard Time). 

The mission is managed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). ISRO's roots go back to the beginning of space exploration, as a predecessor agency was set up in 1962 and its first rocket launch was in 1963. ISRO itself was established in 1969.

In June 2023, shortly before the scheduled Chandrayaan-3 launch, India also signed on to the NASA-led Artemis Accords aiming for peaceful human and robotic exploration of the moon. While the immediate benefits of the accords accrue to human spaceflight, according to the White House , the data from Chandrayaan-3 may be useful for future Artemis human landings too.

Related: Every mission to the moon

Chandrayaan-3 costs roughly $77 million USD, according to the Times of India .

The three main objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are to land safely on the surface, to demonstrate rover operations and to perform scientific experiments on site, according to the official website . 

The mission called for a propulsion module to ferry the Chandrayaan-3' Vikram ("valor") lander and the solar-powered rover named Pragyan (Sanskrit for "wisdom") rover together to the south pole of the moon, according to NASA . 

The module then entered lunar orbit and maneuvered into a roughly circular path about 60 miles (100 km) above the surface. Then the lander separated from the module and aimed for a soft landing on the surface, achieving this on Aug. 23, 2023.

The lander and rover will collect science on the surface for 14 Earth days (a single day on the moon), while the propulsion module will gaze at our planet for its own science experiment.

The spacecraft package (rover, lander and propulsion module) includes "advanced technologies" to meet the mission objectives, ISRO says. Examples include hazard detection and avoidance on the rover, a landing leg mechanism to aim for a soft touchdown, and altimeters and velocity instruments to estimate altitude and speed above the moon.

ISRO has performed several technology tests to simulate lunar conditions, the agency emphasized, focusing on matters such as soaking instruments in cold temperatures similar to the moon or doing a lander leg test on a simulated surface under different landing conditions.

Related: ISRO: The Indian Space Research Organization

Science on the Chandrayaan-3 mission is split between the lander, the rover and the propulsion module payload.

"The lander is ... generally box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters," NASA writes of the design . Its approximate 3,900-pound (1,752-kilogram) mass will include 57 pounds (26 kgs) for the rover. 

The lander includes:

• Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure thermal conductivity and temperature on the surface;
• Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) to detect moonquakes;
• Langmuir Probe to estimate the density and variation of plasma, or superheated gas, in the moon's environment; 
• A Laser Retroreflector Array (from NASA) to measure distances using laser ranging..

The rover "is a rectangular chassis mounted on a six-wheel rocker-bogie wheel drive assembly," NASA added. The rover sends its communications to Earth through the lander. Rover instruments include:

• Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) to look for elements in the lunar soil and rocks;
• Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) to examine the chemical and elemental composition of the lunar surface.

The propulsion module "is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top ... that acts as a mounting structure for the lander," NASA says. The propulsion module is more than 2.2 tons (2 tonnes in mass.)

The module's single experiment is the Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) investigation that will assist with exoplanet searches. The experiment will "gather data on the polarization of light reflected by Earth so that researchers can look for other planets with similar signatures," according to Nature .

Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the moon. It launched Oct. 22, 2008 from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, aboard a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle rocket. It achieved lunar orbit on Nov. 8. It released a Moon Impact Probe on Nov. 14 that deliberately crashed into the moon later that day. 

Chandrayaan-1 is best known for finding evidence of water ice on the moon. NASA made the announcement on September 2009, based on data collected by the agency's Moon Mineralogy Mapper. The instrument found evidence of hydroxyl (a form of water, hydrogen and oxygen) in the moon's regolith or dust. 

The Moon Impact Probe also found water's signature before impacting the surface, providing a separate set of data. More confirmations came from the Cassini  spacecraft and the Deep Impact  spacecraft's extended EPOXI mission.

Chandrayaan-2 was India's second mission to the moon. It launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, aboard a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) rocket on July 22, 2019. It made it to lunar orbit on Aug. 19, 2019.

On Sept. 6, Chandrayaan-2 released the Vikram moon lander , but mission officials lost contact with it as it was just 1.3 miles (2.1 km) above the surface. Although the lander was lost, the orbiter continues to work well. It carries eight different instruments and continues to send back high-definition imagery of the lunar surface.

Chandrayaan-3 will build upon the "lessons learned" from the unsuccessful landing that took place during Chandrayaan-2, ISRO told the Business Standard .

"With optimized payload configurations, improved lander capabilities, and utilizing existing (spacecraft) resources, the mission is expected to address past challenges," the Business Standard wrote of ISRO's approach to Chandrayaan-3.

For example, Chandrayaan-3 will simplify its mission design to not include an orbiter. The predecessor mission, Chandrayaan-2, will therefore handle all communications to Earth from the propulsion module, the rover and the lander.

The propulsion module ferrying Chandraayan-3 to the moon will also only include a single science instrument, as opposed to Chandrayaan-2's orbiter which carried nine. This will simplify the amount of work the propulsion module performs, allowing engineers to focus on its crucial role in bringing the rover and lander to the moon.

The lander of Chandraayan-3 also includes key upgrades. ISRO stated it will have two "lander hazard detection and avoidance cameras" meant to help the lander avoid obstacles on the surface during the descent. Chandrayaan-2 only carried one such camera, and Chandrayaan-3's cameras aim to be more robust than the predecessor mission.

Read more about Chandraayan-3 on the official ISRO website . NASA has technical details about the mission as well.

Bibliography

The Business Standard. (2023, July 7). "Chandrayaan-3: What is it, and how does it improve on its predecessor?" https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-improve-on-its-predecessor-123070700477_1.html

Padma, T.V. (2023, July 7). "India shoots for the moon with Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander." Nature . https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02217-0

The White House. (2023, June 22.) "Republic of India official state visit to the United States." https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/22/fact-sheet-republic-of-india-official-state-visit-to-the-united-states/

Times of India. (2023, July 6). "Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates." http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/101547465.cms

Times of India. (2020, Jan. 2.) "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021." https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms

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Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. She was contributing writer for Space.com for 10 years before joining full-time. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House and Office of the Vice-President of the United States, an exclusive conversation with aspiring space tourist (and NSYNC bassist) Lance Bass, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, flying parabolic, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. Her latest book, " Why Am I Taller ?", is co-written with astronaut Dave Williams. Elizabeth holds a Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Space Studies from the University of North Dakota, a Bachelor of Journalism from Canada's Carleton University and a Bachelor of History from Canada's Athabasca University. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science at several institutions since 2015; her experience includes developing and teaching an astronomy course at Canada's Algonquin College (with Indigenous content as well) to more than 1,000 students since 2020. Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday. Mastodon: https://qoto.org/@howellspace

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Chandrayaan-3: All you need to know about the mission and what happens after its successful Moon landing

What is a soft landing, why did india send chandrayaan-3 to the moon's south pole and what happened after the landing was accomplished we explain..

India’s Moon mission Chandrayaan-3 scripted history by successfully landing on the lunar surface at 6:04 pm on August 23. With the Lander accomplishing a ‘soft landing’ on the Moon’s south pole, India becomes the only country to have ever done so. A rover, which is a small vehicle that is meant to move around on the Moon’s surface, then came out of the Lander. On August 24, ISRO released a video of how this happened on X.

… … and here is how the Chandrayaan -3 Rover ramped down from the Lander to the Lunar surface. pic.twitter.com/nEU8s1At0W — ISRO (@isro) August 25, 2023

When Chandrayaan-3 took off for the Moon on July 14, we explained the basics of the mission – how a mission launches into Space, what the Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2 missions were, etc. You can click here to read it . Here, we further explain why a ‘soft landing’ was crucial to the mission, what makes landing on the south pole a difficult feat, and what is to happen after the landing.

What is a soft landing, and why did Chandrayaan-3 land on the south pole?

According to ISRO, the mission’s three objectives were to demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface, to demonstrate a Rover roving on the Moon and to conduct in-situ scientific experiments.

Soft landing simply means landing at a gentle, controlled speed to not sustain damage to a spacecraft. Amitabha Ghosh, a scientist for NASA’s Rover mission to Mars, explained it in The Indian Express thus : “Imagine a spacecraft hurtling through space, at 10 times the speed of an airplane, having to nearly come to a standstill in order to land gently on the Earth — all in a matter of a few minutes and, more importantly, without any human intervention. This, in a nutshell, is a soft landing.”

Doing so showcases a spacecraft’s technical capabilities. The landing site is near the south pole of the moon at 70 degrees latitude.

All of the previous spacecraft to have landed on the Moon have landed in the region near the Moon’s equator, firstly because it is easier and safer here. The terrain and temperature are more conducive for a long and sustained operation of instruments. Sunlight is also present, offering a regular supply of energy to solar-powered instruments.

The polar regions of the Moon, however, are different. Many parts lie in a completely dark region without sunlight, and temperatures can go below 230 degrees Celsius. This creates difficulty in the operation of instruments. In addition, there are large craters all over the place.

As a result, the polar regions of the Moon have remained unexplored. The extremely cold temperatures could mean that anything trapped in the region would remain frozen in time, without undergoing much change. The rocks and soil in Moon’s north and south poles could therefore provide clues to the early Solar System.

Notably, Chandrayaan-2 also planned to land in this region in 2019, but it was not able to accomplish a soft landing and lost contact after it hit the surface.

Why was Chandrayaan-2 unable to land correctly, and what has changed since then?

Subsequent analyses reported that there were both software and hardware problems in 2019’s Chandrayaan-2. Isro chairperson S Somanath recently said the changes to the current mission were “failure-based.” He said, “Instead of a success-based design in Chandrayaan-2, we are doing a failure-based design in Chandrayaan-3 —we are looking at what can go wrong and how to deal with it.” Some of the changes that have been made are :

*Chandrayaan-2 lost control over its descent around 7.2 km from the surface of the Moon. Its communications system relayed data of the loss of control up to around 400 m above the surface. The Lander had slowed down to about 580 km/hr when it crashed.

A Lander does not have wheels; it has stilts, or legs, which are supposed to touch down on the lunar surface, the legs of Chandrayaan-3 have been strengthened to ensure that it would be able to land, and stabilise, even at a speed of 3 m/sec, or 10.8 km/hour.

*The prospective landing site had its range increased, this time. Instead of trying to reach a specific 500mx500m patch for landing as targeted by Chandrayaan-2, the current mission was given instructions to land safely anywhere in a 4kmx2.4km area.

*The Chandrayaan-3 Lander carried more fuel than Chandrayaan-2. This was done to ensure that the Lander is able to make a last-minute change in its landing site if it needs to.

*The Chandrayaan-3 Lander has solar panels on four sides, instead of only two in Chandrayaan-2. This was to ensure that the Lander continued to draw solar power, even if it landed in a wrong direction, or tumbled over. At least one or two of its sides would always be facing the Sun, and remain active.

What needed to happen for Chandrayaan-3 to land successfully?

The critical technical manoeuvre that the Chandrayaan-3 Lander had to perform on August 23, when it entered the final 15 minutes of its attempt to make a soft landing on the Moon, was to transfer its high-speed horizontal position to a vertical one — in order to facilitate a gentle descent on to the surface.

After Chandrayaan-2 failed in its soft landing mission, K Sivan, then chairman of ISRO, described this process as “15 minutes of terror” for them. It includes four phases:

1. The Rough Braking phase includes reducing the lander’s horizontal velocity from a range of 1.68 km/sec (more than 6,000 km/h) at a height of 30 km from the lunar surface, to almost zero for a soft landing at the designated site. This has to be done with precision, within certain durations. Read this explainer for a more detailed explanation .

2. At a height of 7.42 km from the surface, the lander is to go into an “attitude hold phase” lasting around 10 seconds, during which it should tilt from a horizontal to a vertical position while covering a distance of 3.48 km.

3. The “fine braking phase” lasts around 175 seconds, during which the lander is to move fully into a vertical position. It is to traverse the final 28.52 km to the landing site, the altitude will come down to 800-1,000 m, and it would reach a nominal speed of 0 m/sec. It was between the “attitude hold phase” and the “fine braking phase” that Chandrayaan-2 lost control and crashed.

4. “Terminal descent” is the final stage, when the spacecraft is supposed to descend totally vertically onto the surface.

And finally, what will happen after Chandrayaan-3’s successful landing on the Moon?

Spacecraft are often carrying certain instruments and experiments with them (called payloads) that observe and record what is happening in Space. This information is then relayed to Earth for scientists to analyse and study.

The six payloads on the Vikram lander and rover Pragyan remain the same as the previous mission. There will be four scientific payloads on the lander to study lunar quakes, thermal properties of the lunar surface, changes in the plasma near the surface, and a passive experiment to help accurately measure the distance between Earth and the Moon. The fourth payload comes from NASA.

There are two payloads on the Rover, designed to study the chemical and mineral composition of the lunar surface and to determine the composition of elements such as magnesium, aluminium and iron in the lunar soil and rocks.

For a detailed analysis of these experiments, and how they build on findings of the previous Chandrayaan missions (Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2), read our explainer here. 

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Chandrayaan-3: Historic India mission for moon’s south pole set for landing

A previous Indian effort failed in 2019 and the latest attempt comes days after Russia’s first moon mission in 50 years crashed.

India could become the first nation to land a spacecraft on the moon’s south pole, days after a Russian probe crashed in the same region – an historic moment for the world’s most populous nation, as it rapidly closes in on milestones set by global space powers.

Chandrayaan-3, which means “Mooncraft” in Sanskrit, is scheduled to touch down shortly after 6pm India time (12:30 GMT) on Wednesday near the little-explored lunar south pole.

Keep reading

Indian moon lander module splits from propulsion section in key step, india’s chandrayaan-3 space mission enters moon’s orbit, will india’s new moon mission propel it into an elite orbit, russia’s luna-25 probe crashes on the moon.

“India reaches for the moon”, The Times of India front-page headline read on Wednesday, with the hoped-for lunar landing dominating local news. “It’s D-Day for moon mission”, The Hindustan Times said.

A previous Indian effort failed in 2019, and the latest attempt comes just days after Russia’s first moon mission in almost 50 years, destined for the same region, crashed on the lunar surface.

But former Indian space chief K Sivan said the latest photos transmitted back home by the lander gave every indication the final leg of the voyage would succeed.

“It is giving some encouragement that we will be able to achieve the landing mission without any problem,” he told AFP news agency on Monday.

Sivan added that the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had made corrections after a failure four years ago, when scientists lost contact with the previous lunar module moments before its slated landing.

“Chandrayaan-3 is going to go with more ruggedness,” he said. “We have confidence, and we expect that everything will go smoothly.”

Anil Kumar Bhatt, director general of the Indian Space Association, told Al Jazeera he was confident the spacecraft will make a soft landing.

“India has already had two missions, Chandrayaan-1, which was a total success; Chandrayaan-2, which was partially successful, and of course, our lander at that time crash-landed but the lessons learned from that I am very sure have been picked up very well by our scientists,” he said.

“And this time, they have had all the fail-safe mechanisms put into it, they have learnt the right lessons and I am very sure … we will have a very good news.”

‘Smooth sailing is continuing’

The mission was launched nearly six weeks ago in front of thousands of cheering spectators, but took much longer to reach the moon than those of the Apollo missions in the 1960s and 1970s, which arrived in a matter of days.

India is using rockets much less powerful than those the United States used back then, meaning the probe must orbit Earth several times to gain speed before embarking on its month-long lunar trajectory.

The spacecraft’s lander, Vikram, which means “valour” in Sanskrit, detached from its propulsion module last week and has been sending back images of the moon’s surface since entering lunar orbit on August 5.

A day ahead of the landing, the ISRO said on social media the landing was proceeding on schedule and that its mission control complex was “buzzed with energy and excitement”.

“Smooth sailing is continuing,” the agency posted on X, formerly known as Twitter.

India has a comparatively low-budget aerospace programme, but one that has grown considerably in size and momentum since it first sent a probe to orbit the moon in 2008.

The latest mission comes with a price tag of $74.6m – far lower than those of other countries, and a testament to India’s frugal space engineering.

Experts say India can keep costs low by copying and adapting existing space technology, and thanks to an abundance of highly skilled engineers who earn a fraction of their foreign counterparts’ wages.

In 2014, India became the first Asian nation to put a satellite into orbit around Mars and is slated to launch a three-day crewed mission into Earth’s orbit by next year.

‘Very, very important’

Sivan, the former ISRO chief, said India’s efforts to explore the relatively unmapped lunar south pole would make a “very, very important” contribution to scientific knowledge.

Only Russia, the United States and China have previously achieved a controlled landing on the lunar surface.

Russia launched its own lunar probe earlier in August – its first in nearly half a century.

If successful, it would have beaten Chandrayaan-3 by a matter of days to become the first mission of any nation to make a controlled landing around the lunar south pole.

But the Luna-25 probe crash-landed on Saturday after an unspecified incident as it was preparing for descent.

Punishing sanctions since the outset of the Ukraine war have affected Russia’s space industry, which has also been beleaguered by corruption and a lack of innovation and partnerships.

Where can you watch the launch?

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), will be live streaming the event on its YouTube page. The coverage is expected to start at 5:20pm India time (11:50 GMT).

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• What is the Chandrayaan-3 Mission?

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• What differentiates Chandrayaan-3 from Chandrayaan-2?
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Chandrayaan-3 Mission is the second attempt of the Indian Space Research Organisation after the Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate the capability of India in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. The Lander Module of Chandrayaan-3 carrying the Lander, Vikram and Rover, Pragyan,  made the historic soft landing on the surface of the Lunar South Pole on August 23, 2023 . Thus, India became the first nation to soft-land on the surface of the Lunar south pole and overall the fourth to do a soft landing anywhere on the Earth’s natural satellite. Indian Space Research Organisation launched the Chandrayaan-3 Mission by using the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (LVM3) on 14th July 2023 from Sriharikota.

With the objective to demonstrate the ability to soft landing and roving as well as to carry out experiments on the lunar surface, the Chandrayaan 3 Mission aims to strengthen India's prowess in space discovery and innovation. Continuing the success of its predecessors (Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2), the Mission has brought India into the exclusive elite space club.

What is the Chandrayaan 3 Mission?

The Chandrayaan 3 Mission was launched using the LVM3 rocket system. LVM3 is the new launch vehicle of ISRO with the capability to place the modules into the GTO (Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit) in a cost-effective manner. It is a three-stage launch vehicle with two solid strap stages and one core liquid stage. The Launcher, LVM3 M4, placed the integrated Modules in an Elliptic Parking Orbit of size approx. 170 x 36500 km (a GTO).

Objectives of Chandrayaan 3 Mission

One of the many goals of the Mission is to look for water ice that could support future human life on the Moon and also for supplying propellants for spacecraft in future interplanetary missions. The objectives of the Chandrayaan-3 mission are:

• Safe and Soft Landing on the Lunar Surface by the Lander
• Roving on the Moon by the Rover
• In-situ scientific experiments by the Rover

The Chandrayaan-3 Mission consists of two modules - The propulsion module (PM) and the Lander module (LM). The total mass of both the modules is 3900 kg (Propulsion Module-2148 kg, and Lander Module-1752 kg, including Rover-26 kg).

Propulsion Module

The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration till the 100 km lunar orbit. Other than carrying the Lander Module, it also has a scientific payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE).

• The SHAPE payload will conduct novel spectro-polarimetric studies of Earth from lunar orbit. It will look for smaller planets that could be habitable in the reflected light.

Lander Module

The Lander Module consists of a Lander (Vikram) and a Rover (Pragyan). The Lander Module made the soft landing using the Automatic Landing Sequence (ALS), where the Lander started its engine (thrusters) and maneuvered the speed and direction of the Module as well as the position of the landing site.

After the historic touchdown, the Rover inside it ramped down on the lunar surface to carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its mission life.

• The total lifespan of the Mission (Lander and Rover) is lunar day (14 Earth days).
• Both the Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface.
• The objectives of scientific payloads planned on the Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module and Rover are provided below:
• Launched: July 14, 2023
• Inserted into Lunar Orbit: August 05
• Separation of the Lander Module from the Propulsion Module: August 17
• Deboosting is the slowing down of the spacecraft in an orbit where the Perilune (closest point to the Moon) is 30 km, and the farthest point (the Apolune) is 100 km from the landing site in the South Polar Region.
• It is required for the proper landing as the speed needed to land is much less than the lander.
• Second Deboosting on August 20
• The targeted site on the Moon was around 70 degrees South near the Southern pole of the Moon.
• If the Lander had missed the target of the commencement of the soft landing, It would have to wait for 1 month.
• It landed at around 69.36°S and 32.34°E (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters).
• Rover started its exploration on August 24

What differentiates Chandrayaan 3 from Chandrayaan 2?

Chandrayaan-2 failed in the final phase of its mission in 2019 because it could not achieve a soft landing. The main issue for the crash was that the five thrusters on the lander developed a higher velocity than expected. Also, the lander had to take pictures to fix the landing site. All of this made the accumulated errors. Learning from previous experiences, the ISRO had incorporated some advancements to achieve success this time, which are as follows:

“Failure-based design” instead of the "Success-based design":

• The failure-based design means that if everything, including sensors and electronics, had failed, Vikram would still have made the soft landing.
•  This was done by identifying and rectifying all the probable scenarios that could go wrong.
• These included failure of electronics, engine failure, unable to reach the landing spot, sensor failure, algorithm failure, velocity higher than required, etc.

Increase in the landing area:

• The target area of Chandrayaan-3 was kept at 4km x 2.4km area instead of 500m x 500m targeted by Chandrayaan-2 so that the Lander had more options to choose the best target site on its own.

More fuel to Lander:

• It was kept to facilitate the Lander to travel longer distances to the landing site and, if needed, to the alternate landing site.

Help from Chandrayaan-2 orbiter:

• The Chandrayaan-3 mission does not carry an orbiter; it is using the high-resolution images from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.

More robust integrated craft:

• The weight of the payload of Chandrayaan-3 had been kept more than the Chandrayaan-2, with the Lander having most of the extra weight for successful landing.
• The number of thrusters had decreased from five to four with no central thrusters.
• The legs of the Lander were made sturdier to ensure that they could land even at a higher velocity.
• Use of additional solar panels to ensure power generation after a soft landing regardless of the weather on the Moon.

Chandrayaan-3 vs Luna-25

Luna-25, Russia's first lunar mission since 1976, has recently crashed in an attempt to get into the landing orbit. It was targeted to land at the South Pole of the Moon, of particular interest to researchers believing that the polar craters might contain frozen water in their rocks. There are some differences between the Chandrayaan-3 and the Luna-25, which are as follows:

India returns Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module to Earth orbit

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WASHINGTON — The spacecraft that transported the Chandrayaan-3 lander to the moon has returned to Earth orbit, a demonstration of technologies to support a future Indian lunar sample return mission.

The Indian space agency ISRO announced Dec. 4 that the propulsion module for the Chandrayaan-3 mission is now in a high orbit around the Earth after a series of maneuvers since October that returned the spacecraft from a low lunar orbit. ISRO had not previously disclosed any efforts to return the propulsion module to Earth orbit.

The main purpose of the 2,145-kilogram propulsion module was to transport the Chandrayaan-3 lander from an initial elliptical Earth orbit to low lunar orbit. The module, a modified version of ISRO’s I-3K satellite bus, performed several maneuvers starting a day after its July 14 launch to raise the apogee of the orbit, followed by a translunar injection burn and lunar orbit insertion burn. The module than moved into a nearly circular orbit about 150 kilometers above the moon before the lander separated Aug. 17.

The lander successfully touched down on the moon Aug. 23 . The propulsion module remained in orbit, operating a single instrument called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth, or SHAPE, to observe the Earth. ISRO provided little information about the propulsion module after the lander separated.

In a statement , ISRO said that it decided to attempt to bring the propulsion module back to Earth orbit after determining that the precision of the launch and earlier maneuvers left more than 100 kilograms of propellant on the spacecraft. The first maneuver in that plan took place Oct. 9, raising the apolune, or high point in its orbit around the moon, from 150 to 5,112 kilometers.

The module performed a transearth injection maneuver Oct. 13, placing it on a trajectory where it performed four close approaches to the moon before leaving its sphere of influence on Nov. 10. The spacecraft entered a high orbit around the Earth, making its first perigee Nov. 22 at an altitude of 154,000 kilometers.

ISRO said the maneuver allowed SHAPE to continue observations closer to Earth. It added, though, that the maneuvers were designed “to derive additional information for future lunar missions and demonstrate the mission operation strategies for a sample return mission.”

ISRO has not formally announced plans for a lunar sample return mission. Its next mission to the moon is the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission, or LUPEX, a joint effort with the Japanese space agency JAXA. That mission, sometimes called Chandrayaan-4, would feature a Japanese rover on an Indian lander to explore the south polar region of the moon. It is expected to launch no earlier than 2026.

However, ISRO officials have discussed the potential of a near-term sample return mission. “The government of India has given us a very tight timetable for exploration in space. We need to have a sample return from the moon within about four years,” said Shri M. Sankaran, director of ISRO’s U R Rao Satellite Center, during a panel discussion at the AIAA’s ASCEND conference Oct. 24 in Las Vegas.

He appeared to be referring to a meeting of ISRO leadership chaired by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi Oct. 17. A release by the prime minister’s office mentioned goals that included an Indian space station by 2035 and Indian crewed lunar landing by 2040, but did not discuss lunar sample return.

In a later presentation at the conference, he said that ISRO had developed a concept for a sample return mission, but did not go into details about it. “Maybe this sample return and LUPEX mission with JAXA may happen more or less concurrently,” he said.

The return of the propulsion module to Earth orbit was not the first demonstration of technologies needed for lunar sample return on Chandrayaan-3. In its final days of operations on the lunar surface in September, the lander reignited its engines, rising about 40 centimeters off the surface before touching down 30 to 40 centimeters away from its original landing location. “This ‘kick-start’ enthuses future sample return and human missions!” ISRO posted on social media.

Jeff Foust writes about space policy, commercial space, and related topics for SpaceNews. He earned a Ph.D. in planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a bachelor’s degree with honors in geophysics and planetary science... More by Jeff Foust

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Do space and astronomy excite you? If so, we have got something for you. Download our free Chandrayaan 3 template inspired by India’s third and most recent lunar exploration mission under the Chandrayaan program. Chandrayaan 3 has been a topic of discussion among astronomers and scientists worldwide. The mission’s main objective is to further explore the Moon’s surface and gather valuable scientific data.

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International Astronomical Union Recognises Chandrayaan-3 Vikram Lander's Landing Site As 'Shiv Shakti Point'

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has approved 'Shiv Shakti Point' as the official name given to Chandrayaan-3's landing site on the Moon. The site was named by Prime Minister Narendra Modi last year when the Vikram lander touched down near the lunar South Pole.

The name now has an official stamp of the IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature which is responsible for naming celestial bodies, including planets and other objects within our solar system.

The nomenclature by the IAU is considered a significant process as it not only helps astronomers and researchers to effectively communicate about these objects but also serves to recognise and honor various individuals, places, and mythologies from cultures around the world.

“In Shiva, there’s a resolution for humanity’s welfare and Shakti gives us strength to fulfil those resolutions. This Shiva Shakti Point of Moon also gives a sense of connection with the Himalayas to Kanyakumari," PM Modi said while naming the landing site on August 26, 2023. He also said that the crash site of Chandrayaan-2's lander will now be known as 'Tiranga Point.'

The Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature has named the landing site 'Statio Shiv Shakti' and defines it as a "Compound word from Indian mythology that depicts the masculine (“Shiva”) and feminine (“Shakti”) duality of nature."

The Chandrayaan-3 mission launched on July 14, 2023 and touched down on August 26 as the first spacecraft near the lunar south pole. To be precise, the Vikram lander was about 600 km from the Moon's south pole. Intuitive Machines' Odysseus landed even closer (300 km) to the lunar south pole on February 22.

ALSO SEE: Lunar Reunion: Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter Meets Chandrayaan-3 Vikram Lander Before Historic Moon Landing

The Vikram lander and the Pragyan rover it carried worked for 14 Earth days before the lunar night took over at the Shiv Shakti Point.

The Moon also has a 'Jawahar Point' named after India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Back in 2009, the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) was released by the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter on November 14. It struck a region near the Shackleton Crater on Nehru's birthday and thus was named 'Jawahar Point.'

ALSO SEE: From Setbacks To Success: Capturing Chandrayaan-2 And Chandrayaan-3's Emotional Sagas (Photos)

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Chandrayaan-3 landing site is now officially called 'Shiva Shakti'

In august 2023, prime minister narendra modi announced that the spot where chandrayaan-3’s moon lander landed would be known as "shiva shakti".

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• Isro's Chandrayaan-3 landing site named 'Shiva Shakti' by International Astronomical Union
• Approval came seven months after PM Modi's announcement
• August 23, Chandrayaan-3's landing day, declared 'National Space Day'

The spot where the Vikram lander of the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) groundbreaking Chandrayaan-3 mission touched down on the moon has been officially named "Shiva Shakti" following approval by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The approval came nearly seven months after Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that the landing site would be called "Shiva Shakti" .

The name "Statio Shiva Shakti" for the Chandrayaan-3 landing site was approved by the Paris-based IAU on March 19, as per the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature which provides detailed information about planetary names approved by the astronomical organisation.

Regarding the origin of the name, the Gazetteer said, "Compound word from Indian mythology that depicts the masculine ('Shiva') and feminine ('Shakti') duality of nature; Landing site of Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander."

The Prime Minister, in his announcement on August 26, 2023, at the Isro Telemetry Tracking and Command Network Mission Control Complex in Bengaluru, also said that August 23, the day when Chandrayaan-3 landed on the Moon, would now be known as ‘National Space Day’.

He further said that the spot on the lunar surface where Chandrayaan-2 left its footprints will be known as 'Tiranga', as an "inspiration for every effort made by India. It will remind us any failure is not final".

On August 23, 2023, the Chandrayaan-3 mission created history with the successful soft landing on Moon's surface .

India is now the first nation to reach near the Moon's unexplored South Pole and ranks amongst the top four nations to carry out a soft landing on the lunar surface.

Last week, Isro was honoured with the prestigious Aviation Week Laureates Award for its achievements with the Chandrayaan-3 mission.

The Aviation Week Laureates Award is renowned for recognising extraordinary accomplishments within the aerospace industry. This year, it celebrated Isro's groundbreaking Chandrayaan-3. Published By: Karishma Saurabh Kalita Published On: Mar 24, 2024

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EAM S Jaishankar Highlights Chandrayaan Mission As India's Branding Milestone In 2023

• New Delhi ,
• Apr 02, 2024,
• Updated Apr 02, 2024, 6:45 PM IST

EAM S Jaishankar praises India's Chandrayaan mission, calling it a pivotal branding moment with global impact. Reflecting on its success, he recounts an anecdote from his time in South Africa with PM Modi when Chandrayaan 3's South Pole landing occurred. Tune in for insights into India's rising influence in space exploration and international relations.

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Graduate Education

Office of graduate and postdoctoral education, 12 grad students named as finalists for 2024 three minute thesis competition.

Mar 26, 2024

After six intense preliminary rounds, twelve exceptional scholars have emerged from a pool of 65 talented candidates, earning their place as finalists in Georgia Tech's highly anticipated annual Three Minute Thesis (3MT) competition. On Friday, April 5, 2024, these finalists will hit the stage, harnessing their research expertise, to deliver compelling presentations in a three-minute format.

Congratulations to the following twelve finalists:

Karina Bhattacharya MID Industrial Design 

Vinodhini Comandur, Ph.D. Aerospace Engineering 

Mo Jarin, Ph.D. Environmental Engineering 

Anamik Jhunjhunwala, Ph.D. Biomedical Engineering 

Valeria Juarez, Ph.D. Biomedical Engineering 

Alexandra Patterson, Ph.D. Bioengineering 

Jeffrey Pattison, Ph.D. Aerospace Engineering 

Kantwon Rogers, Ph.D. Computer Science 

Mallika Senthil, MS Biomedical Engineering 

Wenting Shi, Ph.D. Chemistry and Biochemistry 

Shreyas Srivathsan, Ph.D. Aerospace Engineering 

Raghav Tandon, Ph.D. Machine Learning 

This year’s 3MT competition takes place on Friday, April 5, 2024, at 5:30 p.m. in the Atlantic Theater in the John Lewis Student Center. The entire Georgia Tech community is encouraged to attend the competition, which occurs as the finale of the 2024 Grad Student Appreciation Week. 3MT will also be streamed online and can be viewed at https://gatech.zoom.us/j/98696536715 .  Audience members and online viewers can vote for their favorite presenter to win the People’s Choice Award.  

Ph.D. winners can win up to $2,000 in research travel grants. The master's winner will receive a $1,000 research travel grant.   

Tech’s 3MT competition is coordinated by the Office of Graduate Education in partnership with the Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL), The Naugle Communications Center, and the Language Institute.  

For more information, visit grad.gatech.edu/3mt . 

Brittani Hill | Marketing and Communications Manager 

Office of Graduate and Postdoctoral Education 

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🏀 Men's Tournament

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NCAA | March 31, 2024

Minnesota state wins the 2024 ncaa division ii men's basketball championship.

Minnesota State is the 2024 NCAA Division II men's basketball champion after beating Nova Southeastern 88-85 off a game-winning three pointer with less than a second on the clock.

This victory came one day after the Minnesota State women won their respective title .

WHAT A SHOT WITH 0.6 LEFT 😱😱 WILLINGHAM FROM THE CORNER @MinnStMBBall !!!! pic.twitter.com/rvW3RdSGT0 — CBS Sports College Basketball 🏀 (@CBSSportsCBB) March 30, 2024

2024 NCAA DII men's basketball championship bracket

The DII men's basketball tournament continues through the championship game on Saturday, March 30:

Click or tap here for the printable bracket ➡️

2024 NCAA DII men's basketball championship schedule

*All times in Eastern

National Championship: Saturday, March 30

• (1) Minnesota State 88,  (2) Nova Southeastern 85

March 15 | Regional quarterfinals

• (1) Gannon 97, (8) Lincoln (PA) 63  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (2) California (PA) 96, (7) West Virginia State 80  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (4) West Liberty 100, (5) Millersville 78  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (3) Charleston (WV) 93,  vs. (6) Concord 55  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• ( 6) Chico State 78, (3) Mont. St. Billings 64  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (2) CSUSB 52,  (7) Alaska Anchorage 49  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (8) Azusa Pacific 60, (1) Cal State LA 59  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (5) Central Washington 110, (4) Cal St. Dom. Hills 90  | WATCH FULL REPLAY

March 16 | Regional semifinals

• (1) Gannon 103,  (4) West Liberty 88  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (3) Charleston (WV) 68, (2) California (PA) 67  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (2) CSUSB 75,  (6) Chico State 73  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (8) Azusa Pacific 82, (5) Central Washington 74  | WATCH FULL REPLAY

March 16 | Regional quarterfinals

• (3) Minnesota Duluth 59,  (6) Fort Hays State 58  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (2) Northwest Missouri State 73, (7) Southwest Minn. State 43  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) Minnesota State 75,  (8) Arkansas Tech 68  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• ( 4) MSU Moorhead 73 , (5) Pittsburgh State 55  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (3) Southern New Hampshire 75 , (6) Bloomfield 70  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (7) Post 80, (2) St. Thomas Aquinas 72  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) Saint Michael's 68,  (8) Southern Connecticut State 62  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (4) Daemen 74,  (5) Jefferson 66  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (6) Lake Superior State 74,   (3) Walsh 72  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (7) Upper Iowa 82, (2) Kentucky Wesleyan 72  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) Uindy 71,  (8) William Jewell 65  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (5) Ferris State 81,  (4) Northern Michigan 65  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (3) Florida Southern 80,  (6) Clark Atlanta 72  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (2) West Georgia 75,  (7) Lee 61  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) Nova Southeastern 115,  (8) Benedict 95  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (5) Embry-Riddle (FL) 104,  (4) Alabama Huntsville 78   | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (6) Lander 85 , (3) Lincoln Memorial 76  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (7) Emmanuel (GA) 70 , (2) USC Aiken 69   | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) North Georgia 89,  (8) Wingate 80  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (5) UNC Pembroke 98, (4) Catawba 94  OT  | WATCH FULL REPLAY

South Central

• (3) Colorado Mesa 95,   (6) Eastern New Mexico 77  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (2) Fort Lewis 86,  (7) Lubbock Christian. 72  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) West Texas A&M 81,  (8) Angelo State 66  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (4) DBU 86, (5) Colorado School of Mines 73  | WATCH FULL REPLAY

March 17 | Regional semifinals

• (3) Northwest Missouri State 71,  (2) Minnesota Duluth 62  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) Minnesota State 78,  (4) MSU Morehead 55  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (3) Southern New Hampshire 69,  (7) Post 64  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) St. Michael's 86,  (4) Daemen 62  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (6) Lake Superior State 88,  (7) Upper Iowa 80  | WATCH FULL REPLAY  
• (5) Ferris State 94,  (1) UIndy 87 OT  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (3) Florida Southern 93,  (2) West Georgia 87 OT  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) Nova Southeastern 81, (5) Embry-Riddle 73  | WATCH FULL REPLAY  
• (6) Lander 86,  (7) Emmanuel (GA) 78 OT  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) UNG 86,  (4) Catawba 70  | WATCH FULL REPLAY  
• (3) Colorado Mesa 85, (2) Fort Lewis 80  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) West Texas A&M 60,  (4) DBU 54  | WATCH FULL REPLAY  

March 18 | Regional finals

• (2) CSUSB 74, (8) Azusa Pacific 67   | WATCH FULL REPLAY

March 19 | Regional finals

• (3) Southern N. H. 73,   (1) Saint Michael's 61
• (1) Nova Southeastern 98,  (3) Florida Southern 66  
• (1) North Georgia 70,   Lander 67
• (5) Ferris St. 86, (6) Lake Superior 81
• (1) Minnesota St. 43, Northwest Missouri St. 42
• (1) Gannon 67,  (3) Charleston (WV) 65
• (1) West Texas A&M 88, (3) Colorado. Mesa 76

March 26 | Quarterfinals 

• (6) CSUSB 99, (3) Gannon 65 | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (2) Nova Southeastern 68, (7) Southern N.H. 60 | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (1) Minnesota St. 98, (8) Ferris St 70  | WATCH FULL REPLAY
• (4) West Tex. A&M 90 ,  (5) North Georgia 76  | WATCH FULL REPLAY

March 28 |Semifinals

• (2) Nova Southeastern 91,  (6) CSUSB 77   | WATCH FULL RECAP
• (1) Minnesota St. 79,   (4) West Tex. A&M 72    | WATCH FULL RECAP

How to watch

NCAA Championships Pass will stream 120 DII men’s and women’s basketball tournament games (all games from first round through quarterfinals) live on NCAA.com. Games will be available on NCAA.com , school sites that stream through Hudl and opt to co-distribute the live streams, and the NCAA Championships Pass app available for Roku, Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV, and Google TV.

Prices for viewing (first round through quarterfinals)

• $9.95 per game
• $29.95 per championship
• $49.95 for all games

Semifinals and finals viewing

• Semifinals: Thursday, March 28 on CBS Sports Network (2p ET, 4:30p)
• Championship: Saturday, March 30 on CBS (3p ET)

🎟️ Get NCAA Championships Pass

DII NCAA men's basketball championship history

The Division II men's basketball championship consists of a 64-team field with eight qualifiers from each region competing at a single regional site. Twenty-three teams earn automatic qualifications and the remaining 41 receive at-large bids to the tournament. Once the eight regionals conclude, respective teams will advance to the Men's Elite Eight at the Ford Center in Evansville, Indiana.

The DII men's basketball national championship dates back to 1957, skipping 2020 due to COVID-19, with the first-ever championship trophy going to Wheaton (Ill.). Kentucky Wesleyan is the winningest team, with eight national championships. Evansville follows with five titles.

Below is a list of all DII men's basketball champs since 1957:

**Student-athletes declared ineligible

NCAA Division I Men’s Basketball Committee names game officials for 2024 men’s Final Four

History-making storylines we could see at the 2024 Men’s Final Four

What defines UConn, Purdue, Alabama and NC State's path to the 2024 Men's Final Four

Second-half surge powers No. 11 NC State to unlikely Final Four berth with defeat of Duke

DALLAS — One of the great postseason runs in men’s college basketball history keeps on going. Next up for the NC State show? The Final Four. 

For the first time since 1983 — the year they won it all with Jim Valvano running around The Pit in New Mexico hugging anyone he could find — NC State is back on the sport’s biggest stage. 

And to make it even sweeter, the Wolfpack beat rival Duke to get there on Sunday in an all-ACC matchup, dominating the second half of the South Regional final to mint a 76-64 victory that will live forever in NC State lore. 

NC State, a team that finished 10th in the ACC regular season and stood at 17-14 when the conference tournament began, has now rattled off nine straight wins and will face No. 1 seed Purdue on Saturday in Glendale, Arizona, for a spot in the national championship game. They’re the sixth team in tournament history to reach the Final Four as a No. 11 seed.

And the main reason the Wolfpack have been transformed over the past three weeks? It’s DJ Burns, Jr., the charismatic 6-foot-9 center with a feathery touch and passing skills that do not seem possible for someone carrying well over 300 pounds (he’s officially listed at 275).

FOLLOW THE MADNESS: NCAA basketball bracket, scores, schedules, teams and more.

With Duke choosing to use just only defender most of the time to guard him — just as they did in two earlier meetings this season — Burns ate the Blue Devils' defense alive with 29 points on 13-of-19 shots. 

NC State also got timely outside shooting from senior guard DJ Horne, who scored 18 and sparked second half in which the Wolfpack made 19-of-26 shots. 

Duke, meanwhile, could never get settled on offense, shooting 32 percent overall and 5-of-20 from the 3-point line. The Blue Devils got poor games from sophomore big man Kyle Filipowski (11 points on 3-of-12 shooting) and sophomore guard Tyrese Proctor (0 points, 0-for-9) and simply could not mount a response once NC State began to get its second-half rhythm. 

NC State seemed to be in foul trouble early in the second half when Burns picked up his third with 15:11 remaining and Mohamed Diarra, its other big man, was called for his fourth with 12:41 left. 

But NC State coach Kevin Keatts managed to nurse his rotation just enough to keep Burns on the floor most of the time, and it paid off with easy looks at the rim out of their halfcourt sets. 

The first half finished with both teams struggling to unlock their offense. NC State made just 9-of-34 field goals, struggling both from the 3-point line (1-of-7) and finishing at the rim where they continually ran into a wall of resistance.

Duke also shot poorly (8-of-26) and committed five turnovers but managed to get to the foul line with more frequency, making all nine to account for their 27-21 lead.  

But Duke’s lead was a mirage: Possession by possession, NC State was sharper, more aggressive and never looked back once Horne gave the Wolfpack a 40-38 lead on a runner with 11:39 left. 

NC State is making its fourth trip to the Final Four in school history. It won the national championship in 1974 and 1983, the latter of which is considered one of the great longshot runs in tournament history as a No. 6 seed.

• Stories & Music In the Sky: The Science and Nature of Seasons - Spring
• https://www.cabq.gov/artsculture/balloonmuseum/events/stories-music-in-the-sky-april-3-2024
• 2024-04-03T09:30:00-06:00
• 2024-04-03T10:30:00-06:00
• Join us for Stories & Music in the Sky, a presentation of award-winning early childhood education programming featuring stories, music, movement, and art produced by the Albuquerque Balloon Museum. There are different themes held every week for children up to 6 years old.

Description

Join us for  Stories  and Music in the  Sky  at the Balloon Museum on Wednesday, April 3, 2024 at 9:30 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. Each session will be followed by craft activities based on the weekly theme.

Every week, the Balloon Museum offers  Stories  in the  Sky  and Music in the  Sky  programs which are programs for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Stories  in the  Sky  and Music in the  Sky  is led by Storyteller and Music Educator, Maryse Lapierre, who brings  stories  to life as she shares  stories  and music from around the world in multiple languages while incorporating  books , songs, fingerplays, and movement.

Join us as we look at why we have seasons and the changes that spring brings!

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