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The Stahl House by Pierre Koenig | Case Study House #22

The Stahl House by Pierre Koenig Case Study House Mid Century Modern House brontis

Perched on the Hollywood Hills with a commanding view of Los Angeles, the Stahl House, also known as Case Study House #22, is a paragon of mid-century modern architecture. Designed by Pierre Koenig and completed in 1960, this residence is an architectural masterpiece and a symbol of a particular era in Los Angeles, characterized by a burgeoning optimism and a new approach to residential design.

The Stahl House Technical Information

Architects 1 : Pierre Koenig
Location: 1636 Woods Drive, Los Angeles , California , United States
Topics: Mid-Century Modern Houses
Area: 210 m 2 | 2,300 ft 2
Project Year: 1959-1960
Photographs: Various, See Caption Details

If you don’t know the Stahl House, then you don’t know mid-century modern architecture. – Julius Shulman 3

The Stahl House Photographs

The Stahl House by Pierre Koenig Case Study House Mid Century Modern House

A Vision of Glass and Steel

The journey of the Stahl House began in 1954 when Buck Stahl purchased a lot that was considered unbuildable. His vision was clear—a home that embraced its surroundings with vast expanses of glass to capture the sprawling cityscape. In 1957, Koenig, known for his proficiency with industrial materials, was commissioned to realize this vision. The result was a structure of steel and glass that was both minimalistic and expressive.

Design and Layout

Koenig’s design was a masterclass in the use of industrial materials in residential architecture. The house is distinguished by its “L” shaped plan, separating public and private spaces through a simple yet effective layout. Large, 20-foot-wide panes of glass form the majority of the walls facing the view, offering unobstructed panoramas of Los Angeles.

The design also cleverly incorporates the landscape into the living experience. The swimming pool, positioned between the wings of the house, not only serves as a physical buffer separating the living spaces but also as a visual corridor to the city beyond.

I design for the present, with an awareness of the past, for a future which is essentially unknown. – Pierre Koenig 2

Iconic Status and Architectural Significance

Julius Shulman’s photography cemented the Stahl House’s iconic status. In a series of images that have become synonymous with mid-century modern architecture, Shulman captured the essence of the house. These photographs highlight the house’s integration with its surroundings and open, transparent design.

The Stahl House was included in the Case Study House program, which aimed to reimagine residential architecture post-World War II. Case Study House #22 became an influential model showcasing the possibilities of modernist aesthetics in suburban settings.

Cultural Impact and Legacy

Over the years, the Stahl House has transcended its role as a private residence to become a cultural landmark. It has been featured in numerous films, commercials, and fashion shoots, each time underscoring its timeless appeal and architectural significance.

Despite its fame, the house remains a family-owned property, preserved as the Stahls left it. The family offers tours, allowing architecture enthusiasts to experience the space and its spectacular views firsthand.

The Stahl House Plans

The Stahl House by Pierre Koenig Case Study House Mid Century Modern House plan

The Stahl House Image Gallery

About Pierre Koenig

Pierre Koenig was a pioneering American architect, born on October 17, 1925, in San Francisco. Renowned for his influential contributions to mid-century modern architecture, Koenig is best known for his work in the Case Study House program, particularly the iconic Case Study House #22, or Stahl House. His designs emphasized industrial materials like steel and glass, integrating buildings seamlessly into their environments while promoting sustainability through the use of prefabricated materials. A long-time professor at the University of Southern California, Koenig’s legacy continues to influence architectural practices and education. He passed away on April 4, 2004, leaving behind a significant impact on the landscape of Southern California architecture.

Notes & Additional Credits

Client: Buck Stahl
Case Study Houses by Elizabeth A. T. Smith
Modernism Rediscovered by Julius Shulman
Pierre Koenig: Living with Steel by Neil Jackson

Stahl House / Case Study House nº22

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Stahl House (Case Study House #22)

Immortalized by photographer Julius Shulman, the Stahl House epitomized the ideal of modern living in postwar Los Angeles.

Place Details

Pierre Koenig

Designation

Locally Designated

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Single-Family Residential
Los Angeles

Based on a recent approval by the City of Los Angeles for a new residence at the base of the hillside and below the historic Stahl House, this action now places this Modernist icon at risk. The hillside is especially fragile as it is prone to slides and susceptible to destabilization. This condition will be exacerbated as this proposed new residence is planned to cut into the hillside and erect large retaining walls.

The proposed project received approval despite opposition and documentation submitted that substantiates the problem and potential harm to the Stahl House. An appeal has been filed and the City is reviewing this now. No date has been set yet for when this might come back to the City Planning Commission.

To demonstrate your support for the Stahl House and to ensure the appeal is granted (sending the proposed project back for review), please sign on to the Save the Stahl House campaign .

Who hasn’t seen the iconic image of architect Pierre Koenig’s Stahl House (Case Study House #22), dramatically soaring over the Los Angeles basin? Built in 1960 as part of the Case Study House program, it is one of the best-known houses of mid-century Los Angeles.

The program was created in 1945 by John Entenza, editor of the groundbreaking magazine Arts & Architecture . Its mission was to shape and form postwar living through replicable building techniques that used modern industrial materials. With its glass-and-steel construction, the Stahl House remains one of the most famous examples of the program’s principles and aesthetics.

Original owners Buck and Carlotta Stahl found a perfect partner in Koenig, who was the only architect to see the precarious site as an advantage rather than an impediment. The soaring effect was achieved using dramatic roof overhangs and the largest pieces of commercially available glass at the time.

The enduring fame of the Stahl House can be partly attributed to renowned architectural photographer Julius Shulman, who captured nearly a century of growth and development in Southern California but was best-known for conveying the Modern architecture and optimistic lifestyle of postwar Los Angeles. Shulman’s most iconic photo perfectly conveys the drama of the Stahl House at twilight: two women casually recline in the glowing living room as it hovers over the sparkling metropolis below.

View the National Register of Historic Places Nomination

The Conservancy does not own or operate the Stahl House. For any requests, please contact the Stahl House directly at (208) 429-1058.

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Stahl House (Case Study House #22)

Pierre Koenig | Website | 1960 | Visitor Information

1635 Woods Drive , West Hollywood 90069, United States of America

The Stahl House by Pierre Koenig (also known as Case Study House #22) was part of the Case Study House Program, which produced some of the most iconic architectural projects of the 20th Century. The modern residence overlooks Los Angeles from the Hollywood Hills. It was completed in 1959 for Buck Stahl and his family. Stahl envisioned a modernist glass and steel constructed house that offered panoramic views of Los Angeles when he originally purchased the land for the house in 1954 for $13,500. When excavation began, he originally took on the duties of both architect and contractor. It was not until 1957 that Stahl hired Pierre Koenig to take over the design of the family’s residence. The two-bedroom, 2,200 square foot residence is a true testament to modernist architecture and the Case Study House Program. The program was set in place by John Entenza and sponsored by the Arts & Architecture magazine. The aim of the program was to introduce modernist principles into residential architecture, not only to advance the aesthetic but to introduce new ways of life, both stylistically and as a representation of modern lifestyle. Koenig was able to hone in on the vision of Buck Stahl and transform that vision into a modernist icon. The glass and steel construction is the most identifiable trait of the house’s architectural modernism, however, way in which Koenig organized the spatial layout of the house, taking both public and private aspects into great consideration, is also notable. As much as architectural modernism is associated with the materials and methods of construction, the juxtaposition of program and organization are important design principles that evoke utilitarian characteristics. The house is “L”-shaped, completely separating the public and private sections except for a single hallway connecting them. The adjacent swimming pool, which must be crossed to enter the house, is not only a spatial division of public and private but it serves as the interstitial space in which visitors can best experience the panoramic views. The living space of the house is behind the pool and is the only part of the house that has a solid wall, which backs up to the carport and the street. The entire house is one large viewing box, capturing amazing perspectives of the house, the landscape, and Los Angeles. Oddly enough, the Stahl house was fairly unknown and unrecognized for its advancement of modern American residential architecture until 1960 when photographer Julius Shulman captured the pure architectural essence of the house in a shot of two women sitting in the living room overlooking the bright lights of the city of Los Angeles. That photo put the Stahl House on the architectural radar as an architectural gem hidden in the Hollywood Hills. The Stahl House is still one of the most visited and admired buildings today. It has undergone many interior transformations. Today, you will not find the same iconic 1960s furniture inside, but the architecture, the view, and the experience still remain.

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The Stahl House: Case Study House ú22: The Making of a Modernist Icon (Case Study House, 22) Hardcover – November 2, 2021

Interior decorators and designers
Architecture fans, readers of Architectural Digest and design magazines
Midcentury modern design enthusiasts; fans of modern Japanese, California, and Palm-Springs-style architecture
Readers of architecture books such as Atlas of Mid-Century Modern Houses , Case Study Houses , and photography books by Annie Liebowitz
Anyone interested in the history and culture of Los Angeles and the Hollywood Hills
Anyone looking for a distinctive, design-conscious gift for any occasion
Print length 208 pages
Language English
Publisher Chronicle Chroma
Publication date November 2, 2021
Dimensions 7.55 x 1 x 9.35 inches
ISBN-10 1797209434
ISBN-13 978-1797209432
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See what it was like to grow up in one of America's most iconic homes

Editorial Reviews

“Bruce Stahl and Shari Stahl Gronwald offer an intimate biography of ‘one of the great architectural wonders of Los Angeles’: the Stahl House, designed by Pierre Koenig and completed in 1960, and the house they grew up in…. Those with an interest in the human side of design and architecture will be captivated.” ― Publishers Weekly

“Sumptuous… a startlingly intimate document, chockablock with family snapshots, that goes beyond steel decking, glass walls, concrete caissons, and the geometry of H columns and I beams. It’s a love song to a global icon that was, for the residents themselves, no museum.” ― Vanity Fair

About the Author

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Publisher ‏ : ‎ Chronicle Chroma (November 2, 2021)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 208 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1797209434
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1797209432
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 2.31 pounds
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 7.55 x 1 x 9.35 inches
#22 in House & Hotel Photography
#154 in Architectural History
#170 in Residential Architecture

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About the authors

Kim Cross is a New York Times best-selling author and journalist known for meticulously reported narrative nonfiction. Her work has been recognized in “Best of” lists by the the New York Times, the Columbia Journalism Review, The Sunday Longread, Longform, Apple News Audio, and Best American Sports Writing. She teaches Feature Writing for Harvard Extension School. Reach her at kimhcross.com

Shari Stahl Gronwald

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Living Landmarks of Chicago: Tantalizing Tales and Skyscraper Stories; Bringing Chicago's Landmarks to Life

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"...the writing kept your attention and was interesting, and loved the photos inside the book . She wants to come visit it when she comes out...." Read more

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Customers find the storytelling interesting, engaging, and moving. They appreciate the gorgeous photos and fascinating construction story. Readers also mention the book is great and informative.

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A Virtual Look Into Pierre Koenig's Case Study House #22, The Stahl House

Written by Madlaina Kalunder and David Tran, Archilogic
Published on November 30, 2015

Without a doubt, it’s among the most famous houses in Los Angeles . The house is easy to describe: a steel framed L-plan, divided into bedrooms and the communal living spaces, all wrapped around a turquoise pool seemingly impossibly poised above the city. But words don’t do it justice. Julius Shulman ’s 1960 photograph of Pierre Koenig ’s Case Study House 22, perhaps better known as Stahl House, changed the fantasies of a generation.

Shulman’s photograph of, or rather through, Stahl House made plate glass and steel girders, materials normally too industrial to be accepted by home owners, seem glamorous. It was magazine genius: a vouyeristic image of two women in a glass lined room, suspended above the lights of Los Angeles , seen from outside the glass, the ambiguous perspective of either a guest leaving late, or an intruder arriving unannounced—whatever you wanted it to be. Shulman’s notorious photo is more subtle than it first appears. The architecture is not so much shown as hinted at by the geometric underside of the roof, and the city is brought closer by the careful double exposure and the reflected image of the ceiling lamp that appears like a double moon inside and outside the house. Shulman’s genius was that he understood architectural photography first and foremost in terms of film, and not least Hollywood, the dream factory down the road. Where other photographers took static descriptive images of entire houses, Shulman made film stills, frozen moments from places you wished you lived in. When printed in John Entenza’s influential Californian magazine Arts and Architecture , Shulman’s photographs worked like an intoxicant on a generation of post-war architects.

The official agenda of Entenza’s Case Study House program was to reimagine the typical family dwelling using postwar materials and technology. They were meant to be affordable, and replicable, houses for a confident democratic society. But the irony is that almost all of the case study houses were one-offs, modernist gems that were never replicated. Instead of using the best of postwar technology, the building industry used the booming market to cover America in suburban tract housing built by a deunionised and deskilled workforce. Wooden frames proved cheaper than steel, and required less skill to manage. The Stahl House represents an alternative history, a custom built precision architecture that everyone wanted but few ended up getting.

The Stahl house itself was a classic American story, a house built as much by sheer force of will as from the application of contemporary technology. The site was believed to be too steep to build upon, so the owner, C H “Buck“ Stahl, a retired professional football player, heaped up the terraces supporting the structure more or less by hand, and made models of a curving, glass walled home over a year before finding an architect with the courage to take the commission. Pierre Koenig rationalized Stahl’s original plans, but recently rediscovered photographs of the early models suggest that this is one of those cases where the client deserves credit as a co-designer.

Paradoxically, for the most glamorous house in America, it’s all about family. From the street, there’s almost nothing visible. The house presents a blank wall. The schism between privacy and view could not be more extreme. The 3D model from Archilogic shows the strong shift in atmosphere between the photogenic public spaces and the rarely photographed bedrooms, which are clearly designed to offer a feeling of enclosure, and security, in spite of the steep drop only a short distance away.

Although on July 24, 2013, a half a century after completion, the Stahl House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, finally affording it the recognition it deserved, there’s still a strange split between the postwar houses of figures like Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson , and the case study houses of the Eameses , or Pierre Koenig . Whereas Mies and Johnson were drawing on an architecture that went back as far as ancient Greece, and they knew it, the Eameses breezily rejected the weight of tradition. Koenig is a more ambiguous figure. He built, and he taught, for most of his life. He was fascinated by the properties of steel, and he did idealistically motivated work—notably with the Chemehuevi indians when he taught at USC—but nothing ever brought him the fame and recognition of the magazine friendly pieces from early in his career.

So how much does it cost to live in a modernist masterpiece?

Well, Buck Stahl paid the outrageous sum (for the 1950s) of $13,500 for the land, and another $37,651 for the house and pool. At the time of writing, Zillow estimates the value of the house as $2,531,800 (or between 2.23 million and 3.11 million), Trulia’s algorithms estimate its value slightly lower than average for a Hollywood property, at $2,237,000, and Realtor guesses $2,042,328. The real value of the house is almost certainly higher, much higher. A story in the Los Angeles Times (June 27, 2009) reported that Stahl’s widow, Carlotta, and their three children turned down offers as high as $15 million for the house since Buck passed away, but whatever the offer was, the family didn’t sell, so the house is effectively priceless. That’s quite a premium for great architecture.

Don't miss Archilogic's previous models shared on ArchDaily, including Pierre Koenig's other Case Study House #21 , The Eames Case Study House #8 and Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House and Barcelona Pavilion .

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Pierre Koenig虚拟现实住宅研究22号，Stahl住宅

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Creating the iconic Stahl House

Two dreamers, an architect, a photographer, and the making of America’s most famous house

In 1953 a mutual friend introduced Clarence Stahl, better known as Buck, to Carlotta Gates. They met at the popular Mike Lyman’s Flight Deck restaurant, off Century Boulevard, which overlooked the runways at Los Angeles International Airport. Buck was 41 and Carlotta 24. The couple married a year later and remained together for more than 50 years, until Buck’s death in 2005.

Working with Pierre Koenig, an independent young architect whose primary materials were glass, steel, and concrete, the couple created perhaps the most widely recognized house in Los Angeles, and one of the most iconic homes ever built. No one famous ever lived in it, nor was it the site of a Hollywood scandal or constructed for a wealthy owner. It was just the Stahls’ dream home. And it almost did not come true.

As a newlywed, Carlotta moved into the house Buck was renting—the lower half of a two-story wood-frame house on Hillside Avenue in the Hollywood Hills, just west of Crescent Heights Boulevard and north of Sunset Boulevard. From the house, Buck and Carlotta looked across a ridge toward a promontory that drew their attention every morning and evening. As Carlotta explained during an interview with USC history professor Philip Ethington, this is how the dream of building their own home started: simply and incidentally. Although they felt emotionally and psychically drawn to the promontory, they did not have the financial means to buy the lot, even if it were available.

For months they looked intently across the ridge. Then, in May 1954, the couple decided “Let’s go over and see our lot. We’d already claimed it even though we’d never been here,” Carlotta told Ethington, adding, “And when we came up that day George Beha [the owner of the lot] was in from La Jolla. He and Buck talked, then, I would say an hour, hour and [a] half later, they shook hands. We bought the lot and he agreed to carry the mortgage.” They settled on a price of $13,500. At the end of their meeting, Buck gave Beha $100 as payment to make the agreement binding.

There were no houses along the hillside near the site that would become the Stahl House on Woods Drive, although the land was getting graded in anticipation of development. Richard D. Larkin, a real estate developer, acquired the lots on the ridge in a tax sale from the city of Los Angeles around 1958 and arranged to subdivide and grade them. The city hauled away the dirt without charge to use the decomposed granite for runway construction at LAX. In the process, the city made the road for Woods Drive.

The Stahls’ chance meeting with Beha abruptly made their vision more of a reality, but building was still a long way away. After nearly four years of mortgage payments to Beha, Buck prepared the lot for construction. He did this without having building specs, but knowing it would be necessary to shape the difficult hillside lot. In the first of many do-it-yourself accomplishments, he built up the edges to make the lot flat and level. To create a larger buildable area he laid the edge of the foundation with broken concrete, which was readily available at no cost from construction sites and provided Buck with flexibility for his layout. He could also lift and move the pieces without heavy equipment. He constructed a concrete wall and terracing with broken pieces of concrete. But he was told by architects and others that his effort would not improve the buildability of the property.

The developer, Larkin, showed Buck how to lay out and stack the concrete, Buck recalled to Ethington. It was not a completely new concept, as photographer Julius Shulman, whose photograph of the Stahl House would later become internationally recognized, used broken concrete in the landscaping on his property. But Buck’s use was far more labor-intensive and consuming. On evenings and weekends he managed to pick up discarded concrete from construction sites around Los Angeles, asking the foremen if he could haul the debris away. He did this dozens of times before collecting enough for the concrete wall.

Buck used decomposed granite from the lot and surrounding area, instead of fresh cement, to fill in the gaps between the concrete pieces. The result was a solid form that remains intact and stable today, almost 60 years later. What had been the underlying layer for a man-made structure became the underlying layer for a new man-made structure—Buck’s layers of broken concrete added another facet to the topography of the house and the city, and this hands-on development of the lot connected the Stahls to the land and house.

As they completed their final monthly payments, Buck finished a scale model of their dream home, and the couple began to look for an architect. The central architectural feature of the model was a butterfly roof combined with flat-roofed areas. From the beginning, Buck and Carlotta envisioned a glass house without walls blocking the panoramic view.

Their frequent visits to the lot intensified their desire to build a home of their own design. Like an architect, Buck studied the composition of the land, the shape of the lot, the direction of light, and the best way to ensure the views. Perhaps most importantly, he considered the architectural style that would ideally highlight these qualities.

Carlotta told Ethington they decided to meet with three architects whose work they had seen in different publications: Craig Ellwood, Pierre Koenig, and one more whom she did not remember. She said Ellwood and the unidentified architect “came to the lot [and] said we were crazy. ‘You’ll never be able to build up here.’”

When Koenig visited the site with the Stahls, he and Buck “just clicked right away,” according to Carlotta. In the 1989 documentary The Case Study House Program, 1945-1966: An Anecdotal History & Commentary , Koenig recalled how Buck “wanted a 270-degree panorama view unobstructed by any exterior wall or sheer wall or anything at all, and I could do it.” The Stahls appreciated Koenig’s enthusiasm and willingness to work with them. They had a written agreement in November of 1957.

The massive spans of glass and the cantilevering of the structure, essential aspects of the design to Koenig, precluded traditional wood-frame house construction. To ensure the open floorplan, uninterrupted views, and the structure required to create those features, steel became inevitable. Steel would also offer greater stability than wood during an earthquake. The use of exposed glass, steel, and concrete was a functional and economic decision that defined the aesthetics of the house. In combination, these industrial materials were not then common choices in home construction, though they were materials Koenig used frequently. Exposing the material structure of the house illuminated its transparency as an indoor-outdoor living space.

Koenig kept the spirit of Buck’s model, but removed a key aspect: the butterfly roof. Koenig flattened the roof and removed the curves from Buck’s design, so the house consisted of two rectangular boxes that formed an L.

When he sited the house and drew his preliminary plans, Koenig aligned the house so that the roof and structural cantilever mirrored the grid-like arrangement of the streets below the lot. Once completed, the house visually extended into the Los Angeles cityscape. The symmetry enhanced the connection between the house and the land. In The Case Study House Program 1945-1966 documentary, Koenig says, “When you look out along the beams it carries your eye out right along the city streets, and the [horizontal] decking disappears into the vanishing point and takes your eye out and the house becomes one with the city below.”

With the design completed, the Stahls’ dream was closer to coming to life, but there were further obstacles. The unconventional design of the house and its hillside construction made it difficult to secure a traditional home loan; banks repeatedly turned down Buck because it was considered too risky. As Buck explained to Ethington, “Pierre [kept] looking [for financing] and he had his rounds of contacts.” Koenig was finally able to arrange financing for the Stahls through Broadway Federal Savings and Loan Association, an African-American-owned bank in Los Angeles.

Broadway Federal had one unusual condition for the construction loan: The Stahls were required to secure a second loan for the construction of a pool and would need another bank to finance it. They had had a yard in mind, but a pool would increase the overall cost of the home—for the bank, it added value to the property and made the loan less risky.

After more searching, Buck found a lender for the pool construction so both projects could proceed. Broadway Federal loaned the Stahls $34,000. The second lender financed the pool at a cost of approximately $3,800.

Broadway Federal’s loan is ironic and extraordinary. Although it was not a reflection of the Stahls’ own values, the area that included their lot had legally filed Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions from 1948 that indicated “the property shall not, nor shall any part thereof be occupied at any time by any person not of the Caucasian race, except that servants of other than the Caucasian race may be employed and kept thereon.” It was a discriminatory restriction against African Americans, and yet an African-American-owned bank made it possible for a Caucasian couple to build their home there.

When Pierre Koenig began work on the Stahl House, he was 32 years old and had built seven of the more than 40 projects he would design in his career. The Stahl House is the best known and is considered his masterwork, although Koenig considered the Gantert House (1981) in the Hollywood Hills the most challenging house he built. The long-term influence of the Stahl House is apparent in Gantert House and many of Koenig’s other projects.

Koenig built his first house in 1950—for himself—during his third year of architecture school at USC. It was a steel, glass, and cement structure. Although the architecture program had dropped its focus on Beaux Arts studies and modernism was coming to the fore, residential use of steel was not part of Koenig’s curriculum. But when he looked at the post-and-beam architecture then considered the standard of modern architecture, he felt the wood structures looked thin and fragile, and should be made of steel instead.

Koenig later told interviewer Michael LaFetra about a conversation with his instructor: “He said ‘No, you cannot use steel as an industrial material for domestic architecture. You cannot mix them up. The housewife won’t like [steel houses].’ The more he said I couldn’t do it, the more I wanted to do it. That’s my nature. He failed me. I got absolutely no help from him.”

But wartime production methods, particularly arc welding, were a source of inspiration for Koenig’s use of steel. Electric arc welding did not require bolts or rivets and instead created a rigid connection between beams and columns. Cross-bracing was not required, which opened greater possibilities: Aesthetically, it offered a streamlined look and allowed him to design a large open framework for unobstructed glass walls. The thin lines of the steel looked incidental compared to their strength.

His first house was originally designed as a wood building, but redesigned for steel construction. He commented years later that that was not the way to do it—he learned how to design for steel by taking an entirely new approach. There was little precedent to support his efforts: Such discoveries were an education for him, and he worked to resolve issues on his own. In Esther McCoy’s book Modern California Houses: Case Study Houses, 1945-1962 , Koenig declares, “Steel is not something you can put up and take down. It is a way of life.”

From then on, Koenig continued to develop his architectural vision—both pragmatic and philosophical. Prefabricated housing was a promising development following the war, but consumers found the homes’ cookie-cutter, invariable design unappealing. Koenig’s goal was to use industrialized components in different ways to create unique, innovative buildings using the same standard parts: endless variations with the core materials of glass, steel, and cement. Koenig’s intention, as captured in James Steel’s biography Pierre Koenig , “was to be part of a mechanism that could produce billions of homes, like sausages or cars in a factory.”

“The basic problem is whether the product is well designed in the first place,” Koenig further explained in a 1957 Los Angeles Times article by architectural historian Esther McCoy. “There are too many advantages to mass production to ignore it. We must accept mass production but we must insist on well-designed products.”

Reducing the number of parts and avoiding small parts were ways to reduce costs and streamline construction. In the case of the Stahl House, the efficiencies generated by the minimal-parts approach led to an inventory of fewer than 60 building components. In 1960, in an interview for the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner , Koenig said:

“All I have done is to take what we know about industrial methods and bring it to people who would accept it. You can make anything beautiful given an unlimited amount of money. But to do it within the limits of economy is different. That’s why I never have steel fabricated especially to my design. I use only stock parts. That is the challenge—to take these common everyday parts and work them into an aesthetically pleasing concept.”

Although Koenig completed a plot plan for the Stahl House in January 1958, he did not submit blueprints to the city of Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety until that July. Due to the extensive use of steel and glass in a residential plan, combined with the hillside lot and dimensions and form that the department found irregular, the city did not consider the house up to code and would not approve construction. Instead they noted, “Board Action required to build on this site because of the extremely high steep slopes on the east and south sides.”

In a move typical of Koenig’s intellect and his ability to understand all details of construction, he prepared the technical drawings so he was able to discuss details with the planners. He spent several months explaining his design and material specifications to the city. Since they had not seen many plans for the extensive use of steel in home construction, the building officials asked him, “Why steel?”

In his interview with LaFetra, Koenig explained that he thought steel would last longer than wood and knew “building departments were not used to the ideas of modern architecture.” They would frown on “doing away with hip roof, shingles, you had to have a picket fence, window shutters.”

“The Building Department thought I was crazy,” Koenig said. “I can remember one of the engineers saying, ‘Why are you going to all this trouble? All you have to do is open up the code book and put down what’s in the code book. You could have a permit tomorrow.’ I asked myself, Why am I doing this?! I was motivated by some subconscious thing.” Koenig reduced the living room cantilever by 10 feet and removed the walkway around the house in order to move the plans forward.

He finally received approval in January 1959. Carlotta remembers, “One of the officials … said [there’ll] never be another house built like this ’cause they didn’t like the big windows. That was one of the things that bothered them more than anything, and the fact that we’re cantilevered.”

The city’s lengthy approval process contrasted with Koenig’s quick construction of the house. Due to its minimalist structural design and reduced number of building components compared to traditional wood construction, framing of the house was simplified. A crew of five men completed the job in one day.

The challenges of building were known, and they primarily related to the lot. “There’s very little land situated on this eagle nest high above Sunset Boulevard,” Koenig explained in the documentary film about the Case Study House Program. “So the swimming pool and the garage went on the best part, mainly because who wants to spend a lot of money supporting swimming pools and garages? And it’s very hard to support a pool on the edge of a cliff. The house it could handle. So the house is on the precarious edge.”

With the exception of the steel-frame fireplace (chimney and flue were prefabricated and brought to the site), Koenig used only two types of standard structural steel components: 12-inch beams and 4-inch H columns. The result is a profound demonstration of Koenig’s technical and aesthetic expertise with rigid-frame construction. The elimination of load-bearing walls on this scale represented the most advanced use of technology and materials for residential architecture ever.

Koenig’s success with steel-frame construction is partially due to William Porush, the structural engineer for the Stahl House. Porush engineered more than half of Koenig’s projects, beginning with Koenig’s first house in 1950.

A native of Russia, Porush emigrated to the U.S. in 1922 and graduated with a degree in civil engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1926. After working for a number of firms in Los Angeles and later with the LA Department of Building and Safety during World War II, Porush opened his own office in 1946 and eventually designed his own post-and-beam house in Pasadena in 1956.

The scale of his projects ranged from commercial buildings using concrete tilt-up construction in downtown Los Angeles to professional offices in Glendale, light industrial engineering, and a number of schools in Southern California—including traditional wood and brick, glass, and steel schools in Riverside.

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When Porush retired at 89 years old, his son Ted ran the practice for several years before retiring himself. Speaking of both his and his father’s experience working with Koenig in 2012, Ted said, “Koenig was quite devoted and always had something in mind all the time without being unreasonable or obstinate, really an artist perhaps,” and added that he and his father “welcomed Koenig’s engineering challenges—whether related to innovations, materials, or budget constraints.”

General contractor Robert J. Brady was the other key member of Koenig’s Stahl House crew. Brady gained industry experience running a construction business in Ojai, California, where he was a school teacher. This was the only time Brady and Koenig worked together, as Koenig was dissatisfied, he later wrote, with Brady’s management of the Stahl House, as indicated in a letter to Brady himself in the Pierre Koenig papers at the Getty Research Institute.

In 1957, Koenig approached Bethlehem Steel about the development of a program for architects using light-steel framing in home construction. At the time, Bethlehem Steel did not see a market or need to formalize a program. Residential use of steel, while known, was still very uncommon.

“The steel house is out of the pioneering stage, but radically new technologies are long past due,” Koenig explained in an interview with Esther McCoy. “Any large-scale experiment of this nature must be conducted by industry, for the architect cannot afford it. Once it is undertaken, the steel house will cost less than the wood house.”

By 1959, Bethlehem Steel saw how quickly the market was changing and started a Pacific Coast Steel Division in Los Angeles to work specifically with architects. The division then shared their preliminary specifications with Koenig for architecturally exposed steel and solicited his comments and opinions.

To introduce Bethlehem’s new marketing effort, they published a booklet in 1960, “The Steel-Framed House: A Bethlehem Steel Report Showing How Architects and Designers Are Making Imaginative Use of Light-Steel Framing In Houses.” Koenig’s Bailey House (CSH No. 21) and the Stahl House both appeared in the booklet. Bethlehem promoted Koenig’s architecture with Shulman photographs and accompanying text: “What could be more sensible than to make this magnificent view of Los Angeles a part of the house—to ‘paper the walls’ with it?” and “Problem Sites? Not with steel framing!” The brochure showed multiple views of the Stahl House.

For architects, having work published during this time led to recognition and often translated to future projects. Arts & Architecture magazine and its publisher John Entenza played an essential role in promoting Koenig’s architecture. Entenza conceived of the Case Study House Program in the months prior to the end of World War II, in anticipation of the demand for affordable, thoughtfully designed middle-class housing, and introduced it in the magazine’s January 1945 issue. The purpose of the program was to promote new ways of living based on advances in design, construction, building methods, and materials.

After the war, an impetus to produce new forms emerged. In architecture, that meant a move away from traditionally built homes and toward modern design. The postwar availability of industrial and previously restricted materials, especially glass, steel, and cement, offered architects freedom to pursue new ideas. In addition to materials, the modern approach in home design resulted in less formal floor plans that could offer continuity, ease of flow, multipurpose spaces, fewer interior walls, sliding glass walls and doors, entryways, and carports. Homes were generally built with a flat roof, which helped define a horizontal feel. Interior finishes were simple and unadorned, and there was no disguising of materials.

The absence of traditional details became part of the new aesthetic. Both exterior and interior structures were simplified. This all contributed to perhaps the most significant appeal of postwar architecture in Southern California: indoor-outdoor living. By physically, visually, and psychologically integrating the indoors and outdoors, it offered a new, casual way of life that more actively connected people to their environment. Combined with year-round mild weather, these new houses afforded a growing sense of independence and freedom of expression.

Arts & Architecture presented works-in-progress and completed homes throughout its pages, devoting more space in the magazine to the modern movement than other publications. Trends with finishes, built-ins, and low-cost materials spread across homes in Southern California after publication in Arts & Architecture . The magazine’s modern aesthetic extended across the country, where architects developed new solutions based on what they had seen in its pages. And since it reached dozens of countries, the international influence of California modernism through Entenza’s editorial eye was profound.

The Case Study House Program provided a point of focus. As noted by Elizabeth Smith, art historian and museum curator, all 36 of the Case Study houses were featured in the magazine, although only 24 were built. With the exception of one apartment building, they were all single-family residences completed between 1945 and 1966.

“John Entenza’s idea was that people would not really understand modern architecture unless they saw it, and they weren’t going to see it unless it was built,” Koenig said in James Steel’s monograph. “[Entenza’s] talent was to promulgate ideas that many architects had at that time.”

In conjunction with the magazine, Entenza sponsored open houses at recently completed Case Study houses, giving visitors the opportunity to experience the modern aesthetic. Contemporary design pieces such as furniture, lamps, floor coverings, and decorative objects created a context for everyday living. The open houses took on a realistic dimension that generated a range of responses: “Oh, steel, glass and cement are cold.” “This is not homey.” “Could I live here?” “How would I live here?”

The program gave architects exposure and in many cases brought them credibility and a new clientele—although it was not a wealth-generating endeavor for the architects. For manufacturers and suppliers, it was a convenient way to receive publicity since people could see their products or services in use.

The Case Study House Program did not achieve Entenza’s goal: the development of affordable housing based on the design of houses in the program. None of the houses spurred duplicates or widespread construction of like-designed homes. The motivation from the building industry to apply the program’s new approaches was short-lived and not widely adopted.

Speaking many years later, Koenig stated in Steel’s monograph that “in the end the program failed because it addressed clients and architects, rather than contractors, who do 95 percent of all housing.” Instead, the known, accepted, and traditional design, methods of construction, and materials continued to prevail. Buyers still largely preferred conventional homes—a fact reinforced by the standard type of construction taught in many architecture schools during the postwar years.

However, today the program must be considered highly successful for its impact on residential architecture, and for initiating the California Modern Movement. The program influenced architects, designers, manufacturers, homeowners, and future home buyers. As McCoy reported, “The popularity of the Case Studies exceeded all expectations. The first six houses to be opened [built between 1946 and 1949] received 368,554 visitors.” The houses in the program, and their respective architects, now characterize their architectural era, representing the height of midcentury modern residential design.

The Stahl House became Case Study House No. 22 in the most informal way. With the success of Koenig’s Bailey House (CSH No. 21), Entenza told Koenig if he had another house for the program, to let him know. Koenig told him about his next project, the Stahl House.

In April 1959, months before construction started, Entenza and the Stahls signed an exclusive agreement indicating the house would become known as Case Study House No. 22 and appear in Arts & Architecture magazine. This also meant the house would be made available for public viewings over eight consecutive weekends and Entenza had the rights to publish photographs and materials in connection with the house. Additionally, he had approval of the furnishings. (He included an option for the Stahls to buy any or all of the furnishings at a discount.)

By agreeing to make their house CSH No. 22, the Stahls were making their dream home more affordable. Equipment and material suppliers sold at cost in exchange for advertising space in the magazine. The arrangement gave Koenig the opportunity to negotiate further with vendors, since he was likely to use them in the future. Buck estimated in his interview with Ethington that it “ended up saving us conservatively $10,000 or $15,000” on the construction.

The house was featured in Arts & Architecture four times between May 1959 and May 1960, in articles documenting its progress and completion.

Arts & Architecture only ended up opening the house for public viewings on four weekends, from May 7 to May 29, 1960. The showings were well attended, and the shorter schedule meant the Stahls could move into the house sooner.

The Stahl House is a 2,200-square-foot home with two bedrooms and two bathrooms, built on an approximately 12,000-square-foot lot.

Construction began in May 1959 and was completed a year later, in May 1960. The pre-construction built estimate was $25,000, with Koenig to receive his usual 10 percent architect’s fee. His agreement with the Stahls additionally provided him 10 percent of any savings he secured on construction materials. The budget for the house was revised to $34,000, but Koenig’s fee of $2,500 did not change.

The final cost was over $15 per square foot—notably more than the average cost per square foot of $10 to $12 in Southern California at the time.

During its lifetime, the Stahl House has had very few modifications. For a short time, AstroTurf surrounded the pool area to serve as a lawn and make the area less slippery for the Stahls’ three children. There have been minor kitchen remodels with necessary updates to appliances. The kitchen cabinets, which were originally dark mahogany, were replaced with matched-grain white-oak cabinets due to fading caused by heavy exposure to sunlight. A catwalk along the outside of the living room, on the west side, was added to make it easier to wash the windows. Stones were applied to the fireplace, which was originally white-painted gypsum board with a stone base. A stone planter was also added to match the base. The pool was converted to solar heat.

These changes maintain the spirit of the house. Perhaps without effort, Koenig activated what architect William Krisel termed “defensive architecture”: building to preempt alterations and keep a structure as originally designed. Koenig's original steel design, comprehending potential earthquake risk, remains superior to traditional building materials.

The Stahl House has served as the setting for dozens of films, television shows, music videos, and commercials. Its appearances in print advertisements number in the hundreds. By Koenig’s count, the house can be seen in more than 1,200 books.

At times, the house has played a leading role. Its first commercial use was in 1962, when the Stahls made the house available for the Italian film Smog not long after they moved in.

Movies featuring the Stahl House

The First Power (1990)

The Marrying Man (1991)

Corina Corina (1994)

Playing By Heart (1998)

Why Do Fools Fall In Love (1998)

Galaxy Quest (1999)

The Thirteenth Floor (1999)

Nurse Betty (2000)

Where the Truth Lies (2005)

In Los Angeles magazine, years later, Carlotta recalled the production: “One of the days they were shooting, the view was too clear, so they got spray and smogged the windows.” The Stahls grew to accept such requests, and the result has been decades of commercial use.

Koenig explained its attraction in the New York Times : “The relationship of the house to the city below is very photogenic … the house is open and has simple lines, so it foregrounds the action. And it’s malleable. With a little color change or different furniture, you can modify its emotional content, which you can’t do in houses with a fixed mood and image.”

This versatility offers a wide range of settings, from kitsch to urbane, comedy to drama. The house has also been rendered in 3D software for various architectural studies and appears in the game The Sims 3 , perhaps the most revealing proof of its demographic reach.

In nearly all appearances, the Stahl House conveys a sense of livability that is aspirational while remaining accessible. It reflects Koenig’s skillful architectural purpose. The architect is invisible by design. Understandably, Koenig was very pleased to see the frequent and varied use of the Stahl House. However, as he said in the New York Times , “My gripe is the movies use [houses] as props but never list the architect in the credits.” He added, “Architects, of course, get no residuals from it. The Stahls paid off the original $35,000 mortgage for the house and pool in a couple of years through location rentals, and now the house is their entire income.”

Once Buck retired in 1978, renting the house for commercial use became an especially helpful way to supplement their income. Today the family offers tours and rents the house for events and media activities. They also honor Carlotta’s restriction, noted in a 2001 interview with Los Angeles magazine: “I will not allow nudity. My Case Study House is not going to be associated with that.”

“Julius Shulman called. ... He’ll be there tonight. Call him at 6 p.m. and make arrangements for tonite. By then he’d appreciate it if you would know if Stahl could put off moving in until pictures are shot.”

This ordinary call logged in Koenig’s office journal eventually led to the creation of one of the most iconic photographs of the postwar modern era.

However, delays with completing interior details almost prevented Shulman from photographing the house and meeting his publication deadline, even after he negotiated with his editor to change it several times. The potential of missing an opportunity to promote the house frustrated Koenig. “As you know we were supposed to shoot Monday [April 18, 1960],” he wrote to his general contractor, Robert Brady:

“The deadline has been changed once but it is impossible to change it again. The die is set. Mr. Van Keppel is waiting to move furniture in. Shulman comes by the job every day to see when he can shoot. Mr. Entenza is shouting for photos so he can print the next issue. The president of Bethlehem is supposed to visit the finished house this Friday [April 22]. There is to be a press conference this week-end. Not to mention Mr. Stahl. This will give you some idea of the pressure being put on.”

After Brady completed the finishing work, and months after it was originally scheduled, Shulman photographed the house over the course of a week. There was still construction material in the carport, and the master bathroom was not complete.

The color image of the two women sitting in the house with the city lights at night first appeared on the cover of the July 17, 1960, Los Angeles Examiner Pictorial Living section, a pull-out section in the Sunday edition of the newspaper. The article about the house, “Milestone on a Hilltop,” also included additional Shulman photographs.

By the time Shulman photographed the Stahl House he was an internationally recognized photographer. He was indirectly becoming a documentarian, historian, participant, witness, and promulgator of modern architecture and design in Los Angeles.

The Stahl House photograph, taken Monday, May 9, 1960, has the feel of a Saturday night, projecting enjoyment and life in a modern home. Shulman reinforces the open but private space by minimizing the separation of indoor and outdoor. The photograph achieves a visual balance through lighting that is both conventional and dramatic. As with much of Shulman’s signature work, horizontal and vertical lines and corners appear in the frame to create depth and direct the viewer’s eye, creating a dimensional perspective instead of a flat, straightforward position. The effect is a narrative that emphasizes Koenig’s architecture.

“What’s so amazing is that the house is completely ethereal,” architect Leo Marmol said in an interview with LaFetra in 2007. “It’s almost as though it’s not there. We talk about it as though it’s a photograph of an architectural expression but really, there’s very little architecture and space. It’s a view. It’s two people. It’s a relationship.”

Shulman recalled how the image came about in an interview with Taina Rikala De Noriega for the Archives of American Art:

So we worked, and it got dark and the lights came on and I think somebody had brought sandwiches. We ate in the kitchen, coffee, and we had a nice pleasant time. My assistant and I were setting up lights and taking pictures all along. I was outside looking at the view. And suddenly I perceived a composition. Here are the elements. I set up the furniture and I called the girls. I said, “Girls. Come over sit down on those chairs, the sofa in the background there.” And I planted them there, and I said, “You sit down and talk. I'm going outside and look at the view.” And I called my assistant and I said, “Hey, let's set some lights.” Because we used flash in those days. We didn't use floodlights. We set up lights, and I set up my camera and created this composition in which I assembled a statement. It was not an architectural quote-unquote “photograph.” It was a picture of a mood.

The two girls in the photograph were Ann Lightbody, a 21-year-old UCLA student, and her friend, Cynthia Murfee (now Tindle), a senior at Pasadena High School. At Shulman’s suggestion, Koenig told his assistant Jim Jennings, a USC architecture student, and his friend, fellow architecture student Don Murphy, to bring their girlfriends to the house. Shulman liked to include people in his photographs and intuitively felt the girls’ presence would offer more options. As for their white dresses, Tindle explains, “… in 1960, you didn't go out without wearing a dress. You would never have gone out wearing jeans or pants.”

In a rare explanation of the mechanics of his photography published in Los Angeles Magazine , Shulman described how he created the photograph: a double-exposure with two images captured on one negative with his Sinar 4x5 camera. He took the first image, a 7.5-minute exposure of the cityscape, while the girls sat still inside the house with the lights off. To ensure deep focus, he used a smaller lens opening (F/32) for the long exposure. After the exposure, Leland Lee, Shulman’s assistant, replaced the light bulbs in the globe-shaped ceiling lights with flash bulbs. Shulman then captured the second exposure, triggering the flash bulbs as the girls posed. The composite image belies Shulman’s technical and aesthetic achievement.

The same technique was applied when he photographed the man wearing the light-blue sport coat looking out over the city with his back to the camera. This photograph creates its own mystique around the man’s identity: perhaps a bachelor in repose, or homeowner Buck Stahl. But in fact, he was neither. The photograph was a pragmatic solution.

“We had been working all day photographing the house,” Shulman explained. “The representative from Bethlehem Steel was at the house. Bethlehem Steel provided the steel, and he was there to select certain areas they wanted to show for advertising. Pierre [Koenig] suggested we photograph the representative in the house, but the man from Bethlehem Steel could not be photographed as an employee of the company, so he stood in the doorway with his back to the camera.”

Shulman routinely staged interiors using furniture from his own home, particularly when a house was just completed or vacant. He believed realistic settings created warmth and helped viewers imagine scale. Placement of furniture could convey a clearer sense of life in a particular house and highlight the architecture. Although the Stahl House was vacant, Shulman did not bring in his own furniture. Instead, designer Hendrik Van Keppel of the firm Van Keppel-Green furnished the interiors in keeping with Koenig’s feeling that “everything in the house should be designed consistently with the same design throughout.”

Keppel-Green’s popular outdoor furniture, made with anodized metal frames and wrapped with nylon marine cord, are seen around the pool of the Stahl House. Although VKG sold “architectural pottery” in their design gallery, many of the large white planters both inside and outside the house were Koenig’s, which he brought over from his own house along with several outdoor pieces. For the interior, Van Keppel selected a different line of metal VKG pieces to parallel the thin lines of Koenig’s architecture. The furniture and other household goods made of steel and aluminum reflected the materials used in the construction.

Other pieces included a couch; a coffee table; side tables by Greta Grossman, made by Brown Saltman; and a chair, ottoman, and chaise by Stanley Young, made by Glenn of California. For the kitchen, Van Keppel arranged a set of Scandinavian pieces: Herbert Krenchel’s Krenit bowls made by Normann Copenhagen, Kobenstyle cookware by Jens Quistgaard for Dansk, and Descoware pans from Belgium.

Van Keppel placed the high-fidelity audio player in the dining area. The unit was from the A.E. Rediger Furniture Company, which also provided the kitchen appliances. The Prescolite lighting company, whose products ranged from commercial and industrial products down to desk lamps, provided the three large white-glass hanging globe lights: two inside, one outside (more than 55 years later, only the outside globe has been replaced).

The Stahls had the option to buy the furnishings, but as their daughter later said in a Los Angeles Times story about the house, “My mother always said she wished they would have left it, but my parents didn't have the money at the time.”

The popularity of Shulman’s photograph with the two girls speaks to the era’s postwar optimism and could be said to represent aspirational middle class ideals. Shulman received a variety of accolades for the photograph beginning in 1960, when he won first prize in the color category for architectural photography from the Architects Institute of America—the first time the AIA gave an award for a color photograph. As part of a traveling program arranged through the Smithsonian Institution, hundreds of people saw the photograph at nearly a dozen museums and university art galleries across the country from 1962 to 1964.

Then, as now, the photograph with the two girls is more often associated with its photographer than with the architect. “People request the photograph, or an editor or publisher writing to me or calling me says, ‘I want the picture of the two girls,’” Shulman explains. “They don’t say the Pierre Koenig house. All they ask is the picture of the two girls. That’s what creates an impact. This picture is now the most widely published architectural picture in the world since it was taken in 1960.”

That was not always the case. After the photograph first appeared as the cover for the Los Angeles Examiner Pictorial Living section, it virtually disappeared. Koenig told LaFetra: “That was the last of it until Reyner Banham was going through Julius’s file and he saw the picture of the two girls and he said ‘Oh, I like this. Can I use this?’ and Julius said, ‘Sure.’ [Banham] used it in one of his articles and it took off, it just caught on like crazy.” The photograph resurfaced in Banham’s essential 1971 book, Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies .

Smog , the first Italian film produced in the United States, as noted by the New York Times , was shot entirely in Los Angeles.

The story’s central character is a formal, class-conscious, wealthy Italian lawyer played by Enrico Maria Salerno. En route to Mexico for a divorce case, he arrives at LAX for an extended layover. A representative from the airline encourages him to leave the airport and return later for his flight. He begins a 24-hour odyssey that involves meeting several Italians making new lives for themselves, having left Italy and its postwar political and economic struggles.

One of the expatriates Salerno meets in Hollywood is a woman, played by Annie Girardot, who is conflicted by her independence. The Stahl House features prominently as Girardot’s home. To varying degrees, the characters, especially Salerno and Girardot, struggle with the contradictions of modern life and tradition, resulting in feelings of alienation, hope, and despair. Emotionally, Smog is an Italian story transplanted to Los Angeles, where the characters’ psychological landscape parallels the topography of the city, incorporating the city’s air pollution as a character.

Curiously, the film credits an entirely different residence—the Geodesic Dome House designed by Bernard Judge—and that property’s owner, industrial designer Hendrik de Kanter. Neither the Stahls, their home, nor Koenig are acknowledged. Along with Judge’s appearance in a party scene, the error perpetuates the misidentification of the Stahl House in the film.

CSH No. 22 remains virtually unchanged since Smog was released. Its countless media appearances since then continue to convey the ideals and lifestyle represented by the house. Its influence is cross-generational and international: Instead of perpetuating an architectural cliche of residential living, the house is symbolic and inspirational; its identity and feeling are unmistakable. Rarely has a combination of client and architect, minimal use of materials, and uncomplicated design created such lasting dramatic impact.

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Case study house #22: the stahl house.

While the Stahl House, designed by Pierre Koenig, is best known for its breathtaking views of the Hollywood Hills, the children of the original homeowners are dedicated to sharing the rich history of their family’s journey.

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The Stahl House: Case Study House u22

"The backstory of that photograph is one of many spun out in The Stahl House: Case Study House #22, a sumptuous new book by two of the Stahls' children, Bruce Stahl and Shari Stahl Gronwald, with the journalist Kim Cross. 'As kids,' the authors write, 'we didn’t know our house was special. It was simply 'home.'' Their book is a startlingly intimate document, chockablock with family snapshots, that goes beyond steel decking, glass walls, concrete caissons, and the geometry of H columns and I beams. It’s a love song to a global icon that was, for the residents themselves, no museum." —Vanity Fair

The Stahl House: Case Study House #22, The Making of a Modernist Icon is the official autobiography of this world renowned architectural gem by the family that made it their home.

Considered one of the most iconic and recognizable examples of mid-century modern homes in the world, it was first envisioned by the owners Buck and Carlotta Stahl, designed by architect Pierre Koenig, and immortalized by photographer Julius Shulman. This 1960 glass-and-steel home in the Hollywood Hills has come to embody the idealism of a generation in search of the American dream. As one of the Case Study Houses designed between 1945 and 1966 under the vision of John Entenza and ARTS & ARCHITECTURE magazine, this was an affordable yet progressive design experiment to address the postwar housing shortage.

The result—a two-bedroom, 2,300-square-foot house with glass walls that disappear into a 270-degree panorama of Los Angeles—became Koenig's pièce de résistance. The Stahl House broke rules, defied building codes that discouraged building on cliffs, and expanded the possibilities of residential architecture. The glass walls blurred the boundary between indoors and outdoors. The building seemed to merge with the city itself, the lines of the structure aligning with the geometry of the city's gridded streets. "Los Angeles becomes an extension of the house and vice versa," Koenig said. "The house is just a part of the city."

The book shares the never-before-told inside story by the Stahl family's adult children who grew up there and still graciously give home tours to fans from around the world. Through extensive research and interviews, historical information and personal photos are featured. This includes Buck Stahl's initial vision of the home with his own DIY schematic model for how to build on the complicated site. It also includes blueprints, floor plans, and sketches by Pierre Koenig, as well as Julius Shulman’s renowned photographs. Additionally, photographs of the house used in high-end, fashion ad campaigns and film and television are also included, cementing The Stahl House’s prominence in contemporary culture.

"The backstory of that photograph is one of many spun out in The Stahl House: Case Study House #22 , a sumptuous new book by two of the Stahls' children, Bruce Stahl and Shari Stahl Gronwald, with the journalist Kim Cross. 'As kids,' the authors write, 'we didn’t know our house was special. It was simply 'home.'' Their book is a startlingly intimate document, chockablock with family snapshots, that goes beyond steel decking, glass walls, concrete caissons, and the geometry of H columns and I beams. It’s a love song to a global icon that was, for the residents themselves, no museum." —Vanity Fair

"Bruce Stahl and Shari Stahl Gronwald offer an intimate biography of ‘one of the great architectural wonders of Los Angeles’: the Stahl House, designed by Pierre Koenig and completed in 1960, and the house they grew up in…. Those with an interest in the human side of design and architecture will be captivated." —Publishers Weekly

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C.H. Stahl and Charlotta Stahl/ Completed in 1960

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Review Highlights

“ We were greeted by a very cool lady named Melisa who is the fiancee of one of the sons of the Stahl family . ” in 12 reviews

“ If you are an architecture or Case Study House fanatic, or even if you just love a good view, you must come here. ” in 6 reviews

“ Definitely book the evening tour , it is way worth it to see the light changes from day to sunset to dark. ” in 8 reviews

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1635 Woods Dr

Los Angeles, CA 90069

Hollywood Hills West

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Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 11, 2024

Riley Bailey, Christina Harward, Davit Gasparyan, Kateryna Stepanenko, Nate Trotter, and George Barros

October 11, 2024, 8:20pm ET

Click here to see ISW’s interactive map of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This map is updated daily alongside the static maps present in this report.

Click here to see ISW's interactive map of Ukraine's offensive in Kursk Oblast.

Click here to see ISW’s 3D control of terrain topographic map of Ukraine. Use of a computer (not a mobile device) is strongly recommended for using this data-heavy tool.

Click here to access ISW’s archive of interactive time-lapse maps of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. These maps complement the static control-of-terrain map that ISW produces daily by showing a dynamic frontline. ISW will update this time-lapse map archive monthly.

Note: The data cut-off for this product was 1pm ET on October 11. ISW will cover subsequent reports in the October 12 Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment.

Russian forces intensified their ongoing effort to dislodge Ukrainian forces from Kursk Oblast around the evening of October 10 and have recently advanced further into the main Ukrainian salient in Kursk Oblast while reportedly eliminating almost the entirety of the smaller Ukrainian salient in Glushkovsky Raion. Russian forces reportedly simultaneously intensified counterattacks in Glushkovksy Raion, on the left flank of the main Ukrainian salient in Korenevsky Raion, and on the right flank of the main Ukrainian salient in Sudzhansky Raion on the evening of October 10.[1] Geolocated footage published on October 10 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced into central Kremyanoye (east of Korenevo) and to the northern outskirts of Zeleny Shlyakh (southeast of Korenevo) and enveloped Ukrainian positions near Lyubimovka (southeast of Korenevo).[2] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces operating in Korenevsky Raion seized Olgovka (east of Korenevo) and Nizhny Klin (southeast of Korenevo and Lyubimovka), advanced up the outskirts of Tolsty Lug and Novoivanovka (both southeast of Korenevo), and broke through Ukrainian defenses near Lyubimovka during an alleged battalion-sized mechanized assault.[3]

ISW has yet to observe confirmation that Russian forces recently conducted a battalion-sized mechanized assault in the area or recaptured any settlements. Russian milbloggers widely claimed that Russian forces enveloped Ukrainian forces in Lyubimovka and Tolsty Lug, although some milbloggers claimed that Russian forces have encircled up to two Ukrainian battalions in Korenevsky Raion.[4] ISW has not observed confirmation that Russian forces have encircled any Ukrainian units in Kursk Oblast, however. Elements of the Russian 155th Naval Infantry Brigade (Pacific Fleet, Eastern Military District [EMD]) and 810th Naval Infantry Brigade (Black Sea Fleet, Southern Military District [SMD]) are reportedly conducting these intensified counterattacks in Korenevsky Raion.[5]

Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces operating in Sudzhansky Raion broke through Ukrainian defenses near Martynovka and Mykhailivka (both northeast of Sudzha), advanced two kilometers deep north of Malaya Loknya (north of Sudzha), and are enveloping Ukrainian positions near Plekhovo (southeast of Sudzha).[6] A Russian milblogger claimed that elements of the 155th Naval Infantry Brigade advanced up to the northwestern outskirts of Sudzha, although a prominent Kremlin-affiliated milblogger repeatedly denied these reports.[7] ISW has not observed any visual confirmation of Russian advances in Sudzhansky Raion since the start of intensified Russian counterattacks in the area on the evening of October 10. Elements of the 810th Naval Infantry Brigade, 40th Naval Infantry Brigade (Pacific Fleet, EMD), 11th Airborne (VDV) Brigade, 1220th Motorized Rifle Regiment (likely a mobilized unit), and unspecified Chechen Akhmat units are reportedly conducting the intensified counterattacks in Sudzhansky Raion.[8]

Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces pushed Ukrainian forces out of most of Glushkovksy Raion on October 10 and 11, although ISW has yet to observe visual confirmation of these alleged Russian advances. Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces operating south of Glushkovo pushed Ukrainian forces back from Veseloye, advanced near Medvezhye, and approached the international border with Sumy Oblast.[9] Russian milbloggers claimed that Ukrainian forces only retain limited positions near Krasnooktyabrskoye and on the outskirts of Novy Put (both south of Glushkovo and immediately on the border with Sumy Oblast) and declared the Ukrainian offensive effort in Glushkovsky Raion a failure.[10] Ukrainian forces began ground assaults into Glushkovsky Raion on September 11, 2024, following the start of Russian counterattacks in Kursk Oblast on September 10, 2024, but have not yet established a significant foothold in the area.[11] Elements of the Russian 155th Naval Infantry Brigade, 1434th Akhmat "Chechnya" Regiment, 56th VDV Regiment (7th VDV Division), 83rd VDV Brigade, and 106th VDV Division are reportedly conducting intensified counterattacks in Glushkovsky Raion.[12]

Intensified Russian counterattacks likely aim to push Ukrainian forces out of Kursk Oblast before poor weather conditions in Fall 2024 and early Winter 2024-2025 begin to constrain battlefield maneuver. Ukrainian officials have previously noted that Russian forces are intensifying offensive operations in Ukraine, particularly mechanized offensive operations, to take advantage of dry road and terrain conditions before rainy seasonal weather causes muddy ground conditions.[13] It is likely that this Russian operational calculus also extends to the Russian effort to recapture all of Kursk Oblast, where several Russian sources have reported the start of limited muddy terrain conditions as of October 11.[14] The Russian military command may be concerned that the poor weather conditions in Fall 2024 and early Winter 2024-2025 will encourage positional fighting in Kursk Oblast and afford Ukrainian forces more time to entrench themselves in their main salient and fortify existing positions. Better-entrenched Ukrainian forces with more extensive fortifications in Kursk Oblast will likely further complicate Russian efforts to push Ukrainian forces back across the border. Russian forces may perceive a closing window of opportunity to eliminate the Ukrainian incursion into Kursk Oblast with the current level of manpower and materiel that the Russian military has allocated to the effort. Ukrainian Commander-in-Chief General Oleksandr Syrskyi stated in a documentary published on October 10 that Russian forces have redeployed roughly 50,000 personnel from other operational directions to Kursk Oblast since the start of the incursion on August 6, 2024, and the Russian military likely aims to avoid committing more manpower to the area in the event that the Ukrainian presence persists into 2025.[15] Such redeployments have likely degraded the readiness of Russian operational groups in Kherson, Zaporizhia, and Kharkiv oblasts.

The Russian military command likely aims to rapidly push Ukrainian forces out of Kursk Oblast in order to free up combat power for its priority offensive operations in Donetsk Oblast and to ease the theater-wide operational pressures that the Ukrainian incursion has generated. Russian units redeployed from elsewhere in the theater to Kursk Oblast— many of which are VDV elements that the Russian military has routinely used to rapidly reinforce priority operational efforts — could have served as reinforcements for the Russian military's priority offensive operations in the Pokrovsk direction and western Donetsk Oblast.[16] The Russian military has instead relied on the operational reserves it established ahead of its Summer 2024 offensive operation to sustain its offensive tempo in Donetsk Oblast, and the exhaustion of these operational reserves will contribute to the likely culmination of the Russian Summer 2024 offensive operation in the coming months.[17] The Russian military command likely hopes that by rapidly eliminating the Ukrainian incursion in Kursk Oblast it can redeploy forces from Kursk Oblast to Donetsk Oblast and stave off culmination before it can achieve its operational objectives of seizing Pokrovsk and eliminating the wider Ukrainian salient in western Donetsk Oblast.[18] Russian forces have yet to make rapid gains in Kursk Oblast since starting counterattacks on September 10, however, and intensified counterattacks threaten to exhaust and degrade the very combat power that the Russian military hopes to recommit to the priority offensive operations in Donetsk Oblast.

South Korean and Ukrainian officials reportedly continue to identify North Korean military personnel already fighting in Ukraine as well as training in Russia for possible future deployments alongside the Russian military. The Washington Post reported on October 11 that South Korean and Ukrainian officials stated that North Korean soldiers are operating alongside Russian forces in Ukraine.[19] A Ukrainian military intelligence official reportedly stated that individual North Korean officers are observing Russian forces and studying the battlefield in Russian-occupied areas of Ukraine, but that Ukraine has not yet observed North Korean units operating in Ukraine. The Ukrainian official reportedly added that "several thousand" North Korean infantry personnel are training within Russia and that the Russian military command could deploy them to the frontline in Ukraine by the end of 2024 or to Russian border areas to free up Russian "reserves" to fight within Ukraine. South Korean and Ukrainian officials have recently reported that North Korean military personnel are likely operating in occupied Donetsk Oblast, and a recent Ukrainian missile strike near occupied Donetsk City reportedly killed several North Korean military officials.[20] The extent of the North Korean force grouping that Russia could deploy to the frontline or that could free up Russian forces along the border is unclear, but these scenarios may also aid Russian efforts to commit additional manpower to priority offensive operations in Ukraine and prolong the culmination of the Russian Summer 2024 offensive operation. North Korean troop deployments to Ukraine could also create opportunities for Ukrainian exploitation, depending on the quality, force structure, arrayment, and interoperability of North Korean forces.

Western partners continue to announce and provide new military assistance to Ukraine. The Norwegian government announced on October 11 that Norway will allocate 967 million Norwegian kroner (about $90 million) for projects aimed at increasing Norway’s defense capacity, including to produce defense materiel for Ukraine.[21] German Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced on October 11 that Germany, along with Belgium, Denmark, and Norway, will allocate 1.4 billion euros (about $1.5 billion) in military aid to Ukraine by the end of 2024 which will include the transfer of IRIS-T and Skynex air defense systems as well as Gepard self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, self-propelled artillery guns, armored vehicles, combat drones, radars, and artillery ammunition.[22] Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala announced that Ukraine will receive approximately 500 thousand 155-mm artillery ammunition as a part of the Czech Initiative by the end of 2024 while stressing that the program may expand with participation from other donor countries.[23] French outlet Avionlegendaires reported on October 9 that France will deliver between 12 and 20 Dassault Mirage 2000-F5 fighter jets to Ukraine in early 2025 following French Defense Minister Sebastien Lecornu's announcement that France would send an unspecified number of the fighter jets to Ukraine in the first quarter of 2025.[24] Ukrainian Defense Minister Rustem Umerov announced on October 11 that he met with Italian Defense Minister Guido Crosetto and discussed the possibility of increasing Italian investment in the Ukrainian defense industrial base (DIB).[25] Umerov also noted the potential creation of joint Ukrainian-Italian defense enterprises given Ukraine’s strong industrial capacity.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky continues diplomatic efforts to establish and clarify Ukraine’s strategic vision for peace. Zelensky denied on October 10 claims that he discussed with Western allies Ukraine’s readiness for a ceasefire along the current frontline and territorial concessions to Russia in exchange for U.S. security guarantees and accelerated EU membership.[26] The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) announced on October 10 that it refutes allegations voiced in foreign media about Ukraine’s alleged readiness to make concessions to Russia at the expense of its own sovereignty and territorial integrity, emphasizing the inadmissibility of such Ukrainian concessions.[27] The MFA noted that the only realistic approach to just and sustainable peace in Ukraine is Ukraine’s proposed Peace Formula based on principles of the UN Charter and full restoration of Ukraine’s territorial integrity. Zelensky stated during a meeting with Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni on October 11 that Ukraine aims to create the necessary and fair conditions for honest diplomacy regarding achieving lasting peace in Ukraine. Meloni noted that peace in Ukraine cannot mean surrender and that Italy will support Ukraine in establishing conditions conducive to principled peace negotiations.

Chechen Republic Head Ramzan Kadyrov declared a "blood feud" against Russian legislators, suggesting that Kadyrov is becoming increasingly emboldened in his personal political disputes. Kadyrov declared a blood feud on October 10 against Republic of Dagestan Senator Suleiman Kerminov and State Duma Deputies Bekkhan Barakhoyev and Rizvan Kurbanov, claiming that they "seized" Russia's largest online retailer Wildberries from the company's co-founder Vladislav Bakalchuk and were plotting to assassinate Kadyrov.[28] Vladislav Bakalchuk, who co-founded Wildberries with his ex-wife and current Wildberries CEO Tatyana Bakalchuk, led 20 to 30 armed accomplices on simultaneous assaults of two Wildberries offices in Moscow City in September 2024.[29] Vladislav previously appealed to Kadyrov to help prevent Tatyana from taking over the company and claimed days before the September armed assaults that Kadyrov saved his life and kept him out of prison.[30] Kadyrov notably announced the blood feud in a video in the Chechen language on his Telegram channel but did not mention the feud specifically in the accompanying Russian text, likely in an attempt to prevent its reporting in Russian media.[31] Kadyrov has previously rhetorically attacked Kremlin officials, speaking out against Russian Investigative Committee Head Alexander Bastrykin's June 2024 statements about religious extremism in Russia.[32] It is unclear if Russian President Vladimir Putin will respond to Kadyrov's announcement of the blood feud, as Putin has supported Kadyrov's rule over Chechnya but has consistently attempted to posture Russia as a harmonious multi-ethnic and multi-religious society.[33]

Ukrainian officials confirmed that Ukrainian journalist Viktoriya Roshchyna died in Russian captivity. The Ukrainian Humanitarian and Information Policy Committee confirmed on October 10 that Roshchyna died in Russian captivity but that the circumstances surrounding her death are unknown.[34] The Ukrainian Prosecutor General's Office stated that it upgraded the case surrounding Roshchyna's death to a war crime and intentional murder.[35] Ukraine's Main Military Intelligence Directorate (GUR) Spokesperson Andriy Yusov stated on October 10 that Roshchyna was included on a list of prisoners that Ukraine and Russia were to exchange in the near future.[36] Roshchyna disappeared in occupied Ukraine in early August 2023, and the Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) reportedly sent a letter to Roshchyna's family on October 10 stating that she had died on September 19.[37] The Ukrainian Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories stated that there were 4,337 Ukrainians in Russian captivity as of November 2023, including 763 civilians.[38] These numbers, which rely on data from the Red Cross may be even higher as the Red Cross does not always have access to places where Russian authorities hold Ukrainian civilians, including detention centers and penal colonies in occupied territories.

Ukrainian officials announced new appointments in the Ministry of Defense (MoD). Ukrainian Defense Minister Rustem Umerov announced on October 11 the appointment of Serhiy Boyev to the post of Deputy Defense Minister for European Integration and Serhii Melnyk as the Deputy responsible for education, medicine, humanitarian support, and human capital policy.[39] Umerov also noted the creation of supervisory boards for the Defense Procurement Agency and the State Logistics Operator.

Key Takeaways:

Russian forces intensified their ongoing effort to dislodge Ukrainian forces from Kursk Oblast around the evening of October 10 and have recently advanced further into the main Ukrainian salient in Kursk Oblast while reportedly eliminating almost the entirety of the smaller Ukrainian salient in Glushkovsky Raion.
Intensified Russian counterattacks likely aim to push Ukrainian forces out of Kursk Oblast before poor weather conditions in Fall 2024 and early Winter 2024-2025 begin to constrain battlefield maneuver.
The Russian military command likely aims to rapidly push Ukrainian forces out of Kursk Oblast in order to free up combat power for its priority offensive operations in Donetsk Oblast and to ease the theater-wide operational pressures that the Ukrainian incursion has generated.
South Korean and Ukrainian officials reportedly continue to identify North Korean military personnel already fighting in Ukraine as well as training in Russia for possible future deployments alongside the Russian military.
Western partners continue to announce and provide new military assistance to Ukraine.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky continues diplomatic efforts to establish and clarify Ukraine’s strategic vision for peace.
Chechen Republic Head Ramzan Kadyrov declared a "blood feud" against Russian legislators, suggesting that Kadyrov is becoming increasingly emboldened in his personal political disputes.
Ukrainian officials confirmed that Ukrainian journalist Viktoriya Roshchyna died in Russian captivity.
Ukrainian officials announced new appointments in the Ministry of Defense (MoD).
Russian forces recently advanced near Pokrovsk and Kurakhove.
The Kremlin is deceptively recruiting young African women to assemble Iranian-designed Shahed drones in the Republic of Tatarstan, likely to address labor shortages in Russia.

We do not report in detail on Russian war crimes because these activities are well-covered in Western media and do not directly affect the military operations we are assessing and forecasting. We will continue to evaluate and report on the effects of these criminal activities on the Ukrainian military and the Ukrainian population and specifically on combat in Ukrainian urban areas. We utterly condemn Russian violations of the laws of armed conflict and the Geneva Conventions and crimes against humanity even though we do not describe them in these reports.

Ukrainian Operations in the Russian Federation

Russian Main Effort – Eastern Ukraine (comprised of three subordinate main efforts)
Russian Subordinate Main Effort #1 – Push Ukrainian forces back from the international border with Belgorod Oblast and approach to within tube artillery range of Kharkiv City
Russian Subordinate Main Effort #2 – Capture the remainder of Luhansk Oblast and push westward into eastern Kharkiv Oblast and encircle northern Donetsk Oblast
Russian Subordinate Main Effort #3 – Capture the entirety of Donetsk Oblast
Russian Supporting Effort – Southern Axis
Russian Air, Missile, and Drone Campaign
Russian Mobilization and Force Generation Efforts
Russian Technological Adaptations
Activities in Russian-occupied areas
Ukrainian Defense Industrial Base Efforts

Russian Information Operations and Narratives

Significant Activity in Belarus

See topline text for details about Ukrainian and Russian operations in Kursk Oblast.

Satellite imagery collected on October 11 shows that Ukrainian forces significantly damaged a Russian storage facility near Oktyabrsky, Krasnodar Krai on the night of October 9 to 10.[40] The Ukrainian General Staff reported on October 9 that Ukrainian naval forces and Ukraine's Security Service (SBU) struck a Russian Shahed drone storage facility near Oktyabrsky, Krasnodar Krai and that Russian forces stored around 400 Shahed drones at the facility.[41]

Russian Main Effort – Eastern Ukraine

Russian Subordinate Main Effort #1 – Kharkiv Oblast ( Russian objective: Push Ukrainian forces back from the international border with Belgorod Oblast and approach to within tube artillery range of Kharkiv City)

Russian forces continued offensive operations northeast of Kharkiv City near Vovchansk, Starytsya, and Tykhe on October 10 and 11, but there were no confirmed changes to the frontline.[42] The Ukrainian General Staff reported on October 11 that Ukrainian forces recently shot down a Russian Mi-8 helicopter in the Kharkiv direction.[43]

Russian Subordinate Main Effort #2 – Luhansk Oblast (Russian objective: Capture the remainder of Luhansk Oblast and push westward into eastern Kharkiv Oblast and northern Donetsk Oblast)

Russian forces continued assaults along the Kupyansk-Svatove-Kreminna line on October 11 but did not make confirmed territorial gains. Russian sources claimed that Russian forces seized Andriivka (west of Svatove) and advanced near Kyslivka (southeast of Kupyansk), and Nevske (northwest of Kreminna).[44] A Russian source claimed that elements of the 144th Guards Motorized Rifle Division (20th Guards Combined Arms Army [CAA], Moscow Military District [MMD]) advanced northwest of Kreminna near Novosadove.[45] ISW has not observed visual confirmation of these Russian claims, however. Russian forces continued assaults northeast of Kupyansk near Synkivka; east of Kupyansk near Petropavlivka; southeast of Kupyansk near Stepova Novoselivka, Kolisnykivka, Lozova, Stelmakhivka, and Pishchane; northwest of Kreminna near Hrekivka, Makiivka, Nevske, Novosadove, Ploshchanka, and Druzhelyubivka; west of Kreminna near Torske; and southwest of Kreminna near the Serebryanske forest area on October 10 and 11.[46]

Russian Subordinate Main Effort #3 – Donetsk Oblast (Russian objective: Capture the entirety of Donetsk Oblast, the claimed territory of Russia’s proxies in Donbas)

Russian forces continued offensive operations east of Siversk near Verkhnokamyanske on October 10 and 11, but there were no confirmed changes to the frontline.[47] Elements of the Russian 2nd Artillery Brigade (3rd Combined Arms Army [CAA], formerly 2nd Luhansk People's Republic [LNR] Army Corps [AC]) are reportedly operating near Siversk.[48]

Russian forces continued offensive operations near Chasiv Yar on October 11, but there were no confirmed changes to the frontline. The Ukrainian General Staff reported that Russian forces conducted offensive operations north of Chasiv Yar near Kalynivka and Orikhovo-Vasylivka; near Chasiv Yar itself; east of Chasiv Yar near Ivanivske; and south of Chasiv Yar towards Stupochky on October 10 and 11.[49] Ukrainian "Luhansk" Group of Forces Spokesperson Anastasia Bobovnikova stated on October 11 that Russian forces have decreased the tempo of their assaults near Chasiv Yar but are transferring reinforcements to the area, suggesting that Russian forces are preparing to increase offensive pressure in the area.[50] Russian security forces claimed to Kremlin newswire TASS that Ukrainian forces have withdrawn from positions on the western outskirts of Chasiv Yar, and Head of the "Melodiya" Intelligence Center of the 88th "Hispaniola" Volunteer Brigade (Russian Volunteer Corps) claimed that there is heavy fighting in Zhovtnevyi Microraion (eastern Chasiv Yar), where Russian forces are trying to cut off Ukrainian ground lines of communication (GLOCs).[51]

Russian forces continued offensive operations in the Toretsk direction on October 11, and Ukrainian officials acknowledged that Russian forces have seized about half of Toretsk, though ISW is unable to confirm changes to the frontline. Russian forces conducted offensive operations near Toretsk; west of Toretsk near Shcherbynivka; and south of Toretsk near Niu York on October 10 and 11.[52] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced 1.5 kilometers to the Toretsk Mine waste heap in western Toretsk, 500 meters north of the waste heap, within northeastern Toretsk, and 750 meters north of Niu York (south of Toretsk).[53] ISW has not observed confirmation of these claims, however. Ukrainian Toretsk Military Administration Head Vasily Chinchik stated that Russian forces control 50 to 60 percent of Toretsk and that Russian forces are trying to rapidly seize the settlement.[54] Available visual evidence confirms that Russian forces occupy 38 percent of Toretsk, though Russian forces likely occupy more than what ISW can confirm from open sources at this time. Bobovnikova stated that Russian forces advanced near Tsentralna Street within Toretsk and that Russian forces are suffering significant losses in the Toretsk direction but are replenishing personnel at forward positions.[55] Bobovnikova stated that most of the Russian personnel near Toretsk are contract servicemembers ( kontrakniki ) in motorized rifle brigades but that airborne (VDV) and special forces are also operating in the area.[56] Bobovnikova stated that Russian forces are first conducting artillery strikes to destroy Ukrainian fortifications and buildings to prevent Ukrainian cover and concealment and then searching for weak areas in Ukrainian defenses and conducting assaults in small groups.[57]

Ukrainian and Russian forces recently advanced southeast of Pokrovsk amid continued Russian offensive operations in the area on October 11. Geolocated footage published on October 11 shows Ukrainian forces clearing Russian positions in a forested area north of Novohrodivka (southeast of Pokrovsk), indicating that Russian forces advanced in the area at a prior date but that Ukrainian forces recently pushed Russian forces out of the area.[58] Additional geolocated footage published on October 10 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced to a concrete plant east of Selydove (southeast of Pokrovsk).[59] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces gained a foothold close to the railway near Tsukuryne (southeast of Pokrovsk and south of Selydove) and in eastern Lysivka (southeast of Pokrovsk and west of Novohrodivka).[60] A Russian source claimed that Russian forces are approaching the C050951 Seldyove-Novodmytrivka road and that Russian forces have already blocked two of the five roads out of Selydove.[61] Russian forces conducted offensive operations east of Pokrovsk near Myrolyubivka, Myrnohrad, Promin, and Kalynove and southeast of Pokrovsk near Lysivka, Selydove, Krutyi Yar, Tsukuryne, and Novoselydivka on October 10 and 11.[62] Elements of the Russian "Black Knives Division" and "Somali" Battalion of the 9th Motorized Rifle Brigade (51st CAA, Southern Military District [SMD]) are reportedly operating in the Pokrovsk direction.[63]

Russian forces recently advanced east of Kurakhove amid continued Russian offensive operations in the area on October 11. Geolocated footage published on October 7 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced into western Ostrivske (east of Kurakhove) during a company-sized mechanized assault.[64] Russian sources, including the Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD), claimed on October 11 that Russian forces completely seized Ostrivske and are roughly a kilometer from Kurakhove, although ISW has not observed visual confirmation of these claims.[65] Russian forces continued offensive operations east of Kurakhove near Heorhiivka and Maksymilyanivka on October 10 and 11.[66] The commander of a Ukrainian brigade operating in the Kurakhove direction stated that Russian forces have intensified mechanized assaults in the area in the past month, and ISW has observed a relatively high tempo of mechanized Russian assaults in western Donetsk Oblast since late July 2024.[67] The Ukrainian commander stated that Russian forces typically conduct mechanized assaults in columns comprised of some combination of tanks, MT-LBs, and armored personnel carriers (APCs) and that Russian mechanized assaults continue to result in high armored vehicle losses.[68] The Ukrainian commander stated that Russian forces have strong electronic warfare (EW) systems in the Kurakhove direction and will deploy EW systems with armored vehicles in the middle of a mechanized column.[69]

Russian forces continued offensive operations southwest of Donetsk City on October 11 but did not make any confirmed gains. Russian forces continued offensive operations near Kostyantynivka, Katerynivka, Antonivka, Bohoyavlenka, and Zolota Nyva on October 10 and 11.[70] Elements of the Russian 238th Artillery Brigade (8th CAA, Southern Military District [SMD]) and the 39th Motorized Rifle Brigade (68th AC, Eastern Military District [EMD]) are reportedly operating near Katerynivka, elements of the 14th Spetsnaz Brigade (Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces [GRU]) are reportedly operating in the direction of Kostyantynipilske, and elements of the "Baikal" detachment of the 40th Naval Infantry Brigade (Pacific Fleet, EMD) are reportedly operating near Zolota Nyva.[71]

Russian forces conducted ground attacks in the Donetsk-Zaporizhia Oblast border area southwest of Velyka Novosilka near Rivnopil, Novodarivka, Levadne, and Olhivske on October 11.[72]

Russian Supporting Effort – Southern Axis (Russian objective: Maintain frontline positions and secure rear areas against Ukrainian strikes)

Russian forces continued offensive operations in western Zaporizhia Oblast, including near Robotyne and northeast of Robotyne near Mala Tokmachka on October 11 but did not make any confirmed advances.[73] A Russian milblogger claimed that Ukrainian forces conducted an unsuccessful counterattack near Kamyanske (south of Stepnohirsk) on October 10.[74] Elements of the Russian 70th Motorized Rifle Regiment (42nd Motorized Rifle Division, 58th Combined Arms Army [CAA], Southern Military District [SMD]) are reportedly operating near Robotyne.[75] Elements of the Russian 11th Air Force and Air Defense Army (Russian Aerospace Forces [VKS] and Eastern Military District [EMD]) and Russian 38th Motorized Rifle Brigade (38th CAA, EMD) are reportedly operating near Kopani (northwest of Robotyne).[76]

Russian forces continued assaults in the Kherson direction on October 11, but there were no changes to the frontline. Elements of the Russian BARS-33 Detachment (Russian Combat Army Reserve) reportedly continue to operate in the Kherson direction.[77]

Russian Air, Missile, and Drone Campaign (Russian Objective: Target Ukrainian military and civilian infrastructure in the rear and on the frontline)

Russian forces conducted a series of missile and drone strikes against Ukraine during the day on October 10 and on the night of October 10 to 11. The Ukrainian Air Force reported that Russian forces launched an Iskander-M ballistic missile from occupied Crimea; a Kh-31P air-guided missile from airspace over the Black Sea; and 66 strike drones from Kursk Oblast.[78] The Ukrainian Air Force reported that Ukrainian forces shot down 29 drones over Kyiv, Cherkasy, Vinnytsia, Sumy, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, and Zhytomyr oblasts.[79] The Ukrainian Air Force added that 31 drones were “lost” over Ukraine possibly as a result of Ukrainian electronic warfare efforts, two drones returned to Russia, and four drones remained in the Ukrainian airspace as of 1100 local time.[80] Mykolaiv Oblast Administration Head Vitaliy Kim reported on October 11 that Russian forces struck a critical infrastructure facility in Mykolaiv City with an unspecified number of unspecified ballistic missiles on October 10, and a Russian milblogger claimed that two Russian Iskander-M missiles struck a ship-building facility in Mykolaiv City.[81]

Russian missile strikes against Ukrainian port infrastructure on October 10 are reportedly increasing shipping insurance rates, and Russian forces likely view such impacts as a means to constrain maritime traffic to Ukrainian ports through the Black Sea.[82] Bloomberg reported on October 10, citing two people involved in the ship insurance market, that insurance coverage rates surged to above one percent of the value of the ship from 0.75 percent last week (the week of September 29 to October 5) likely due to the recent increase in Russian missile strikes against Ukrainian port infrastructure and commercial vessels.[83] Ukrainian officials told Bloomberg that Russian forces struck three vessels with missiles within four days – a container vessel with humanitarian cargo on October 9 and two ships loaded with grain on October 6 and 7.[84] A Kremlin-affiliated milblogger commented on the Bloomberg report by claiming that Russian strikes against ships entering the Odesa City port could decrease Ukrainian maritime traffic in the Black Sea and accomplish the Russian objective of imposing a blockade on Ukrainian ports, which the Russian Black Sea Fleet (BSF) was unable to accomplish due to successful Ukrainian strikes against Russian naval assets.[85] ISW previously assessed that Russian forces launched the missile and drone strike campaign against Ukrainian port infrastructure in Summer and Fall 2023 to impose a de facto blockade on Ukrainian maritime activity in the Black Sea but failed to do so after Ukrainian forces launched a preemptive strike campaign against Russian BSF assets in occupied Crimea and the Black Sea.[86]

Former Ukrainian Air Force spokesperson Colonel Yuriy Ihnat reported on October 10 that Russian forces damaged Western-provided Patriot air defense systems in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast during a ballistic missile strike on October 9.[87] Ihnat stated that Ukrainian Patriot systems repelled half of the Russian ballistic missiles launched at Dnipropetrovsk Oblast on October 9 and that Ukrainian Patriot systems remain primary targets for Russian forces because of their effectiveness in denying Russian frontline aviation operations.[88] Russian sources claimed that a Russian Iskander-M missile struck a Ukrainian Patriot system to the southwest of Dnipro City near Pashena Balka, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast on October 9.[89]

Russian Mobilization and Force Generation Efforts (Russian objective: Expand combat power without conducting general mobilization)

The Kremlin is deceptively recruiting young African women to assemble Iranian-designed Shahed drones in the Republic of Tatarstan, likely to address labor shortages in Russia. The Associated Press (AP) , citing interviews with a half-dozen African women, reported that the Kremlin used social media ads promising free plane tickets, money, and participation in a work-study program to lure about 200 18- to 22-year-old women from Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, South Sudan, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria to work in Tatarstan.[90] AP reported that the Kremlin is also targeting young women in Asia and Latin America and has already recruited women from Sri Lanka. AP noted that inexperienced African women are working alongside Russian vocational students, some of whom are as young as 16, at a plant in Tatarstan’s Alabuga Special Economic Zone.

Russian federal subjects continued to increase one-time enlistment bonuses aimed at incentivizing volunteer recruitment and avoiding the need to declare additional mobilization waves in Russia. Samara Oblast Governor Vyacheslav Fedorishchev signed a decree to increase one-time enlistment bonuses from the original 795,000 rubles (about $8,300) to two million rubles (about $20,880) starting October 16.[91] Samara Oblast previously announced an increase of enlistment bonuses to 1.2 million rubles (about $12,580) starting August 1 and likely increased the bonus to incentivize volunteer recruitment. Ukraine’s Main Military Intelligence Directorate (GUR) reported that Russian officials are increasing financial compensations to avoid announcing another mobilization wave and that mobilization would spark a series of protests in large Russian cities.[92] The GUR added that Kremlin social scientists spread rumors that Russia will announce another mobilization wave following municipal elections on September 8 in an effort to survey the reaction of Russian society to the prospect. The GUR assessed that the Russian public likely did not support the idea of another mobilization wave and that the sudden increases in financial compensations to volunteers indicate that Russian federal subjects are unable to effectively recruit personnel based on ideological motivation alone. The GUR reported that Russian officials assess that Russia will be able to replace their personnel losses via financially incentivized recruitment drives without declaring general mobilization at least until the end of 2024.

Russian municipal officials are also expanding financial incentives to migrants to support the Russian volunteer recruitment drive. The Yekaterinburg City Administration announced that the city would provide migrant families with 200,000 rubles ($2,090) if their family member signs up to fight in Ukraine.[93] A Local Russian outlet reported that Yekaterinburg officials are no longer requiring migrants to have permanent residence in Yekaterinburg.

Russian federal officials continued efforts to appease Russian servicemen who have long complained about their inability to receive veteran statuses due to problems with Russian bureaucratic procedures. Kremlin-affiliated outlets reported that Russian Defense Minister Andrei Belousov introduced an initiative that will allow Russian servicemen to receive certificates confirming their veteran statuses electronically via the Russian State Services (Gosuslugi) portal or at any multifunctional centers for the provision of state and municipal services starting November 1, 2024.[94] Russian servicemen need veteran certificates to obtain financial compensation and state benefits.

The Russian MoD reportedly permitted Russian military registration officers in the Republic of Bashkortostan to conduct medical examinations of military personnel on sick leave and servicemen suspected or accused of crimes against the military at Russian military enlistment centers.[95] A Russian Telegram channel focusing on Russian military law obtained a document that indicates that servicemen on sick leave will no longer need to return to their military unit and wait for their commanders to approve their medical examination referrals in combat conditions.[96]

Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree on October 10 expanding the Russian MoD’s powers by granting it the authority to organize and supervise industrial safety procedures at nuclear weapons development facilities.[97]

Russian Technological Adaptations (Russian objective: Introduce technological innovations to optimize systems for use in Ukraine)

Russian Defense Minister Andrei Belousov highlighted the development of Russian military drone technology and training on October 11. Belousov inspected the new Rubicon Center for Advanced Unmanned Technologies and held a meeting about the development of unmanned technologies within the Russian military.[98] Belousov ordered the Rubicon Center to form five detachments to operate in Ukraine and to train combat crew specialists and stated that military schools should introduce a "family of new military specialties" related to drones.[99] Belousov reportedly heard reports about the Rubicon Center's detachments already operating in the Donetsk, Belgorod, and Kursk directions.[100] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that the center is focused on training drone specialists to become instructors for active military units, and a Russian insider source claimed that Russia will rely on volunteers who have independently developed mass drone training formats.[101] The center also reportedly develops and tests advanced robotic systems, studies drone operating conditions and artificial intelligence (AI), and works with the "people's defense industry." The Russian ultranationalist milblogger community recently expressed mass outrage after a Russian military commander disbanded a specialized drone unit and committed drone operators to frontal assaults in Donetsk Oblast, resulting in the operators' deaths.[102] Milbloggers complained about the Russian MoD investigation into the incident, claiming that the Russian MoD tried to downplay the issue, and Belousov may be highlighting the Russian MoD's focus on drone specialist training in response to this milblogger outcry.

Russian Navy Deputy Commander-in-Chief for Armament Vice-Admiral Igor Mukhametshin announced on October 11 that Russia released the “Yakutsk” large diesel-electric submarine of the Project 636.3 Varshavyanka- class series at the Admiralskiye Verfi (Admiralty Shipyards) shipbuilding enterprise.[103] Mukhametshin stated that the ”Yakutsk” submarine is the sixth and last submarine developed as part of Project 636.3 for the Pacific Fleet. Mukhametshin also noted that the Varshavyanka -class submarines are equipped with high-precision weapons.

Ukrainian sources stated on October 11 that Russian forces are retrofitting drones with radio communication suppression means to protect against Ukrainian first-person view (FPV) drones.[104] Ukrainian forces reportedly shot down a Russian reconnaissance drone with a Russian-made Zerkaltse compact electronic warfare (EW) device that scans video channels in flight, finds the video signal from a Ukrainian drone, and turns on a stronger interference on the same video frequency to disrupt the transmission of video back to Ukrainian operators.

A Russian milblogger group is reportedly developing surface drones built from electric hoverboard-type skateboards.[105] A Polish technology online outlet reported that the group is in the advanced development stage of creating four-wheeled robots made from converted two hoverboards and nicknamed "combat cockroaches” that purportedly have the ability to traverse various types of terrain, including tall grass.[106] The Polish outlet, citing the group, claimed that the hoverboards can lift up to 100 kilograms and travel at speeds of up to 12 kilometers per hour with a three-hour-long battery life. The hoverboards reportedly have a range of two kilometers.

Ukrainian Defense Industrial Efforts (Ukrainian objective: Develop its defense industrial base to become more self-sufficient in cooperation with US, European, and international partners)

ISW is suspending coverage of Ukrainian defense industrial efforts until further notice.

Activities in Russian-occupied areas (Russian objective: Consolidate administrative control of annexed areas; forcibly integrate Ukrainian citizens into Russian sociocultural, economic, military, and governance systems)

ISW is not reporting on activities in Russian-occupied areas today.

Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke at the "Interconnection of Times and Civilizations – the Basis of Peace and Development" international forum in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan on October 11 and postured Russia as a leader in the formation of a "new world order."[107] Putin claimed that economic and political "centers" are emerging "primarily" in the Global East and the Global South. Putin claimed that Russia is open to discussing the formation of a "new world order" with Russia's "friends, partners, and like-minded people," including within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and BRICS. Putin and other Kremlin officials have recently promoted Russia's proposed "Eurasian security architecture" and have advocated for its creation within these international organizations.[108] ISW previously assessed that Russia's proposal of a Eurasian security architecture is consistent with Russia's long-term strategic goal of disbanding Western unity, dismantling NATO from within, and destroying the current world order.[109]

Significant activity in Belarus (Russian efforts to increase its military presence in Belarus and further integrate Belarus into Russian-favorable frameworks and Wagner Group activity in Belarus)

Belarusian outlet Zerkalo reported on October 11 that the Belarusian Ministry of Information has updated its list of “extremist materials” to include a Telegram channel entitled “For the Union State of Belarus and Russia” which, as its title suggests, supports the integration of Belarus and Russia and reportedly has content with an anti-Belarusian orientation.[110] The Myadel District Court of Minsk Oblast previously recognized the materials of the Telegram channel as “extremist” on October 9.

Belarus continues to aid Russia in its systemic efforts to deport and re-educate Ukrainian children. Freedom House, in collaboration with Belarusian insider sources and human rights organizations, published a report in October 2024 that Belarusian officials have deported at least 2,219 Ukrainian children from occupied Ukrainian territories to Belarus from 2021 to June 2024.[111] The report states that at least 27 Ukrainian children who were in Belarusian camps were later transported to camps in Russia and that Belarus hosts 18 confirmed re-education camps that are part of a broader network of 67 institutions in Russia and 13 in occupied Ukraine. The report also noted the militarization of Ukrainian children, aimed at preparing and recruiting children for future service in Russian military organizations, and the indoctrination of anti-Ukrainian sentiment during their time in Belarus.

Note: ISW does not receive any classified material from any source, uses only publicly available information, and draws extensively on Russian, Ukrainian, and Western reporting and social media as well as commercially available satellite imagery and other geospatial data as the basis for these reports. References to all sources used are provided in the endnotes of each update.

[1] https://t.me/rybar/64351 ; https://t.me/rybar/64324 ; https://t.me/DeepStateUA/20483 ; https://t.me/mig41/37370 ; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/78534 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/54867 ; https://t.me/warriorofnorth/3246 ; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17091 ; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17017 ; https://t.me/sashakots/49485 ; https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/59517 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/54901 ; https://t.me/NgP_raZVedka/19176

[2] https://x.com/99Dominik_/status/1844741766282379758; https://t.me/fakhivtsi/240; https://x.com/PuenteUribarri/status/1844407544846184905; https://x.com/MikiValbuena/status/1844411384509145577 ; https://x.com/EjShahid/status/1844368265818275986; https://t.me/rustroyka1945/18305

[3] https://t.me/sashakots/49485 ; https://t.me/z_arhiv/28510 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/54901 ; https://t.me/rybar/64351 ; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/78515 ; https://t.me/milinfolive/132555

[4] https://t.me/dva_majors/54867 ; https://t.me/warriorofnorth/3246 ; https://t.me/rybar/64351 ; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17091 ; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17017 ; https://t.me/motopatriot/28345

[5] https://t.me/divgen/56002 ; https://t.me/boris_rozhin/140333 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/54842 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/54851 ; https://t.me/gefestwar/3472

[6] https://t.me/rybar/64351 ; https://t.me/rybar/64324 ; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17091 ; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17017 ; https://t.me/ne_rybar/2012 ; https://t.me/rybar/64348

[7] https://t.me/NgP_raZVedka/19176 ; https://t.me/rybar/64351 ; https://t.me/rybar/64324 ;

[8] https://t.me/rybar/64351

[9] https://t.me/rybar/64351 ; https://t.me/rybar/64324 ; https://t.me/sashakots/49485 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/54904 ; https://t.me/ne_rybar/2009 ; https://t.me/rybar/64346 ; https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/59528

[10] https://t.me/dva_majors/54904 ; https://t.me/rybar/64351

[11] https://isw.pub/UkrWar091124 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar091224

[12] https://t.me/rybar/64351 ; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17084 ; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/78527 ; https://t.me/rusich_army/17625

[13] https://isw.pub/UkrWar100924 ; https://youtu.be/aDXWlQ2K0dM ; https://armyinform.com dot ua/2024/10/08/vstygnuty-do-bagnyshha-na-shodi-vorog-aktyvizuvav-zastosuvannya-bronetehniky/

[14] https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/16866 ; https://t.me/ne_rybar/2012 ; https://t.me/rybar/64348 ;

[15] https://suspilne dot media/855525-sirskij-rosia-perekinula-50-tis-vijskovih-do-kurskoi-oblasti/

[16] https://isw.pub/UkrWar091324 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar082623

[17] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-august-17-2024 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar100924 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar100324

[18] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-august-17-2024 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar090524

[19] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/11/north-korea-russia-ukraine-military-cooperation/

[20] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-october-9-2024; https://isw.pub/UkrWar100524

[21] https://www.regjeringen dot no/no/aktuelt/veikart-for-forsvarsindustrien-regjeringen-oremerker-967-millioner-for-a-styrke-norsk-forsvarsindustri/id3058695/; https://suspilne dot media/855345-norvegia-vidilila-ponad-87-mln-na-rozsirenna-virobnictva-zbroi-dla-ukraini/; https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/10/10/norvegiya-nadast-majzhe-90-mln-na-rozshyrennya-vyrobnycztva-zbroyi-dlya-ukrayiny/

[22] https://suspilne dot media/856131-nimeccina-nadala-ukraini-cergovij-paket-vijskovoi-dopomogi-na-600-mln-evro-so-vin-vklucae/; https://www.youtube.com/live/hOT1W884pwQ; https://newsukraine dot rbc.ua/news/scholz-unveils-1-4-billion-aid-package-for-1728654436.html; https://t.me/bbcrussian/71503

[23] https://suspilne dot media/854925-postavki-v-ukrainu-boepripasiv-dosagnut-500-tisac-do-kinca-roku-premer-cehii/

[24] https://www.avionslegendaires dot net/2024/10/actu/lukraine-obtiendra-ses-dassault-aviation-mirage-2000-5f-en-2025/

[25] https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=936074461674228&id=100058150476405&mibextid=WC7FNe&rdid=tihOUYTpBBjH6DX6; https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/10/11/ministry-oborony-ukrayiny-ta-italiyi-obgovoryly-stvorennya-spilnyh-oboronnyh-pidpryyemstv/

[26] https://suspilne dot media/855457-zelenskij-ne-obgovoruvav-z-souznikami-pripinenna-vognu-v-obmin-na-garantii-zahodu/

[27] https://mfa.gov dot ua/news/komentar-mzs-shchodo-manipulyativnih-publikacij-v-nizci-inozemnih-zmi-pro-nibito-gotovnist-ukrayini-do-postupok-agresoru; https://suspilne dot media/855985-mzs-nazvalo-manipulativnimi-publikacii-v-inozmi-pro-gotovnist-ukraini-do-teritorialnih-postupok-rf/

[28] https://t.me/RKadyrov_95/5157; https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/chechnyas-kadyrov-accuses-russian-mps-plotting-his-murder-tass-says-2024-10-10/; https://fortanga dot org/2024/10/kadyrov-obyavil-krovnuyu-mest-predstavitelyam-federalnoj-vlasti-posle-strelby-v-wildberries/

[29] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-18-2024

[30] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-18-2024; https://www.gazeta dot ru/social/2024/09/25/19803265.shtml

[31] https://t.me/RKadyrov_95/5157; https://fortanga dot org/2024/10/kadyrov-obyavil-krovnuyu-mest-predstavitelyam-federalnoj-vlasti-posle-strelby-v-wildberries/

[32] https://isw.pub/UkrWar063024; https://isw.pub/UkrWar062924

[33] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-august-21-2024-0; https://isw.pub/UkrWar103023 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar122023 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar033024

[34] https://t.me/komitet_gi/6993

[35] https://t.me/pgo_gov_ua/26677

[36] https://suspilne dot media/855365-rosina-bula-u-spiskah-na-obmin-usov/

[37] https://rsf.org/en/ukrainian-journalist-victoria-roshchyna-has-died-russian-jail-rsf-demands-investigation; https://www.npr.org/2024/10/11/nx-s1-5149881/ukrainian-journalist-dies-russia-captivity; https://suspilne dot media/855365-rosina-bula-u-spiskah-na-obmin-usov/

[38] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-january-8-2024

[39] https://t.me/ministry_of_defense_ua/10683; https://armyinform.com dot ua/2024/10/11/rustem-umyerov-rozpoviv-pro-zavdannya-dvoh-novyh-zastupnykiv-ministra-oborony/; https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/10/11/stvoreno-naglyadovi-rady-agentstva-oboronnyh-zakupivel-i-derzhavnogo-operatora-tylu/; https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/10/11/uryad-pryznachyv-novogo-zastupnyka-ministra-oborony-ukrayiny-z-pytan-yevropejskoyi-integracziyi/; https://www.mil dot gov.ua/news/2024/10/11/sergiya-boeva-priznacheno-zastupnikom-ministra-oboroni-ukraini-z-pitan-evropejskoi/;

[40] https://t.me/cxemu/4181

[41] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/17847 ; https://armyinform.comdot ua/2024/10/09/syly-oborony-uspishno-urazyly-na-rosiyi-bazu-zberigannya-shahediv/; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid02YbmQwrM2KZhpFqYU94d6MN9FvjwRaPdzyfgp5Y3Jueiryu9MhRywqb2uYeFbVB15l

[42] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0Lhn8j67Hzdk2CjnvJjGp8TaXGUzWRL9kdPssbFa4bRxn7W4sgB5qeLMH9nPNkBsil; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023mDNjEDiBRwjPj2YVhRCdF29UMRrFZa7VdGzmoaaj3w2rucX2od5KcvCLQSpPRGYl

[43] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023mDNjEDiBRwjPj2YVhRCdF29UMRrFZa7VdGzmoaaj3w2rucX2od5KcvCLQSpPRGYl

[44] https://t.me/dva_majors/54854 ; https://t.me/warhistoryalconafter/188844 ; https://t.me/z_arhiv/28511; https://t.me/motopatriot/28346 ; https://t.me/z_arhiv/28514

[45] https://t.me/z_arhiv/28514

[47] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0Lhn8j67Hzdk2CjnvJjGp8TaXGUzWRL9kdPssbFa4bRxn7W4sgB5qeLMH9nPNkBsil; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023mDNjEDiBRwjPj2YVhRCdF29UMRrFZa7VdGzmoaaj3w2rucX2od5KcvCLQSpPRGYl

[48] https://t.me/epoddubny/21303

[49] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid02GTj9oFntwokbzwnQ88oCUNk3Pc946BQ7kUyuXAK6jjC2CFXaPJCpoqgNbf7oBQSAl; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0Lhn8j67Hzdk2CjnvJjGp8TaXGUzWRL9kdPssbFa4bRxn7W4sgB5qeLMH9nPNkBsil ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023mDNjEDiBRwjPj2YVhRCdF29UMRrFZa7VdGzmoaaj3w2rucX2od5KcvCLQSpPRGYl

[50] https://suspilne dot media/donbas/855903-vijska-rf-planuut-posiliti-nastup-na-casiv-ar-recnica-otu-lugansk/; https://youtu.be/j5TqaWCCdUg; https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/10/11/sytuacziya-v-toreczku-vorog-zakripyvsya-na-susidnih-iz-czentralnoyu-vulyczyah/

[51] https://t.me/tass_agency/278713; https://t.me/tass_agency/278696

[52] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid02GTj9oFntwokbzwnQ88oCUNk3Pc946BQ7kUyuXAK6jjC2CFXaPJCpoqgNbf7oBQSAl ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0Lhn8j67Hzdk2CjnvJjGp8TaXGUzWRL9kdPssbFa4bRxn7W4sgB5qeLMH9nPNkBsil; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023mDNjEDiBRwjPj2YVhRCdF29UMRrFZa7VdGzmoaaj3w2rucX2od5KcvCLQSpPRGYl; https://suspilne dot media/donbas/855491-misto-vipaluut-i-prosuvautsa-recnica-otu-lugansk-rozpovila-pro-situaciu-u-torecku/; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/78545

[53] https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17035; https://t.me/dva_majors/54867; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/78545; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17035; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/78553

[54] https://unn dot ua/ru/news/orientirovochno-40-50percent-toretska-nakhoditsya-pod-kontrolem-vsu-nachalnik-mva

[55] https://suspilne dot media/donbas/855491-misto-vipaluut-i-prosuvautsa-recnica-otu-lugansk-rozpovila-pro-situaciu-u-torecku/

[56] https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/10/11/kadrovi-kontraktnyky-bez-rotacziyi-v-zsu-rozpovily-pro-stan-voroga-u-toreczku/

[57] https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/10/11/bezlimit-usogo-u-zsu-poyasnyly-shho-dozvolyaye-vorogu-tysnuty-na-shodi/; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5TqaWCCdUg

[58] : https://x.com/TuiteroMartin/status/1844783069913284941; https://t.me/skalabatalion/372

[59] https://t.me/creamy_caprice/7078; https://www.instagram.com/p/DA9YkR7MpBr/

[60] https://t.me/dva_majors/54854 ; https://t.me/warhistoryalconafter/188841 ; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17096

[61] https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17096

[62] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid02GTj9oFntwokbzwnQ88oCUNk3Pc946BQ7kUyuXAK6jjC2CFXaPJCpoqgNbf7oBQSAl; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0Lhn8j67Hzdk2CjnvJjGp8TaXGUzWRL9kdPssbFa4bRxn7W4sgB5qeLMH9nPNkBsil ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023mDNjEDiBRwjPj2YVhRCdF29UMRrFZa7VdGzmoaaj3w2rucX2od5KcvCLQSpPRGYl; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17039; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/78529

[63] https://t.me/boris_rozhin/140366; https://t.me/PushilinDenis/5260

[64] https://t.me/creamy_caprice/7082; https://t.me/motostrelkovaA/7;

[65] https://t.me/rybar/64350 ; https://t.me/ne_rybar/2015; https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/59523 ; https://t.me/mod_russia/44390 ; https://t.me/z_arhiv/28517 ; https://t.me/motopatriot/28357 ; https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/59520

[66] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid02GTj9oFntwokbzwnQ88oCUNk3Pc946BQ7kUyuXAK6jjC2CFXaPJCpoqgNbf7oBQSAl ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0Lhn8j67Hzdk2CjnvJjGp8TaXGUzWRL9kdPssbFa4bRxn7W4sgB5qeLMH9nPNkBsil ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023mDNjEDiBRwjPj2YVhRCdF29UMRrFZa7VdGzmoaaj3w2rucX2od5KcvCLQSpPRGYl

[67] https://sprotyv dot info/analitica/vorog-posilyu%D1%94-shturmovi-di%D1%97-na-kurahivskomu-napryamku-zastupnik-komandira-46-%D1%97-brigadi-dshv-zsu/ ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar100924

[68] https://sprotyv dot info/analitica/vorog-posilyu%D1%94-shturmovi-di%D1%97-na-kurahivskomu-napryamku-zastupnik-komandira-46-%D1%97-brigadi-dshv-zsu/

[69] https://sprotyv dot info/analitica/vorog-posilyu%D1%94-shturmovi-di%D1%97-na-kurahivskomu-napryamku-zastupnik-komandira-46-%D1%97-brigadi-dshv-zsu/

[70] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid02GTj9oFntwokbzwnQ88oCUNk3Pc946BQ7kUyuXAK6jjC2CFXaPJCpoqgNbf7oBQSAl ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0Lhn8j67Hzdk2CjnvJjGp8TaXGUzWRL9kdPssbFa4bRxn7W4sgB5qeLMH9nPNkBsil ; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023mDNjEDiBRwjPj2YVhRCdF29UMRrFZa7VdGzmoaaj3w2rucX2od5KcvCLQSpPRGYl

[71] https://t.me/voin_dv/11276 ; https://t.me/voin_dv/11284 ; https://t.me/voin_dv/11274 ; https://t.me/nm_dnr/12809

[72] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid02GTj9oFntwokbzwnQ88oCUNk3Pc946BQ7kUyuXAK6jjC2CFXaPJCpoqgNbf7oBQSAl

[73] https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid0Lhn8j67Hzdk2CjnvJjGp8TaXGUzWRL9kdPssbFa4bRxn7W4sgB5qeLMH9nPNkBsil; https://www.facebook.com/GeneralStaff.ua/posts/pfbid023mDNjEDiBRwjPj2YVhRCdF29UMRrFZa7VdGzmoaaj3w2rucX2od5KcvCLQSpPRGYl

[74] https://t.me/rusich_army/17626

[75] https://t.me/dva_majors/54902

[76] https://t.me/voin_dv/11270

[77] https://t.me/dva_majors/54878 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/54905

[78] https://t.me/kpszsu/21090

[79] https://t.me/kpszsu/21090

[80] https://t.me/kpszsu/21090

[81] https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/10/11/podvijnyj-udar-iskanderamy-po-mykolayevu-troye-lyudej-otrymaly-poranennya/; https://t.me/mykolaivskaODA/11726 ; https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/59500

[82] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-10/russian-attacks-spark-surge-in-war-insurance-for-ukraine-grains

[83] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-10/russian-attacks-spark-surge-in-war-insurance-for-ukraine-grains; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-october-10-2024

[84] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-10/russian-attacks-spark-surge-in-war-insurance-for-ukraine-grains

[85] https://t.me/rybar/64353

[86] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/ukrainian-strikes-have-changed-russian-naval-operations-black-sea ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/special-edition-campaign-assessment-ukraine%E2%80%99s-strike-campaign-against-crimea

[87] https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/10/10/vorog-poshkodyv-patriot-a-ne-znyshhyv-povitryani-syly-rozpovily-podrobyczi-ataky-rosiyan/; https://www.facebook.com/yuriy.ignat/posts/pfbid037i1SEbVPgfZU18jhbPxBiS4kF3G25WajFTFt1LxiDqq5Yrz7BbEtvqXF6s5krhjHl

[88] https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/10/10/vorog-poshkodyv-patriot-a-ne-znyshhyv-povitryani-syly-rozpovily-podrobyczi-ataky-rosiyan/; https://www.facebook.com/yuriy.ignat/posts/pfbid037i1SEbVPgfZU18jhbPxBiS4kF3G25WajFTFt1LxiDqq5Yrz7BbEtvqXF6s5krhjHl

[89] https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/17028%20;%20https://t.me/NeoficialniyBeZsonoV/40452

[90] https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-drones-shahed-africans-11602ab837f0ff4635926d884b422185

[91] https://t.me/idelrealii/37951 ; https://t.me/Fedorischev63/1060 ; https://www.samregion dot ru/press_center/events/vyplata-za-sluzhbu-po-kontraktu-s-16-oktyabrya-sostavit-2-mln-rublej/?ysclid=m24l3eb6tt269551077 ; https://t.me/horizontal_russia/40699; https://t.me/sotaproject/88409

[92] https://t.me/DIUkraine/4640; https://armyinform dot com.ua/2024/10/11/bilshe-rubliv-i-propagandy-yak-rosiya-zamishhuye-velychezni-vtraty-svoyeyi-armiyi-v-ukrayini/

[93] https://ural-meridian dot ru/news/523091/

[94] https://iz dot ru/1772691/2024-10-10/spravku-ob-uchastii-v-svo-mozhno-budet-poluchit-cherez-gosuslugi-i-v-mftc

[95] https://t.me/voen_advokaty/1269

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[97] https://t.me/tass_agency/278570

[98] https://tass dot ru/armiya-i-opk/22099195

[99] https://www.pnp dot ru/social/na-baze-centra-minoborony-rubikon-sozdadut-pyat-otryadov-dlya-svo.html; https://t.me/tass_agency/278733

[100] https://t.me/wargonzo/22543

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[102] https://isw.pub/UkrWar092424

[103] https://tass dot ru/armiya-i-opk/22099861

[104] https://mil.in dot ua/uk/news/rosiyany-pochaly-osnashhuvaty-drony-zasobamy-reb/; https://t.me/serhii_flash/4081?single

[105] https://t.me/dva_majors/54859; https://geekweek dot interia.pl/militaria/news-nietypowy-wynalazek-rosjan-bojowe-drony-zbudowane-z-deskorol,nId,7653135

[106] https://geekweek dot interia.pl/militaria/news-nietypowy-wynalazek-rosjan-bojowe-drony-zbudowane-z-deskorol,nId,7653135#google_vignette; https://interestingengineering dot com/military/russia-turns-hoverboards-into-kamikaze-robots

[107] http://kremlin dot ru/events/president/news/75303

[108] https://isw.pub/UkrWar071824; https://isw.pub/UkrWar070924; https://isw.pub/UkrWar070324

[109] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-21-2024; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-14-2024

[110] https://news.zerkalo dot io/amp/life/80552.html; http://mininform dot gov.by/documents/respublikanskiy-spisok-ekstremistskikh-materialov/

[111] https://suspilne dot media/855131-bilorus-peremistila-sonajmense-2219-ukrainskih-ditej-z-okupovanih-teritorij-doslidzenna/; https://freedomhouse dot org/report/special-report/2024/stolen-childhood-how-belarusian-regime-erasing-ukrainian-childrens?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR2K2qtRf4saG_MeV_76bbuJGaqqenvCkcNq93bnPrCAtNb7S7oh_geTEiU_aem_dwsitTvWd2XJ4Lw9Ph5O3w

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My wife is traveling to Samara in June. This came about because a friend of hers who is Russian, but lives in the U.S. invited her to go with her. It's my understanding that she needs some sort of official invite in order to qualify for a visa. How does one get an invite? Can her friend write something even though she lives here? She is a Russian citizen (the friend). My attempts to Google this information have been confusing.

They will be staying with the family of the Russian woman, not a hotel.

Thanks for any guidance you can provide.

Please read FAQ on the right.

To apply for a visa you need an official paper called 'invitation' for short. This is basically a confirmation of the lodging provider that they will sleep the guest. So, "writing something by a friend living not in Russia" would not work. Either book a hotel, ask an invitation from them and then cancel after getting visa- many hotels charge a fee for that. Another perfectly legal way is that hosts in Russia apply for such invitation- they will need guest's passport copy and some details, apply to the appropriate governmental institution, pay a fee and get this paper in three weeks; all paperwork could be done online.

Third solution - just buy this invitation online for $10-30, and apply. Enjoy!

If you want to play by the book, give this link to the Russian hosts: https://www.gosuslugi.ru/16436/1

If they decide it's too much hassle for them, just buy a tourist invitation as Vasily suggests.

Booking an unneeded hotel for the sole reason of getting an invitation from them will cost you much more in the end, so I wouldn't go that way.

The easiest and quickest way is to simply apply for a Russian visa. You can purchase everything online for about $100 to $200, maybe more if it is a rush service. I would allow 2 weeks.

Private invitation visa are possible and "may" be cheaper, but they take MONTHS of processing time and tons more of paperwork.

> The easiest and quickest way is to simply apply for a Russian visa

As if there's another way.

> You can purchase everything online for about $100 to $200, maybe more if it is a rush service. I would allow 2 weeks.

I'm pretty sure you can even pay $2000 but most people who do a minimal research buy their invitation for about $30 and get it within an hour.

Your wife does need a visa, but in order to apply for the visa she has to have an official invitation letter. This letter has two numbers on it that have to be entered into the visa application. (I'm just in the midst of going through this process myself. )

Here's where I got my invitation letter:

http://GoToRussia.com

They charged me $20 and it's a 24-hour online process. They were very helpful, and you can even talk to a knowledgeable chat person while you fill out the form, if you need to.

I'm staying with a private family in their home, through an Airbnb arrangement. I'm applying for a tourist visa. Your wife may need to apply for a private visa, since she's staying with a friend and not paying. I don't know. The ILS organization can help you navigate that question: It handles visa applications for the Russian consulates in the U.S. Here's their page on private visas:

http://www.ils-usa.com/page/73?domain=5&language=10

But in either case, with a tourist or a private visa, you need that first formal invitation form with the special numbers on it. Applying for it online requires that you give your passport number, birthdate, travel dates, and the address and phone number of the place you'll be staying. The travel date thing is a little bit tricky too, but the GotoRussia.com people can explain that to you.

It's worth the $20 to take care of the invitation step, because you've got more costs and paperwork to do after that part's done.

> The ILS organization can help you navigate that question

If you ask ILS they will definitely tell you that you need a private visa - being an official visa processor of the Russian embassy they will only quote the official rules. This said, hundreds of visitors have visited their friends and relatives on tourist visas and lived to tell the tale.

Incidentally, as you are staying in a private home (AirBnB or not) you are supposed to get a private invitation from your hosts and apply for a private visa as well (paying or not paying has nothing to do with that) but I am sure you will have no problem visiting with your tourist visa, as long as you don't tell ILS that you are staying in a private home and have bought a tourist invitation just to fool them.

I'm also looking for a quick way of getting Russian visa so I can travel independently but it seems that I need to nominate every hotel or location that I intend to stay in not just the initial city of entry.

Is that the case or do I just need to get an entry visa for the first city and then travel wherever I want to from there?

gsebire, did read the visa FAQs section: https://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g294459-s602/Russia:Crossing.The.Border.html

After application of your wife's friend for invitation, she will get a document. And will have to send you by post or courier. When your wife receive that document, she can go to to Russian visa center near you.before this she needs to fill the form online and she will get Visa.

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Agricultural Change in the Russian Grain Belt: A Case Study of Samara Oblast

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We demonstrate the synergistic use of surface air temperature retrieved from AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on Earth observing satellite) and two vegetation indices (VIs) from the shorter wavelengths of MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) to characterize cropland phenology in the major grain production areas of Northern Eurasia from 2003–2010. We selected 49 AMSR-E pixels across Ukraine, Russia, and Kazakhstan, based on MODIS land cover percentage data. AMSR-E air temperature growing degree-days (GDD) captures the weekly, monthly, and seasonal oscillations, and well correlated with station GDD. A convex quadratic (CxQ) model that linked thermal time measured as growing degree-days to accumulated growing degree-days (AGDD) was fitted to each pixel's time series yielding high coefficients of determination (0.88 ≤ r 2 ≤ 0.98). Deviations of observed GDD from the CxQ model predicted GDD by site corresponded to peak VI for negative residuals (period of higher latent heat flux) and low VI at beginning and end of growing season for positive residuals (periods of higher sensible heat flux). Modeled thermal time to peak, i.e., AGDD at peak GDD, showed a strong inverse linear trend with respect to latitude with r 2 of 0.92 for Russia and Kazakhstan and 0.81 for Ukraine. MODIS VIs tracked similar seasonal responses in time and space and were highly correlated across the growing season with r 2 > 0.95. Sites at lower latitude (≤49°N) that grow winter and spring grains showed either a bimodal growing season or a shorter unimodal winter growing season with substantial inter-annual variability, whereas sites at higher latitude (≥56°N) where spring grains are cultivated exhibited shorter, unimodal growing seasons. Sites between these extremes exhibited longer unimodal growing seasons. At some sites there were shifts between unimodal and bimodal patterns over the study period. Regional heat waves that devastated grain production in 2007 in Ukraine and in 2010 in Russia and Kazakhstan appear clearly anomalous. Microwave based surface air temperature data holds great promise to extend to parts of the planet where the land surface is frequently obscured by clouds, smoke, or aerosols, and where routine meteorological observations are sparse or absent.

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Case Study House #22: The Stahl House. While the Stahl House, designed by Pierre Koenig, is best known for its breathtaking views of the Hollywood Hills, the children of the original homeowners are dedicated to sharing the rich history of their family's journey. Read more Support Provided By. Season. Seasons ...
Case Study Home #22: The Stahl House
The Stahl House preserves its legacy, with the family sharing its rich history and origins. ... Case Study Home #22: The Stahl House. Season 15 Episode 3. Fixed iFrame Width: ...
"The Stahl House: Case Study House #22: The Making of a Modernist Icon
The iconic mid-century modern Stahl House located in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles, California, also known as "Case Study House #22," has been used for numerous television shows, films,
The Stahl House
Learn the story of the Stahl House, a glass-and-steel home in the Hollywood Hills designed by Pierre Koenig and photographed by Julius Shulman. The book reveals the personal and historical details of this mid-century masterpiece and its owners.
Case Study House #22
The Stahl House: Case Study House #22, The Making of a Modernist Icon is the official autobiography of this world renowned architectural gem by the family that made it their home. Considered one of the most iconic and recognizable examples of mid-century modern homes in the world, it was first envisioned by the owner's Buck and Carlotta Stahl, designed by architect Pierre Koenig, and ...
Case Study House No. 22
Perhaps the most iconic house constructed in Arts & Architecture magazine's Case Study House Program (1945-66), the L-shaped Stahl House (Case Study House #22) consists almost entirely of steel and glass set on a concrete pad, with a rectangular swimming pool occupying the space within the L. Twenty foot wide modules allow for large expanses of glass to face the swimming pool. Situated atop a ...
Case Study Houses
Case Study House #22, also known as the Stahl House, is one of the 36 model homes designed and built by architects for Arts & Architecture magazine in the post-war era. It was designed by Pierre Koenig and completed in 1960 in Los Angeles, California.
THE STAHL HOUSE
45 reviews and 249 photos of THE STAHL HOUSE "Being an LA native for a large part of my life, there isn't much I haven't seen nor many things that impress me like my experience at case study house 22, otherwise known as the Stahl House. I have seen this house in photographs for so many years (and really, who hasn't?) that I expected it would be like one of those things you see and say well ...
Institute for the Study of War
The Associated Press (AP), citing interviews with a half-dozen African women, reported that the Kremlin used social media ads promising free plane tickets, money, and participation in a work-study program to lure about 200 18- to 22-year-old women from Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, South Sudan, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria to work in Tatarstan.[90] AP ...
Stalin Fear Monument
Stalin's Bunker: Stalin Fear Monument - See 533 traveler reviews, 368 candid photos, and great deals for Samara, Russia, at Tripadvisor.
Visa?
Answer 1 of 11: My wife is traveling to Samara in June. This came about because a friend of hers who is Russian, but lives in the U.S. invited her to go with her. It's my understanding that she needs some sort of official invite in order to qualify for a visa...
(PDF) Agricultural Change in the Russian Grain Belt: A Case Study of
We demonstrate the synergistic use of surface air temperature retrieved from AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on Earth observing satellite) and two vegetation indices (VIs) from the shorter wavelengths of MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) to characterize cropland phenology in the major grain production areas of Northern Eurasia from 2003-2010.

The Stahl House by Pierre Koenig | Case Study House #22

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