short essay on chandrayaan 2

Short Essay on Chandrayaan 2 in English

Chandrayaan 2 is an Indian mission to explore the Moon. It is the second mission after Chandrayaan 1. It is made up of two words – Chandra and Yaan. Chandra means moon and Yaan means spacecraft. A spacecraft is a vehicle which can be sent to outer space. Chandrayaan 2 is developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

Chandrayaan 2 was launched on 22 July 2019. It was launched from the ‘Satish Dhawan Space Centre’ which is located in Andhra Pradesh state. The spacecraft consisted of three devices. There was a Lunar Orbiter, Vikram lander and the Pragyan lunar rover.

An Orbiter is a craft which rotates around a planet or other objects in space. This Orbiter had eight instruments including a camera. A lander is a part which goes and sits on the surface of the planet in space. This mission’s lander was called Vikram. Vikram lander detached from the orbiter. After that, it started moving towards the surface of the Moon. Unfortunately, Vikram lander crash-landed.

A Rover is a device which can move on the surface of the bodies in the space from one place to another. Pragyan Lunar rover was powered by solar energy. It had six wheels. Its speed was one cm per second.

There were many objectives for this mission. The first goal was to show the ability of a lander to land softly and operate the rover like a robot on the surface. It could tell us about the shape of the surface, amount of minerals and the existence of water on the moon. The mission was also to create a 3D map of the surface and study the nature of the soil of the moon.

The unique thing about this mission was its cost-effectiveness. It was very cheap when compared to the moon missions of other countries. It shows the brilliance of our Indian scientists.

Table of Contents

Questions on Chandrayaan

What is the use of chandrayaan 2.

The first goal was to show the ability of a lander to land softly and operate the rover like a robot on the surface. It could tell us about the shape of the surface, amount of minerals and the existence of water on the moon.

What is the meaning of Chandrayaan?

It is made up of two words – Chandra and Yaan. Chandra means moon and Yaan means spacecraft.

What is Vikram Lander?

A lander is a part which goes and sits on the surface of the planet in space. This mission’s lander was called Vikram. Vikram lander detached from the orbiter. After that, it started moving towards the surface of the Moon. It is named after  Dr Vikram A Sarabhai is known as the father of Indian Space Programme.

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Chandrayaan 2 Mission Essay: Objective, Success

“Chandrayaan 2” was a prequel mission to “Chandrayaan 3”. It is a partially successful mission as the orbiter part of the “Chandrayaan 2” is still carrying out its operations and the lander crashed in the Moon’s southern hemisphere in 2019. It will continue its seven-year mission to study the Moon. As well as it observes the key findings of “Chandrayaan 1” in detail (Completed by “Chandrayaan 3″) .”Chandrayaan 2” was launched by ISRO during the tenure of Sivan Kailasavadivoo (K. Sivan). Today we will discuss “Chandrayaan 2” in depth.

Chandrayaan 2 Mission

Chandrayaan 2 Mission – Overview

“Chandrayaan 2” is a three-in-one spacecraft developed by ISRO with all in all Indian technologies with eight payloads. Here are the design specifications and initial mission-related information of “Chandrayaan 2”.

Essay on Chandrayaan 2 Mission

Chandrayaan 2 objective.

The mission objective of “Chandrayaan 2” was to perform topographical and mineralogical research on the Moon. Below are the aim of Chandrayaan 2 Mission.

• Try to collect evidence against the presence of water on the Moon’s surface.
• Study the extent and distribution of water.
• Study the topography and seismography of the lunar surface and atmosphere.
• Particularly study the South Pole of the Moon to find the fossil records of the early solar system,
• Prepare a 3-dimensional map of the Moon.

After the success of “Chandrayaan-3,” ISRO is now using the “Chandrayaan 2” orbiter as a backup communication link with the Vikram lander.

Payload Used in Chandrayaan 2

There are eight major payloads were attached with “Chandrayaan 2”. Here are the details of those payloads as mentioned below:

Success of Chandrayaan 2

According to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the “Chandrayaan 2” mission was 95 % successful and it was not a complete success. The spacecraft entered the Lunar Transfer Trajectory on 14th August 2019. On 20th August it successfully entered the Elliptical Orbit as well. It indicates that “Chandrayaan 2’s” lunar orbit insertion was successful.

The mission was considered a partial success because, in the final stage before the soft land, Vikarm Lander lost all communication with ISRO when it was just 2.1 km above the moon’s surface.

Why Chandrayaan 2 Failed to Softland on Moon’s surface?

“Chandrayaan 2’s” inability to achieve a soft landing resulted from a series of events initiated by a valve failure, causing excess fuel to enter the engines. This led to increased thrust, disrupting the lander’s orientation. A software glitch prevented the correction of this disturbance.

Significance of Chandrayaan 2

The “Chandrayaan 2” mission plays a major role in advancing our understanding of the cosmos. Let’s discuss the significance of this mission.

• “Chandrayaan 2” was a significant mission for the Indian Space Research.
• It initiated the process of exploring the moon’s South Pole.
• Scientists think there might be water at the moon’s South Pole because it’s mostly in the shadow.
• The mission helps us learn more about the moon and its potential resources.
• “Chandrayaan 2” detected the presence of Argon-40 in the moon’s exosphere.
• “Chandrayaan 2” took pictures of the Sarabhai Crater on the moon’s northeast side.

Recent Awards Received By ISRO

With the “Chandrayaan 3” mission, ISRO achieved the historic soft landing near the Moon’s South Pole on August 23, 2023. With this achievement, India became the first nation to successfully land a spacecraft on the moon’s south pole. On 20th December 2023, ISRO received the Leif Erikson Lunar Prize for its Chandrayaan-3 mission. The prize was awarded by the Exploration Museum in Husavik, Iceland.

Chandrayaan 2 Mission Essay – FAQs

What is the “chandrayaan 2” mission.

Chandrayaan-2 is ISRO’s second mission to study the Moon. It was a prequel mission to “Chandrayaan 3”.

When “Chandrayaan 2” launched?

“Chandrayaan 2” was launched on 22th July in the year of 2019.

What was the design structure of “Chandrayaan 2”?

It is a three in on spacecraft which consists of an orbiter, Vikram lander, and Pragyan rover.

What were the key findings of “Chandrayaan 2”?

“Chandrayaan 2” confirmed the presence of water molecules on the lunar surface aso identified hydroxyl and water ice in the soil. It mapped the lunar surface and discovered unusual magnetic anomalies.

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Chandrayaan 2 – Everything you need to know about India’s second Lunar Mission

Last updated on February 15, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

What is Chandrayaan 2 mission? How is it different from Chandrayaan 1? What are the components of Chandrayaan 2? Read further to know more.

Chandrayaan 2 is the 1 st space mission by any country to conduct a soft landing on the Moon’s south polar region.

Chandrayaan 2 mission was launched on 22 July 2019 and is expected to land on the moon on Sep 7, 2019.

The mission life of Orbiter will be one year whereas the mission life of lander (Vikram) and rover (Pragyan) will be one Lunar day which is equal to fourteen earth days.

Table of Contents

Chandrayaan 2 – India’s second Lunar Mission

Chandrayaan 2 is an Indian lunar mission that will explore the Moon’s south polar region. No country has ever gone there before.

The launch vehicle will be carrying an orbiter , a rover named Pragyan and a lander named Vikram.

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Chandrayaan Program – India’s Lunar Mission

Indian Lunar Exploration Programme is called Chandrayaan. In Sanskrit, it means “Moon craft”. It is the brainchild of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) .

Chandrayaan is a multiple mission programme – planned to be conducted in three phases – Chandrayaan 1, Chandrayaan 2, and Chandrayaan 3.

The Chandrayaan 1 (2008) was planned as an orbiter/impactor, Chandrayan 2 (2019) contains soft landers/rovers, while Chandrayan 3 (2024) is intended for in situ sampling.

Chandrayaan 1 vs Chandrayaan 2

The Chandrayaan 1 mission was launched in October 2008 and was active in operations until August 2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor . The Chandrayaan 1 mission was launched using the PSLV-XL rocket , serial number C11 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre located in Sriharikota.

Chandrayaan 2 mission was launched from Sriharikota Space Center on 22 July 2019 to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III). It includes a lunar orbiter, lander and rover , all developed domestically. The main scientific objective is to map the location and abundance of lunar water.

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Unlike Chandrayaan-1, Chandrayaan-2 will attempt to soft-land its Vikram module on the lunar surface and deploy a six-wheeled Rover, Pragyaan on the Moon to carry out several scientific experiments. The lift-off mass of Chandrayaan-1 was 1380 kg while Chandrayaan-2 weighs 3850 kg.

Chandrayaan 2 Components

• Launcher – The GSLV Mk-III is India’s most powerful launcher to date and has been completely designed and fabricated from within the country.
• Orbiter – The Orbiter will observe the lunar surface and relay communication between Earth and Chandrayaan 2’s Lander — Vikram.
• Lander – The lander called ‘Vikram’ is designed to execute India’s first soft landing on the lunar surface. ‘Vikram’ is named after the space luminary, Dr Vikram A Sarabhai, who spearheaded India’s nascent space programme.
• Rover – The rover is a 6-wheeled, AI-powered vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to ‘wisdom’ in Sanskrit. The Rover can travel up to 500 meters (half a kilometre) from the landing spot on the moon.

Chandrayaan 2 landing site

Chandrayaan 2 will be making an attempt at landing a lander and the moon rover in a high plain situated between two craters called as Manzinus C and Simpelius N . The location has a latitude of about 70-degrees south.

The lunar South Pole is especially interesting because of the lunar surface area here that remains in shadow is much larger than that at the North Pole. There is a possibility of the presence of water in permanently shadowed areas around it. In addition, the South Pole region has craters that are cold traps and contain a fossil record of the early Solar System.

Did you know?

The Chandrayaan 2 mission was initially supposed to launch on the moon on July 15, 2019, but was called off because of lack of pressure in the helium tanks onboard the GSLV Mk III launch vehicle.

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Importance of Chandrayaan 2 Mission

• 1 st space mission to conduct a soft landing on the Moon’s south polar region.
• 1 st Indian expedition to attempt a soft landing on the lunar surface with home-grown technology.
• 1 st Indian mission to explore the lunar terrain with home-grown technology.
• 4 th country ever to soft-land on the lunar surface, after USA, Russia, and China.
• Through this effort, the aim is to improve our understanding of the Moon – discoveries that will benefit India and humanity as a whole.
• The insights and experiences from this lunar expedition may propel further voyages into the farthest frontiers.

The Chandrayaan 2 mission endevours to create a huge scientific breakthrough not only for India , but to the world as a whole.

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Reader Interactions

July 22, 2019 at 10:20 pm

What is the ge procedure to download mock test of prelims so that i needn’t access eveytime to my account to analyse the exam.

July 23, 2019 at 10:38 pm

One lunar day is equal to one Orbit of the moon around earth, ie, 27days and not what has been mentioned as 14 days please check and correct this.

June 2, 2020 at 1:29 pm

In case of moon, the face of the moon locked to the earth surface remains exposed to the sun for about 14 days and the other side is exposed to the sun for the next 14 days. This is why the lunar day is approximately 14 days long and the lunar night is again of the same duration. The 14 days cycle is when the South Pole part of the Moon gets sunlight. … Beyond this cycle, it will be too cold for the lander to survive..

July 24, 2019 at 8:46 am

July 26, 2019 at 3:25 pm

good one….

July 30, 2019 at 12:36 pm

29 days =1 lunar day

August 1, 2019 at 12:24 am

Thankyou for your detailed information about chandrayaan 2

August 7, 2019 at 12:02 am

the lunar day lasts 29 days,12 hrs ,and 44 minutes and the moon take 27 days and 7 hrs for the sky to completely rotate back to its original position.

August 10, 2019 at 3:57 pm

This is Called the Real Power India is showing to the World im A Proud for Every Indians. <3 Love my India

September 7, 2019 at 5:17 pm

But we feel positive and proud of our ISRO scientist.

September 13, 2019 at 3:08 pm

Dear ClearIAS Team,

Requesting you all to please udate the Chandrayaan 2 article with the recent developments of the mission.

October 5, 2019 at 8:13 pm

I love chandran 2 and chandrayan 1

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Chandrayaan-2, India's Moon orbiter

Highlights Chandrayaan-2 is an Indian mission to send an orbiter, lander, and rover to the Moon. The lander crashed in the Moon's southern hemisphere in 2019. The orbiter is mapping the Moon’s topography, investigating the surface's mineralogy and elements, studying the lunar exosphere, and looking for signatures of water ice.

What is Chandrayaan-2?

Chandrayaan-2 is an Indian mission to send an orbiter, lander, and rover to the Moon. The three vehicles launched as one combined spacecraft in July 2019 to lunar orbit, and the lander, carrying the rover, attempted but failed to touch down in the Moon's southern hemisphere. The orbiter continues to study the Moon from above.

The mission builds on ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 orbiter, which launched in October 2008 and operated for 10 months. Chandrayaan-2 features improved instruments and new technologies intended for future planetary missions. The orbiter is planned to operate for seven years, while the lander and rover were expected to survive one lunar daytime period had they successfully landed.

Chandrayaan-2 mission objectives

The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter hopes to build on the data collected during the Chandrayaan-1 mission using improved instruments. Science goals include mapping the Moon’s topography, investigating surface mineralogy and elemental abundances, studying the lunar exosphere, and looking for signatures of hydroxyl and water ice.

The lander was named Vikram, after Vikram Sarabhai, the founder of India's space program. It would have landed near the Moon's south pole, at a latitude of about 70 degrees south.

The mission cost approximately  603 Rs crore ($87 million).

What instruments does the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter have?

Terrain Mapping Camera 2 (TMC 2): Used to create a 3D map of the lunar surface, TMC 2 is a miniature version of the Terrain Mapping Camera used onboard the Chandrayaan 1 mission. Its primary objective is mapping the lunar surface in the panchromatic spectral band (0.5-0.8 microns) with a high spatial resolution of 5 meters, on 20-kilometer swaths from orbit. Chandrayaan 2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS): CLASS measures the Moon's X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectra to examine the presence of rock-forming elements such as Magnesium, Aluminium, Silicon, Calcium, Titanium, Iron, and Sodium. The XRF technique will detect these elements by measuring the characteristic X-rays they emit when excited by the Sun's rays. Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM): Supports CLASS by observing the X-rays emitted by the Sun and its corona, and measuring the intensity of solar radiation in those rays. Measures the full solar X-ray spectrum every second in the 1-15 keV energy range. Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC): Captures images of the landing site from two look angles to generating DEMs (Digital Elevation Models) that will be used to search for potential hazards. Post-landing, they will be used for further scientific survey. OHRC images cover an area of 12 x 3 kilometers, and have a resolution of 0.25 meters. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): An L- and S-band radar system used to detect water ice inside permanently shadowed craters, and globally map the thickness and electrical conductivity of the lunar regolith. This will be the first L-band radar mapper to orbit the Moon. Imaging Infrared Spectrometer (IIRS): Characterizes and maps the abundance of hydroxyl (OH) and molecular water in the Moon's polar regions. Sensitive to light with wavelengths between 0.8 and 5 microns. Chandra Atmospheric Composition Explorer 2 (ChACE-2): A neutral mass spectrometer to sample atoms in the tenuous atmosphere above the Moon’s polar regions. CHACE 2 builds on the CHACE experiment from Chandrayaan 2. Dual Frequency Radio Science (DFRS) experiment: Studies the temporal evolution of electron density in the lunar ionosphere using X-band (8496 MHz) and S-band (2240 MHz) signals transmitted to Earth-based receivers.

Learn more See the first released Moon picture by Chandrayaan-2 Read about Earth's Moon Every mission to the Moon ever

Academic resources Kosambe, S. (2019). Chandrayaan-2: India’s second lunar exploration mission . Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology , 3 (1), 221–236.

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This essay on Chandrayaan 2 is the crash course you need before tonight's moon landing

As everyone awaits chandrayaan-2's soft-landing on the moon, here's everything you need to know about india's lunar mission before it's landing tonight..

Listen to Story

As India and the world await Chandrayaan-2's soft-landing on the moon, the significance of landmark space mission has been a point of discussion among the scientist community and social media alike.

If this mission is successful, India will become the fourth country after the US, Russia, and China to conduct a soft landing on the moon and the first country to land close to the lunar south pole on its first attempt.

Apart from the scientist community, students have also been asked in schools to write essays on Chadrayaan-2, Indian's lunar mission. So first, let's start by knowing what exactly is Chandrayaan?

Chandrayaan-1 was India’s first mission to the moon. The name Chandrayaan means 'Chandra- Moon, Yaan-vehicle,' in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi), the lunar spacecraft.

Discoveries made by Chandrayaan-1

What is chandrayaan-2.

Chandrayaan-2 is an Indian lunar mission that will explore the moon's south polar region. The aim of the lunar mission is to improve our understanding of the moon discoveries that will benefit India and humanity as a whole.

pic.twitter.com/UQfoAFbTx6 ISRO (@isro) July 22, 2019

Why is Chandrayaan-2 going to the moon?

The moon is the closest cosmic body at which space discovery can be attempted and documented.

Moon provides the best linkage to Earth’s early history. It offers an undisturbed historical record of the inner solar system environment.

Evidence for water molecules discovered by Chandrayaan-1 requires further studies on the extent of water molecule distribution on the surface, below the surface and in the tenuous lunar exosphere to address the origin of water on Moon.

But why is Chandrayaan-2 exploring only the lunar south pole?

Why are countries across the world investing their resources to reach the Moon's South Pole? Read on to find out. #Chandrayaan2 #ISRO #MoonMission pic.twitter.com/NHdcjsDKCL ISRO (@isro) August 19, 2019

In addition, the south pole region has craters that are cold traps and contain a fossil record of the early solar system.

Why is moon's south pole known as the far side of the moon?

The Moon’s south pole region is home to some of the most extreme environments in the solar system: it’s unimaginably cold, massively cratered, and has areas that are either constantly bathed in sunlight or in darkness.

The most enticing feature of this southernmost region is the craters, some of which never see the light of day reach their floors. The reason for this is the low angle of sunlight striking the surface at the poles.

To a person standing at the lunar south pole, the Sun would appear on the horizon, illuminating the surface sideways, and, thus, skimming primarily the rims of some craters while leaving their deep interiors in shadow.

• Each side of the Moon is dark for 14 earth days each month
• The far side of the Moon has been explored by the United States, Russia, and China

Which launch vehicle has been used to launch Chandrayaan-2?

Chandrayaan-2 Pragyan Rover

Chandrayaan 2's rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit. It can travel up to 500m and leverages solar energy for its functioning. It can only communicate with the lander.

The rover is housed inside the Vikram lander and is scheduled to roll out between 5.30 am to 6.30 am tomorrow.

Read | How to teach kids about Chandrayaan-2 and boost their astronaut dreams

Read | 60 students to witness Chandrayaan -2 landing with PM Modi Published By: karishma Published On: Sep 6, 2019 --- ENDS ---

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Chandrayaan-2 facts for kids

Chandrayaan-2 ( candra-yāna , transl.  "mooncraft" ; ) is the second lunar exploration mission developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), after Chandrayaan-1 . As of September 2019, it consists of a lunar orbiter , and also included the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover , all of which were developed in India. The main scientific objective is to map and study the variations in lunar surface composition, as well as the location and abundance of lunar water .

The spacecraft was launched on its mission to the Moon from the second launch pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Andhra Pradesh on 22 July 2019 at 2.43   p.m. IST (09:13 UTC) by a GSLV Mark III M1. The craft reached the Moon's orbit on 20 August 2019 and began orbital positioning manoeuvres for the landing of the Vikram lander. The lander and the rover were scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° south on 6 September 2019 and conduct scientific experiments for one lunar day, which approximates to two Earth weeks. A successful soft landing would have made India the fourth country after the Soviet Union, United States and China to do so.

However, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land on 6 September 2019 which caused a 'hard landing'. According to a failure analysis report submitted to ISRO, the crash was caused by a software glitch . ISRO may re-attempt a landing by the second quarter of 2021 with Chandrayaan-3 .

Vikram lander

Pragyan rover, geocentric phase, selenocentric phase, planned landing site, loss of vikram, scientists involved in the mission, chandrayaan-3, images for kids.

On 12 November 2007, representatives of the Roscosmos and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan-1's follow-up project, Chandrayaan-2. ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to provide the lander. The Indian government approved the mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet, held on 18 September 2008 and chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.

Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 on schedule, the mission was postponed in January 2013 and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time. In 2012, there was a delay in the construction of the Russian lander for Chandrayaan-2 due of the failure of the Fobos-Grunt mission to Mars, since the technical issues connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission which were also used in the lunar projects including the lander for Chandrayaan-2 needed to be reviewed. When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.

The spacecraft's launch had been scheduled for March 2018 initially after the India's decision, but was first delayed to April and then to October to conduct further tests on the vehicle. On 19 June 2018, after the program's fourth Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of changes in configuration and landing sequence were planned for implementation, pushing the launch to the first half of 2019. Two of the lander's legs received minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019.

Chandrayaan-2 launch was scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time), with the landing expected on 6 September 2019. However, the launch was aborted due to a technical glitch and was rescheduled. The launch occurred on 22 July 2019 at 09:13 UTC (14:43 IST) on the first operational flight of a GSLV MK III M1.

On 6 September 2019, the lander during its landing phase, deviated from its intended trajectory starting at 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) altitude, and had lost communication when touchdown confirmation was expected. Initial reports suggesting a crash were confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan , stating that "it must have been a hard landing". The Failure Analysis Committee concluded that the crash was caused by a software glitch. Unlike ISRO's previous record, the report of the Failure Analysis Committee has not been made public.

The primary objectives of the Chandrayaan-2 lander were to demonstrate the ability to soft-land and operate a robotic rover on the lunar surface.

The scientific goals of the orbiter are:

• to study lunar topography , mineralogy , elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice
• to study the water ice in the south polar region and thickness of the lunar regolith on the surface
• to map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it

The name Chandrayaan means "mooncraft" in Sanskrit and Hindi. The mission was launched on a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III) M1 with an approximate lift-off mass of 3,850 kg (8,490 lb) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island of Andhra Pradesh . As of June 2019 [update] , the mission has an allocated cost of ₹ 9.78 billion (approximately US$141 million ) which includes ₹ 6 billion for the space segment and ₹ 3.75 billion as launch costs on GSLV Mk III M1. Chandrayaan-2 stack was initially put in an Earth parking orbit of 170 kilometres (110 mi) perigee and 40,400 kilometres (25,100 mi) apogee by the launch vehicle.

The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is orbiting the Moon on a polar orbit at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi). It carries eight scientific instruments; two of which are improved versions of those flown on Chandrayaan-1 . The approximate launch mass was 2,379 kg (5,245 lb). The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) conducted high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander from the orbiter. The orbiter's structure was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and delivered to the ISRO Satellite Centre on 22 June 2015.

• Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m
• Gross lift-off mass: 2,379 kg (5,245 lb)
• Propellant mass: 1,697 kg (3,741 lb)
• Dry mass: 682 kg (1,504 lb)
• Power generation capacity: 1000 W
• Mission duration: approximately 7.5 years, extended from the planned 1 year owing to the precise launch and mission management, in lunar orbit

The mission's lander is called Vikram ( Sanskrit : विक्रम , lit.   'Valour') named after cosmic ray scientist Vikram Sarabhai (1919–1971), who is widely regarded as the founder of the Indian space programme. The Vikram lander detached from the orbiter and descended to a low lunar orbit of 30 km × 100 km (19 mi × 62 mi) using its 800 N (180 lb f ) liquid main engines. After checking all of its on-board systems it attempted a soft landing that would have deployed the rover, and performed scientific activities for approximately 14 Earth days. Vikram crash-landed during this attempt. The combined mass of the lander and rover was approximately 1,471 kg (3,243 lb).

The preliminary configuration study of the lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad. The lander's propulsion system consisted of eight 50 N (11 lb f ) thrusters for attitude control and five 800 N (180 lb f ) liquid main engines derived from ISRO's 440 N (99 lb f ) liquid apogee motor. Initially, the lander design employed four main throttle-able liquid engines, but a centrally mounted fixed-thrust engine was added to handle new requirements of having to orbit the Moon before landing. The additional engine was expected to mitigate upward draft of lunar dust during the soft landing. Vikram was designed to safely land on slopes up to 12°.

Some associated technologies include a high resolution camera, Laser Altimeter (LASA), Lander Hazard Detection Avoidance Camera (LHDAC), Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC), Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera (LHVC), an 800 N throttleable liquid main engine, attitude thrusters, Ka band radio altimeters, Laser Inertial Reference & Accelerometer Package (LIRAP), and the software needed to run these components. Engineering models of the lander began undergoing ground and aerial tests in late October 2016, in Challakere in the Chitradurga district of Karnataka . ISRO created roughly 10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander's sensors to select a landing site.

• Dimensions: 2.54 by 2 by 1.2 metres (8 ft 4 in × 6 ft 7 in × 3 ft 11 in)
• Gross lift-off mass: 1,471 kg (3,243 lb)
• Propellant mass: 845 kg (1,863 lb)
• Dry mass: 626 kg (1,380 lb)
• Power generation capability: 650 W
• Mission duration: ≤14 days (one lunar day)

The mission's rover was called Pragyan ( Sanskrit : प्रज्ञान , lit.   'Wisdom') ) with a mass of 27 kg (60 lb), and would have operated on solar power. The rover was to move on six wheels, traversing 500 metres (1,600 ft) on the lunar surface at the rate of 1 centimetre (0.39 in) per second, perform on-site analyses and send the data to the lander, which would have relayed it to the Mission Control on the Earth. For navigation, the rover would have used:

• Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: two 1 megapixel , monochromatic navcams in front of the rover to provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a digital elevation model of the terrain. IIT Kanpur contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.
• Control and motor dynamics: the rover has a rocker-bogie suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent brushless DC electric motors. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.

The expected operating time of Pragyan rover was one lunar day, or around 14 Earth days, as its electronics were not designed to endure the frigid lunar night. However, its power system has a solar-powered sleep/wake-up cycle implemented, which could have resulted in longer service time than planned. Two aft wheels of the rover had the ISRO logo and the State Emblem of India embossed on them to leave behind patterned tracks on the lunar surface.

• Dimensions: 0.9 × 0.75 × 0.85 m
• Power: 50 W
• Travel speed: 1 cm/sec

Science payload

ISRO selected eight scientific instruments for the orbiter, four for the lander, and two for the rover. While it was initially reported that NASA and ESA would participate in the mission by providing some scientific instruments for the orbiter, ISRO in 2010 had clarified that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying foreign payloads on the mission. However, in an update a month before launch, an agreement between NASA and ISRO was signed to include a small laser retroreflector from NASA to the lander's payload to measure the distance between the satellites above and the microreflector on the lunar surface.

Payloads on the orbiter are:

• Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) from the ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), which makes use of X-ray fluorescence spectra to determine the elemental composition of the lunar surface
• Solar X-ray monitor (XSM) from Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad , for mapping the lunar surface
• Dual Frequency L and S band Synthetic Aperture Radar (DFSAR) from the Space Applications Centre (SAC) for probing the first few metres of the lunar surface for the presence of different constituents. DFSAR was expected to provide further evidence confirming the presence of water ice, and its distribution below the shadowed regions of the Moon. It has lunar surface penetration depth of 5 metres (16 ft) (L-band).
• Imaging IR Spectrometer (IIRS) from the SAC for mapping of lunar surface over a wide wavelength range for the study of minerals, water molecules and hydroxyl present. It featured an extended spectral range (0.8 μm to 5 μm), an improvement over previous lunar missions whose payloads worked up to 3 μm.
• Chandrayaan-2 Atmospheric Compositional Explorer 2 (ChACE-2) Quadrupole Mass Analyzer from Space Physics Laboratory (SPL) to carry out a detailed study of the lunar exosphere
• Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) from SAC for preparing a three-dimensional map essential for studying the lunar mineralogy and geology
• Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere – Dual Frequency Radio Science experiment (RAMBHA-DFRS) by SPL for the studying electron density in the lunar ionosphere
• Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) by SAC for scouting a hazard-free spot prior to landing. Used to help prepare high-resolution topographic maps and digital elevation models of the lunar surface. OHRC had a spatial resolution of 0.32 metres (1 ft 1 in) from 100 kilometres (62 mi) polar orbit, which was the best resolution among any lunar orbiter mission to date.

The payloads on the Vikram lander were:

• Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) MEMS based seismometer by LEOS for studying Moon-quakes near the landing site
• Chandra's Surface Thermo-physical Experiment (ChaSTE) thermal probe by SPL, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) for estimating the thermal properties of the lunar surface
• RAMBHA-LP Langmuir probe by SPL, VSSC for measuring the density and variation of lunar surface plasma
• A laser retroreflector array (LRA) by the Goddard Space Flight Center for taking precise measurements of distance between the reflector on the lunar surface and satellites in lunar orbit. The microreflector weighed about 22 grams and cannot be used for taking observations from Earth-based lunar laser stations.

Pragyan rover carried two instruments to determine the abundance of elements near the landing site:

• Laser induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) from the laboratory for Electro Optic Systems (LEOS), Bangalore
• Alpha Particle Induced X-ray Spectroscope (APXS) from PRL, Ahmedabad

Mission profile

The launch of Chandrayaan-2 was initially scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time). However, the launch was aborted 56 minutes and 24 seconds before launch due to a technical glitch, so it was rescheduled to 22 July 2019. Unconfirmed reports later cited a leak in the nipple joint of a helium gas bottle as the cause of cancellation.

Finally Chandrayaan-2 was launched on board the GSLV MK III M1 launch vehicle on 22 July 2019 at 09:13 UTC (14:43 IST) with a better-than-expected apogee as a result of the cryogenic upper stage being burned to depletion, which later eliminated the need for one of the apogee-raising burns during the geocentric phase of mission. This also resulted in the saving of around 40 kg fuel on board the spacecraft.

Immediately after launch, multiple observations of a slow-moving bright object over Australia were made, which could be related to upper stage venting of residual LOX/LH2 propellant after the main burn.

After being placed into a 45,475 × 169 km parking orbit by the launch vehicle, the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack gradually raised its orbit using on-board propulsion over 22 days. In this phase, one perigee-raising and five apogee-raising burns were performed to reach a highly eccentric orbit of 142,975 × 276 km followed by trans-lunar injection on 13 August 2019. Such a long Earth-bound phase with multiple orbit-raising manoeuvres exploiting the Oberth effect was required because of the limited lifting capacity of the launch vehicle and thrust of the spacecraft's on-board propulsion system. A similar strategy was used for Chandrayaan-1 and the Mars Orbiter Mission during their Earth-bound phase trajectory. On 3 August 2019, the first set of Earth images were captured by the LI4 camera on the Vikram lander, showing the North American landmass.

After 29 days from its launch, the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack entered lunar orbit on 20 August 2019 after performing a lunar orbit insertion burn for 28 minutes 57 seconds. The three-spacecraft stack was placed into an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the Moon, with 18,072 km (11,229 mi) aposelene and 114 km (71 mi) periselene. By 1 September 2019 this elliptical orbit was made nearly circular with 127 km (79 mi) aposelene and 119 km (74 mi) periselene after four orbit-lowering manoeuvres followed by separation of Vikram lander from the orbiter on 7:45 UTC, 2 September 2019.

Two landing sites were selected, each with an ellipse of 32 by 11 kilometres (19.9 mi × 6.8 mi). The prime landing site (PLS54) was at 70.90267°S 22.78110°E (600 km (370 mi) from the south pole), and the alternate landing site (ALS01) was at 67.87406°S 18.46947°W. The prime site was on a high plain between the craters Manzinus C and Simpelius N, on the near side of the Moon.

Vikram began its descent at 20:08:03 UTC, 6 September 2019 and was scheduled to land on the Moon at around 20:23 UTC. The descent and soft-landing were to be performed by the on-board computers on Vikram , with mission control unable to make corrections. The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking procedures as expected, but the lander's trajectory began to deviate at about 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi; 6,900 ft) above the surface. The final telemetry readings during ISRO's live-stream show that Vikram 's final vertical velocity was 58 m/s (210 km/h) at 330 metres (1,080 ft) above the surface, which a number of experts noted, would have been too fast for the lunar lander to make a successful landing. Initial reports suggesting a crash were confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that "it must have been a hard landing".

Radio transmissions from the lander were tracked during descent by analysts using a 25-metre (82 ft) radio telescope owned by the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy. Analysis of the doppler data suggests that the loss of signal coincided with the lander impacting the lunar surface at a velocity of nearly 50 m/s (180 km/h) (as opposed to an ideal 2 m/s (7.2 km/h) touchdown velocity). The powered descent was also observed by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) using its Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project instrument to study changes in the lunar exosphere due to exhaust gases from the lander's engines. K. Sivan, tasked senior scientist P. S. Goel to head the Failure Analysis Committee to look into the causes of the failure.

Both ISRO and NASA attempted to communicate with the lander for about two weeks before the lunar night set in, while NASA's LRO flew over on 17 September 2019 and acquired some images of the intended landing zone. However, the region was near dusk , causing poor lighting for optical imaging. NASA's LRO images, showing no sight of the lander, were released on 26 September. The LRO flew over again on 14 October under more favorable lighting conditions, but was unable to locate it. The LRO performed a third flyover on 10 November.

On 16 November 2019, the Failure Analysis Committee released its report to the Space Commission, concluding that the crash was caused by a software glitch. Phase One of descent from an altitude of 30 km to 7.4 km above the Moon's surface went as intended with velocity being reduced from 1,683 m/s to 146 m/s. But velocity reduction during the second phase of descent was more than expected. This deviation from nominal was beyond the designed parameters of on-board software, causing Vikram to land hard, though it managed to impact relatively near the intended landing site. The complete findings have not been made public.

Vikram 's impact site was located at 70°52′52″S 22°47′02″E  /  70.8810°S 22.7840°E  / -70.8810; 22.7840 by the LROC team after receiving helpful input from Shanmuga Subramanian, a volunteer from Chennai , Tamil Nadu , who located debris from the spacecraft in pictures released by NASA. While initially estimated to be within 500 metres (1,600 ft) of the intended landing site, best-guess estimates from satellite imagery indicate initial impact about 600 m away. The spacecraft shattered upon impact, with debris scattered over almost two dozen locations in an area spanning kilometres.

The orbiter part of the mission, with eight scientific instruments, remains operational, and will continue its seven-year mission to study the Moon.

There was an outpouring of support for ISRO from various quarters in the aftermath of the crash landing of its lunar lander. However, prominent Indian news media also criticized ISRO's lack of transparency regarding the crash of the lander and its analysis of the crash. Indian media also noted that unlike ISRO's previous record, the report of the Failure Analysis Committee was not made public. ISRO's lack of consistency regarding the explanation around the rover's crashing was criticized, with the organization providing no proof of its own positions until the efforts of NASA and a Chennai based volunteer located the crash site on the lunar surface. In the wake of the events surrounding Chandrayaan-2, former ISRO employees criticized unverified statements from the ISRO chairman and what they claimed is the top-down leadership and working culture of the organization.

Key scientists and engineers involved in the development of Chandrayaan-2 include:

• Ritu Karidhal – Mission Director
• Muthayya Vanitha – Project Director
• K. Kalpana – Associate Project Director
• G. Narayanan – Associate Project Director
• G. Nagesh – Project Director (former)
• Chandrakanta Kumar – Deputy Project Director (Radio-frequency systems)
• Amitabh Singh – Deputy Project Director (Optical Payload Data Processing, SAC)

In November 2019, ISRO officials stated that a new lunar lander mission is being studied for launch in Q2 2021; this new proposal is called Chandrayaan-3 and it would be a re-attempt to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission proposed in partnership with Japan for 2024. If funded, this re-attempt would not include launching an orbiter. The proposed configuration would have a detachable propulsion module, a lander and a rover. According to VSSC director, S. Somanath, there will be more follow-up missions in the Chandrayaan programme .

Chandrayaan-2 orbiter in clean-room being integrated with payloads

A view of Mission Operations Complex (MOX-1), ISTRAC prior to the fourth Earth-bound burn

• This page was last modified on 6 April 2024, at 00:06. Suggest an edit .

Essay on Chandrayaan 2

On July 22, 2019 in Andhra Pradesh Satish Dhawan at Sriharikota Space Center (Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR: SDSC -SHAR) of Chandrayaan 2 spacecraft to geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV) Mark III has been launched successfully.

Chandrayaan 2 Essay in 700 words:

The spacecraft is currently circling around the Earth at 169.7 km closest to the Earth and 45,475 km from the Earth, this flight is the first operational flight of GSLV Mark III.

It is notable that it was to be launched on July 15, 2019 but due to some technical problems it was stopped a few hours before the launch.

Soon after the spacecraft was separated from the launch vehicle, the Solar Array of the spacecraft i.e.

The solar array was deployed automatically and the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bangalore successfully controlled the spacecraft.

In the coming days, this process will be conducted in an orbit in a systematic manner using Chandrayaan 2 onboard propulsion system.

GSLV Mark-III:

GSLV Mark III is a high-impulse vehicle developed by ISRO, through which India’s 4-tonnes geosynchronous satellites can be placed in orbit.

Thus India will become completely self-sufficient in terms of satellite launch.

The GSLV Mark III has a height of 43.43 meters and a lift-off mass of 640 tonnes, with three stages using the indigenous cryogenic engine ‘CE-20’.

Lately in November 2018, the GSLV Mark-III D2 launch vehicle was used to orbit the GSAT-29 communication satellite.

ISRO presently has the capability to launch payloads of up to 2.2 tonnes only and they have to rely on foreign countries to launch greater than this load.

GSLV Mark-3 will be the most powerful launch vehicle in India capable of placing four tons of communication satellites in geosynchronous orbit with an altitude of 36,000 km.

It is known that at present, GSLV Mark-II has a capacity of about 2 tonnes.

An essential function of the GSLV Mark III is that it makes use of the third stage of the Indian cryogenic engine and has increased payload capacity than the present GSLV.

Chandrayaan-2 Campaign- Chandrayaan 2 Essay:

This is India’s second mission to the moon.

It makes use of a totally indigenous orbiter, Lander (Vikram) and Rover (Pragya), the Rover (Pragya) is situated inside the Lander (Vikram).

The mission of the Chandrayaan-2 mission is to develop and execute key technologies including moon mission capability, soft-landing on the moon and moving on the lunar surface.

The information obtained by this mission will improve the understanding of the origin and evolution of the moon by studying the geographical location of the moon, mineralogy, surface chemical composition, temperature, geographical properties and circumference.

After leaving Earth’s orbit and entering the Moon’s sphere of influence, the propulsion system of Chandrayaan 2 will be ignited to reduce the speed of the vehicle, this would enable it to enter the Moon’s primary orbit.

After this, a circular orbit of Chandrayaan-2 will be established 100 kilometers above the lunar surface under many technical works.

The lander separated from the orbiter and traveled 100 km, the lander will perform a soft-landing on the Moon’s South Pole on September 07, 2019, after several complex technical procedures.

The rover will then separate from the lander and take a look at for one day (14 days on Earth) on the lunar surface.

The tenure of the lander can also be equal to 1 lunar day and the orbiter will proceed its mission for an interval of 1 yr.

Other Memorable facts of Chandrayaan 2:

• The weight of the orbiter is about 2,369 kg, while the lander and rover weigh 1,477 kg and 26 kg respectively.
• The rover can travel up to 500 meters. For this, it will draw energy from the solar panel in the rover.
• Chandrayaan-2 also has many payloads which will give detailed information about the origin and evolution of the Moon.
• The orbiter has 8, the lander has 3 and the rover has 2 payloads.
• The orbiter payload will be sensing report from the 100-km orbit, while the lander and rover payload will perform measurements near the landing site.

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Conclusion for Chandrayaan 2 Essay:

The third important dimension of Chandrayaan-2 mission is the technology installed on Earth.

Through them, scientists will be able to get information about data and all instruments from spacecraft, it will also send radio instructions to the spacecraft.

It includes technical features on Earth’s Chandrayaan-2 are Indian Deep Space Network , Spacecraft Control Center and Indian Space Science Data Center.

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Essay on Chandrayaan 2 | Short & Long Essay For Students

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Chandrayaan 2 is a hig tech space mission of India. It is Indian moon exploration mission. The partial success it achieved, despite a little technological glitch, it goes largely in reflecting India’s deep ambitions and efforts to explore the space. The following essay on Chandrayaan 2 describes the purpose of project, achievements and lessons for India.

List of Topics

Essay on Chandrayaan 2 For Children & Students

In the term Chandrayaan, chand means ‘moon’ and yaan means ‘vehicle’. Chandrayaan 2 is an Indian lunar mission designed to explore more about moon.

It is the second mission to moon by ISRO that is ranked at number 5 in the world with a budget of $1.2 billion that is having almost a fraction of budget if compared to other space agencies. ISRO has always proved its worth with its cost-effective solutions.

Mission of Chandrayaan

Chandrayaan 2 is India’s first attempt to land a spacecraft on lunar surface. This mission was developed by Indian Space and Research Organization (ISRO). It is a successor to Chandrayaan 1 that was launched in 2008.

The aim of this mission was to discover more about moon that will benefit the country as well as whole humanity. The total cost of this mission was US $141 million.

Chandrayaan 2 was scheduled to be launched in2011 but due to technical problems, the mission launched on 22nd July by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III from Satish Dhawan Space center located in India. It was expected to land on moon’s surface on 7th September. It weighed 3850 kg.

The spacecraft consisted of three devices; a lander called Vikram, an orbiter called Pragyan and rover with an aim to explore lunar south pole. The name of the lander was named after Dr.VikramSarabhai who is regarded internationally as the father of Indian Space Program.

The rover was powered by solar energy and it had six wheels. Vikram and Pragyan were designed to last for one lunar day that is about 14 Earth days before shutting down in nights chills.

The scientists hoped that if landing gets successful then India will become the first nation to land near south pole. It will also become the fourth nation to complete its landing around moon after US, China and Soviet Union.

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Objectives of Mission Chandrayaan 2

The primary objective of Chandrayaan 2 was to operate a robotic lunar on the lunar surface.  It was a complex mission whose objective was to study more about the lunar south pole. The lunar south pole was of much interest to scientists because it was much larger than the north pole.

Scientists had high hopes to find presence of water in that area which makes it a promising target for human being’s exploration.

Crash Landing of Chandrayaan 2

This mission achieved 95% success with the placement of orbiter in orbit of moon. It was supposed to take images of moon for one year and send the data to Earth. On 7 September 2019, just when Vikram was trying to land on moon, it lost contact with ISRO just when touchdown confirmation was expected.

It was just 2 kms away from surface at that time. The main reason of this failure was software glitch due to which the lander deviated from its intended trajectory and this resulted in hard landing.

Scientists tried their level best to restore that communication but the efforts were not successful. The rover was not able to come out of the lander so all the information related to moon was lost.

NASA made two attempts to locate Chandrayaan 2 with the help of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) that took photos of landing site. Since, this region is a home to several craters that are permanently covered in shadows that is why the images failed to locate Vikram on lunar south pole.

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Chandrayaan 2 was the dream of millions of people to space. Unfortunately, this mission was not completed but the experiences of this lunar expedition will for sure help in further voyages.

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Essay on Chandrayaan 1, 2 and 3 in 1000 Words for Students and Children

In this article, we have published an Essay on Chandrayaan 1, 2, 3 (Moon landing mission) in 1000 Words for Students and Children.

So, Let’s start the Essay on Chandrayaan 1, 2 and 3

Table of Contents

Introduction (Essay on Chandrayaan 1, 2, 3)

As the innocence of Chandrayan shows it. A few nations are working day and night about the life and water prospects on the Moon. For this, a few nations have attempted well, but scarcely any countries have just sent their satellite to the Moon. Russia, Japan, America, China, and India . Our nation in India likewise has sent a satellite named Chandrayan 1 in October 2008. 

Essay on Chandrayaan 1 

India’s first noteworthy Moon was propelled on October 22, 2008, and was proposed utilising an extraordinary polar satellite dispatch vehicle (PSLV-C11). The satellite made over 3400 circles around the Moon, and the crucial finished up when the correspondence with the shuttle was lost on August 29, 2009.

The essential science target of the mission was to set up a three-dimensional map book of both the close and far side of the Moon and to direct substance and mineralogical mapping of the whole lunar surface with high spatial goals. 

The hugest outcome from Chandrayaan-1 is the revelation of information about the nearness of hydroxyl (OH) and liquidity (H2O) particles on the surface of the lunar.

The derivation of subsurface water-ice stores in the base of pits in lasting sun shadow, identification of the conceivable presence of water atoms in the lunar condition, approval of Lunar Magma Ocean speculation, recognition of impression of 20% of sun-oriented breeze protons, the discovery of quality of Mg, Al, Si, Ca on the lunar surface and three-dimensional conceptualisation of many lunar holes of intrigue are other logical outcomes from Chandrayaan-1. 

Practical acknowledgement of this crucial prompted all-round advancement in satellite innovation, structure, improvement, and creation of an assortment of test payloads, setting up correspondence, route and control framework for going past the geostationary circle, securing and move of information from lunar circle through Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) with 18-m and 32-m receiving wires to ground station system and foundation of Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) at Byalalu as the essential server farm for Indian Space Science Missions. 

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Essay on Chandrayaan 2 

Chandrayaan-2 strategy, an exceptionally perplexing crucial, speaks to a huge innovative jump contrasted with the past missions of ISRO, which united an Orbiter, Lander and Rover to investigate the south post of the Moon.

This is an attractive, crucial target considering one zone of the Moon and all the territories joining the exosphere. It is the surface just as the sub-surface of the Moon in a solitary mission. This is an Indian lunar strategy investigation of the unchartered south post of the celestial body via handling a wanderer. 

On September 7, India endeavoured to make a delicate arrival on the lunar surface. However, lander Vikram missed the essential arrival site and went for the second. The visuals disappeared from this time forward. 

As showed by ISRO boss K Sivan, correspondence from Vikram Lander was lost, and information is yet to be broken down. 

If India succeeds, it will be the fourth nation to arrive on the Moon, after the past country USSR, but now Russia, the US and China, to solidify its place among the world’s space-faring countries. 

Significance of Chandrayaan 2

After ten years, the world is anticipating Chandrayaan 2 in one more excursion to the unexplored. “For one, we are setting off to a spot where nobody has wandered previously, which is the South Pole of the moon,” called attention to Annadurai. 

One reason for the intrigue, Annadurai stated, is the nearness of solidified water in the South Pole that was first found by Chandrayaan 1 when it crash-arrived on the Moon’s surface. ” 

This implies investigating materials for substitute fuel and valuable metals that can be mined. As shown by Murthy, a few firms in the US are creating innovative procedure materials in space. 

Another significant perspective is the worldwide coordinated effort for space research, and it is these planetary missions that put India on the global guide. Chandrayaan-2 and the forthcoming Gaganyaan is, as of now doing that. 

The Lanching of Chandrayaan 2 

A day before dispatch, India’s space office ISRO posted on Twitter an image of the 14-story-high GSLV Mk III rocket at the Second Launch Pad in Sriharikota, India, declaring dispatch commencement initiation.

On a similar island that has the dispatch complex, ISRO welcomed individuals to watch from the office’s recently introduced Launch see the exhibition. 

The group hummed with energy, and we heard the rocket as it rose. The Mk III’s strong supporters were isolated from the rocket around 2 minutes after dispatch.

The defensive fairing encompassing the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter, lander and wanderer trio separated about a moment from that point forward, in no time, followed by the fluid centre first stage. 

Chandrayaan-2 was effectively isolated from the cryogenic upper phase of the Mk III 16 minutes after liftoff, as arranged. This conveyed the art’s ideal circular circle around the Earth: 170 by 39120 kilometres. India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted a note on the strategy’s hugeness.

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Cost of Chandrayaan 2 

India’s Chandrayaan-2 strategic an expense of Rs 603 crore while its dispatch included some significant disadvantages of Rs 367 crore, the focal government said in a composed answer in Parliament today. The administration repeated that the Chandrayaan-2 rocket was propelled forcefully, and most of its targets were accomplished. 

Chandrayaan 3 Essay 2023

On the anticipated day of Chandrayaan 3’s launch, excitement fills the air as scientists, engineers, and space enthusiasts gather at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India.

The stage is set for yet another remarkable mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which aims to expand our knowledge of the Moon and its mysteries.

As the countdown begins, the immense efforts of numerous teams working tirelessly behind the scenes come to fruition. The spacecraft, carefully designed and built to withstand the challenges of space exploration, stands tall on the launch pad, ready to embark on its journey.

With the press and media present, the atmosphere at the space centre is electric. The eyes of the nation and the world are focused on this monumental event as India continues to make strides in its space exploration endeavours.

Amidst the anticipation, there is a palpable sense of pride among the scientists and engineers who have dedicated years to the development and preparation of Chandrayaan 3. Their dedication and expertise serve as a testament to India’s growing capabilities in space science.

As the clock ticks down, mission control becomes a hive of activity. Engineers monitor every detail, ensuring that all systems are functioning optimally. Their unwavering commitment to precision and safety is crucial as they meticulously oversee the final checks before liftoff.

Finally, the moment arrives. The engines roar to life, and the spacecraft is propelled into the vastness of space. A collective gasp is heard as the immense power of the launch reverberates across the complex. The journey to the Moon has officially begun.

The mission of Chandrayaan 3 is to continue the groundbreaking work of its predecessors, Chandrayaan 1 and 2, seeking to unravel the mysteries of the lunar surface.

Equipped with advanced instruments and technology, the spacecraft will conduct extensive scientific studies, mapping the Moon’s topography, analyzing its mineral composition, and studying the presence of water and potential resources.

This mission promises new discoveries and breakthroughs that will contribute to our understanding of the Moon and its significance in space exploration. It serves as a testament to humanity’s unyielding curiosity and the unwavering spirit of scientific exploration.

As the spacecraft embarks on its lunar journey, a nation’s hopes and aspirations soar. Chandrayaan 3 represents India’s scientific prowess and commitment to advancing our knowledge of the cosmos.

And as the nation watches with bated breath, we eagerly await the invaluable insights and scientific discoveries that Chandrayaan 3 will undoubtedly bring forth, inspiring future generations to reach for the stars and expand the horizons of human knowledge.

The Successful Soft Landing of Chandrayaan 3 on Moon’s Surface

After months of meticulous planning and rigorous testing, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) achieved a remarkable milestone with the successful soft landing of Chandrayaan 3 on the lunar surface.

This historic achievement marked a significant leap forward in India’s space exploration endeavours, cementing its position as a prominent player in the global space race.

The Chandrayaan 3 mission, a successor to the highly acclaimed Chandrayaan 2, aimed to further our understanding of the moon’s composition, geology, and the presence of water ice.

Equipped with advanced scientific instruments and cutting-edge technology, the spacecraft embarked on a fascinating journey to unlock the secrets of Earth’s only natural satellite.

The meticulous planning and attention to detail paid off as the spacecraft flawlessly executed its descent, making a gentle touchdown on the moon’s surface.

The touchdown was a testament to the brilliance of the engineers and scientists involved and a shining example of India’s dedication to pushing the boundaries of space exploration.

Upon landing, Chandrayaan 3 immediately began transmitting valuable data back to Earth, allowing scientists to delve deeper into the moon’s mysteries.

The information collected will provide crucial insights into the moon’s formation the presence of resources that could be exploited for future human missions, and contribute to our understanding of the larger universe.

This significant achievement of Chandrayaan 3 sparks hope and inspiration for future space endeavours for India and the global community.

It serves as a reminder of the limitless possibilities that lie beyond our planet and humankind’s collective dreams and aspirations to explore the vast expanse of the cosmos.

As we celebrate this remarkable feat, let us look forward to the new discoveries and advancements that Chandrayaan 3 will undoubtedly bring, paving the way for a brighter future in space exploration and expanding our knowledge of the universe we inhabit.

Expected Budget of Chandrayaan 3

The budget for Chandrayaan 3 is not yet specified as it is an upcoming mission. However, the previous mission, Chandrayaan 2, had an estimated cost of Rs 603 crore for the mission itself and an additional Rs 367 crore for the launch .

The budget for Chandrayaan 3 will depend on the mission’s objectives, technology requirements, and overall scope, which will be determined closer to the launch date.

National Space Day in India

National Space Day in India is dedicated to celebrating the achievements and contributions made by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in space exploration and technology.

This day, typically observed on September 30th, serves as a reminder of India’s progress in space missions like Chandrayaan 1 and 2 and future endeavours like Chandrayaan 3.

On National Space Day, various events, seminars, and exhibitions are organized to create awareness about space science and inspire future generations to pursue careers in this field.

It is an opportunity to highlight the significant role played by ISRO in placing India on the global space map and acknowledge the hard work and dedication of scientists and engineers involved in space missions.

India has made remarkable advancements through its space programs, including the successful launch of satellites, lunar missions, and contributions to various international space collaborations. National Space Day recognizes and honours these accomplishments, fostering a spirit of scientific exploration and innovation in the country.

The Chandrayaan missions, including Chandrayaan 1, 2, and the upcoming Chandrayaan 3, have significantly advanced India’s space exploration program.

These missions have yielded valuable insights into the Moon’s surface, water presence, and potential for resource utilization.

They have also positioned India as a prominent player in the global space race. With each mission, India takes a step closer to unravelling the Moon’s mysteries and fueling our curiosity about the universe.

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Essay on Chandrayaan   2  – This article gives detailed information on the launch of Chandrayaan 1 and Chandrayaan 2. This article can help students to prepare an essay on Chandrayaan. We have tried to gather all the information related to Chandrayaan 1 and Chandrayaan 2, hope that this information will prove beneficial for you.

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Essay on Chandrayaan 2 in English

Chandrayaan-2 or Second Chandrayaan is India’s second lunar exploration mission after Chandrayaan-1, developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The expedition includes a lunar orbiter, a rover and a lander built in India. 

All these have been developed by ISRO. Chandrayaan 2 was launched on July 22 from the same launch pad from where Chandrayaan 1 took off. Instead of using the previously used older PSLV rocket , the spacecraft used the Advanced Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III). 

Unlike last time, ISRO refused to carry any foreign payload due to weight restrictions. But in June 2019 , it agreed to carry a small laser retroflector from NASA .

However, the orbiter will hover over the moon at a distance of 100 km and perform passive experiments as it did on Chandrayaan 1. The entire Chandrayaan 2 mission costs approximately $ 141 million . 

Unlike Chandrayaan 1, this time the hopes were quite high as the spacecraft is also carried a lunar rover , orbiter, and lander . In addition, Chandrayaan 2 is the country’s first opportunity to use self-built components and design vehicles. 

However, at about 1:52 am IST, the lander deviated from its intended path about 2.1 km from the landing and ground control with the spacecraft lost communication. On 8 September 2019, it was reported by ISRO that Vikram Lander has been detected from the heat painting taken by the orbiter. But Vikram Lander has not been contacted yet.

Main information of orbiter, lander, and rover

The orbiter will orbit the moon at an altitude of 100 km. In this campaign, it has been decided to send the orbiter with five payloads. Three payloads are new, while two others are improved versions of payloads which were sent on the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter. 

Its weight at the time of flight was about 1400 kg.  The Orbiter High Resolution Camera will give high-resolution pictures of the landing site before the lander separates from the orbiter. The mission life of the orbiter is one year and is placed in a 100 X 100 km long lunar polar orbit.

Chandrayaan 2’s lander is named after Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai , the father of the Indian space program. It is designed to function for one lunar day, which is equivalent to about 14 Earth days.  Vikram lander has the ability to communicate with IDSN as well as orbiter and rover at Bayalu near Bangalore. 

But due to loss of contact with the lander, the task of the lander (Vikram) and rover (Pragyan) seems impossible.

The rover weighs 27 kg and will be powered by solar power Electric power generation capacity – 50 W. Chandrayaan 2’s rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to ‘knowledge’ in Sanskrit. It can travel up to 500 meters (½km) and make use of solar power for its functioning. 

It can only communicate with the lander. The rover will move on the surface of the moon with wheels, collect samples of soil and rocks, chemically analyze them and send the data up to the orbiter from where it will be sent to the earth station.

However, the rover has not come out of the lander due to lack of contact with the lander and if the lander is not in contact, then the rover will not be able to do its job and the information related to the moon will not reach us.

Chandrayaan 2 features

• First Indian mission, which will attempt a soft landing on the lunar surface with domestic technology. 
• First Indian mission, which will attempt to explore the lunar zone with domestic technology. 
• 4th country which will make a soft landing on the lunar surface.

Current status of Chandrayaan 2

ISRO had planned to launch Chandrayaan-2 at 2:51 AM in the early hours of 15 July 2019 in Indian time, which was canceled due to some technical glitch, so its time was changed to 22 July 02:43 PM Due to this, this vehicle was successfully launched at the scheduled time. 

Vikram Lander has currently lost contact with ISRO at 02:00 pm on 07 September 2019 at 2.1 km above the lunar plane. Lander is being contacted again. President of the Indian Space Research Center (ISRO), K Sivan said, “The Vikram lander landed in a normal way to an altitude of 2.1 km above the lunar surface. After this, the lander lost contact with the earth. The data is being analyzed. In September, ISRO Chairperson, Dr. K. Sivan announced that the lander was viewed with the help of a thermal image of the orbiter on the lunar surface,

Chandrayaan 1

Chandrayaan 1 was India’s first spacecraft to travel to the moon under the lunar exploration program of the Indian Space Research Organization. Although the name of this vehicle was only Chandrayaan, the name of the next vehicle in this series was Chandrayaan-2, this campaign started to be called Chandrayaan-1. 

Chandrayaan 1 was launched on 22 October 2008 from the Satish Dhawan Space Center, Sriharikota and remained active till 30 October 2009 . It used an indigenously developed Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-XL) rocket . 

Chandrayaan 1 was based on an Indian meteorological satellite called Kalpasat . It took 5 days to reach the moon but it took 15 days to set up in the moon’s orbit.

The spacecraft successfully entered lunar orbit on 8 November 2008 and released its lunar impact test just six days after that. The purpose of the Chandrayaan was to find detailed maps of the lunar surface and traces of water and helium. 

Its tenure was to be around 2 years , but it was closed earlier due to loss of contact with the control room. With Chandrayaan, India became the sixth country to send satellite on the moon. 

This venture opened the way for sending manned aircraft to the moon and Mars.  Cruising just 100 kilometers above the lunar surface, Chandrayaan 1 took several high-resolution images of the moon’s topography. It also performed mineralogical mapping and scoured the surface for any radioactive elements.

One of the major achievements of the mission was the discovery of a large number of water molecules present in the soil of the moon. This mission cost only $ 56 million and gave us important information about the lunar surface.

Specific Areas of Study by Chandrayaan 1

• Mineral and chemical imaging of the north-polar and south-polar regions permanently under the shadow. 
• Look for surface or subsurface lunar water-ice, especially at lunar poles.  Identification of chemicals in rocks. 
• Chemical taxonomy of the layer, imaging of internal material from the telepathy and by the South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR). 
• Mapping the variation of elevation of the lunar surface. 
• Observation of most stereographic coverage of the lunar surface with an X-ray spectrum greater than 10 kV and 5 m (16 ft) resolution. 
• To provide new insights into understanding the origin and evolution of the Moon.

Achievement of the Century by Chandrayaan 1

The Indian Space Research Organization [ISRO] claimed that water on the moon is an exploration of India. The presence of water on the moon was detected by India’s own Moon Impact Probe [MIP] on Chandrayaan-1. 

US Space Agency NASA equipment has also confirmed water on the moon. Chandrayaan-1 has made an important discovery of this century by finding the presence of water on the moon. According to ISRO, water on the moon is not present in the form of seas, waterfalls, ponds or drops, but on the surface of minerals and rocks. The presence of water on the Moon is much higher than earlier estimates.

For more details check – Wikipedia

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Paragraph on Chandrayaan 2

Students are often asked to write a paragraph on Chandrayaan 2 in their schools. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 200-word, and 250-word paragraphs on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

Paragraph on Chandrayaan 2 in 100 Words

Chandrayaan 2 is a very special spaceship that India sent to the moon. This is a big deal because India is the fourth country to do this after the USA, Russia, and China. Chandrayaan 2 had a special robot called a rover, named Pragyan, which was going to explore the moon’s south pole. But, Pragyan could not land properly, so it could not do its job. Still, Chandrayaan 2 did a great job because it went very close to the moon. This makes us very proud because it shows that India can do big things in space.

Paragraph on Chandrayaan 2 in 200 Words

Chandrayaan 2 is a very special space mission by India. It’s like a big project to learn more about the moon. India’s space agency, called ISRO, sent it up into space. Chandrayaan 2 had three parts: an orbiter, a lander, and a rover. The orbiter is still going around the moon, taking pictures and sending them back to us on Earth. The lander was designed to land on the moon safely, and the rover was a small robot that was supposed to explore the moon. The lander and the rover had a little trouble and couldn’t do their jobs as planned. But the orbiter is still working well! This mission is important because it helps us learn more about the moon. We can know what it is made of and how it was formed. This knowledge can help future missions to the moon. Chandrayaan 2 is a big step for India in space exploration. It shows us that with hard work and determination, we can reach for the stars…or in this case, the moon!

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• 10 Lines on Chandrayaan 2

Paragraph on Chandrayaan 2 in 250 Words

Chandrayaan 2 is India’s second lunar exploration mission, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Launched on July 22, 2019, its aim was to study the moon’s surface and find signs of water. The mission had three parts: an orbiter, a lander named Vikram, and a rover named Pragyan. The orbiter was to circle the moon and take pictures of its surface. The lander and rover were to land on the moon and move around, collecting data. The orbiter successfully reached the moon’s orbit and is still there, sending valuable information to the ISRO. Sadly, the lander and rover could not make a smooth landing on the moon’s surface. Yet, this mission was a significant step for India, as it was the first to try to land at the moon’s south pole, a region not explored much before. Despite the partial failure, Chandrayaan 2 showed the world India’s growing strength in space technology. It also sparked interest and curiosity in many young minds about space and exploration. Scientists learned important lessons from this mission that will help them in future missions. The orbiter is expected to work for seven years, giving us much more information about our nearest neighbor in space. In all, Chandrayaan 2 is a proud moment for India’s space research and a beacon of hope for future explorations.

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Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English for School Students

Essay on chandrayaan 3 for school students: check here 100, 200 words essay on india's latest moon mission chandrayaan 3. students can also use this as a short speech for school assemblies or speech competitions. they, can also check the latest chandrayaan 3 updates to easily edit elements and elongate their essay as per their requirement..

Chandrayaan 3 Essay and Short Speech in English for School Students: Chandrayaan 3 was a gigantic success for India and now its Pragyaan rover has gone to sleep. To commemorate Chandrayaan 3 triumph and the soft landing of Vikram lander on the moon, National Space Day will be celebrated on August 23 every year as announced by PM Modi. Every Indian is proud of the soft landing of Chandrayaan 3 on the moon! In the latest update by ISRO, the propulsion module of Chandrayaan 3 has been brought back into the Earth's orbit.

As per ISRO's other update, t he Rover had completed its assignments and was parked and set into Sleep mode. The Chandrayaan 3 Rover Pragyaan had ramped down from the Lander a while after its landing on August 23rd. Pragyan rover was continuously walking on the moon and sending various details to the ISRO centre.

Related:  Chandrayaan 3: Will Pragyan Rover Wake Up Again? ALL You Need To Know 

In the vast space of our universe, where mythology and science come together so often, Chandrayaan-3 shines brightly as a symbol of India’s astral hope and exploration. It shows India's strong determination to uncover the moon's mysteries. With careful planning and robust designs, Chandrayaan-3 has gotten us closer to landing on the moon and discovering its hidden secrets. In this article, we have provided an essay on Chandrayaan in about 100 and 200 words. Students can easily refer to this essay and come up with their own modifications and tweaks in the essay body. 

Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English

Chandrayaan-3: india's latest lunar mission, chandrayaan 3 details, latest updates and information about chandrayaan 3.

• January 22, 2024

NASA Spacecraft Pings India’s Chandrayaan-3 on the Moon:

• September 22, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: Efforts have been made to establish communication with the Vikram lander and Pragyan rover to ascertain their wake-up condition. As of now, no signals have been received from them. Efforts to establish contact will continue. — ISRO (@isro) September 22, 2023

• September 5, 2023

. @NASA 's LRO spacecraft recently imaged the Chandrayaan-3 lander on the Moon’s surface. The ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) Chandrayaan-3 touched down on Aug. 23, 2023, about 600 kilometers from the Moon’s South Pole. MORE >> https://t.co/phmOblRlGO pic.twitter.com/CyhFrnvTjT — NASA Marshall (@NASA_Marshall) September 5, 2023

• September 2, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: The Rover completed its assignments. It is now safely parked and set into Sleep mode. APXS and LIBS payloads are turned off. Data from these payloads is transmitted to the Earth via the Lander. Currently, the battery is fully charged. The solar panel is… — ISRO (@isro) September 2, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: In-situ scientific experiments continue ..... Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) instrument onboard the Rover unambiguously confirms the presence of Sulphur (S) in the lunar surface near the south pole, through first-ever in-situ measurements.… pic.twitter.com/vDQmByWcSL — ISRO (@isro) August 29, 2023

• August 26, 2023: National Space Day on August 23rd, Announced by PM Modi to mark the success of Chandrayaan 3 on the moon.
• Chandrayaan 3 touchdown point on the moon will now be known as Shivshakti.
• Chandrayaan 2 touchdown point on the moon's surface will now be known as Tiranga Point.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: Here are the first observations from the ChaSTE payload onboard Vikram Lander. ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment) measures the temperature profile of the lunar topsoil around the pole, to understand the thermal behaviour of the moon's… pic.twitter.com/VZ1cjWHTnd — ISRO (@isro) August 27, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: All planned Rover movements have been verified. The Rover has successfully traversed a distance of about 8 meters. Rover payloads LIBS and APXS are turned ON. All payloads on the propulsion module, lander module, and rover are performing nominally.… — ISRO (@isro) August 25, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: Chandrayaan-3 ROVER: Made in India 🇮🇳 Made for the MOON🌖! The Ch-3 Rover ramped down from the Lander and India took a walk on the moon ! More updates soon. #Chandrayaan_3 #Ch3 — ISRO (@isro) August 24, 2023

• August 23, 2023: India's lunar mission Chandrayaan 3 has successfully landed on the south pole of the moon.
• August 20, 2023: The Lander Module is in 25 km x 134 km orbit. Powered descent is expected to commence on August 23, 2023, around 1745 Hrs. IST
• August 19, 2023: The Lander Module is in 113 km x 157 km orbit around the moon. Second de-boosting is planned for August 20, 2023
• August 17, 2023: Lander Module is successfully separated from the Propulsion Module. Deboosting planned for August 18, 2023
• August 16, 2023: The spacecraft is in an orbit of 153 km x 163 km after the firing on August 16, 2023
• August 14, 2023: The mission is in the orbit circularisation phase. The spacecraft is in 151 km x 179 km orbit
• August 09, 2023: Chandrayaan-3's orbit is reduced to 174 km x 1437 km following a manoeuvre performed on August 9, 2023
• July 06, 2023: The launch is scheduled for July 14, 2023, at 14:35 Hrs. IST from the Second Launch Pad, SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

Chandrayaan History - Chandrayaan 1, 2 and 3

Is chandrayaan-3 successfully landed on moon.

Yes, Chandrayaan 3 has successfully made a successful landing on the Southern pole of the Moon.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: 'India🇮🇳, I reached my destination and you too!' : Chandrayaan-3 Chandrayaan-3 has successfully soft-landed on the moon 🌖!. Congratulations, India🇮🇳! #Chandrayaan_3 #Ch3 — ISRO (@isro) August 23, 2023

Chandrayaan 3 Photos and Videos

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: 🔍What's new here? Pragyan rover roams around Shiv Shakti Point in pursuit of lunar secrets at the South Pole 🌗! pic.twitter.com/1g5gQsgrjM — ISRO (@isro) August 26, 2023

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