sample biography research paper

Biography Research Report

Compare “He died at his birthplace” with “He spent the remainder of his days in the place where he took his first gasp of air.” Which of those sentences does poetic justice on the life of our John Doe? A good biography report paints a person’s life with the same brio and vibrancy, a facsimile of how the person lived.

A biography research report requires extensive research on the person and a writer’s creative touch to put to life an otherwise mere list of facts. Even if the information is presented in a digestible format, the entire narrative does not abandon accurate data. The essay will usually put the spotlight on the pivotal instances of the person’s life that makes him or her noteworthy.

Things To Remember

Unlike autobiography, you are writing about someone else. That isn’t an assignment that you take lightly. As scribes that document a person’s time on Earth, you should put life into the biography. A person’s time is limited, but a biography immortalizes him or her.

Do your research

With its birth during the 5th century BCE , a biography is first a historical account of a person’s life before an entertaining read. Poets and scribes wrote praises for the lives of famous personalities in the Ancient World. Today, extensive research is necessary before drafting a biographical essay . Authors should avoid misrepresenting facts for a good story.

Illustrate, don’t state

Speak of your subject in a titillating soiree of information that engages your readers’ senses. The news of the death of the subject’s greatest love should be as if frost started to spread inside your readers’ chest during the warmest afternoon of May, that every breath makes them wince as if they were breathing broken glass.

Don’t alienate the readers

You should write with your audience in mind. A wordsmith should avoid employing ostentatious and magniloquent words for the mere satiety of one’s fancy. If the words do nothing to augment the anecdote of a person’s life and only exist to bloat the author’s ego on his presumed astuteness, they do not belong in the narrative .

7+ Biography Research Report Examples

The following are biography report examples that you may find useful in your assignment.

1. Biography Report Template

• Google Docs

2. Biography Book Research Report Example

Size: 110 KB

3. Biography Research Project Report Example

Size: 554 KB

4. Sample Biography Research Report Example

Size: 25 KB

5. Author Biography Research Report Example

6. Basic Biography Research Report Example

Size: 482 KB

7. Cereal Box Biography Research Reports Example

Size: 61 KB

8. Formal Biography Research Report Example

Size: 590 KB

9. Standard Biography of Research Report Example

Size: 650 KB

Preparing Your Report

Whether you are in middle school, high school, college, or you have already graduated, at some point in your life, you will be asked to write a biography about someone important to you or the community. Writing non-fictional essays can be challenging, especially since it needs prior research about the subject. You would have to be knowledgeable about a topic to expound on it.

Before anything, you have to draft an outline . Outlines are like task maps that get you from point A to point B. They don’t contain all the specifics of the topic, but they provide a reliable framework on what you need to do. Hence, they can be called a rough sketch. You can start with the biography research questions which you can generate ideas from later on. You can also identify important phases in the life of your John or Jane Doe and work his or her biography with those dates.

2. Introduction

Normally, writers will start from the moment the subject is born. A common mistake the new writers make after conducting their research about the subject is just avalanching facts and figures into the reader’s way. Instead of saying that he or she was born on April 24, 1997, you can start by describing what the town or city would have been like on that day. Then you lead the readers to the home of our little John or Jane. Try making the audience feel involved in the story, rather than just being spectators.

Remember, biographies are factual historical accounts. When writers are writing about someone famous, they tend to pour in praises about his or her life. Instead of dressing the subject as a saint, make the audience see that this personality is also like them. Don’t immortalize someone as a god who could do no wrong. Show that despite the human side of our John or Jane Doe, he or she made choices that landed him or her this biography that you’re preparing.

4. Conclusion

In our lives, death can mean the end. But that doesn’t have to be the case for our biography. Instead of cutting the narrative at the point when he or she died, speak about the ripples the subject has made in his or her life that affected the people around him or her. Show how he or she has touched the lives of others. Make the conclusion memorable for your audience.

The first draft should not be your final draft. Review what you prepared and check for possible revisions. There might be errors you missed the first time. You can have your friends or colleagues check your biography report. Go over the entire thing several times to make sure that the report’s quality is ready for submission.

Report Generator

Text prompt

• Instructive
• Professional

Generate a report on the impact of technology in the classroom on student learning outcomes

Prepare a report analyzing the trends in student participation in sports and arts programs over the last five years at your school.

Examples of Biographical Statement and Abstract

Biographical statement.

Once articles have been selected and accepted for publication each year, authors will be asked to submit a biographical statement to be included in the Advocates’ Forum . The biographical statement should include the author(s) full name. In addition, it is also appropriate to discuss your personal history, academic program and/or field placement, and interest in the article’s subject. The biographical statement may not exceed 75 words. Below is an example taken from the 2009 volume of the Advocates’ Forum :

"Kathryn Saclarides is a second-year social administration student at the University of Chicago Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice. She received a bachelor’s degree in anthropology and Spanish from Vanderbilt University and a master’s degree in bioethics from La Universidad Pontificia de Comillas in Madrid, Spain. Her current field placement is with the National Alliance of Latin American and Caribbean Communities (NALACC). She is interested in migration patterns, ethnic neighborhoods, and transnational communities."

The abstract should appear on the second page of your manuscript, immediately following the title page. The abstract should briefly summarize the argument advanced in your manuscript, and should be limited to no more than 100 words. For additional guidance on composing abstracts, refer to the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . Below is an example taken from an issue of Advocates’ Forum (Charlotte L. Hamilton, “Anti-Drug Legislation and the Rising Incarceration of Women: Recommendations for Future Sentencing Reform,” Advocates’ Forum [2005]: 33-43).

The Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988 led to a rapid increase in the number of incarcerated Americans. The rate of female incarceration has risen at a particularly high rate over the past 20 years. This article discusses the evolution of drug sentencing policy since 1986. It looks at characteristics of incarcerated women in order to understand how drug policy has influenced this population. The way women participate in the drug trade interacts with minimum sentencing laws to contribute to the rise in female incarceration. The article concludes with policy recommendations for a more equitable drug sentencing system.

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How to Write an Academic Bio for Conferences

There are very few things as challenging as writing academic biographies (perhaps academic writing?). It seems simple, but things soon get awkward as you try to show how amazing you are without sounding arrogation or pretentious. Sophie shares her tips on writing a balanced bio…

It’s all going swimmingly until you read the Call for Papers: Please submit a proposal and brief bio.

What on earth is a bio (otherwise known as an ‘academic bio’)? And just how brief does it need to be? Writing an academic bio is a skill you can pick up like any other, and this article will take you through the basics of what to include, what to leave out, and how to craft this tricky piece of your academic arsenal.

Covering the Basics

Whatever discipline you’re working in, you’ll definitely need to include the following in your academic bio:

•  full name,
• position (i.e. PhD student; PhD candidate),
• institution.

All this should go into the first sentence, so it reads something like this:

Joe Bloggs is currently a PhD candidate [meaning he’s passed his upgrade] at the University of Warwick.

You can also mention your department, although it’s not strictly necessary for most of us.

The Big Picture

The rest of your academic bio should tell the reader about your research interests. Start by setting out your broad research question , whether that’s finding new ways to create Omega 3 in algae cultures or exploring fashion statements at Charles II’s court. Then focus it further; are you looking at a specific type of algae culture, or a particular poet who was into fashion? This is the most important part of your bio: it tells other people attending the conference where you’re coming from, and may present links between your research areas.

You can end your bio here, or add another sentence situating your research within wider scholarship. Is it important to reference your specific style of criticism, or how you’re leading on from recently-published developments in the field, for example? If it’s important for the theme of the conference, you may wish to add another sentence on the future directions of your research. However, if this isn’t relevant or necessary, feel free to leave it out, especially if you’ve been asked to submit a brief bio – best to keep it brief and stick to your research interests.

What Not to Do

Inevitably, we all do things early in our career/academic life that, with hindsight, make us cringe. To avoid that uncomfortable feeling in the future, four common errors are:

• Treating your bio like a humorous essay : only include a joke if you’re sure it’s really, really funny (maybe check with a straight-talking friend).
• Getting too personal : an academic bio is a chance to make an impression pre-conference, and it may be what people remember you by, so ensure that you stay professional.
• Giving too much information : remember that an academic bio isn’t the same thing as a CV – the conference organisers don’t need to know where you did your undergrad, MA or how much you’ve won in grants.
• Using exclamation marks : your writing should be relatively formal in style, so avoid coming across as too chatty – save your engaging manners for the big presentation day!

One final tip is to use the third person. This isn’t a hard and fast rule, but at some conferences, your bio will be read out as an introduction, so personally I prefer to start a sentence like Joe Bloggs above.

What do you think about this approach?

Any more tips for writing academic bios?

Text credits: Sophie Shorland 

Sophie is a PhD student at Warwick, where she’s one of the organisers of the English Department’s annual postgraduate symposium for 2017. You can find out how to get involved in the symposium here , or check their Twitter here .  

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One thought on “ how to write an academic bio for conferences ”.

What a concidence. I’m sending the abstract and the bio for a conference at Warwick

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Biographical Research Methods

• Marta J. Eichsteller - University College Dublin
• Howard H. Davis - Bangor University, UK
• Description

See what’s new to this edition by selecting the Features tab on this page. Should you need additional information or have questions regarding the HEOA information provided for this title, including what is new to this edition, please email [email protected] . Please include your name, contact information, and the name of the title for which you would like more information. For information on the HEOA, please go to http://ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html .

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This book is a practical and thought-provoking account of the use of biographical methods in social science research. The case studies are useful for advanced students and researchers, and for anyone interested in how we tell stories about our lives.

An accessible and lively text, drawing on numerous examples to demonstrate biographical narrative research in action. The fascinating and complex world of biographical research is presented in a highly accessible way. Students and researchers will learn a great deal from reading this before embarking on research projects with any degree of biographical focus. 

Anchored in studies drawn from a wide variety of disciplines, Biographical Research Methods fills glaring gaps in the literature through balanced sympathetic consideration of a wide range of methodological approaches and its illumination of both established and innovative research techniques. 

Narrative research in social science has come a long way since its urban life heyday.  Biographical Research Methods takes this forward, deftly focusing on concepts and techniques for analyzing the contours of personal experience.  Outstanding is a view to the context-specific whats and processual hows of biographical construction.       

The book of Eichsteller and Davis is an extremely instructive and inviting guide for getting introduced into the social world of biography research. On the one hand, the book is an empirically grounded and unbiased “sociology of knowledge” of distinctive approaches in biography research). It lucidly contrasts different basic assumptions and their implications for concrete methodical guidelines and practical research activities. On the other hand, it is an integrative guideline for the whole arc of work in accomplishing the research act of unravelling the intimate relations between individual and society and for deciphering the features and problems of society and other collective entities as seen and experienced from the perspective of individual members of society and of other collective entities. -The book is written in an elegant and deliberate style of language and presentation; it makes you want to start your own practical research work in biography analysis.

A great, incremental, up-to-date, accessible, comprehensive research methods text for any novice or experienced qualitative researcher contemplating narrative/biographical methods. I personally found this text invaluable for my own PhD - thanks

A supplementary book but a must for those who write their dissertations with the use of Narrative Inquiry.

Preview this book

For instructors, select a purchasing option.

This title is also available on SAGE Research Methods , the ultimate digital methods library. If your library doesn’t have access, ask your librarian to start a trial .

• Message from SIG Chair
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Biography Research Project -- Loeppert & Stanek: Home

• Student Resources in Context
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Databases Shown in Class

Databases shown in class:

1. Oxford Art Online

2. Oxford Music Online

3. Student Resources in Context

Extra -- 4. Science in Context

5. World/U.S. History in Context

1 Humanities 

Ms. Loeppert and Mr. Stanek 1st Quarter Project: Biography Research Paper

(200 Summative Points Possible in English and History)

This year will focus on the role that the individual plays in the community.  As you will see in the literary texts we will discuss, a single person can sometimes change the world through her or his actions.  In history class you will see how an individual who identifies an injustice in the world can sometimes put an end to that injustice.  

The topic of your research paper must focus on a specific cause that you find interesting and an individual who defended that cause.  Since our first semester survey of history in 1 Humanities History ends in the year 1800, your paper’s topic must come from any point in history before the year 1800.  Attached is a list of possible causes and the individuals who championed them.   Your job is to research the social or political situation that the individual encountered in her or his society and then to explain how the individual changed or attempted to change society.  

GENERAL DUE DATES:  

9/24-25 Freshman Research Paper introduced and assigned.

9/29-10/7 Class meets for double periods. 

Source Evaluation/Annotation/Works Cited Page Rough Draft

 The Library Planning packet asks you to assess your sources as you locate them, formulate a claim/thesis statement, a sub claim, and then produce the works cited page.  This will count as a part of the grade for Works Cited/Annotation of Sources. This will be due at the end of class on the second day we are in the library.

10/8-14 Work days asynchronously (on your own) and in class (in both English and history classes)

10/14 Final Essay and Works Cited Page Due (200 Points)

RESEARCH PAPER ASSIGNMENT SPECIFICS

Works Cited Page and Evaluation of Sources 

VALUE:  100 Points

RUBRIC:  We will use the rubric entitled Freshman Research Rubric A/AEHC 1 to grade your works cited page, and your choice/evaluation of sources. Your Library Planning Packet will also count as annotation of your sources.   

SOURCES:  You must find at least 3 sources to include in your works cited page:

Your sources should be books, scholarly articles or periodicals, most of which you will access through the online databases. 

You must use all of your sources in your parenthetical citations.

You may not use any general encyclopedia articles.  

Internet sources with no date or author are not valid research sources.  

All sources must be approved by Mr. Stanek.  

WORKS CITED PAGE:  You must have a works cited page that includes all 3 of your sources:

The sources should be formatted in MLA format (wording, spacing, punctuation, indentation).  Most of the sources that come from the databases will have a citation in MLA format that you can just copy and paste into your works cited page.  

The page must also be typed and formatted in manuscript form (1” margins, 12 point Times New Roman font, spacing, etc.).  

If you have more than 3 sources, these must be listed as well.

List the sources in alphabetical order. 

Title the page Works Cited 

Remember to CHOOSE MLA FORMAT in the sources that offer a citation

The Research Paper Essay

RUBRIC:  We will use the rubric entitled Freshman Research Rubric Claim/Sub-Claim/Evidence/AEHC 2 to grade your research paper. 

LENGTH:  3-4 pages typed in 12 point Times New Roman font, double spaced.  These 3-4 pages do NOT include the works cited page

CLAIM/ SUBCLAIM: Your claim/ thesis statement should clearly state that the individual changed their society in a specific way.  The sub claim in the second body paragraph should then clearly explain how the individual was able to change their society in a specific way.  See the attached writing checklist for specific information regarding the organization and content of the essay.  

REASONING/EVIDENCE: Your analysis should support the sub claim through facts, ideas, and direct quotations that come from your 3 sources.  

PARENTHETICAL/IN-TEXT  CITATIONS:  Since there are at least 3 sources in your works cited page, there should be a minimum of 3 parenthetical citations in your paper.  You must cite all direct quotations, paraphrased information, statistics, or any other ideas that are not your own.  

ESSAY WRITING INSTRUCTIONS

CONTENT/STRUCTURE:   (Please note that the sentence counts below serve just as guidelines—you can compose more or fewer at your discretion)

Introduction:  This paragraph should include:

"Grabber/Lead” Sentence:  A sentence that gets our attention and makes us want to read your essay.

Background Information (2-3 sentences briefly introducing the cause and individual)

The Thesis Statement (Underlined):  1 sentence that tells the reader what the essay will prove.  (Hint:  The thesis should state that the individual changed her or his society in a specific way)

The Organizational Statement:  1-2 sentences that tell the reader how the essay will be organized.  (Hint:  This is where you provide the layout for your essay, a “roadmap”) 

 Transition Sentence--1 sentence that provides a clear transition to the content in the next paragraph (Hint:  refer to the next topic to be discussed—the society that the individual lived in)

Style Reminder: Do not refer directly to your essay and do not use 1st or 2nd person point-of-view. i.e. Do not write:  “In the next paragraph I will talk about…” or “the thesis of the paper is…” 

Body Paragraph One:  This paragraph should present the individual’s society and include:

Topic Sentence:  1 sentence that clearly introduces the focus of the paragraph (Hint:  refer to the society that the individual lived in)

Description of the individual’s society:  In order to appreciate how the individual changed her or his society, first establish what the society was like.   In 5-6 sentences, describe the society, providing any pertinent details that relate to the thesis.  What was wrong with the society? What did the individual want to change?  This is where you will establish what the individual would have encountered socially, politically, and/or artistically in society.

Parenthetical Citations:  Remember that you need to cite any ideas that are not yours.  All quotes or paraphrase/ideas should be cited in manuscript form and correctly punctuated.

Transition Sentence--1 sentence that provides a clear transition to the content in the next paragraph (Hint:  refer to the next topic to be discussed—how the individual attempted to change her or his society)

Style Reminder: Do not refer directly to your essay and do not use 1st or 2nd person point-of-view. i.e. Do not write:  “This paragraph will be about…” or “in the next paragraph you will learn  about…”  

Body Paragraph Two:  This paragraph should explain ONE of the ways the individual changed society:

Topic Sentence:  State Sub claim here.  This sub claim (1 sentence) presents one of the ways the individual changed society.  

Reasoning/Evidence of Research: In 5-6 sentences explain how the individual changed their society, presenting 3 or more facts/ideas that come from your research 

Choice of Quotations:  Provide quotations that clearly support the reasoning

Analysis of Quotations: 1-2 sentences that clearly connect the quotations to the reasoning.  

Parenthetical Citations:  All quotes or paraphrase/ideas should be cited in manuscript form and correctly punctuated.

Transition Sentence--1 sentence that provides a clear transition to the content in the next paragraph 

Style Reminder: Do not refer directly to your essay and do not use 1st or 2nd person point-of-view. i.e. Do not write:  “The sub claim is…” or “in the next paragraph I will talk about…”  

Conclusion:  

Topic Sentence:  1 sentence that states the importance/relevance of your individual to their society and to the modern world.

Concluding Analysis: 3-4 sentences that explain the results of your individual’s work in their society. How is their society different as a result of their work? 

Concluding Analysis: 3-4 sentences that briefly discuss the overall relevance/importance of your topic to the modern world.

Concluding Sentences: 1-2 sentences that present the implications of your cause and figure for the future

Style Reminder: Do not refer directly to your essay and do not use 1st or 2nd person point-of-view. i.e. Do not write “In conclusion” or “I hope you enjoyed reading my essay…”

MECHANICS:  

1st Quarter Project Topics: Individuals and their Causes

Parenthetical Citations Overview

What is a Parenthetical Citation?

A Parenthetical Citation is set of parentheses (     )  that indicates exactly where a statistic, direct quote, or fact comes from originally.  The citation directly follows the sentence containing the statistic, quotation, or fact.  

What to Cite:  

Any direct quotations, statistics, or specific facts should be cited in parenthetical citations.  

What goes inside the Parentheses:

For this project, you located and read articles and books that contained both an author’s or editor’s name and, depending on the source, page number(s).  The parentheses should contain the last name of the author/editor followed by the page number on which the information was found.  If using a source that does not include a page number, record just the author’s last name. If the source does not have an author, record the editor’s last name. If you found a source with no author, no editor, and it was still approved by Mr, Stanek, then just record the name of the article, in quotations marks, inside the parentheses.

A Source with both an author’s/editor’s last name and page number: 

The law states that employers can monitor their employees with “a hidden video camera” and can even position a video camera so that “a number of employees can be monitored at the same time” (Lane 147).  

A source with just an author’s/editor’s name, but no page number:

85% of American companies monitor their employees via video camera, but often this practice results in low morale.  95% of employees surveyed reported that they do not feel comfortable working in an environment where cameras are used (Morris).

An online source with no author, editor or page number: 

“Monitoring individuals via video without their knowledge is illegal in some countries” (“Who is Watching Us”).  

How to Integrate a Parenthetical Citation into a Sentence or Paragraph:

The parenthetical citation should appear at the end of the sentence(s) that include the direct quotation, statistic or facts.  The period that normally would appear at the very end of the sentence should now appear after the parenthetical citation. See the 3 examples above.  

However if you use a quote that ends in a question mark or exclamation point, these marks remain inside of the quotation marks, but then you will add a period after the parentheses.

A direct quotation that ends in a question mark/exclamation point:

“I just don’t understand why this issue is such a big deal. Why do people care so much?” (Morris 2).

Introduction:   This paragraph should include:

"Grabber/Lead” Sentence:   A sentence that gets our attention and makes us want to read your essay.

The Thesis Statement ( Underlined ):   1 sentence that tells the reader what the essay will prove.  (Hint:  The thesis should state that the individual changed her or his society in a specific way)

The Organizational Statement:   1-2 sentences that tell the reader how the essay will be organized.  (Hint:  This is where you provide the layout for your essay, a “roadmap”)  

  Transition Sentence --1 sentence that provides a clear transition to the content in the next paragraph (Hint:  refer to the next topic to be discussed—the society that the individual lived in)

Style Reminder: Do not refer directly to your essay and do not use 1 st or 2 nd person point-of-view. i.e. Do not write:  “In the next paragraph I will talk about…” or “the thesis of the paper is…”  

Body Paragraph One:   This paragraph should present the individual’s society and include:

Topic Sentence:   1 sentence that clearly introduces the focus of the paragraph ( Hint:  refer to the society that the individual lived in)

Description of the individual’s society:  In order to appreciate how the individual changed her or his society, first establish what the society was like.   In 5-6 sentences, describe the society, providing any pertinent details that relate to the thesis. What was wrong with the society? What did the individual want to change?  This is where you will establish what the individual would have encountered socially, politically, and/or artistically in society.

Parenthetical Citations:   Remember that you need to cite any ideas that are not yours.  All quotes or paraphrase/ideas should be cited in manuscript form and correctly punctuated.

Transition Sentence --1 sentence that provides a clear transition to the content in the next paragraph (Hint:  refer to the next topic to be discussed—how the individual attempted to change her or his society)

Style Reminder: Do not refer directly to your essay and do not use 1 st or 2 nd person point-of-view. i.e. Do not write:  “This paragraph will be about…” or “in the next paragraph you will learn  about…”  

Body Paragraph Two:   This paragraph should explain ONE of the ways the individual changed society:

Topic Sentence:   State Sub claim here.  This sub claim (1 sentence) presents one of the ways the individual changed society.  

Reasoning/Evidence of Research : In 5-6 sentences explain how the individual changed their society, presenting 3 or more facts/ideas that come from your research 

Parenthetical Citations:   All quotes or paraphrase/ideas should be cited in manuscript form and correctly punctuated.

Transition Sentence --1 sentence that provides a clear transition to the content in the next paragraph 

Style Reminder: Do not refer directly to your essay and do not use 1 st or 2 nd person point-of-view. i.e. Do not write:  “The sub claim is…” or “in the next paragraph I will talk about…”  

Conclusion:   

Topic Sentence:   1 sentence that states the importance/relevance of your individual to their society and to the modern world.

Style Reminder: Do not refer directly to your essay and do not use 1 st or 2 nd person point-of-view. i.e. Do not write “In conclusion” or “I hope you enjoyed reading my essay…”

MECHANICS:   

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• Last Updated: Oct 7, 2020 9:08 AM
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How to Write a Good Academic Biography (Part 2)

Writing an academic biography is part of many academic activities. Whether your paper is accepted in a journal or you’re asked to present your findings at a conference, you will be required to submit a biography. How would you begin writing? How long should it be? What should you include? The following article is in continuation of the article ‘ How to Write a Good Academic Biography–Part 1’ .

In a short biography, you will be limited to just a few sentences or a short paragraph. It is important that you include just the basic information about yourself. One of the main objectives of a biography is to emphasize your accomplishments. This will provide the reader with an overall idea of your background. This information need not be too detailed. Additionally, a biography is written in the “third person.” This means that you should avoid using “I” and present yourself as though you are reading someone else’s biography. The sentences below provide examples of the appropriate format.

Starting with the basic information about yourself and include the following:

• Full name: How often do you write your full name? There could be others with the same name and you want to distinguish yourself from them.
• Position: Your position at your academic institute lets the audience know more about your background and interests. If you are a graduate student, it will be impressive that you have been asked to present your research or that you have been published.
• Institution: It is important that you acknowledge your organization or institution.

This information should be presented in a prose format in the actual academic biography, not bulleted as here. For example, the piece might begin with the following sentence:

“Joseph Tiberius Schmoe is a doctoral candidate at the University of Minnesota.”

You can follow this introductory sentence with information about the main areas of your research. For example:

“Mr. Schmoe conducted research on the social structure of the Bonobo monkeys ( Pan paniscus ) in the Congo Basin of Central Africa.”

After these introductory sentences, you can add other details, such as how long you’ve been studying the species. You can add a hypothesis and how your research differs from that of others. You might also include some research milestones.

Short academic biographies are usually about 35–50 words. However, long biographies can range from 100 to 400 words. These would include more detail and the context would be different. For example, in a longer biography, you might include the following:

• Academic degrees
• Specific academic projects
• Awards and/or honors
• Published pieces
• Personal interests

Longer academic biographies can be used on a personal website or be a part of the job application. This is usually not the format for conferences and seminars.

Know Your Audience

Although you must limit your biographical information, you can still gear it towards the audience or reader. Keep in mind the following three specifications:

• Your audience: Who is going to read your biography? Are they conference attendees or funding sources?
• The context: Will the biography be printed in a journal or in a conference proceeding? Will it be posted on a university or corporate website? Wil it be shared in events such as disciplinary conventions. Read biographies of your peers for reference.
• The purpose: Why are you being asked for a biography? Are you meeting with other researchers in the same field? Are you meeting with clients or funders?

These three main points will help you choose the information that would be most relevant to those reviewing it. It will also help you create a specific writing tone or style for that audience.

What Not to Do

You don’t have much space to write about yourself so make it count. Be sure that you are succinct and relevant. The following should be heeded:

• Avoid using humor. In short biographies, there is no space for it but be careful with it even in long biographies. You can include some humorous stories aside from your biographical information on your webpage.
• Avoid very personal information. This is especially important at a conference. Your first impression is important and you want people to remember you for your accomplishments. Be professional.
• Avoid providing too much information. Present the information concerning your current position, research, or employment. Information about your past, such as high school, is not necessary.

Remember to keep your writing somewhat formal.

A colleague of yours is asked for a biography for a conference in her field of study. She has attended several prestigious universities and has conducted many research studies. She was also a Peace Corps volunteer and a medic for Doctors without Borders. She would like to list all of these details because she believes that they are important. How would you advise her?

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Biographical Essay Examples: Learn How to Tell a Compelling Life Story in Writing

Explore the art of storytelling through captivating biographical essays. Join us on a journey of discovery as we unveil inspiring examples that teach you how to craft compelling life stories. Step into the world of biography writing and learn how to engage readers with fascinating narratives. Get ready to bring extraordinary lives to life on the page!

The art of storytelling has been an integral part of human culture since the dawn of civilization. It is through stories that we learn about the lives of others, understand different perspectives, and gain insight into the human experience. Biographical essays, in particular, provide a unique opportunity to delve into the life story of an individual and share their journey with readers. In this article, we will explore biographical essay examples and learn how to tell a compelling life story in writing.

What Is a Biographical Essay?

A biographical essay is a piece of writing in which you narrate the life story of an individual. It provides an opportunity for you to conduct research and discover fascinating details and perspectives concerning someone. A biographical essay is also a written account of an individual's life, highlighting their achievements, experiences, and personal characteristics. It can be about historical figures, famous personalities, or even ordinary people who have made a significant impact on the world or those around them. Biographical essays are often used in academic settings to provide insight into a person's life and contributions, but they can also be written for personal, professional, or entertainment purposes.

One of the key elements of a compelling biographical essay is a well-crafted narrative. The narrative structure helps to engage readers and keeps them interested in the story being told. A 

A good biographical essay should have a clear beginning, middle, and end, just like any other story. It should have a strong opening that hooks the reader, a well-paced middle that provides details about the person's life, and a satisfying conclusion that ties everything together.

Biographical Essay Writing Tips

Writing a biographical essay requires careful planning, research, and storytelling skills to create a compelling narrative that captures the essence of a person's life. Here are some tips to help you craft an engaging biographical essay:

Choose a Fascinating Subject:

The first step in writing a biographical essay is to choose a subject whose life story is intriguing and resonates with your audience. Whether it's a historical figure, a famous personality, or an ordinary person who has made a difference, ensure that your subject has a compelling life story that is worth exploring and sharing.

Conduct Thorough Research:

Research is the foundation of any biographical essay. Conduct in-depth research on your subject, including their background, achievements, challenges, and contributions. Utilize primary and secondary sources, such as biographies, memoirs, interviews, and historical records, to gather accurate and reliable information. This research will provide the basis for your essay and ensure that your writing is well-informed and credible.

Develop a Clear Outline:

Before you start writing, develop a clear outline that organizes your ideas and provides a structure for your essay. Outline the main sections of your essay , such as the introduction, background information, key events or milestones, challenges faced, achievements, and conclusion. This will help you maintain a coherent and organized flow throughout your essay.

Tell a Story:

A biographical essay is not just a collection of facts, but a compelling story that engages the reader. Use storytelling techniques, such as vivid descriptions, dialogues, and anecdotes, to bring your subject's life to life on the page. Focus on key events or moments that shaped your subject's life and highlight their emotions, motivations, and experiences. This will create a personal connection between the reader and your subject, making your essay more engaging and memorable.

Be Objective and Balanced:

While it's important to be inspired by your subject, strive to maintain objectivity and balance in your writing. Present a well-rounded and nuanced view of your subject, including their strengths, weaknesses, successes, and failures. Avoid bias or exaggeration, and ensure that your essay is based on factual information and credible sources.

Provide Context:

Provide context for your subject's life story by incorporating relevant historical, social, or cultural information. This will help readers understand the background and circumstances in which your subject lived and provide a deeper understanding of their life and achievements. However, be mindful of not overwhelming your essay with excessive background information, and focus on what is relevant to your subject's story.

Edit and Revise:

Like any other form of writing, editing, and revising are crucial in crafting a compelling biographical essay. After completing your first draft, take the time to review and revise your essay for clarity, coherence, and flow. Check for any factual inaccuracies, grammar, or spelling errors, and ensure that your essay follows a logical structure. Consider seeking feedback from peers or mentors to gain different perspectives and improve your essay.

Show Respect and Empathy:

When writing about someone's life, it's important to show respect and empathy towards your subject. Avoid sensationalism or exploitation of their life story and strive to depict them in a dignified and compassionate manner. Acknowledge their achievements, challenges, and contributions with sincerity and respect, and be mindful of their privacy and personal boundaries.

Be Authentic:

Finally, be authentic in your writing. Share your voice and perspective while staying true to the facts and nuances of your subject's life. Bring your unique perspective and insights to the essay, and strive to make it a genuine reflection of your writing style and personal connection with your subject.

In conclusion, writing a biographical essay requires careful research, storytelling skills, and a respectful

Personal Essay

My Journey: Embracing Life's Adventures

Life is an unpredictable adventure, full of twists and turns that shape who we become. Throughout my journey, I have encountered challenges, triumphs, and everything in between. I have learned that

Resilience and perseverance are crucial in overcoming obstacles, and every experience, whether positive or negative, has valuable lessons to offer. I have also realized the importance of cherishing the present moment and embracing new opportunities with an open heart and mind. Life may be uncertain, but I am determined to make the most of it, explore new horizons, and continually grow and evolve along the way.

Essay Examples

"The Untold Story of Nelson Mandela: From Prisoner to President"

This biographical essay tells the life story of Nelson Mandela, a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. The essay starts with an attention-grabbing opening that introduces the reader to Mandela's imprisonment on Robben Island and the hardships he faced during his time in captivity. It then delves into his early life, education, and activism against apartheid, painting a vivid picture of his journey from prisoner to president. The essay includes anecdotes, quotes, and historical context that provide a well-rounded portrayal of Mandela's life and legacy.

"The Power of Perseverance: The Life of Helen Keller"

This biographical essay tells the remarkable story of Helen Keller, an American author, political activist, and lecturer who was both blind and deaf. The essay begins with an engaging introduction that highlights Keller's disabilities and the challenges she faced from a young age. It then delves into her childhood, her relationship with her teacher Anne Sullivan, and her accomplishments as a writer and social activist. The essay uses vivid descriptions and sensory details to transport the reader into Keller's world and conveys the incredible strength of her character.

"Rising Above Adversity: The Journey of Malala Yousafzai"

This biographical essay tells the inspiring story of Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani activist for female education and women's rights who survived an assassination attempt by the Taliban. The essay begins with a gripping prologue that describes the attack on Malala and sets the stage for her remarkable journey. It then traces her early life, her advocacy for girls' education, and the challenges she faced under the Taliban's rule. The essay includes anecdotes, quotes, and personal reflections that provide a compelling portrayal of Malala's courage and resilience in the face of adversity.

Writing Inspiration

Writing a biographical essay can be an inspiring and fulfilling endeavor. As a writer, you have the unique opportunity to delve into the life story of an individual and share their experiences, achievements, and personal characteristics with readers. Here are some sources of inspiration that can help you find compelling stories for your biographical essay.

Historical Figures:

Throughout history, there have been countless individuals who have made significant contributions to society, shaped the course of events, or left a lasting legacy. From political leaders and innovators to artists and activists, the lives of historical figures are often rich with intriguing stories that can make for compelling biographical essays. You can choose to write about well-known figures like Martin Luther King Jr. , Marie Curie , or Leonardo da Vinci , or explore lesser-known figures whose stories deserve to be told.

Famous Personalities:

Celebrities, athletes, musicians, and other famous personalities often have fascinating life stories that can make for compelling biographical essays. These individuals often face unique challenges, overcome obstacles, and achieve remarkable success in their respective fields. Writing about their journey, struggles, and achievements can provide insights into their lives beyond the public persona, and offer readers a glimpse into the realities of fame and fortune.

Ordinary People:

While historical figures and famous personalities may be popular choices for biographical essays, the lives of ordinary people can also be a rich source of inspiration. Everyday individual who have faced adversity, achieved personal milestones, or made a difference in their communities can have compelling life stories that resonate with readers. It could be a family member, a neighbor, a teacher, or someone you have come across in your community whose story has profoundly touched you. Writing about their life can shed light on the power of resilience, determination, and the human spirit.

Personal Experiences:

Another source of inspiration for a biographical essay can be your own experiences. Reflecting on your own life story or the lives of those close to you can provide unique insights and perspectives that can make for a compelling narrative. It could be a story of overcoming challenges, pursuing a passion, or learning from failures and successes. Sharing your personal experiences in a biographical essay can be deeply introspective and provide a genuine connection with your readers.

Researching various topics , events, or historical periods can also lead you to interesting life stories that can inspire your biographical essay. Exploring different eras, cultures, or social movements can uncover fascinating individuals whose stories are worth telling.

Essay Structure

The structure of a biographical essay typically follows a basic essay structure consisting of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. However, there may be slight variations depending on the purpose of the essay and the specific requirements of the assignment.

Here is a breakdown of the typical structure of a biographical essay:

Introduction

The introduction sets the tone for the essay and should grab the reader's attention. It should provide some background information about the subject of the essay and include a thesis statement that summarizes the main point of the essay.

Body paragraphs

The body of the essay contains the main content and should be organized into several paragraphs. Each paragraph should focus on a different aspect of the subject's life or accomplishments, such as childhood, education , career, or personal relationships. It should provide specific details, anecdotes, and examples to support the thesis statement and provide a clear understanding of the subject's life.

The conclusion ties everything together and should restate the thesis statement differently. It should summarize the key points made in the body paragraphs and leave the reader with a lasting impression. The conclusion may also provide some final thoughts or reflections on the subject's life and legacy.

Famous Personality

Allama Iqbal: A Visionary Poet and Philosopher

Allama Iqbal, also known as Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, was a prominent poet, philosopher, and politician who is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in the history of modern South Asia. Born on November 9, 1877, in Sialkot, a city in present-day Pakistan, Iqbal grew up in a devout Muslim family and was deeply influenced by the teachings of Islam from a young age.

Iqbal's early education took place in Sialkot, and he later went to Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor's degree from Government College. He then traveled to England to pursue higher education, where he obtained a Bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics from Cambridge University and later completed his Ph.D. in Philosophy from Munich University in Germany. During his time in Europe, Iqbal was exposed to various intellectual and philosophical ideas, which would later shape his worldview and contribute to his renowned poetry and philosophical writings.

One of Iqbal's most significant contributions was his poetry, which is known for its rich imagery, deep philosophical insights, and powerful messages of spiritual awakening and social reform. Iqbal's poetry was deeply rooted in his love for Islam and his longing for the revival of Islamic values and principles in the face of colonialism, social injustices, and moral decay.

In his poetry, Iqbal emphasized the importance of self-realization, self-respect, and self-reliance, and called for Muslims to rise above their individual and societal challenges and strive for excellence. He actively participated in the struggle for the rights of Muslims in British India and advocated for the establishment of an independent Muslim state. Iqbal's famous Allahabad Address in 1930, where he proposed the idea of a separate Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent, laid the foundation for the creation of Pakistan as an independent nation for Muslims in 1947.

Despite his remarkable contributions, Iqbal's life was not without challenges. He faced criticism, opposition, and personal setbacks during his lifetime, but his unwavering commitment to his beliefs and his passion for serving humanity remained unshakable

Life Stories

Throughout history, countless individuals have left indelible marks on the world through their remarkable lives. From visionaries and leaders to artists and activists, their stories inspire and captivate us, showcasing the boundless potential of the human spirit. Here are three compelling biographical stories of individuals whose lives have had a lasting impact on society.

Nelson Mandela: The Courageous Anti-Apartheid Activist

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, born on July 18, 1918, in a small village in South Africa, grew up witnessing the oppressive system of apartheid, which enforced racial segregation and discrimination. As a young man, Mandela became a vocal advocate for the rights of Black South Africans and joined the African National Congress (ANC) to fight against apartheid.

Mandela's activism and resistance against the apartheid regime led to his imprisonment for 27 years, during which he became an international symbol of the anti-apartheid movement. Despite the harsh conditions of imprisonment, Mandela remained steadfast in his beliefs and never wavered in his pursuit of justice and equality.

After his release from prison in 1990, Mandela continued his fight against apartheid and worked toward reconciliation and unity among all racial groups in South Africa. In 1994, he became the country's first Black president through the first fully democratic elections, and he served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. Mandela's leadership and unwavering commitment to justice and equality continue to inspire people around the world, making him an iconic figure in the fight against oppression.

Frida Kahlo: The Resilient Mexican Artist

Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderon, known as Frida Kahlo, was born on July 6, 1907, in Mexico City, Mexico. She is widely regarded as one of the most prominent and influential artists of the 20th century, known for her surrealist and vibrant self-portraits that conveyed her physical and emotional pain.

Kahlo's life was marked by immense physical and emotional challenges. At the age of 18, she was involved in a devastating bus accident that left her with severe injuries, including a broken spine and pelvis. She endured numerous surgeries and spent months in bed recovering, during which she turned to painting as a means of expressing her emotions and experiences.

Kahlo's art was deeply personal and often depicted her physical and emotional pain, her Mexican heritage, and her feminist ideologies. Her paintings often featured vivid colors, surreal elements, and symbolic imagery, which earned her international recognition and acclaim.

Despite her physical challenges, Kahlo's resilience and determination to pursue her passion for art never wavered. She continued to paint and create despite her chronic pain and multiple health issues, and her art continues to captivate and inspire audiences around the world to this day.

Malala Yousafzai: The Fearless Education Activist

Malala Yousafzai was born on July 12, 1997, in Mingora, Swat District, Pakistan. From a young age, Malala was a passionate advocate for education and girls' rights in her native Swat Valley, where the Taliban had enforced a ban on girls' education.

At the age of 11, Malala began writing a blog for BBC Urdu under a pseudonym, where she documented her life under Taliban rule and her determination to fight for education. Her activism gained international attention, and she became a prominent voice for girls' education worldwide.

Embarking on the journey of life, we encounter a tapestry of experiences that shape who we are and add depth to our existence. From overcoming obstacles and celebrating growth to embracing new opportunities, we come to appreciate the captivating unpredictability of life's adventures. Each of us holds a unique journey, filled with invaluable lessons and cherished memories that fuel personal development. 

When it comes to writing biographical essays, tools like Jenni.ai can be a game-changer. With its AI-powered features, Jenni.ai offers invaluable assistance in developing strong thesis statements, and helping you produce high-quality articles. By leveraging this, you can save time and energy while producing exceptional work. 

Embrace the art of writing biographical essays, and unlock new avenues of academic and professional success by following the steps outlined in this article and harnessing the power of Jenni.ai. Seize the opportunity to become a skilled essay writer by signing up for Jenni.ai today , and embark on a transformative journey towards achieving your writing goals!

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Biographical articles in scientific literature: analysis of articles indexed in Web of Science

• Open access
• Published: 05 October 2018
• Volume 117 , pages 1695–1719, ( 2018 )

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• Olesia Iefremova   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-8674 1 ,
• Kamil Wais 1 &
• Marcin Kozak 1  

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Biographical articles in scientific journals offer a platform for the commemoration of distinguished individuals from the world of science. Despite so important a role for the scientific community, research on biographical articles is scarce. To fill this gap, we have analyzed 190,350 biographical articles indexed in Web of Science, written by 251,908 authors in 1945–2014. We have analyzed the development of this article type over the studied period and research areas, how women and men are represented in the subject of articles, and who the authors are. Over the time the number of biographical articles has been increasing, with the highest number in Life Sciences and Biomedicine. Around 20% of the articles were written about women, with the highest share of 24% in Arts and Humanities. Both male and female authors write more often about men than about women, a stable situation for the last 70 years.

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Introduction

Article types vary in their roles in the dissemination of knowledge and in their frequency in journals (Sigogneau 2000 ). Articles, normally considered a source of original research, are the most basic—and the most important—document type; for instance, they accounted for 57.4% of all documents indexed by WoS for 2014. Less frequent in WoS, but still important, are proceeding papers (13.4%), meeting abstracts (11%), editorial materials (4.4%), book chapters (4.3%), reviews (3.0%), book reviews (2.6%), and letters (1.7%). All others document types accounted for 2.2% of all the documents in 2014.

Among these infrequent document types are “biographical items” and “items about an individual.” According to WoS, biographical items are “obituaries, articles focusing on the life of an individual, and articles that are tributes to or commemorations of an individual” (Web of Science 2014 ) while items about an individual are “review of the work(s) of a celebrated person in a particular field of study” (Web of Science 2014 ). In 1998, the two article types were joined into category biographical item, so we will not differentiate them throughout the whole studied period; we will refer to them by one term, biographical articles .

Biographical articles constitute a platform for celebrating lives of distinguished personalities. Such papers pay tributes to honored scholars, artists, and other people who contributed to the development of science or culture. By appreciating those who deserve appreciation, biographical articles, thus, play an important role in merging scientists into the scientific community and in opening this community to the society.

Biographic articles are one of many types of scientific articles. Various types of scientific articles have been studied in scientometrics literature, mainly in relation to their impact on scholarly communication. Examples of such studies are those on review articles (Lewison 2009 ; Ketcham and Crawford 2007 ), proceedings papers (Ingwersen et al. 2014 ; Sigogneau 2000 ), correspondences (Kozak and Hartley 2013 ), editorial material (van Leeuwen et al. 2013 ), and book reviews (Zuccala and van Leeuwen 2011 ). Biographical articles, however, have not gained much interest in the scientometrics community, a likely reason being their rarity: In 2014, for instance, WoS indexed 4287 biographical articles, accounting for about 0.2% of all documents indexed that year.

This does not mean, however, that researchers have ignored such topics. Ball and Jonnes ( 2000 ), Fowler and Bielsa ( 2007 ), Starck ( 2008 ) and Epstein and Epstein ( 2012 ), for example, studied obituaries published in popular newspapers and magazines. While these studies dealt with obituaries in general, some other analyzed those related to academia. Hamann ( 2016 ) studied 216 obituaries from academic journals in physics, history, and sociology, published in the USA, the UK, and Germany in 1960–1970, 1980–1990, and 2000–2010. The author collected data on the persons’ scientific discipline, fields of expertise, relation to recognizable researchers in the field, and relationships between the author of an obituary and the deceased. He also analyzed the persons’ PhD and the last university appointment before the death. Hamann—who treats obituaries as the unofficial academic evaluations of the dead by his or her peers—searched the obituaries for the mentions of predetermination of academic success in early life, character traits, hard work, and dedication to academic life.

Tight ( 2008 ) analyzed 134 obituaries of 100 academics (15 women and 85 men) published in the UK newspapers ( The Guardian , The Times , The Daily Telegraph , and The Independent ) in 2007 to study contemporary academic work. The mean age was 79 (69 for the women and 80 for the men). Half of the academics were from arts, humanities, and social sciences; the other half, from the sciences and medicine. Sixty academics were born in the UK or Ireland, 15 in other parts of Europe, 14 in North America, and 3 in Asia, Africa, and Australia each. At least 81 were professors. The majority studied or worked in the Oxford or Cambridge university. The sample included five Nobel Prize winners. Several features were described in all the obituaries: family background, education, career, professional and personal qualities, and achievements.

Macfarlane and Chan ( 2014 ) studied scholars’ obituaries published in popular media. To analyze the concept of intellectual leadership, the authors analyzed 63 obituaries published from 2008 to 2010 in Times Higher Education . They defined an intellectual leader as a person who is “looked upon by others in their discipline or profession, respected and inspiring figure.” The authors used NVivo software for textual analysis of obituaries to find scholarly and personal characteristics that were most common in the obituaries. Based on these characteristics, the authors created a tree map to visualize what it means to be an intellectual leader.

These studies focused on obituaries, but biographical articles constitute a wider category. Here, we analyze it as a whole. In order to do so, we analyze a collection of documents classified by WoS as either biographical item or item about an individual, published from 1945 to 2014 in scholarly journals indexed in Web of Science. Since this is the first analysis of a large collection of biographical articles, we have only indirect hints about what we might look for in these data, hints that result from scientometrics research on other document types as well as on obituaries, whether related to academia or not. We will thus conduct our analyses around the following questions: How did the number of biographical articles change over the years? Do journals representing different scientific disciplines differ in the number of biographical articles they publish? Are women and men equally represented in biographical articles? Do women (men) write more articles about women or men? We will not, however, limit the analysis to these questions, but we will explore any phenomena in the data that catch our eyes. In addition, we will analyze the variety of biographical articles in terms of their contents. WoS defines biographical articles rather generally, so we will investigate what indeed can be found in articles that are classified as biographical items or items about an individual.

Gender analysis

Data sources.

We searched the Web of Science (WoS) database (Web of Science 2016 ) for two types of biographical articles, namely, Biographical-Item and Item-About-an-Individual, published from 1945 to 2014. This way, we collected the following data about 190,350 unique biographical articles:

WoS accession number (the unique identifier of an item),

year of publication,

language of article,

authors’ names (surnames with first names or initials),

one or more WoS category of the item, and

the number of citations.

The first WoS category defined for an item was used to assign a higher-level WoS Research Area to this item.

To classify the authors and people mentioned in titles of articles based on their gender, we used genderizeR package (Wais 2016a ) of R (R Core Team 2017 ). The package guesses the gender of a person based on the first name and the data gathered in the genderize.io database (Strømgren 2016 ). Created in August 2013, the database has been regularly updated since, by the continuous scanning of public profiles of social network users. In April 2014, the genderize.io database contained information of about 120,000 first names based on about half a million social network profiles of men and women. Almost 3 years later, in June 2017, the database had information of over 200,000 first names from social network profiles from 79 countries and in 89 languages (Strømgren 2016 ).

Authorship —the unique combination of the title of an article and the name of one of the authors (note that the same author can publish more than one article, so the number of authorships will be greater than the number of authors).

Biographical article —an article assigned to one of the two categories in WoS database: Biographical-Item and Item-About-an-Individual.

Unisex first name —a first name that can be used both by men and women.

Gender database —a database used for gender classification; in our study, we used genderize.io database, which contains information about relationships between first names and gender obtained from public profiles from social networks.

Probability —given a first name, a probability that the person with this first name is men (or women, depending on the context). If the probability is 0.5, half of the people in the gender database who share this first name are men while the other half are women.

Count —a number of people in the gender database with the same first name.

Gender classification

We used the methodology suggested in Wais ( 2016b ) to guess the gender of (i) people mentioned in titles of biographical articles and (ii) authors of these articles. The algorithm, available in the genderizeR package (Wais 2016b ),

automatically parses all title words,

checks in the genderize.io database if these words were used as first names in social network profiles, and

estimates probability that a person with this first name is men or women.

In the third step above, the algorithm takes into account that some first names are valid for both men and women, and so classifying such names is always imprecise. Using the gender data from the database, we can estimate this uncertainty: given a first name, the probability of being a woman is estimated as the share of people with this first name who declared themselves as women.

Validation of gender classifications

Validation datasets We validated the algorithm with a random sample of 1000 unique biographical articles. The gender of persons in the titles were manually coded as

“male” or “female”, if all people mentioned in the title had the same gender,

“both”, if more than one person was mentioned in the title and their gender was different,

“unknown”, if it was impossible to assign a gender based on the name given in the title, or

“noname”, if no person was mentioned in a title.

This way, we coded the gender of persons in the titles as

Similarly, to validate how precisely the algorithm classified the gender of authors, we randomly sampled 2000 biographical articles and extracted 2641 author names. If the first name of an author was given, the author’s gender was manually coded as a “female” or “male,” based on Internet queries that used the author’s affiliation, contact information, and the title of the biographical article. We coded the gender of authorships as

Training the algorithm From the genderize.io database, for each first name we have probability that a person with this name is man or woman. We have to decide whether we wish to work only with names for which this probability is close to 1 or we accept also names for which this probability is closer to 0.5; for a probability close to 0.5, such a name is given to both men and women, and so classification of the gender for such a name will be the most uncertain.

Thus, to train the algorithm for classifying gender, we should check different threshold values of this probability and choose the best one. The algorithm will not use first names with probabilities below this threshold; this way, we can decrease the uncertainty of our classifications at the cost of ignoring unisex first names.

We should also be cautious when using rare unisex first names. To decide which names should be included in the algorithm and which ignored, we should test different threshold values for counts of how many times a first name was recorded in the gender database; the algorithm will use only those first names which occurred more often than the threshold.

So, we looked for the optimum values of these two parameters: probability (that a first name represents a particular gender) and count (of how many times a first name was recorded in the database with gender data) (Wais 2016b ). Based on a preliminary, exploratory analysis, we have decided that the optimum probability should be between 0.5 and 0.8 while the optimum count, between 1 and 13. Note that the algorithm should be independently trained for the two datasets: titles and authorships. For both datasets, we checked all 403 combinations of (i) probability between 0.50 and 0.80 with a step 0.01 (so, 0.50, 0.51, … , 0.80) and (ii) count between 1 and 13. The best combination is that which leads to the highest accuracy of gender classification, that is, for which the algorithm would match the manually coded data in the highest number of cases.

For the validation dataset of titles, the algorithm worked best with the probability parameter set to 0.67 and the count parameter set to 1. Using these values, we obtained a relatively small overall classification error rate (8.7% percent of items with incorrectly classified gender) and a small proportion of items with an unclassified gender (1.9%). The gender bias error rate in automatic gender classification was also low (4.1%) and had a positive sign, which suggests that more men were incorrectly classified as women than vice versa, indicating a slight overestimation of the proportion of women in the population studied. Since we estimated the overall classification error rate (8.3%) on the training dataset, the error was underestimated. Thus to get a more realistic indicator of classification error rate, we also estimated a more robust bootstrapped error rate (8.5%) (Wais 2016b ).

For the validation dataset of authorships, the algorithm worked best with the probability parameter set to 0.54 and the count parameter set to 1. Using these values, we obtained small overall classification error rate (6.9% and bootstrapped error rate 7.1%), small proportion of items with unclassified gender (2.7%), and small gender bias error (1.4%).

Categories of biographical articles

Terminology.

Web of Science defines biographical items and items about an individual (which we join to a document type of biographical articles ) as, generally put, articles focused on life of individuals, obituaries, tributes, and commemorations as well as tributes to such people. The latter group represents articles that are not considered biographical in the traditional meaning; these can be, for example, transcripts of lectures or review articles on a given topic, whose only relation to an individual is dedication of the article.

Individual biographical articles, thus, can differ quite a lot. Thus, we conducted an in-depth analysis of a sample of 750 biographical articles, to find out whether they can be classified into distinct categories. After a preliminary analysis, we divided the articles into those about alive and dead people. We divided these categories into subcategories based on the purpose of an article (Table  1 ).

We decided to create a special category for atypical biographical articles, which we called “Other.” It would include, for instance, articles that are not about any individual but are dedicated to a person. An example is tributes explained above. Another example could be an article that is focused on a scientific knowledge, with additional explanation of people who developed this knowledge—although such an article includes the biographies of these people, this topic is additional to the main topic. We decided such articles of marginal biographical character should fall into a different category than those which are biographical in their essence.

Data collection and sources

We analyzed a sample of 750 biographical articles. To do so, we took three independent subsamples of 250 articles from years 1945–1984, 1985–1999, and 2000–2014, from which we took random samples without replacement. We chose these three periods based on the trend of the number of biographical articles (Fig.  1 ). The years 1985 and 2000 showed changes in the trend, so we decided to break the whole period into the three corresponding sub-periods and check whether the categorization of biographical articles differed between the periods.

Data source : Web of Science

Number of biographical articles published in 1945–2014.

We analyzed each article from the sample in a following manner. First, we looked for particular words in their titles. For instance, articles whose titles included words “obituary” or “in memoriam” were classified as obituaries while articles whose titles contained information about awards given to a person were classified as “award for individual.” Then, we searched for all other articles in WoS, Google Scholar, and/or archives of the journal they were published in. When we succeeded to find their full texts, we read them and assigned a category and subcategory. In some cases, we failed to access full texts but succeeded to classify the articles based on their abstracts or first pages. Sometimes, to reinforce our guesses about classification of an article about this person, we additionally used the information about an individual we found in news articles and press releases.

As of January 2015 Web of Science indexed information about 190,350 unique biographical articles written by 251,908 authors in the period studied. Below, we analyze those articles and their authors.

Of the 190,350 biographical articles from 1945 to 2014, 51.6% were classified as biographical item while 48.4%, as item about individual. Most of the biographical articles were published in BMJ British Medical Journal (formerly British Medical Journal ) (10,572 articles), Opera News (2664), Chemical Engineering News (2108), Dance Magazine (1905), and Opera (1782). Across the studied period, the trend in the number of biographical articles published yearly was growing, with a surge in their number between 1962 and 1968. The increase in the number of articles in 1962 can be explained by the appearance of biographical articles in medical journals, like BMJ British Medical Journal , Canadian Medical Association Journal , Lancet , which were scare in preceding years. In 1969 only 340 biographical articles were published. This was caused by a plunge in the number of biographical articles from medical fields. The question remains why there was such a surge in the number of biographical articles published in medical journals and why it ended. Currently, the number of biographical articles is in the phase of decrease, which started in 2007 (Fig.  1 ). The downward trend can be attributed to the development of the Internet and the transition of the publishing strategy biographical articles from traditional publishing in scientific journals to online publishing on webpages of organizations.

Most biographical articles have been published in Life Sciences and Biomedicine, followed by Arts & Humanities, and Physical Sciences; the fewest, in Multidisciplinary Sciences, Technology, and Social Sciences (Table  2 ). This corresponds to the higher number of journals and articles published in Life Sciences and Biomedicine. In Art & Humanities, on the other hand, there is a prevalent tradition of introducing new talents in music, ballet, and theater, consequently increasing the number of biographical articles.

The articles have been written in 41 languages, with English accounting for 80% of the articles, German for 7%, French for 4%, Russian for 3%, and other languages for less than 2%.

Although, when calculating impact factor, WoS does not consider biographical articles as citable items, citations to them contribute to the overall number of citations for a journal (Garfield 2006 ; McVeigh and Mann 2009 ). Thus, citations of these articles are worth studying. Most of the biographical articles have been infrequently cited or not cited at all; a few, however, have had many citations. The mean number of citations per article for all studied years was below 1 (Fig.  2 ).

Mean number of citations per biographical article, for articles published in 1945–2014

Scientific articles from Social Sciences are usually less often cited than those from Life Sciences and Physical Sciences, a phenomenon we have not observed for the bibliographical articles: those from Multidisciplinary and Social Sciences were most often cited (with the mean number of citations of 0.36 and 0.32, respectively), followed by Life Sciences & Biomedicine (0.27), Physical Sciences (0.25), Technology (0.14), and Arts & Humanities (0.08). The sharp decrease in the mean number of citations per article between 1962 and 1968 may be attributed to the surge in the number of these articles with 290 in 1961 and 995 in 1962. In 1969 there was a five-fold decrease in the number of biographical articles, which corresponded to an increase in their mean number of citations.

We have analyzed top ten biographical articles with the highest number of citations in the Web of Science database (Table  3 ). All of them were in English, and all but one were assigned to Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Technology, and Physical Sciences research areas. The most cited bibliographical article was Murdoch ( 1994 ) with 385 citations; this article was previously presented at a conference in 1991 by population ecologist William W. Murdoch. His lecture was awarded Robert H. MacArthur Award, one of the most prestigious prizes given by the Ecological Society of America (ESA Historical Records Committee 2014 ). Like Westphal ( 1975 ), this article is not a typical biographical article as it is not about an individual—we thus classified it as “Other.”

Gender of articles’ subject

The classification algorithm helped us classify that out of 190,350 biographical articles,

At the beginning of the studied period, most articles (over 90%) were about men. The share of articles about women had been slightly increasing till around the seventies of the twentieth century, when it stabilized at around 20% (Fig.  3 ). Such an increase in the share of articles about women was likely related to the movement toward gender equality in workforce in the 1960th and 1970th. However, the stable number of articles published about women from 1970th up to the present time suggests that little progress have been made in the appreciation of the contribution of women.

Share of women and men in the titles of biographical articles during 1945–2014. Only those articles are considered for which the algorithm managed to classify the gender of a person in the title

The highest share of articles about women was in Arts & Humanities (almost 24%), Social Sciences (over 18%), and Multidisciplinary Sciences (over 17%). The lowest share was in Life Sciences & Biomedicine (14%) and Technology and Physical Sciences (both over 12%) (Fig.  4 ).

Share of articles about women and men in the WoS Research Areas

The articles about women were slightly less often cited (with the mean number of citations of 0.19) than those about men (0.21). Interestingly, the “unidentified” articles were more often cited (0.24). In Multidisciplinary Sciences and Technology, the articles about women were cited more often than those about men, even though in Technology the share of articles about women was the lowest. In Social Sciences and Physical Sciences, the situation was opposite. In Arts & Humanities and Life Sciences & Biomedicine, the mean number of citations per article was similar for the men and the women (Fig.  5 ).

Mean number of citations per article about women and men for the WoS Research Areas

What’s in there? Classification of biographical articles

A quarter of the sample of 750 biographical articles were articles in honor of an alive individual while 70% were in honor of a deceased person. We failed to collect sufficient information about nearly 5% of the articles, so we did not classify them. Unlike in the citation analysis, none of the 750 articles was wrongfully classified by WoS as a biographical article.

The sample was stratified, with 250 biographical articles from three strata being represented by the periods of up to 1984, 1985–1999, and from 2000 to 2014. The periods did not differ in the distribution of the subcategories (results not shown), which suggests biographical articles have not changed, as a document type, throughout this period, even if their number has been changing (Fig.  6 ).

Frequency of analyzed subcategories

Popularity of biographical articles categories differed across Web of Science research areas. Table  4 represents shares of different categories of articles in research areas.

Obituaries represented the majority of biographical articles (458 out of 750, 61%). Over 45% of them were in Life Sciences & Biomedicine. Celebration of work was more common for alive people; most such articles were in Arts & Humanities (37%) and Life Sciences & Biomedicine (30%). Celebration of work was common for dancers, singers, and medical doctors in such journals as Ballettanz, Dance Magazine, Popular Music, Opera News, Lancet, and British Medical Journal . Celebration of work of deceased people was most common in Life Sciences & Biomedicine. Articles celebrating birthday anniversaries of alive people were most popular in Life Sciences & Biomedicine, followed by Physical Sciences, Arts & Humanities and Technology. Articles about awards for individuals were mainly from Life Sciences & Biomedicine (42%), followed by Physical Sciences (18%). All seven autobiographical articles in the sample were from Physical Sciences and Life Sciences & Biomedicine.

Seventy-seven percent of obituaries were about men and 15% about women; others were not classified (8%). A similar gender distribution was for anniversary of birthday (alive), award for individual, and celebration of work for both alive and deceased individuals. All anniversaries of birthday of deceased people as well as all anniversaries of death were only about men. Out of 7 autobiographical articles two were about woman.

We have also analyzed the authors of the biographical articles. The 190,350 articles were written by 251,908 authors. The mean number of authors of biographical articles ranged between 1.04 and 1.6 and have been increasing since 1984 (Fig.  7 ). The highest number of authors (145) was for a tribute article to the Nobel Prize laureate Robert Geoffrey Edward. A supplement to the main issue of Reproductive Biomedicine Online , this article was atypical, being a collection of 130 tributes (Kamal et al. 2011 ). Fourteen of the top 20 articles with the highest number of authors were published in the Russian language and in Russian journals; the remaining six were written in English. Two Russian journals had seven and six articles with over 50 authors. Among them, fifteen articles mentioned men in their titles, and four mentioned women; the algorithm failed to identify one person’s sex; we checked it, and it was a man.

Mean number of authors of the biographical articles across the studied period

The highest mean number of authors was for Physical Sciences while the smallest, for Arts & Humanities (Fig.  8 ). This result confirms what we know about Physical Sciences: that scientific articles in physics often have many co-authors (Iglič et al. 2017 ; Ioannidis, Klavans and Boyack 2016 ).

Mean number of authors of biographical articles for WoS research areas

In Multidisciplinary Sciences, Social Sciences, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, and Technology, biographical articles written by more than one author were more often cited than those written by one author (Fig.  9 ). In Physical Sciences and, to a smaller degree, in Arts & Humanities, the situation was opposite.

Mean number of citations per article for articles by one or more authors in WoS research areas for the studied period

Based on the first names of the authors, we classified the authors’ gender for 60.1% of the authorships (see the glossary to recall what the term means). For 39.9% of the authorships, the classification was impossible for two reasons: (i) authors in over 11% authorships were anonymous, and (ii) initials instead of first names were given for many non-anonymous authors. Note when an author wrote k articles, we counted this author k times. Table  4 shows the authors’ gender (Table  5 ).

Among those authorships for whom we classified the gender, the women constituted 24% of authors while the men, 76%. The female authors had the highest share (around 30%) in Multidisciplinary Sciences and the lowest (around 20%) in Technology (Fig.  10 ).

Share of male and female authors in WoS research areas

Authors and articles

We have classified the biographical articles into those written by men, women, and both men and women (Table  6 ). For over 40% of articles, we were unable to identify the authors’ gender. Of the classified articles, 72% were written by men, 20% by women, and only 7.5% by a team of men and women. This classification was stable over the studied period (Fig.  11 ).

Share of biographical articles published by men, women and man-woman teams. Articles for which the authors were unidentified are not included

Above, we have analyzed the biographical articles in two contexts: who wrote them and about whom they were written. Now, let us join the two contexts and analyze who wrote about whom (Fig.  12 ). As we already know, most articles were about men. This phenomenon did not depend on who wrote the articles (Fig.  12 ). After 2005, there was a peak in the articles about women written by women, but it lasted only for a few years. The trend for the male authors has been stable since the eighties, with the highest share of the articles written about men. A similar situation was for articles written by both women and men, though in a few earlier years, such teams published a similar number of biographical articles about men and women.

Share of articles written by women, men, and men-women teams about men or women, during 1945–2014. Included are only those articles for which we were able to identify gender of the authors and of the subject

The articles written by men were least often cited (with mean citation count of 0.25) while those published by men-women teams were most often cited (0.29); the articles published by women had, on average, 0.27 citations per article. The WoS Research Areas differed in citation patterns (Fig.  13 ). For Multidisciplinary Sciences, Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, and Arts & Humanities, the articles written by women were more often cited than those written by men. However, for Social Sciences and Technology, the articles written by men were most often cited. For Multidisciplinary and Life Sciences & Biomedicine, the articles written by men-women teams were most often cited.

Mean number of citations per article authors by men, women and men-women teams, in the WoS research areas

Conclusions and implications

Journals often use different names for article types than WoS does, hindering scientometrics research. Much more damaging, though, can be misclassification of articles into document types by WoS: such misclassification can affect the evaluation of journals and scholars (Harzing 2013 ). We found that biographical articles are seldom misclassified in WoS—although we did find such a misclassification among the most-cited articles, we did not among the 750 articles in the sample.

As mentioned in Introduction, previous studies on obituaries analyzed articles published in popular media; the majority of them presented content analysis of samples of obituaries. Till now, however, no one has attempted to analyze in detail biographical articles published in scientific journals—which is surprising, given the number of such articles. This gap led us to conduct the present research, which aimed to analyze biographical articles—including obituaries—published in scholarly journals indexed in Web of Science.

Most biographical articles do not directly contribute to the development of science. We do believe, however, that they do deserve attention—because they deal with one of the most valuable aspects of science development: the excellence of human mind. These over 190,000 biographical articles celebrating distinguished individuals constitute a rich source of information about the science world.

Thanks to analyzing biographical articles over the last 70 years, we were able to study various aspects of the development of this type of article. Some of such aspects were trends over time and across science disciplines related to article number, citation impact, variety in contents, and gender equality in article topics and authors.

Over time, the number of biographical articles in WoS has been increasing, including not only obituaries, but also job anniversaries, birthday celebrations, and commemorations of individuals. Most biographical articles were published in Life Sciences and Biomedicine, but the highest mean number of citations were in Social Sciences (although the between-area differences were rather small). This result is astonishing because regular scientific articles in Life Sciences and Biomedicine are much more frequently cited than those in Social Sciences. Dealing with people, not with scientific observations, however, biographical articles are governed by different rules than scientific articles are. Social scientists are likely more apt to write and read about people, and so they might be more apt to cite such articles. Among the top ten most often cited articles, however, only one was in Social Sciences; seven were from Life Sciences and Biomedicine, one from Technology, and one from Physical Sciences. We believe that some of these articles gained such high popularity (represented by many citations) because of their contents: they were more of review articles than biographies in the traditional meaning (e.g. Murdoch 1994 ; Westphal 1975 ).

The number of co-authored biographical articles (that is, written by more than one author)—in particular of those written by man-woman teams—has been increasing since the 1980s. This observation reinforces the leap towards collaboration in science (e.g. Adams et al. 2005 ; Persson et al. 2004 ; Glänzel 2002 ).

Over the studied period, the share of biographical articles commemorating men and women were stable, the overall representation of women in titles of biographical articles being 20%. The only exceptional period was several years in the 1970s, when this number increased by about 10 percentage points. Arts and Humanities had the highest share (24%) of articles about women; Life Science & Biomedicine, Physical Science, and Technology were at the opposite pole, with around 13% of biographical articles about women. From the analysis of the articles’ subjects and authors, a clear picture follows that the gender of an author is not related to the subject’s gender: both men and women wrote more about men than about women. Our research shows that more has to be done to commemorate women. The New York Times ’ input is worth noting, with their weekly postings of obituaries of overlooked individuals in the past, mostly women and representatives of minority groups (The New York Times, 2018).

Figure  14 summarizes the relationships between the authors’ and the subjects’ genders in the WoS research areas. It clearly shows that, irrespective of the area, women are underrepresented in biographical articles in both roles: of their authors and of their subjects.

Alluvial plot showing who writes about women and men in different research areas

We based our analysis on an external name-gender reference dataset (the genderize.io database, Strømgren 2016 ). One limitation of using this database is that it was collected from social media networks. Declarative data that such networks collect from its users do not have to conform to reality. Thanks to the huge number of observations the genderize.io database consists of, however, the uncertainty related to the data’s declarativity should be negligible. Our validation tests of the database confirmed this thesis.

Web of Science assigns each article it indexes to one of many article types, two of which are “biographical items” and “items about and individual.” This assignment is not error-free, however, and mistakes happen (Harzing 2013 ). Our analysis showed that such misclassification of articles as biographical ones happen, but happen infrequently. It might be interesting to study possible reasons for such mistakes.

This paper opens new avenues for future research. What are the reasons behind the drop in the number of biographical articles over time? What is their importance to the scientific community? Do scientists read such articles? Why they do or don’t? We hope this paper will trigger research on the still understudied topic of scientometrics, that is, biographical articles.

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Iefremova, O., Wais, K. & Kozak, M. Biographical articles in scientific literature: analysis of articles indexed in Web of Science. Scientometrics 117 , 1695–1719 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2923-3

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Do not try to “wow” your instructor with a long bibliography when your instructor requests only a works cited page. It is tempting, after doing a lot of work to research a paper, to try to include summaries on each source as you write your paper so that your instructor appreciates how much work you did. That is a trap you want to avoid. MLA style, the one that is most commonly followed in high schools and university writing courses, dictates that you include only the works you actually cited in your paper—not all those that you used.

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• All in-text citations that you used at the end of quotations, summaries, and paraphrases to credit others for their ideas,words, and work must be accompanied by a cited reference in the bibliography or works cited. These references must include specific information about the source so that your readers can identify precisely where the information came from.The citation entries on a works cited page typically include the author’s name, the name of the article, the name of the publication, the name of the publisher (for books), where it was published (for books), and when it was published.

The good news is that you do not have to memorize all the many ways the works cited entries should be written. Numerous helpful style guides are available to show you the information that should be included, in what order it should appear, and how to format it. The format often differs according to the style guide you are using. The Modern Language Association (MLA) follows a particular style that is a bit different from APA (American Psychological Association) style, and both are somewhat different from the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). Always ask your teacher which style you should use.

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• A book with two or more authors : Landis, Jean M. and Rita J. Simon.  Intelligence: Nature or Nurture?  New York: HarperCollins, 1998.

Bibliography Entry for a Periodical

A bibliography entry for a periodical differs slightly in form from a bibliography entry for a book. For a magazine article, start with the author’s last name first, followed by a comma, then the first name and a period. Next, write the title of the article in quotation marks, and include a period (or other closing punctuation) inside the closing quotation mark. The title of the magazine is next, underlined or in italic type, depending on whether you are handwriting or using a computer, followed by a period. The date and year, followed by a colon and the pages on which the article appeared, come last. Here is an example:

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• Article in a monthly magazine : Crowley, J.E.,T.E. Levitan and R.P. Quinn.“Seven Deadly Half-Truths About Women.”  Psychology Today  March 1978: 94–106.
• Article in a weekly magazine : Schwartz, Felice N.“Management,Women, and the New Facts of Life.”  Newsweek  20 July 2006: 21–22.
• Signed newspaper article : Ferraro, Susan. “In-law and Order: Finding Relative Calm.”  The Daily News  30 June 1998: 73.
• Unsigned newspaper article : “Beanie Babies May Be a Rotten Nest Egg.”  Chicago Tribune  21 June 2004: 12.

Bibliography Entry for a Web Site

For sources such as Web sites include the information a reader needs to find the source or to know where and when you found it. Always begin with the last name of the author, broadcaster, person you interviewed, and so on. Here is an example of a bibliography for a Web site:

Format : Author.“Document Title.” Publication or Web site title. Date of publication. Date of access.

Example : Dodman, Dr. Nicholas. “Dog-Human Communication.”  Pet Place . 10 November 2006.  23 January 2014 < http://www.petplace.com/dogs/dog-human-communication-2/page1.aspx >

After completing the bibliography you can breathe a huge sigh of relief and pat yourself on the back. You probably plan to turn in your work in printed or handwritten form, but you also may be making an oral presentation. However you plan to present your paper, do your best to show it in its best light. You’ve put a great deal of work and thought into this assignment, so you want your paper to look and sound its best. You’ve completed your research paper!

Back to  How To Write A Research Paper .

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Noncoding RNAs in skeletal development and disorders

Protein-encoding genes only constitute less than 2% of total human genomic sequences, and 98% of genetic information was previously referred to as “junk DNA”. Meanwhile, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) consist of app...

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Cx43 hemichannels and panx1 channels contribute to ethanol-induced astrocyte dysfunction and damage

Alcohol, a widely abused drug, significantly diminishes life quality, causing chronic diseases and psychiatric issues, with severe health, societal, and economic repercussions. Previously, we demonstrated that...

Galectins in epithelial-mesenchymal transition: roles and mechanisms contributing to tissue repair, fibrosis and cancer metastasis

Galectins are soluble glycan-binding proteins that interact with a wide range of glycoproteins and glycolipids and modulate a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological processes. The expression and subc...

Glutaminolysis regulates endometrial fibrosis in intrauterine adhesion via modulating mitochondrial function

Endometrial fibrosis, a significant characteristic of intrauterine adhesion (IUA), is caused by the excessive differentiation and activation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). Glutaminolysis is the metabolic...

The long-chain flavodoxin FldX1 improves the biodegradation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and 3-hydroxyphenylacetate and counteracts the oxidative stress associated to aromatic catabolism in Paraburkholderia xenovorans

Bacterial aromatic degradation may cause oxidative stress. The long-chain flavodoxin FldX1 of Paraburkholderia xenovorans LB400 counteracts reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the...

MicroRNA-148b secreted by bovine oviductal extracellular vesicles enhance embryo quality through BPM/TGF-beta pathway

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their cargoes, including MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. We previously demonstrated the upregulation of bta-mir-148b in EVs from oviductal...

YME1L-mediated mitophagy protects renal tubular cells against cellular senescence under diabetic conditions

The senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) is crucial in the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Accumulating evidence suggests a close association between insufficient mitophagy and RT...

Effects of latroeggtoxin-VI on dopamine and α-synuclein in PC12 cells and the implications for Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by death of dopaminergic neurons leading to dopamine deficiency, excessive α-synuclein facilitating Lewy body formation, etc. Latroeggtoxin-VI (LETX-VI), a proteinaceo...

Glial-restricted progenitor cells: a cure for diseased brain?

The central nervous system (CNS) is home to neuronal and glial cells. Traditionally, glia was disregarded as just the structural support across the brain and spinal cord, in striking contrast to neurons, alway...

Carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent ST23 Klebsiella pneumoniae with a highly transmissible dual-carbapenemase plasmid in Chile

The convergence of hypervirulence and carbapenem resistance in the bacterial pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae represents a critical global health concern. Hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) strains, frequently from...

Endometrial mesenchymal stromal/stem cells improve regeneration of injured endometrium in mice

The monthly regeneration of human endometrial tissue is maintained by the presence of human endometrial mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (eMSC), a cell population co-expressing the perivascular markers CD140b an...

Embryo development is impaired by sperm mitochondrial-derived ROS

Basal energetic metabolism in sperm, particularly oxidative phosphorylation, is known to condition not only their oocyte fertilising ability, but also the subsequent embryo development. While the molecular pat...

Fibroblasts inhibit osteogenesis by regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of YAP in mesenchymal stem cells and secreting DKK1

Fibrous scars frequently form at the sites of bone nonunion when attempts to repair bone fractures have failed. However, the detailed mechanism by which fibroblasts, which are the main components of fibrous sc...

MSC-derived exosomes protect auditory hair cells from neomycin-induced damage via autophagy regulation

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) poses a major threat to both physical and mental health; however, there is still a lack of effective drugs to treat the disease. Recently, novel biological therapies, such as ...

Alpha-synuclein dynamics bridge Type-I Interferon response and SARS-CoV-2 replication in peripheral cells

Increasing evidence suggests a double-faceted role of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) following infection by a variety of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Although α-syn accumulation is known to contribute to cell toxic...

Lactadherin immunoblockade in small extracellular vesicles inhibits sEV-mediated increase of pro-metastatic capacities

Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) can promote tumorigenic and metastatic capacities in less aggressive recipient cells mainly through the biomolecules in their cargo. However, despite recent ad...

Integration of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq identifies MX1-mediated AP-1 transcriptional regulation as a therapeutic target for Down syndrome

Growing evidence has suggested that Type I Interferon (I-IFN) plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of Down Syndrome (DS). This work investigates the underlying function of MX1, an effector gene of I-IFN,...

The novel roles of YULINK in the migration, proliferation and glycolysis of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells: implications for pulmonary arterial hypertension

Abnormal remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature, characterized by the proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) along with dysregulated glycolysis, is a pathognomonic feat...

Electroacupuncture promotes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and improves pattern separation in an early Alzheimer's disease mouse model

Impaired pattern separation occurs in the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis participates in pattern separation. Here, we investigated whether spatial memo...

Role of SYVN1 in the control of airway remodeling in asthma protection by promoting SIRT2 ubiquitination and degradation

Asthma is a heterogenous disease that characterized by airway remodeling. SYVN1 (Synoviolin 1) acts as an E3 ligase to mediate the suppression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through ubiquitination and de...

Advances towards the use of gastrointestinal tumor patient-derived organoids as a therapeutic decision-making tool

In December 2022 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) removed the requirement that drugs in development must undergo animal testing before clinical evaluation, a declaration that now demands the establish...

Melatonin alleviates pyroptosis by regulating the SIRT3/FOXO3α/ROS axis and interacting with apoptosis in Atherosclerosis progression

Atherosclerosis (AS), a significant contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD), is steadily rising with the aging of the global population. Pyroptosis and apoptosis, both caspase-mediated cell death mechanism...

Prenatal ethanol exposure and changes in fetal neuroendocrine metabolic programming

Prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) (mainly through maternal alcohol consumption) has become widespread. However, studies suggest that it can cause intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and multi-organ developmen...

Autologous non-invasively derived stem cells mitochondria transfer shows therapeutic advantages in human embryo quality rescue

The decline in the quantity and quality of mitochondria are closely associated with infertility, particularly in advanced maternal age. Transferring autologous mitochondria into the oocytes of infertile female...

Development of synthetic modulator enabling long-term propagation and neurogenesis of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are essential for in vitro drug screening and cell-based therapies for brain-related disorders, necessitating well-defined and reproducible culture systems. Current strategies em...

Heat-responsive microRNAs participate in regulating the pollen fertility stability of CMS-D2 restorer line under high-temperature stress

Anther development and pollen fertility of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) conditioned by Gossypium harknessii cytoplasm (CMS-D2) restorer lines are susceptible to continuous high-temperature (HT) stress in sum...

Chemogenetic inhibition of NTS astrocytes normalizes cardiac autonomic control and ameliorate hypertension during chronic intermittent hypoxia

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent episodes of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), which has been linked to the development of sympathoexcitation and hypertension. Furthermore, it has ...

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 activates Cx43 hemichannels and disturbs intracellular Ca 2+ dynamics

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An aspect of high uncertainty is whether the SARS-CoV-2 per se or the systemic inflammation ...

The effect of zofenopril on the cardiovascular system of spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with the ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a crucial role in the infection cycle of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for formation of COVID-19 pandemic. In the cardiovascular system, the virus enters the cells by bind...

Two murine models of sepsis: immunopathological differences between the sexes—possible role of TGFβ1 in female resistance to endotoxemia

Endotoxic shock (ExSh) and cecal ligature and puncture (CLP) are models that induce sepsis. In this work, we investigated early immunologic and histopathologic changes induced by ExSh or CLP models in female a...

An intracellular, non-oxidative factor activates in vitro chromatin fragmentation in pig sperm

In vitro incubation of epididymal and vas deferens sperm with Mn 2+ induces Sperm Chromatin Fragmentation (SCF), a mechanism that causes double-stranded breaks in toroid-linker regions (TLRs). Whether this mechani...

Focal ischemic stroke modifies microglia-derived exosomal miRNAs: potential role of mir-212-5p in neuronal protection and functional recovery

Ischemic stroke is a severe type of stroke with high disability and mortality rates. In recent years, microglial exosome-derived miRNAs have been shown to be promising candidates for the treatment of ischemic ...

S -Nitrosylation in endothelial cells contributes to tumor cell adhesion and extravasation during breast cancer metastasis

Nitric oxide is produced by different nitric oxide synthases isoforms. NO activates two signaling pathways, one dependent on soluble guanylate cyclase and protein kinase G, and other where NO post-translationa...

Identifying pyroptosis- and inflammation-related genes in intracranial aneurysms based on bioinformatics analysis

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is the most common cerebrovascular disease, and subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by its rupture can seriously impede nerve function. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory mode of cell death wh...

Drosophila Atlastin regulates synaptic vesicle mobilization independent of bone morphogenetic protein signaling

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts endosomes in all parts of a motor neuron, including the axon and presynaptic terminal, to move structural proteins, proteins that send signals, and lipids over long dist...

Mucin1 induced trophoblast dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus via Wnt/β-catenin pathway

To elucidate the role of Mucin1 (MUC1) in the trophoblast function (glucose uptake and apoptosis) of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) women through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) alleviate paclitaxel-induced spermatogenesis defects and maintain male fertility

Chemotherapeutic drugs can cause reproductive damage by affecting sperm quality and other aspects of male fertility. Stem cells are thought to alleviate the damage caused by chemotherapy drugs and to play role...

Exploring the Neandertal legacy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma risk in Eurasians

The genomes of present-day non-Africans are composed of 1–3% of Neandertal-derived DNA as a consequence of admixture events between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans about 50–60 thousand years ago. Ne...

Identification and analysis of key hypoxia- and immune-related genes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), an autosomal dominant genetic disease, is the main cause of sudden death in adolescents and athletes globally. Hypoxia and immune factors have been revealed to be related to ...

How do prolonged anchorage-free lifetimes strengthen non-small-cell lung cancer cells to evade anoikis? – A link with altered cellular metabolomics

Malignant cells adopt anoikis resistance to survive anchorage-free stresses and initiate cancer metastasis. It is still unknown how varying periods of anchorage loss contribute to anoikis resistance, cell migr...

Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with wine fermentation and adaptation to nitrogen limitation in wild and domesticated yeast strains

For more than 20 years, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as a model organism for genetic studies and molecular biology, as well as a platform for biotechnology (e.g., wine production). One of the important eco...

Investigating the dark-side of the genome: a barrier to human disease variant discovery?

The human genome contains regions that cannot be adequately assembled or aligned using next generation short-read sequencing technologies. More than 2500 genes are known contain such ‘dark’ regions. In this st...

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment increases intestinal stem cell proliferation through the mTORC1/S6K1 signaling pathway in Mus musculus

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) has been reported to modulate the proliferation of neural and mesenchymal stem cell populations, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are not completely unde...

Polar microalgae extracts protect human HaCaT keratinocytes from damaging stimuli and ameliorate psoriatic skin inflammation in mice

Polar microalgae contain unique compounds that enable them to adapt to extreme environments. As the skin barrier is our first line of defense against external threats, polar microalgae extracts may possess res...

Correction: Utility of melatonin in mitigating ionizing radiation‑induced testis injury through synergistic interdependence of its biological properties

The original article was published in Biological Research 2022 55 :33

Beyond energy provider: multifunction of lipid droplets in embryonic development

Since the discovery, lipid droplets (LDs) have been recognized to be sites of cellular energy reserves, providing energy when necessary to sustain cellular life activities. Many studies have reported large num...

Retraction Note: Tridax procumbens flavonoids: a prospective bioactive compound increased osteoblast differentiation and trabecular bone formation

Electroacupuncture protective effects after cerebral ischemia are mediated through mir-219a inhibition.

Electroacupuncture (EA) is a complementary and alternative therapy which has shown protective effects on vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). However, the underlying mechanisms are not entirely understood.

Topsoil and subsoil bacterial community assemblies across different drainage conditions in a mountain environment

High mountainous environments are of particular interest as they play an essential role for life and human societies, while being environments which are highly vulnerable to climate change and land use intensi...

Functional defects in hiPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes from patients with a PLEKHM2-mutation associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a primary myocardial disease, leading to heart failure and excessive risk of sudden cardiac death with rather poorly understood pathophysiology. In 2015, Parvari's group ident...

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Biological Research

ISSN: 0717-6287

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