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Industrial Safety Essay Writing

Industrial safety essay writing - preview.

Industrial Safety Essay Writing - Summary

ఔద్యోగిక సురక్షత వ్యాసం:.

ఔద్యోగిక పరిశ్రమ చేసే మనిషిలు అతని ఆర్థిక నివాసానికి జీవితం గడిస్తున్నారు. ఔద్యోగిక కార్యాలు అనేక అపాయాలు కలిగే స్థలాలు మరియు వ్యావసాయాలు ఉంటాయి. ఔద్యోగిక పరిశ్రమలో పనిచేసే మనిషికి వివిధ ప్రకారాలు ఉంటాయి. ఆదివారం, తెరాసిన, తిగులితోట మరియు ప్రధాన నిరాశలు వలన అనేక అపఘాతాలు సంభవిస్తాయి. కొత్త సాంకేతిక విద్య మరియు సామర్థ్యాల ద్వారా అపఘాతాలను తగ్గించడం అనేక ఔద్యోగిక సంస్థలు చేయడానికి ప్రయత్నిస్తున్నాయి.

ఔద్యోగిక సురక్షత ఎందుకు ముఖ్యం?

ఔద్యోగిక సురక్షత అత్యంత ముఖ్యం కాదు, అత్యంత అవసరమైన విషయం. ప్రాణాలు సురక్షితంగా ఉండాలి, అన్ని ప్రక్రియలలో సురక్షత అత్యంత ముఖ్యం. ఔద్యోగిక కార్యాలు చేసే వ్యక్తులు ప్రతిదినంతా వ్యతిరేకంగా రంగానికి వెళ్లిపోతారు. ఇందులో అపాయాలు ఉంటాయి మరియు ప్రతి సమయంలో ఆమెలో అపాయాలు ఉండాలని ఉండే విశ్వాసం ఉండాలి.

ఔద్యోగిక పరిస్థితులు, స్థలాలు, వ్యావసాయాలు మరియు వాతావరణం తో సంబంధించిన అపాయాలు వేరుగా ఉన్నాయి. పదిహేనరు ఏళ్ళ మంది వ్యక్తులు ఔద్యోగిక అపాయాల వలన మృతి పొందడం వలన ఉద్యమి చక్రంలో అపాయాలను తగ్గించడం అత్యంత ఆవశ్యకం.

ఔద్యోగిక సురక్షత మార్గదర్శన:

• ఔద్యోగిక ప్రదేశాలు మరియు వ్యావసాయాలలో ప్రవేశం చేయకుండా కాదు. ఇంధన వ్యయం, అపరిచిత పదార్థాల ఉపయోగం, తీసుకొని తేలికపడే అన్ని విషయాలు వలన అపఘాతాలు సంభవిస్తాయి.
• మనిషిలు పనిచేయడం మరియు వ్యాప్తి చేయడం మీదుగా సురక్షిత కన్నీళ్ళు ధరించాలి. ఇది ఆలస్యంగా ప్రత్యామ్నాయం చేయకుండా ఉండాలి.
• స్థలాలు, యంత్రాలు, సామాగ్రిలు మరియు పరికరాల నిర్మాణం, స్థాపన మరియు పరిరక్షణలో సరిగ్గా సహాయం చేయాలి.
• కొత్త పనిలో వెళ్ళడం మరియు మార్గమర్దనం మీదుగా ప్రాణాలను సురక్షితంగా ఉంచడం అత్యంత ఆవశ్యకం.
• ఔద్యోగిక ప్రదేశాల్లో సురక్షితంగా ఉండే విధానాలను పాటిస్తూ ఆమెలో పనిచేయడం మరియు అపాయాలను తగ్గించడం ప్రధానం.

Industrial Safety Essay Writing PDF Download

Saturday, March 7, 2020

History of national safety day in telugu | జాతీయ భద్రతా దినోత్సవం.

ఉద్యోగులు, సామాన్య ప్రజలు తమ జీవనవిధానంలో, వృత్తుల్లో భద్రత, ఆరోగ్య రక్షణను ఒక అంతర్గత భాగంగా మలుచుకునేలా వారిలో అవగాహన పెంపొందించడం ఈ దినోత్సవం ముఖ్య లక్ష్యం.

1972 నుంచి ప్రతీ సంవత్సరం మార్చి 4 న జాతీయ భద్రతా దినోత్సవం ( National Safety Day ) ను జరుపుకుంటారు.

• భారత ప్రభుత్వపు కార్మిక మరియు ఉపాధి మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ (Ministry of Labour and Employment) 1966 మార్చి 4 వ తేదీన జాతీయ భద్రతా మండలి (National Safety Council) ని స్థాపించింది.
• దీనికి గుర్తుగా ప్రతీ సంవత్సరం మార్చి 4 న జాతీయ భద్రతా దినోత్సవాన్ని జరుపుకుంటారు.
• 2020: అధునాతన సాంకేతిక పరిజ్ఞానాన్ని ఉపయోగించడం ద్వారా ఆరోగ్యం మరియు భద్రతా పనితీరును మెరుగుపరచండి (Enhance Health & Safety Performance by Use of Advanced Technology)
• దీని ప్రధాన కార్యాలయం - ముంబై
• జాతీయ భద్రతా మండలి అనేది భారతదేశంలో జాతీయ స్థాయిలో ఒక ప్రధాన, లాభాపేక్షలేని, స్వయం-ఫైనాన్సింగ్ మరియు త్రైపాక్షిక శిఖరాగ్ర సంస్థ.
• ప్రమాదాలపట్ల అప్రమత్తత పెంచాలంటే ప్రచారము అవసరమని, అందుకు దానిని నిర్వహించడానికి, కార్మికులలో భద్రతపట్ల అవగాహన పెంచేందుకు ప్రభుత్వపరంగా ఒక సంస్థ అవసరమని గుర్తించారు.
• 1965 డిసెంబర్ లో పారిశ్రామిక భద్రత మీద తొలి సమావేశము ఢిల్లీ లో నిర్వహించారు. కేంద్ర, రాష్ట్ర ప్రభుత్వ ప్రతినిధులు, కార్మిక సంఘాలు, ఉద్యోగ సంఘాలు, పలు సంస్థలు పాల్గొన్న ఆ సభలో జాతీయ, రాష్ట్ర స్ఠాయిలో భద్రతా మండలి ప్రారంభించాలని నిర్ణయించారు.
• తరువాత, భారత ప్రభుత్వపు కార్మిక మరియు ఉపాధి మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ (Ministry of Labour and Employment) చే 1966 మార్చి 4 వ తేదీన జాతీయ భద్రతా మండలి స్థాపించబడింది.
• ఇది సొసైటీల రిజిస్ట్రేషన్ చట్టం - 1860 క్రింద సొసైటీగా నమోదు చేయబడింది. తరువాత బాంబే పబ్లిక్ ట్రస్ట్ చట్టం - 1950 ప్రకారం పబ్లిక్ ట్రస్ట్ గా నమోదు చేయబడింది.
• భద్రత, ఆరోగ్యం, పర్యావరణాలపై ( SHE - Safety, Health and Environment) అవగాహన పెంపొందించడం ఈ మండలి లక్ష్యం.
• సమావేశాలు, శిక్షణా కార్యక్రమాలు, సెమినార్లతో పాటు సేఫ్టీ ఆడిట్లు వంటి కార్యక్రమాలను ఈ మండలి నిర్వహిస్తుంది.

ప్రతి పనిలోను ఏదో ఒక ప్రమాదము పొంచివుంటుంది. కొన్ని రకాల ప్రమాదాలను ముందుగా పసిగట్టలేము. కాని ప్రమాదాలలో అధిక శాతము అజాగ్రత్తవల్ల సంభవించేవే. నానాటి ప్రమాదాల సంఖ్య పెరుగుతున్నందున పారిశ్రామిక, రహదారి భద్రతల మీద దృష్టి పెంచారు. ప్రాణనష్టం అధికంగా ఉన్న ఈ రంగాలతో పాటు అగ్ని ప్రమాదాల నివారణ గురించి కూడా ప్రచారము నిర్వస్తారు. పారిశ్రామికవేత్తలు కల్పించాల్సిన భద్రతా ఏర్పాట్లు, కార్మికులు పాటించాల్సిన జాగ్రత్తలను వివరించి, వాటిని అమలుజరిగేలా ప్రచారాన్ని జాతీయ భద్రతా వారోత్సవం ( National Safety Week ) సందర్భముగా నిర్వహిస్తారు.  

స్వచ్చంద సేవా సంస్థలకు ఇందులో భాగస్వామ్యం కల్పిస్తారు. ప్రమాదాలు ఎలా జరుగుతున్నాయి, అవి జరిగినపుడు ఎలా స్పందించాలనే అంశాలను చిన్న చిన్న ఫిల్మ్‌ ద్వారా ప్రదర్శిస్తారు.

పనిచేసేందుకు వెళ్ళినవారు తిరిగి క్షేమంగా ఇంటికి వస్తారో రారో అన్న ఆందోళనతో కుటుంబసభ్యులు బతకాల్సి వస్తుంది. కుటుంబ పెద్దకు ప్రమాదము జరిగినా, ప్రమాదములో మరణించినా ఇక ఆ కుటుంబము మొత్తము కోలుకోని విధంగా దెబ్బతుంటుంది. అందుకే ప్రతి ఒక్కరూ తమ వంతు బాధ్యతగా భద్రతను పాటించాలి. ప్రతీ కార్మీకుడు తాను తీసుకోవలసిన జాగ్రత్తలు తీసుకుంటే, సూచించిన పద్దతులను పాటిస్తే ప్రమాదాలు సంభవించవు.

• జాతీయ భద్రతా మండలి (National Safety Council) Official Website
• ముఖ్యమైన దినోత్సవాలు (Important Days)

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Essay on Industrial Safety

After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Introduction to Industrial Safety 2. Losses Due to Accidents in Industries 3. Causes of Accidents in Industries 4. Factors Responsible for Accidents in Industries 5. Measures for Preventing Accidents in Industries

Essay # 1. Introduction to Industrial Safety :

Safety is very important aspect for any industry as an accident free work environment boosts the morale of the team members working in any hazardous situations. Recognising these facts industries involving various hazards and risks industries prepare their own safety policy, safety manual and have a separate department/section for safety so as to create proper aware­ness and provide the know-how-about the safety.

Adherence to the useful information, rules, and mandatory requirements governing the safety and guidelines will help prevent occupa­tional injuries and accidents which constitute an unavoidable and needless waste of human and material resources.

Safety means continuing and healthful living without injury. Safety is freedom from harm or the danger of harm. The word safety also refers to the precautions people take to prevent accidents, harm, danger, damage, loss and pollution. Safety also deals with improvement in working conditions for better health. Management is responsible to provide safe working condi­tion and individual’s safety.

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All undesired events in a workplace which can give rise to death, ill health, injury, damage or other loss need to be thoroughly investigated, people are trained to safeguard against them, and need to be eliminated. Similarly, all hazards, i.e., source/situation capable of injury or ill health, damage too properly or workplace environment etc., should be identified and action plan drawn for safeguard against them.

It is not only sufficient to care of safety but other two inter-related aspects, viz., health (well-being of employees) and environment are also given equal importance and considerations. All these three elements i.e., safety, health and environment (also known as SHE) are inter-related and affect each other. For instance, if health of employee is not given due regards, it may lead to accidents.

If industry pollutes the environment around work place, it will affect health of employees which may ultimately affect production. It is only if health and environment are in control than safety can be ensured. Each industry, therefore, has certain obligations towards keeping good environment and also towards health of people.

Occupational health hazards means:

1. Conditions that cause legally compensable illness,

2. Any conditions in the workplace that impair the health of employees enough to make them lose time from work or to work at less than full efficiency.

Various health hazards that may cause sickness, impaired health or significant discomfort or inefficient in workplace are:

(a) Physical hazards like noise, vibration, thermal stress; radiations, ill lighting.

(b) Chemical hazards like dust, fumes, fibres, gases,

(c) Biological hazards,

(d) Ergonomics hazards,

(e) Mechanical hazards, and

(f) Psychological hazards.

For works which by their very nature expose workers to hazards, appropriate preventing measures should be taken to avoid any danger to the safety and health of workers, the preven­tive measures should place emphasis on the need to eliminate or reduce the hazard at the source.

Essay # 2. Losses Due to Accidents in Industries :

Now-a-days, serious attention is being paid in this matter, because now it has been clearly understood that these accidents cause heavy losses. In these losses, some are direct losses and are some indirect losses.

Direct Losses:

These are the losses to the employer, which he pays to the worker for compensation. Employer also pays for medical expenses incurred on the worker. This type of losses can be measured in terms of money.

Indirect Losses:

These indirect losses arise from the following sources:

1. Loss of time of the injured person.

2. Loss of time of his fellow workers, who stop work at the time of accident to help him or to show sympathy or for curiosity.

3. Loss of time of supervisors;

(a) In assisting injured worker;

(b) In investigation and preparing a report of accident;

(c) In making alternative arrangement;

(d) In selecting and training the new worker to fill the vacancy if accident causes death of the worker.

4. Loss due to damage caused to machines.

5. Loss due to reduction in the efficiency of the worker when he returns after recovery.

6. Loss due to the reduction in the efficiency of other workers due to fall in their morale.

7. Losses to the injured worker.

Injured worker suffers the following losses:

(a) Loss to his income.

(b) Loss due to medical expenditure,

(c) Pain felt by worker, which cannot be compensated.

Essay # 3. Causes of Accidents in Industries :

Majority of industrial accidents are due to transmission machinery (gears, belts, pulleys, couplings, shafting etc.); cutters, tools and clutch of cutting machines etc.

To minimise the accidents, it is necessary to know about the cause of accidents.

General causes for accidents are given below:

1. Accidents due to dangerous machines:

These accidents occur from boilers, pressure vessels, prime movers, transmission system etc.

2. Unsafe physical condition:

It includes improper guards, improper illumination, im­proper ventilation, unsafe clothing’s.

3. Moving objects:

Sometimes moving object or falling object causes accidents.

4. Personal factors:

Sometimes accidents occur due to some personal factors like lack of knowledge, physical weakness.

5. Unsafe acts:

It is violence of commonly accepted safe procedure.

These include:

(i) working at unsafe speed,

(ii) loading machines beyond capacity

(iii) not using safety devices, and

(iv) adopting unsafe procedure.

6. Electrical causes:

Some of the important causes are:

(a) Do not providing proper protecting devices.

(b) Not obeying proper instructions and not following safety precautions.

(c) Failure to use insulated pliers, screw-drivers and rubber gloves etc.

7. Exposure to harmful substances:

Injuries due to accidents are also caused due to expo­sure to harmful substances, like toxic gases, fumes, dust, vapour mist and aerosols.

Types of Industrial Accidents :

Industrial accidents may be divided in two general classes:

(a) Machinery Accidents:

These accidents are caused by inadequate safeguards of ma­chines.

(b) Non-Machinery Accidents:

These accidents are caused due to personal reasons such as age, physical weakness, inexperience and carelessness or from the plant conditions such as poor ventilation and illumination etc.

Machinery accidents can be reduced by providing safety guards on belts, gears etc.

Essay # 4. Factors Responsible for Accidents in Industries :

It has been seen that accidents are more frequent with younger persons.

(ii) Experience:

Rate of accidents for more experienced workers is less than those of less experienced workers.

(iii) Physical Condition:

Experiments have shown that minor illness like sore throat, headache etc. is responsible for accidents to a large extent. These small frequent illnesses are responsible for lowering general health.

(iv) Fatigue:

It has been seen that suitably arranged rest pauses reduce the number of accidents to a large extent. As these reduce the fatigue, therefore accidents which occur due to excess fatigue are reduced to a large extent.

Experiments have shown that when only one lunch-break is provided then accidents tend to increase with each successive hour of work in the morning and reaching a maximum approxi­mately at 11 A.M., then reduces in the noon.

Number of accidents again starts rising, reaching maximum value towards the later part of the afternoon but a slight drop in the last hour (prob­ably it occurs due to the fact that in this hour speed of work decreases and worker feels relaxed mentally that shortly after he will be free).

(v) Rate of Production:

This factor should also be considered while considering the cause of accidents. The study in this aspect shows that number of accidents increases with the in­crease in production but the proportion of accidents tends to decrease with the increasing pro­duction. That the rate of change in accidents per man-hour is less than the rate of change in production per man-hour.

(vi) Atmospheric Conditions:

Study has shown that accidents are found to be minimum at a temperature of 67.5°F (nearly 20°C). At higher temperatures, rate of accidents increases and after 24°C rate of accidents increases considerably.

(vii) Illumination:

Illumination also affects the accident liability. Dim illumination raises accident frequency. In day light, accidents frequency is less as compared to artificial illumina­tion.

Working Conditions affecting Health :

Working conditions also affect the work. When a worker is allowed to work in good working conditions then his efficiency increases a lot.

Bad environment or working condition may ulti­mately leads to:

(i) Physiological Fatigue;

(ii) Mental Fatigue i.e., feeling of boredom; and

(iii) Decreased efficiency resulting in reduced output. In earlier days, no attention was paid on the working conditions like illumination, humidity, air ventilation, tempera­ture etc. But its importance is now being realised.

(i) Mental Environment:

Good working conditions produce a good effect on the workers’ psychology in addition to greater efficiency. In such conditions, worker will always be ready to offer his services and co-operation. It is necessary for the success of an industry that workers should have good co-ordination.

A worker working in an atmosphere of badly ventilated and hot conditions will feel discom­fort and fatigue. His efficiency will decrease and he will not be able to take interest in the work.

Proper ventilation takes away the heat of human body, furnaces, boiler and other equip­ment thus reducing the effect of heat to some extent. Proper ventilation also removes damp­ness.

Arrangement of air fans in a systematic way also helps to achieve this object. Sometimes, air fans placed in wrong direction send air through furnace, hot parts of machines, etc. Thus transmitting the heat to the workers which they would have not received otherwise.

(ii) Illumination:

Poor illumination reduces the speed of work and results in strain on eyes and causes more accidents. Light should come from the right direction and of desired illumination.

In artificial light, glare is most common defect; it is harmful to the eyes. It also produces strain and headache. Spoilage of work also increases due to glare.

(iii) Hours of Work:

Working hours should be distributed uniformly over the week. A worker should get atleast one weekly holiday so that he can enjoy on that day, and feelings of fatigue and boredom from his mind are removed, and thus he may return on duty as fresh in next week.

Rest pauses also reduce mental fatigue of the worker and hence they should be properly distributed, i.e., at least 5 minutes break in one working hour and one lunch break should be allowed. Duration of rest may vary slightly depending upon the nature of work and working conditions.

(iv) Noise and Vibrations:

Too much noise and vibrations produce mental fatigue and reduce the efficiency of the worker. Although noise cannot be stopped totally for a running machinery but can be reduced by enclosing the source of noise, use of baffles and sound proof materials etc.

Its reduction is very necessary because it is very difficult to concentrate on the work in too much noise. Sometimes too much noise also adversely affects the hearing capacity of the workers. Noise and vibrations can also be controlled to some extent by proper maintenance, checking, lubrication, proper functions etc.

(v) Plant and Shop Layout:

Systematic layout is very helpful for reducing accidents, movement of the products etc. If the shop layout is such that it looks pleasant then worker will take more interest in his work. The layout should be such that material handling becomes economical and safe, and overcrowding is reduced.

Pas­sage for movement should be quite safe and space should be sufficient enough. It should be planned in such a way that every worker gets sufficient natural light in proper direction.

A well designed factory looks pleasing where worker feels proud in working and take more interest in his work. Therefore, factory should be kept clean, doors and windows should be properly coloured and walls should be white-washed so that atmosphere in the factory looks cheerful.

Essay # 5. Measures for Preventing Accidents in Industries:

To prevent the accidents, there is a need for consistent implementation of safety measures.

Some of the important safety measures helpful for preventing accidents are:

2. Safe Material Handling:

(a) Hoists, Cranes, Lifts etc. must be of sound construction. They must be tested periodi­cally and well maintained.

(b) Avoid fatigue of workers, use handling devices where possible.

(c) Ensure safety during handling.

4. Safe Activities in the Organisation:

Each organisation has some peculiarities. On the basis of working methods, its process, and other conditions accident prone activities, and places etc. identified: Past records also help in identification of such activities or areas. All out efforts must be made to reduce chances of accidents in these accident prone areas or activities.

6. General Measures:

i. Safety. By providing proper safeguards to the machines, accidents can be prevented. Some guards are built into a permanent casing, while some are attached afterwards.

ii. Fencing. Machines or their parts should be fenced, if it is not possible to provide safeguards.

iii. All boilers and other pressure vessels must be kept in proper condition. Safety valves, pressure gauges and water gauges etc. must be examined thoroughly at regular inter­vals.

iv. Hoists, cranes and lifts etc. must be of sound construction. They must be tested peri­odically.

v. Physical conditions. Sufficient illumination and ventilation should be provided. Floor should be free from oiliness and should be kept clean.

vi. Safety measures include special clothing for the protection of body, such as gloves, apron, goggles, etc. Loose clothing may be a source of danger.

vii. Repair work on marines should not be done when it is running.

viii. All the tools should be kept at their proper places.

ix. Chips should not be removed by hand.

x. Workers should be trained about correct procedures and they should be educated about safety precautions. Constant warning, publicity and play cards carrying slo­gans (as ‘safety-first’, Danger ‘440 volts’ etc.) are also helpful to reduce accidents.

xi. Fire hazard. To avoid the danger, inflammable materials should be kept away from general storage at a safe distance (minimum 50 ft. or 15.25 m). Fire extinguishers should be kept at suitable places.

xii. Prevention of electric accidents.

To prevent electric accidents following measures should be taken:

a. Electrical insulation should be periodically tested.

b. Use proper tools for testing and repairing.

c. Work should be done after switching the power off.

d. Use such safety equipment as insulated tools and rubber gloves etc. whenever necessary.

Essay # 6. General Precautions to Prevent Accidents in Industries :

Following are some of the common precautions which should be observed from industrial safety point of view, so as to prevent accidents:

1. Always remain alert, and in proper physical and mental condition.

2. Always wear right clothing for the jobs, wear safety glasses, gloves, footwear, hard hat etc. as per the job requirement. Do not wear ties, rings or watches etc. which can be caught by moving parts of the equipment.

3. Keep hands away from moving parts such as fan, V-belt, gears, drive shafts etc.

4. Before operation, make sure you are well conversant with the equipment and its operation.

5. Follow maintenance schedule.

6. Follow precautions suggested by the manufacturer.

7. Keep the machine and area clean.

8. Always keep a safe speed as per the working conditions and the job requirement.

9. Always use proper tools, and they should be free from grease and oil, and properly maintained.

10. Never check for leaks in a pressurised system with hand, as this may drive oil through pores under the skin.

11. Always keep guards and covers in position while operating a machine.

12. Do not perform maintenance work when machine is in operation.

13. Never put the machine on loads exceeding their capacities.

14. Machines should be carefully inspected at regular intervals.

15. Follow all the provisions laid down in various Acts.

16. Follow all the instructions as mentioned under heading ‘Preventive Measures’.

Hazard is a source or a situation with potential to cause harm in terms of human injury or ill-health, damage to property or environment or both. Hazards are identified in the performance of various activities, storage and handling of materials, and operation and maintenance of plants and equipment’s.

Hazard control is that function which is oriented towards recognizing, evaluating and working towards eliminating hazards and destructive effects found at the work-place.

Hazards may be classified as under:

1. Mechanical Hazards.

2. Electrical Hazards.

3. Chemical Hazards.

1. Mechanical Hazards:

These are responsible for the majority of the accidents in work situations, therefore every workplace and equipment should be properly examined for identify­ing mechanical hazards and for taking mitigating measures.

Common sources of mechanical hazards are:

(a) Unguarded or inadequately guarded moving parts or pits etc.

(b) Machine tools, hand tools, handling materials, lifting and other appliances.

(c) Improper ventilation, unsafe dress or apparel etc.

(d) Improper use of tools.

2. Electrical Hazards:

These may be due to contact of body with wire, cable or rail or from stroke of lightening. The immediate effect of this is shock which may be relatively mild or severe so as to cause death (electrocution) depending upon the strength of the current and/or the path it takes passing the earth through the body. Another result is burning and the burns may be severe and deep, especially with higher voltage.

Causes of the electric hazards may be of the following types:

(a) Electric shocks may be caused by an exposed live conductor or a faulty piece of equip­ment.

(b) A mobile crane boom, a man carrying or climbing an aluminium ladder, or vertical metal bars etc. can come in contact with overhead power lines, electric crane rails, open-faced substation switchboards etc.

(c) Other causes may be unskilled electricians, improper, instructions, defective wiring which may cause short circuit, poor installations, misuse or overloading.

(d) Ageing and attack by foreign materials causes insulation failures which causes elec­trical fires or cases of electrocution.

In such cases:

(a) Switch off the current.

(b) And/or remove casualty from the contact with current using insulated material and avoid receiving shock by the person rescuing the victim.

(c) Artificial respiration is given, if breathing has stopped.

3. Chemical Hazards:

The usage of chemicals with the resultant hazardous gases, vapours and fumes is one of the most dangerous industries.

The effects of noxious gases are:

(a) Simple asphyxiants, e.g., nitrogen gas, methane gas, carbon dioxide.

(b) Chemical osphysciants, e.g., carbon monoxide, hydrogen-sulphide, hydro-cyanic acid.

(c) Irritant gases, e.g., nitrogen dioxide or peroxide, flourine, hydrogen flouride, sulphur dioxide, ammonia.

(d) Organic metallic gases, e.g., assenic hydride.

(e) Inorganic metallic gases.

Several toxic chemicals and fluids are found in industries using sulphuric acid, nitric acid, soda, chloride of lime, chloride of phosphrous, sulphur chloride, phosphene chloride of zinc, nitrous chloride, iodine, artificial fertilizers, rubber, petroleum, tar etc.

Essay # 7. Safety Education and Training :

There should be proper facilities to impart training in safety measures to the worker. This can be accomplished by safety posters, safety films, safety contests and suggestions. These are useful to increase the interest of employees in accident prevention. The purpose of this training is to induce care in the use of dangerous tools or in carrying out risky operations.

Training manager identifies the training need of every person in the organisation with long range and short range planning. Training record is maintained for every employee and training requirements are reviewed regularly.

Safety training is an important factor in managing safety in any industry. Industrial con­cerns should provide as a minimum the following types of training:

2. Refresher Training:

Refresher Training should be conducted at regular intervals to ensure that all work­ers are kept up-to-date with safety requirements.

3. Specific Training:

Specific Training should be provided to the persons with safety related tasks such as crane operators, slingers, plant operators etc.

Essay # 8. Safety Efforts by Government :

In order to ensure industrial safety, government has made number of legislations like, the Factories Act 1948, Indian Electricity Act 1884, Mines Act 1952, Indian Boilers Act 1923; Workmen’s Compensation Act; Indian Electricity Act 1910; Petroleum Act 1934 which governs the safety of personnel and equipment in industrial units in the country.

But we know that legislation alone cannot ensure safety in industrial operations, unless effective approach to prevention of accidents and promotion of safety consciousness in industry is achieved.

This is possible by adopting proper control measures including safe designs of machines and processes, use of protection devices and personal protective equipment’s, effective safety procedures and practices as well as creation of self-regulating system on the shop-floor.

To assure safety to workers and eliminating chances of damage to machinery and equipment, Indian Standards Institute has done commendable job.

It lays down:

(i) Safety precautions to be taken during manufacturing operations.

(ii) Requirements for effective maintenance of tools and equipment’s.

(iii) Standards for proper layout, proper lighting and ventilation of factory building.

(iv) Guidance on safe welding and cutting, use of powered industrial trucks, belt convey­ors fire-fighting equipment’s.

(v) Standards and specifications of safe industrial operations and practices.

(vi) Classification of hazardous chemicals and use of accident prevention tags and picto­rial markings for handling and labeling of dangerous goods.

(vii) Safety codes for handling acids and other chemicals.

(viii) Safety requirements for personal protective equipment’s.

(ix) Standards for fire safety in industrial buildings and safety procedures to be followed in electrical work and use of electrical appliances in hazardous area and explosive atmosphere.

(x) Specifications for protective clothing, safety helmets, face shields and safety equipment are for eyes, ears, lungs, hands, feet and legs. These include eye and ear protec­tors, gas mask, gloves, safety boots and shoes for mines and heavy metal industries etc.

Essay # 9. Safety Programme :

Certain persons are made responsible for safety aspect in the organisation. Now-a-days, safety committee concept is becoming popular. A safety committee consists of executives, super­visors and shop floor workers. This also helps in creating safety consciousness. This is a body which deals all matters related to safety.

Safety programmes analyses causes of accidents, and takes remedial measures which aim at r educing accidents and losses which might occur due to them. Safety programme is a continu­ous process and minimises the factors related to personal and environmental which may cause accidents Safety equipment’s are provided to save employees from accidents. Special trainings are imparted to employees on safety aspects.

In order to create awareness, safety weeks are organised, safety instructions are displayed. It is also necessary to make necessary safety rules and enforce them.

For effectiveness of the safety programmes in an industry, it is necessary to identify the causes of accidents, study them, and take effective steps for their prevention.

For effectiveness of the plant safety programme, following areas should be covered:

i. Plant layout.

ii. House keeping.

iii. Maintenance of the equipment.

iv. Training programme for the employees.

v. Protective equipment requirement.

vi. Separate safety department, with proper communication system.

vii. Fire-fighting facilities.

Lack of training has been identified as one of the major causes of accidents. Safety aware­ness is the basic requirement for reducing accidents. Most of the accidents take place due to adoption of short cuts and/or ignoring the safety guidelines.

There is a need to prepare a safety manual which should include the mandatory use of personal protection equipment, safety aware­ness training programme, fire protection, first-aid, safety signages, accidenting reporting pro­cedure etc., each operation has its own hazards and a safety programme should be developed to mitigate the particular hazards.

Safety programme in an industry must receive the full support of an entire organisation beginning with top management and continuing down through the ranks to include the manag­ers, supervisors and workers.

In any safety programme, following are essential:

1. Secure full support of top management

2. Direct one executive of appropriate level to direct safety programmes.

3. Give publicity to safety programmes.

4. Develop a safety programme for each job.

5. Install safety programme, creating the competition with appropriate rewards for out­standing performance.

6. Train new employees.

7. Safety practice be made effective.

8. Promote good house-keeping.

9. Maintain adequate first-aid facilities.

10. Seek assistance from insurance companies.

Safety programme is carried out in following three phases:

1. Safety Awareness:

This includes educational, on-the-job instruction training, ergonom­ics, and job safety analysis techniques.

2. Safety Implementation:

Implementation of safety programme should be the responsi­bility of all concerned.

3. Safety Programme Maintenance:

This phase is necessary to maintain enthusiasm and energy levels which do not deteriorate with time.

Essay # 10. Factors Affecting Industrial Safety :

There are large numbers of factors affecting the safety, but they can be divided into following categories:

i. Equipment related factors.

ii. Work area related factors.

iii. Environmental factors.

Now-a-days equipment are manufactured keeping all safety aspects in mind, therefore, not much concentration is required for safety aspects related to equipment, except maintenance.

Factors related to other two categories are discussed here under:

1. Working Environment:

Working environment is the single biggest factor affecting safety aspects. It varies from concern to concern, and on the type of industry, and not always possible to establish ideal conditions. However serious efforts should be made to arrive at them.

Following are the range of ideal conditions for different environmental factors that are condu­cive to ideal working conditions:

i. Temperature:

(a) 20-22°C in winter

(b) 21-24°C in summer

ii. Humidity:

25—50 percent relative humidity

iii. Noise:

Conversation from a distance of one metro should be possible without extra effort.

iv. Ventilation:

0.6 cubic metre of fresh air per man or suf­ficient enough to remove odour

2. Lifting of Load:

Although most works are done mechanically in the process of manufac­turing, still many material handling works involving load lifting are done manually. It has been experienced that a man can easily lift about 22 kg and woman about 16 kg.

But while doing work continuously in a bent position even with a small load, there will be immense strains on spine and back muscles that may result in injury especially for aged workers. Therefore, efforts must be made to keep the material at a certain height so as to minimise the strain and fatigue.

3. Chemical Safety:

Many processing and manufacturing industries use chemicals in one or other form. The chemical are hazardous mainly for their toxicity, flash point below 100°F, their reactions when mixed with other chemicals, and their decomposition under heat.

Therefore, extra care should be made and recommended safe practices should be adopted for the receipts, storage, handling and disposal of chemicals and other hazardous materials. Where necessary respiratory devices, protective clothing, safety showers, and eye wash facili­ties should be used and located at suitable places, the use of exhaust hoods, air filtering and to provide protection from gases and air borne hazards.

4. Safety Equipment:

Personal, safety equipment’s are necessary to protect from any acci­dent, like hard hats for construction workers, safety goggles and shields for welders etc. Safety shoes, protective clothing, respirators are also used to protect from hostile environment.

Essay # 11. Personal Protection Equipment (P.P.E.) :

Personal protection equipment (PPE) is attached to the human body for protection against injury or harm. Human body is delicate and prone to injury by various industrial hazards. Use of PPE helps in minimising injury.

Safety management’s main objectives are to eliminate hazardous conditions, prevent acci­dents, and to minimise hazards. However, the PPE provides additional and essential back-up protection to the workers.

Sensitive parts of the body requiring protection include the following:

Sensitive to bright light, particles, dust, fumes.

Sensitive to noise, sound.

Sensitive to particles, chemical liquids/fumes/gases, flying objects

4. Nose, Lungs, respiratory system:

Sensitive to chemical fumes, dust, poisonous gases

5. Head and Neck:

Sensitive to flying objects, accidental hitting.

6. Arms hand and fingers:

Sensitive to accidental hitting, insertion in rotating part.

7. Leg and foot:

Sensitive to falling of objects, chemicals.

Sensitive to electric shock, heat and cold.

Sensitive to heat and cold.

Under various provisions of the Factories Act and rules thereunder suitable PPE is re­quired to be provided. Attempts are therefore made to design process of construction and generation of power efficiently and safely. Efforts should also be made to keep all hazards under control. It must be kept in mind that PPE do not eliminate the hazard, these are designed to interpose an effective barrier between a person and harmful objects, substances or radiations.

Suitable PPE meets the following requirements:

1. Adequate protection against the hazards.

2. Maximum comfort and minimum weight compatible with protective efficiency.

3. Durability and susceptibility of maintenance.

4. Construction in accordance with the accepted standards for performance.

List of Important Protection Equipment (PPE):

Essay # 12. First-Aid :

Although in factories, sufficient safety measures are taken to minimise accidents but acci­dents cannot be totally avoided and hence, proper first-aid facilities for common accidents such as fire, heat stroke, cuts etc. must be provided in every factory by the employers.

A first-aid box is provided in the charge of a responsible person, who must be always avail­able in working hours and he should be trained in first-aid.

Some firms have elaborate arrangements of stretcher service, ambulance arrangements, surgeries etc. in the works dispensary.

The workers as human being are entitled to every consideration at the hands of the man­agement and it lies in the administration to institute adequate precautionary and prompt first- aid towards its workers. And hence, it is essential that the management should be fully equipped to offer first-aid to the workers.

The specified contents of first-aid box in workshops employing more than 60 persons (as per Factory Act) are:

1. Twenty four small sterilized dressings.

2. Twelve medium size sterilized dressings.

3. Twelve large size sterilized dressings.

4. (10 gms) packets sterilized cotton wool.

5. One snake bite lancet.

6. One pair of scissors.

7. Twelve large size burn dressings.

8. Two (25 gms) bottles of potassium permanganate crystals.

9. One (100 gms) bottle containing two percent alcoholic solution.

10. One (100 gms) bottle of salvotative having the dose and mode of administration indi­cated on label.

11. One copy of first-aid leaflet.

12. Twelve rolled bandages 10 cm wide.

13. Twelve rolled bandages 5 cm wide.

14. Two rolls of adhesive plaster.

15. Six triangular bandages.

16. Two packets of safety pins.

17. A supply of suitable splits.

18. One townquet.

19. Eye drops.

Treatment for Electric Shock :

The following precautions must be observed while working on electrical works to protect against shocks:

1. Before working on “Live Mains” first switch off the supply of electricity to them.

2. If it is not possible to “Switch Off” the mains, see that your hands and feet are not wet

3. If a person gets an electric shock, rescue him with the help of an insulator. If the insulator is not available use your feet and not the hands to rescue him.

4. While working on high voltage, stand on bad conducting material.

If any person gets an electric shock, the following steps must be taken for his treatment:

Removal from the Contact:

If the person who is shocked by electricity is in contact with the electrical machine or an apparatus, then one person for saving him should stand on a dry wooden chair while removing the victim; otherwise pull him with the help of a dry coat, dry rope or coconut matting etc.

Preliminary Steps:

If the patient’s clothes are smouldering then those should be extin­guished If he is breathing he should be sent to the doctor. If not breathing artificial respiration methods should be adopted to recover him. Do not give him any liquid to drink.

Fire Protection :

1. Following precautions should be taken to avoid fire hazards on all oxy-acetylene cut­ting and welding:

(a) Keep hose and cylinder valves free from grease and oil.

(b) Keep cylinders away from stoves, furnaces and other sources of heat.

(c) Only ‘Gas Lighter’ should be used to light the torch.

(d) Avoid use of oxy acetylene flame in confined spaces.

(e) For testing of leakages, use only soap water and watch for bubbles.

(f) Valve protection caps should be in place when cylinders are not in use.

2. Gas cylinders should be kept upright in approved safe place where they cannot be knocked over, and well separated from furnaces and combustion materials. Loaded and empty cylinder should be kept in separate places.

3. Oxygen cylinders should not be stored in close proximity to acetylene cylinders. In no circumstances oxygen or acetylene cylinders should be stored under direct rays of Sun or in places where excessive rise of temperature is likely to occur.

4. Following precautions should be taken during electric arc welding and cutting:

(a) Welder and all persons working in the immediate vicinity should wear suitable coloured goggles unless the work is completely shielded.

(b) Persons should never look at an electric arc with the naked eye, as it may cause serious eye injury.

(c) Only heavy duty electric cable with unbroken insulation should be used, and all connections should be water-proof. Frequent inspections should be made.

(d) Before leaving the work, welder should switch off the power supply to the equip­ment.

5. Package containing paints, varnishes, lacquers or other volatile painting materials should be kept tightly closed when not in actual use, and should be placed where they will not be exposed to excessive heat, sparks, flame or direct rays of the Sun.

6. Dirty wiping rags, paint scrapings and paint saturated debris, should not be allowed to accumulate but should be collected and disposed of at frequent intervals.

7. Smoking, open flame, exposed heating elements, and other sources of ignition of any kind should not be permitted in paint stores or areas where spray painting is done.

8. Fire extinguishers of appropriate capacity should always be at hand where flammable paint and other materials are being mixed, used or stored.

9. The smoke and hot combustion products from a fire, being lighter than surrounding air tend to rise and on reaching the roof spread out on all sides and form a floating layer and the whole building is then filled up with hot smoky gases. The provision of properly designed and suitably located vents in adequate number helps the speedy removal of smoke and hot gas, thereby preventing spread of fire, besides reducing risks of explosion of unburnt gases which may cause extensive damages.

10. All combustible waste material, wood sealings, soiled rags etc. should be removed daily and burned in suitable burning areas. The saw mill and timber yard be kept free from accumulation to combustible debris.

11. It should be ensured that the clothes worn by the workmen be not of such nature as to increase the chances of their getting involved in accident to themselves or others. As a rule, wearing of loose garments should be prohibited.

12. Smoking should be prohibited in ail flammable storages viz. carpentry, paint shops, garrages, service station etc. “No Smoking” signs should be posted on all such areas.

13. Flammable liquids, lubricants etc. should be handled and transported in safety con­tainers and drums which can be tightly capped:

14. All electric installations should be properly earthed.

15. Following fire-fighting arrangements should be made:

(a) Fire extinguishers and fire buckets, painted red, be provided at all fire hazardous locations. The extinguishers should be inspected, serviced and maintained in ac­cordance with manufacturer’s instructions.

(b) In isolated locations (away from the cities), it will be necessary to provide for and install complete fire-fighting facilities including provision for fire tenders com­mensurate with the numbers, size and importance of equipment’s, buildings or supplies to be protected.

(c) Since portable hand extinguishers have limited capacity, full reliance should never be placed on them. Water in ample quantity and under adequate pressure should always be available for fire fighting

(d) Fire exit and fire alarm arrangements should be provided at all locations featur­ing hazards.

(e) All staff should be conversant with the use of all types of fire extinguishing appa­ratuses. Demonstrations and training in fire-fighting should be conducted at sufficient intervals.

Fire Fighting, Detection and Alarm System :

Fire-fighting systems include:

1. Water sprays system (sprinkler system):

Generally used for offices, stores, turbine- generators, transformer and boiler front areas.

2. CO 2 system:

These are used in enclosed areas, switchgear room, cable tunnels, and gas turbine/engine cells.

3. Dry chemical powder (DCP) system:

Dry chemical powder (DCP) system, used for control room, offices, electrical plant etc.

4. Foam system:

Foam system, used for fuel-oil storage tank protection.

5. Halon System:

This is used for computer room, cable tunnels, control-relay room and other light current auxiliary system rooms.

6. Hydrant system:

This is used for general use throughout the plant.

7. Water Hose-reels:

Used in offices, stores, and workshop corridors etc.

Total Fire Protection System includes:

1. Fire Detection systems.

2. Fire Alarm systems.

3. Fire Alarm and Control Panel.

4. Fire Hydrant System.

Smoke indicates presence of fire. Flame, light and heat confirm the presence of fire. Fire must be detected rapidly and it should be quenched before it grows. Fire is detected by the fire detection system comprising fire detectors.

The fire detectors are located in various zones of the plant, substations and are connected to the fire alarm and fire control panel located in the control room and to the automatic fire fighting system distributed in the plant.

The detection of smoke/fire, sounding of alarm and initiating the fire extinguishing action can be achieved by various methods. Fire detector system initiates fire alarm system. The operation of a fire detector is immediately indicated and buzzer is sounded on the respective zone window of the panel. This initiate operation of automatic fire fighting system in the af­fected zone.

Related Articles:

• Causes of Accident: 4 Important Causes of Accident | Employee Management
• Employee Health and Safety
• Good Housekeeping: Necessity, Procedure and Advantages | Industries
• Essay on Industrial Relations

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తెలుగు వికాసంలో ఎవరెవరు ఎలా మార్పులు తీసుకొచ్చారు అన్నప్పుడు  కందుకూరి వీరేశలింగం పంతులు  తెలుగు సమాజంలో మార్పు తేవడానికి, గురజాడ అప్పారావు  తెలుగు సాహిత్యానికి ఎంత సేవ చేశారో, అధికార భాషను  ప్రజల భాషగా మార్చడానికి గిడుగు రామమూర్తి పంతులు గారు అంత కృషి చేశారు.  

నేడు తెలుగు భాష దినోత్సవం సందర్భంగా తెలుగు ఉపన్యాసకురాలు ప్రసూన బిళ్ళకంటి రాసిన వ్యాసం ఇక్కడ చదవండి.

తెలుగే ఒక వెలుగు

జాతి ద్వారా భాషకు, భాష ద్వారా జాతికి ఒక విశిష్టమైన గౌరవం ఏర్పడుతుంది. ఒక జాతి పురోగమన మార్గమును తల్లిభాష ముందుండి నడిపిస్తుంది. తెలుగును రక్షించి, అభివృద్ధి పథంలో నడిపిస్తూ, తెలుగు వెలుగులను ప్రాచుర్యంలోకి తెస్తామన్న వాగ్ధానాలు తీర్చకపోగా, ఇంకా నిరాదరణకు గురి కావడం చాలా బాధాకరం.

ఇంగ్లాండు నుంచి వచ్చి, ఉద్యోగ శిక్షణలో భాగంగా తెలుగు నేర్చుకుని, భాషపై మమకారం పెంచుకొని, తాళపత్రాలు సేకరించి, మిణుకు మిణుకు మంటున్న తెలుగు దీపాన్ని వెలిగించాడు బ్రౌన్ దొర. ఒక విదేశీయుడు తెలుగు భాష కోసం అంత చేయగలిగినపుడు, మన ప్రభుత్వాలు మన భాషా సంరక్షణ కోసం ఇంకెంత చేయవచ్చు?

భాష భావాల వ్యక్తీకరణ మాత్రమే కాదు, మానవ సంబంధాలను అభివృద్ధి పరిచే సాంస్కృతిక ప్రతిబింబం. ఉగ్గుపాలతోపాటు మనోభావాలు మాటల్లో, పాటల్లో బిడ్డకు చేరుతాయి.  'చందమామ రావే.... జాబిల్లి రావే...' అనే పాటలో బిడ్డ ఎంత ఆనందం పొందుతుందో, సరస్వతీ దేవి కూడా అంతే పరవశమౌతుంది.

పరిణామ క్రమంలో ఎన్నో విషయాల్లో ఎన్నో మార్పులు జరిగుతాయి.  అందుకు భాష కూడా అతీతం కాదు. ఆ మార్పు తెలుగులో ఎక్కువగా జరుగుతుంది అని చెప్పవచ్చు.  పక్కన ఉండే తమిళనాడు, కర్ణాటక, మహారాష్ట్రలలో మాతృ భాష పై మమకారం ఎక్కువ. ఇంకో భాషకు అస్సలు ప్రాధాన్యం ఇవ్వరు.  మరి మన తెలుగు రాష్ట్రాల్లో ప్రభుత్వాలే దగ్గరుండి మాతృభాషకు ద్రోహం తలపెడుతున్నారు. దానికి మేధావులు వత్తాసు పలుకుతున్నారు.

తెలుగు వికాసంలో ఎవరెవరు ఎలా మార్పులు తీసుకొచ్చారు అన్నప్పుడు  కందుకూరి వీరేశలింగం పంతులు  తెలుగు సమాజంలో మార్పు తేవడానికి, గురజాడ అప్పారావు  తెలుగు సాహిత్యానికి ఎంత సేవ చేశారో, అధికార భాషను  ప్రజల భాషగా మార్చడానికి గిడుగు రామమూర్తి పంతులు గారు అంత కృషి చేశారు.  అందుకే తెలుగు భాషా దినోత్సవం అనగానే గిడుగు వారు మన కళ్ళముందు దర్శనమిస్తారు.

రాయప్రోలు, త్రిపురనేని, చిలకమర్తి, పానుగంటి, ఉన్నవ, విశ్వనాథ, శ్రీ శ్రీ, కాళోజీ, సినారె మొదలగు ఎందరో కవులు తెలుగు సాహిత్యాన్ని ఉన్నత శిఖరాలకు చేర్చినారు.  సురవరం ప్రతాప రెడ్డి  దినపత్రికలలో భాషా విప్లవానికి నాంది పలికారు. భక్తి మార్గంలో త్యాగయ్య, క్షేత్రయ్య, అన్నమయ్య, తరిగొండ వెంగమాంబ, రామదాసు, పుట్టపర్తి, దేవులపల్లి... ఇలా ఎందరో సాంస్కృతిక పునరుజ్జీవనానికి కారకులైనారు.

ఈనాడు భారత దేశంలో హిందీ తర్వాత అత్యధికంగా మాట్లాడే భాష తెలుగు.  ప్రపంచంలో ఇది పదహారవ స్థానం ఆక్రమించింది.  అతి సులభతరమైన ప్రపంచ భాషలలో  మాండరిన్ తర్వాత తెలుగు రెండో స్థానంలో ఉంది.  కానీ ఇపుడు ఆధునిక పరిణామ మార్పుల నేపథ్యంలో విపరీతంగా నిరాదరణకు గురవుతున్న భాషల్లో కూడా తెలుగు ముందంజలో ఉండడం చాలా బాధాకరం.  ఒక భాషకు ప్రాధాన్యత తగ్గితే దాని చుట్టూ వేలాది సంవత్సరాల చరిత్ర, సంస్కృతి, సంప్రదాయాలు కూడా తెరమరుగవుతాయని గమనించాలి.  వేరుకు చెదలు పడితే మహా వృక్షమైనా నేల కూలక తప్పదు.  పరిస్థితి మన భాషకు రాకముందే మనం మేలుకోవడం మంచిది.

ఏ పని అయినా కలిసి కట్టుగా చేస్తే అందులో విజయం సాధించవచ్చు.  అప్పట్లో గిడుగు రామమూర్తి  ఒక్కరే ఛాందస భాషావాదులతో  ఎదురీది నిలిచారు.  ఇప్పుడు ప్రజలు, ప్రభుత్వాలు కూడా కలిసి పని చేయాల్సిన అవసరం ఉంది.  తల్లిదండ్రుల ప్రభావం పిల్లలపై చాలా ఉంటుంది.  పర భాషా వ్యామోహంలో పడి, తల్లి భాషను మాట్లాడడానికి సిగ్గు పడుతున్నారు.  పాఠశాలల్లో తెలుగు మాట్లాడితే ఫైన్ లు వేస్తున్నారు.  దీనిని తల్లిదండ్రులు సమర్ధిస్తున్నారు. అమ్మను అమ్మా అని పిలవొద్దనే దౌర్భాగ్య విష సంస్కృతి వచ్చి చేరింది.  వేరే భాషలెన్నైనా నేర్చుకోండి, మన భాషను వీడకండి, మరువకండి.

విదేశాలకెళ్ళిన వారు సైతం మాతృదేశాన్ని, భాషను, సంస్కృతులను పద్ధతులను పాటించడం చూడ ముచ్చటగా ఉంది.  ఇక్కడున్న వాళ్ళేమో మాతృ భాషకు మరణ శాసనం రాస్తున్నారు.  చదువులో అన్ని విషయాల మీద ఉన్న శ్రద్ధ తెలుగు పైన చూపడంలేదు.  ఇది చాలా సిగ్గుచేటు.  మలేషియా, సింగపూర్ లలో ఉండే తెలుగు వారు ఏటేటా తెలుగు దినోత్సవాలు జరుపుకుంటున్నారు.  ఇక్కడున్నవారు తెలుగు తప్ప అన్నీ కావాలంటున్నారు.

ఎంత విజ్ఞానం పెరిగినా, ఆంగ్ల పదజాలం పెరిగినా, పెరిగిన సాంకేతిక నైపుణ్యం ద్వారా తెలుగులో కూడా ఆధునిక మార్పులు చేసి ఉపయోగించవచ్చు.  ఆ రకంగా ప్రయత్నాలు చేయాలి.  ఒకటో తరగతి నుంచి పన్నెండవ తరగతి వరకు తప్పనిసరిగా తెలుగును చేయడం, తర్వాత ఐచ్ఛికం చేయడం వల్ల ముందు తరాలకు తెలుగును అందించవచ్చు.  లేదంటే జీవద్భాష నుండి మృతభాషగా మారుతుంది. అందమైన అమ్మ భాషను కాపాడుకుందాం.

• Gidugu Ramamurthy
• Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy
• Prasoona Billakanti
• Telugu Language Day 2021

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విద్యుత్ ఆదా చేయండి వ్యాసం Save Electricity essay in Telugu

Save Electricity essay in Telugu విద్యుత్ ఆదా చేయండి వ్యాసం: Electricity is essential for a healthy life.   Electricity is vital for our daily lives.   It would be hard to imagine a life without electricity.   Natural gas and coal are used to generate electricity.   The resources that are available to produce electricity are finite and not renewable.   These resources need to be conserved and electricity needs to be conserved.

Electricity is an important resource for humanity.   It’s time to stop wasting electricity.   The world will become darkened without electricity.   It is imperative that we stop human carelessness.   We must learn the value of electricity to save ourselves from darkening.

Also called as: Essay about Save Electricity in Telugu.

You need electricity

Every aspect of our lives is dependent on electricity.   For a comfortable, easy life, electricity is vital.   The world would be without electricity.   Electricity is essential for all of our health and education.   Without electricity, the surgeon won’t be able to perform his surgery.   Practical knowledge will not be available to students.

Motor mechanics who work in garages and factory engineers also need electricity.   All that is required to transport passengers from the railway station to the airport or other locations is electricity.

Many modes of transportation also depend on electricity.   Every day thousands of people travel by metros and trams.   All this is possible because of electricity.   Modern life is dependent on electricity.   It makes it more civilized.

How to Save Electricity

It is important that everyone realizes that even small changes can make a huge difference in saving electricity.   You can save thousands of Watts if every household turns off the fan when it’s not being used.

As with the previous, you can save large amounts of electricity by using your air conditioners heaters ovens fridges and other appliances correctly.

Make more use of the natural sunlight.   Avoid the afternoon and morning hours when the sun is shining.   The sun will give you what it gives you.   We must replace old appliances, as they consume a lot of electricity.   It is also important to make our homes more efficient.

Unplug any electrical devices that are not in use.   These devices consume at least 10% of electricity even when not being used.   These devices can be unplugged to conserve electricity.

Reduce your TV viewing time.   Encourage your children’s outdoor reading and to play.   Laptops can be used in place of desktops.   A desktop consumes more energy than a notebook.   It is essential to turn off your air conditioner fans when you are not using it.   This will reduce wastage.

Solar panels are also a great option.   These panels can be very economical and help you save money.   Solar panels can reduce energy consumption and save you money.   This is true for megawatt-consuming industries.   It is essential to install windmills.   This will enable you to obtain cheap electricity from renewable sources.

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When the media covers scientific research, not all scientists are equally likely to be mentioned. A new study finds scientists with Asian or African names were 15% less likely to be named in a story. shironosov/Getty Images hide caption

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Domestic violence may leave telltale damage in the brain. Scientists want to find it

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A 3D model of a short section of the stone wall. The scale at the bottom of the image measures 50 cm. Photos by Philipp Hoy, University of Rostock; model created using Agisoft Metashape by J. Auer, LAKD M-V hide caption

Scientists scanning the seafloor discover a long-lost Stone Age 'megastructure'

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1 Cite Share Small extracellular vesicles from young plasma reverse age-related functional declines by improving mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chen X, Luo Y, Zhu Q, Zhang J, Huang H, Kan Y, Li D, Xu M, Liu S, Li J, Pan J, Zhang L, Guo Y, Wang B, Qi G, Zhou Z, Zhang CY, Fang L, Wang Y, Chen X. Chen X, et al. Nat Aging. 2024 Apr 16. doi: 10.1038/s43587-024-00612-4. Online ahead of print. Nat Aging. 2024. PMID: 38627524 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

2 Cite Share Dual-role transcription factors stabilize intermediate expression levels. He J, Huo X, Pei G, Jia Z, Yan Y, Yu J, Qu H, Xie Y, Yuan J, Zheng Y, Hu Y, Shi M, You K, Li T, Ma T, Zhang MQ, Ding S, Li P, Li Y. He J, et al. Cell. 2024 Apr 10:S0092-8674(24)00314-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.023. Online ahead of print. Cell. 2024. PMID: 38631355 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

3 Cite Share ITPRIPL1 binds CD3ε to impede T cell activation and enable tumor immune evasion. Deng S, Zhang Y, Wang H, Liang W, Xie L, Li N, Fang Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Chi H, Sun Y, Ye R, Shan L, Shi J, Shen Z, Wang Y, Wang S, Brosseau JP, Wang F, Liu G, Quan Y, Xu J. Deng S, et al. Cell. 2024 Apr 5:S0092-8674(24)00310-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.019. Online ahead of print. Cell. 2024. PMID: 38614099 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

4 Cite Share Brain endothelial GSDMD activation mediates inflammatory BBB breakdown. Wei C, Jiang W, Wang R, Zhong H, He H, Gao X, Zhong S, Yu F, Guo Q, Zhang L, Schiffelers LDJ, Zhou B, Trepel M, Schmidt FI, Luo M, Shao F. Wei C, et al. Nature. 2024 Apr 17. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07314-2. Online ahead of print. Nature. 2024. PMID: 38632402 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

5 Cite Share Overall Survival with Adjuvant Pembrolizumab in Renal-Cell Carcinoma. Choueiri TK, Tomczak P, Park SH, Venugopal B, Ferguson T, Symeonides SN, Hajek J, Chang YH, Lee JL, Sarwar N, Haas NB, Gurney H, Sawrycki P, Mahave M, Gross-Goupil M, Zhang T, Burke JM, Doshi G, Melichar B, Kopyltsov E, Alva A, Oudard S, Topart D, Hammers H, Kitamura H, McDermott DF, Silva A, Winquist E, Cornell J, Elfiky A, Burgents JE, Perini RF, Powles T; KEYNOTE-564 Investigators. Choueiri TK, et al. N Engl J Med. 2024 Apr 18;390(15):1359-1371. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2312695. N Engl J Med. 2024. PMID: 38631003 Clinical Trial. Cite Share Item in Clipboard

6 Cite Share Orphan Nuclear Receptor NR4A3 Promotes Vascular Calcification via Histone Lactylation. Ma W, Jia K, Cheng H, Xu H, Li Z, Zhang H, Xie H, Zhuang L, Wang Z, Cui Y, Sun H, Yi L, Chen Z, Duan S, Sano M, Fukuda K, Lu L, Gao F, Zhang R, Yan X. Ma W, et al. Circ Res. 2024 Apr 17. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.323699. Online ahead of print. Circ Res. 2024. PMID: 38629274 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

7 Cite Share Prasinezumab slows motor progression in rapidly progressing early-stage Parkinson's disease. Pagano G, Taylor KI, Anzures Cabrera J, Simuni T, Marek K, Postuma RB, Pavese N, Stocchi F, Brockmann K, Svoboda H, Trundell D, Monnet A, Doody R, Fontoura P, Kerchner GA, Brundin P, Nikolcheva T, Bonni A; PASADENA Investigators; Prasinezumab Study Group. Pagano G, et al. Nat Med. 2024 Apr 15. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-02886-y. Online ahead of print. Nat Med. 2024. PMID: 38622249 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

8 Cite Share Body mass index, waist circumference, and mortality in subjects older than 80 years: a Mendelian randomization study. Lv Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Gao X, Ren Y, Deng L, Xu L, Zhou J, Wu B, Wei Y, Cui X, Xu Z, Guo Y, Qiu Y, Ye L, Chen C, Wang J, Li C, Luo Y, Yin Z, Mao C, Yu Q, Lu H, Kraus VB, Zeng Y, Tong S, Shi X. Lv Y, et al. Eur Heart J. 2024 Apr 16:ehae206. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae206. Online ahead of print. Eur Heart J. 2024. PMID: 38626306 Cite Share Item in Clipboard

9 Cite Share The antibody-drug conjugate landscape. Flynn P, Suryaprakash S, Grossman D, Panier V, Wu J. Flynn P, et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2024 Apr 16. doi: 10.1038/d41573-024-00064-w. Online ahead of print. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2024. PMID: 38627573 No abstract available. Cite Share Item in Clipboard

10 Cite Share A pan-cancer analysis of the microbiome in metastatic cancer. Battaglia TW, Mimpen IL, Traets JJH, van Hoeck A, Zeverijn LJ, Geurts BS, de Wit GF, Noë M, Hofland I, Vos JL, Cornelissen S, Alkemade M, Broeks A, Zuur CL, Cuppen E, Wessels L, van de Haar J, Voest E. Battaglia TW, et al. Cell. 2024 Apr 5:S0092-8674(24)00312-X. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.021. Online ahead of print. Cell. 2024. PMID: 38599211 Free article. Cite Share Item in Clipboard

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Recent developments in cancer research: Expectations for a new remedy

1 Department of Surgery and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan

Qingjiang Hu

Yuta kasagi, masaki mori.

Cancer research has made remarkable progress and new discoveries are beginning to be made. For example, the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibition mechanisms in cancer cells has led to the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors that have benefited many cancer patients. In this review, we will introduce and describe the latest novel areas of cancer research: exosomes, microbiome, immunotherapy. and organoids. Exosomes research will lead to further understanding of the mechanisms governing cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as the development of cancer detection and therapeutic methods. Microbiome are important in understanding the disease. Immunotherapy is the fourth treatment in cancer therapy. Organoid biology will further develop with a goal of translating the research into personalized therapy. These research areas may result in the creation of new cancer treatments in the future.

Cancer research has made remarkable progress and new discoveries are beginning to be made. In this review, we will introduce and describe the latest novel areas of cancer research: exosomes, microbiomes, immunotherapy, and organoids.

1. INTRODUCTION

The cancer research field has developed significantly through use of new equipment and technology. One example of new technology is Next‐Generation Sequencing (NGS). Also known as high‐throughput sequencing, NGS is the catch‐all term used to describe a number of different modern nucleic acid sequencing technologies. These methods allow for much quicker and cheaper sequencing of DNA and RNA compared with the previously used Sanger sequencing, and as such have revolutionized the study of genomics and molecular biology. NGS also allows for easier detection of mutations in cancer samples, leading to development of many new agents that can be used to treat patients. For example, if the RAS gene status is detected as wild type in a colorectal cancer patient, then an anti‐EGFR antibody, such as cetuximab or panitumumab, can be used for treatment.

A liquid biopsy, also known as fluid biopsy or fluid phase biopsy, is the sampling and analysis of non‐solid biological tissue, primarily blood. 1 It is being used as a novel way to detect cancer. Like a traditional biopsy, this type of technique is mainly used as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for diseases, and also has the added benefit of being largely noninvasive. Therefore, liquid biopsies can be performed more frequently, allowing for better tracking of tumors and mutations over a duration of time. This technique may also be used to validate the effectiveness of a cancer treatment drug by taking multiple liquid biopsy samples in the span of a few weeks. It may also prove to be beneficial for monitoring relapse in patients after treatment.

Novel devices and drugs have also been developed and used for cancer treatment. For surgery procedures, robotic‐assisted laparoscopic surgery has evolved and made it possible to visualize the fine movement of the forceps in three dimensions. This method is now used in esophageal, gastric, and rectal cancer surgeries in Japan. 2 , 3 , 4

Recently, immunotherapy became an additional method for treating cancer patients. The discovery of the immune checkpoint by Dr Honjo led to the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors. 5 Despite these developments, gastrointestinal cancers are still a major problem in need of new treatment methods. In this review, we introduce and describe four new areas of cancer research that may contribute to cancer treatment in the future: exosomes, microbiome, immunotherapy, and organoids.

2. AN APPLICATION OF EXOSOME RESEARCH IN CANCER THERAPY

An exosome is a small particle that is secreted by cells. Its size can range from 50 to 150 nm and has a surface consisting of proteins and lipids that originate from the cell membrane. Additionally, proteins and nucleic acids, such as DNA, microRNAs, and mRNAs, can be found inside the exosome as its “cargo.” 6 Recently, many researchers have discovered that exosomes are involved in the mechanisms of various diseases. As mentioned above, various functional compounds, such as microRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins, can be contained within exosomes. 7 , 8 Many cells use secretion of exosomes to communicate with one another, and these exosomes can even reach distant cells. Cancer cells can also secrete exosomes that contain molecules beneficial to cancer growth. For example, microRNAs found in cancer exosomes can modulate gene expression to induce angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment, which supports metastasis. 9 Exosomes released from cancer cells can also reportedly break the blood‐brain barrier, which makes it contribute to brain metastasis. 10 , 11 Cancer cells themselves are similarly affected by the exosomes secreted by the surrounding normal cells. 12 In one case, the exosomes secreted by bone marrow‐delivered mesenchymal stem cells can force cancer cells into a dormant state. 13 These dormant cancer cells become resistant to chemotherapy and are involved in long‐term disease recurrence. Thus, exosomes are deeply involved in cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as in the formation of the tumor microenvironment and pre‐metastatic niche. 13 Further research on cancer‐related exosomes is ongoing.

Knowledge of exosomes can be applied to cancer treatment. If the secretion of exosomes from cancer cells can be prevented, then signal transduction supporting the formation of the tumor microenvironment and pre‐metastatic niche can be blocked. Work focusing on the removal of cancer exosomes is now ongoing. 14

Exosomes can also be utilized for cancer diagnosis. Exosomes secreted by many cell types are found in various body fluids, such as blood and urine. Capturing and analyzing exosomes from cancer cells can be used to detect the presence of disease. 15 Obtaining blood or urine from patients is not very invasive or painful. Since many molecules, such as various proteins, DNA, and microRNAs, can be found in exosomes from normal cells, it is important to distinguish them from cancer‐related ones. If exosomes are to be used for cancer diagnosis, then specific biomarkers need to be discovered. Additionally, the development of a method to detect these exosomes must be done. Currently, exosome detection methods for exosomes abundantly found in the serum of colorectal and pancreatic cancer patients, as well as exosomes found in the urine of bladder cancer patients, are being developed. 16 , 17 Thus, further understanding of the mechanisms governing cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as the development of cancer detection and therapeutic methods, is significantly affected by exosome research.

3. MICROBIOME IN CANCER RESEARCH

A large number of microorganisms inhabit the human body. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Among them, bacteria have the most important relationship with the human body. Bacteria can live anywhere within the human body, including the digestive tract, respiratory system, and oral cavity. 18 , 19 , 20 In particular, bacteria in the digestive tract are rich in type and number, 21 with possibly 1000 types and more than 100 trillion individual bacterial cells present. 22 , 23 The overall population of various bacteria found in the human intestine is referred to as the “intestinal flora.” Recently, the terms “microbiota” or “microbiome” have also been widely used.

Recent advancements with NGS have led to a much more precise understanding of the intestinal microbiome. 24 The bacteria in the human microbiome mainly belong to four phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteri. Of these, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the most dominant species. It is reported that microbiome vary depending on age and race. 25 , 26 Dysbiosis is a condition in which the diversity of the microbiome is reduced. Dysbiosis is reportedly involved in various diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, obesity, diabetes, and allergic diseases. 27 , 28 , 29 For example, bacteria such as Atopobium parvulum and Actinomyces odontolyticus increase in number during the early stages of colorectal cancer (adenomas or intramucosal cancers) and decrease in number during cancer progression. 30 This suggests that a specific microbiome is associated with early stages of colorectal cancer development, which may be useful knowledge for early cancer detection.

Various studies have also been conducted to elucidate the relationship between the microbiome and the human immune system. 31 The IgA antibody, which is one of the most important elements in the intestinal immune system, is believed to play a role in the elimination of pathogens and maintenance of the intestinal environment. The IgA antibody recognizes, eliminates, and neutralizes pathogenic bacteria and toxins. It also maintains a symbiotic relationship by recognizing and binding to the normal microbiome of the host. 32 Mice lacking a microbiome have reduced production of the IgA antibody. A microbiome is required for IgA antibody differentiation. Recent studies have identified W27IgA antibodies that have the ability to bind to various bacteria. 33 Oral administration of a W27IgA antibody to enteritis model mice suppressed enteritis by altering the microbiome. This W27IgA antibody can recognize a part of the amino acid sequence of serine hydroxymethyl transferase, which is a metabolic enzyme involved in bacterial growth. The W27IgA antibody can suppress the growth of E coli by binding to them. However, the W27IgA antibody does not bind to bacteria that suppress enteritis, such as bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria. 33 Thus, the microbiome is deeply involved in human intestinal immunity. Recently, it is having been established that the microbiome is not only involved in intestinal immunity, but also in the systemic immune system.

As the analysis of the microbiome progresses, the pathophysiology of various diseases, such as cancers, and its relationship with the regulatory function of the human immune system will be further elucidated. It has been demonstrated that F nucleatum plays a role in the development and progression of colon adenomas and colorectal cancer. It is also related to lymph node metastases and distant metastasis. 34 , 35 Also, microbiome is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. 36 Studying microbiome will give us some clue in the development and remedy for gastrointestinal cancers (Table  1 ).

Gastrointestinal cancer and their related microbiome

4. THE RISE OF IMMUNOTHERAPY IN CANCER TREATMENT

For many years, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy were the main methods of cancer treatment. In addition to these therapies, immunotherapy has recently attracted great attention worldwide (Table  2 ). 37 , 38 Under normal circumstances, a cancer antigen will activate the patient's immune system to attack the cancer cells. However, sometimes the immune system does not recognize the cancer cells as non‐self, or it simply fails to attack them. This can result in the development and progression of cancer.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

Although therapies that activate the immune system against cancer cells have been studied for a long time, the use of the patient's own immune system for cancer treatment was not established. Recently, the effectiveness of both immune checkpoint inhibition therapy and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T cell therapy has proved to be promising. 39 , 40 Immunotherapy has moved to the forefront of cancer treatment strategies.

There are two major reasons why proving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies was difficult for some time. First, cancer immunity is strongly suppressed. Signal transduction from immune checkpoint compounds, such as PD‐1 and CTLA4, strongly inhibits cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). 38 This checkpoint mechanism can prevent the immune system from attacking cancer cells. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors has arisen from the discovery of this mechanism. Inhibition of immune checkpoint molecules with neutralizing antibodies can release the suppression of cancer‐specific CTLs, activate immunity, and promote cancer elimination. The effectiveness of immune checkpoint antibodies has been confirmed and clinically applied to many solid cancers such as melanoma, 41 lung cancer, 42 urothelial cancer, 43 gastric cancer, 44 and esophageal cancer. 45 In addition to PD‐1 and CTLA4, new immune checkpoint molecules, such as LAG3, TIGIT, and SIRPA, are also being actively studied. 46 , 47 , 48 Although this therapy is promising, the cancer cases who respond to these therapies are limited. This is because use of this therapy requires the presence of cancer‐specific CTLs in the patient's body. To maximize the therapeutic effect, it is desirable to select appropriate cases and develop useful biomarkers.

The second difficulty for immunotherapy is that T cells do not recognize specific cancer cell antigens and immune accelerators are too weak. One goal of CAR‐T cell therapy is to strengthen the immune accelerator by administering CTLs to the patient's body that recognize specific cancer cell‐specific antigens. A CAR is prepared by fusing a single chain Fv (scFv), derived from a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a specific antigen expressed by cancer cells, with CD3z and costimulatory molecules (CD28, 4‐1BB, and others). Next, the CAR is introduced to the T cells obtained from a cancer patient and CAR‐T cells are made. CAR‐T cells recognize the specific antigen of the cancer cells and are activated to damage these cells. CAR‐T cells recognize cancer‐specific antigens with high antibody specificity and attack the respective cancer cells with strong cytotoxic activity and high proliferative activity. CAR‐T therapy is effective in blood cancers such as B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and myeloma. 49 , 50 While CAR‐T cell therapy has a high therapeutic effect, a frequent and serious adverse event called cytokine release syndrome has been observed in some patients. 51 , 52 The development of a technique for suppressing the occurrence of cytokine release syndrome is anticipated. In addition, the development of CAR‐T cell therapies for solid tumors is ongoing.

Recently, there was new progress made in treating gastrointestinal cancer patients. For MSI‐H colorectal cancer, the combination therapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab was approved. From the nivolumab plus ipilimumab cohort of CheckMate‐142, progression‐free survival rates were 76% (9 months) and 71% (12 months); respective overall survival rates were 87% and 85% which were quite high. This new treatment will benefit MSI‐H colorectal cancer patients. 53

Thus, it is expected that further understanding of cancer immune mechanisms and the development of various immunotherapies will contribute to great progress in cancer treatment.

One problem for immunotherapy is that there is no certain predictive biomarker. It was thought that the expression of PD‐1 or PD‐L1 would predict the effect. However, this was not the case. To find a new biomarker, we assessed the cytolytic activity (CYT) score. The CYT score is a new index of cancer immunity calculated from the mRNA expression levels of GZMA and PRF1. We are now evaluating CYT score in gastric cancer patients (data not published). The development in the biomarker search will benefit many gastrointestinal cancer patients.

5. ADVANTAGES FOR USING ORGANOIDS IN CANCER RESEARCH

The three‐dimensional (3D) organoid system is a cell culture‐based, novel, and physiologically relevant biologic platform. 54 An organoid is a miniaturized and simplified version of an organ that is produced in vitro in 3D and shows realistic microanatomy. With only one to a few cells isolated from tissue or cultured cells as the starting material, organoids are grown and passaged in a basement membrane matrix, which contributes to their self‐renewal and differentiation capacities. 54 , 55 The technique used for growing organoids has rapidly improved since the early 2010s with the advent of the field of stem cell biology. The characteristics of stem, embryonic stem cells (ES cells), or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) that allow them to form an organoid in vitro are also found in multiple types of carcinoma tissues and cells. Therefore, cancer researchers have applied ES cells or iPS cells in their field. 56 , 57 , 58

Organoid formation generally requires culturing stem cells or their progenitor cells in 3D. 54 , 55 The morphological and functional characteristics of various types of carcinoma tissue have been recapitulated in organoids that were generated from single‐cell suspensions or cell aggregates. These suspensions or aggregates were isolated from murine and human tissues or cultured cells, as well as from cancer stem cells propagated in culture. The structures of the organoids show the potential of cancer stem cell self‐renewal, proliferation, and differentiation abilities, and also provide insights into the roles of molecular pathways and niche factors that are essential in cancer tissues. 56 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 The organoid system also has been utilized for studying multiple biological processes, including motility, stress response, cell‐cell communications, and cellular interactions that involve a variety of cell types such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. These interactions are mediated via cell surface molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, and receptors in the microenvironment under homeostatic and pathologic conditions.

Although the organoid system is a complex and not effortless procedure that requires specific media, supplements, and many tricky techniques, 58 , 63 application of this system has been extended to a variety of cell types from different carcinomas (colorectal, pancreatic, prostate, breast, ovary, and esophageal cancers). 56 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 61 An organoid is generally induced within a few days to weeks, and is faster and less costly than the murine xenograft assay. Furthermore, applying novel genetic manipulations (e.g. CRISPR‐Cas9) can be carried out in the organoid system. 64 , 65

Kasagi et al modified keratinocyte serum‐free medium to grow 3D organoids from endoscopic esophageal biopsies, immortalized human esophageal epithelial cells, and murine esophagi. Esophageal 3D organoids serve as a novel platform to investigate regulatory mechanisms in squamous epithelial homeostasis in the context of esophageal cancers. 64

We anticipate that many experimental results that utilize the organoid system will be published in the future.

The 3D organoid system has emerged in the past several years as a robust tool in basic research with the potential to be used for personalized medicine. 66 By passaging dissociated primary structures to generate secondary 3D organoids, this system can be performed using live tissue pieces obtained from biopsies, operative‐resected specimens, or even frozen tissues. This method has the potential to transform personalized therapy. For example, in the case of cancer recurrence, an effective chemotherapy can be selected by testing the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of cancer‐derived organoids from an individual patient's tissue stocks. In many cases, a patient's organoid accumulation is helpful for testing the sensitivity of novel therapeutic agents for treating carcinoma. 66 Hence, it appears that organoid biology will further develop with a goal of translating the research into personalized therapy.

6. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

This review describes four new cancer‐related studies: exosomes, microbiome, immunotherapy, and organoids (Figure  1 ).

The summary of the four cancer research areas. In this figure the summary of the four cancer research areas is shown: exosome, microbiome, immunotherapy, and organoid research

Since exosomes are released in blood or urine, if the capturing system is established, it will be a less invasive test to diagnose cancer. In the present, the presence of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is one of the tools to detect the minimal residual disease. However, since ctDNA is only DNA, it is difficult to spread to cancer research. In that respect, as exosomes include not only DNA but also other nucleic acids and proteins, this will be a new tool for cancer research such as the diagnosis of early cancer.

Microbiome may lead to improved cancer diagnosis and treatment. Detecting a specific microbiome in a gastrointestinal tract may predict a specific cancer. And changing microbiome in some way may result in preventing cancer development.

Organoids may help address the problem of drug resistance, and also lead to the development of personalized therapy. However, producing organoids takes time and testing the drug resistance may take more time. If we could overcome these problems, the research into organoids can contribute to overcoming cancer.

As shown in Table  3 , many new studies and findings are reported into this field of research. These four novel cancer research areas will make many contributions to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Recent studies on exosome, microbiome, immunotherapy, and organoids

Conflict of Interest: All the authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr Hirofumi Hasuda and Dr Naomichi Koga for their help in preparing this manuscript. We also thank J. Iacona, PhD, from Edanz Group for editing a draft of this manuscript.

Ando K, Hu Q, Kasagi Y, Oki E, Mori M. Recent developments in cancer research: Expectations for a new remedy . Ann Gastroenterol Surg . 2021; 5 :419–426. 10.1002/ags3.12440 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]

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Title: ferret-ui: grounded mobile ui understanding with multimodal llms.

Abstract: Recent advancements in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have been noteworthy, yet, these general-domain MLLMs often fall short in their ability to comprehend and interact effectively with user interface (UI) screens. In this paper, we present Ferret-UI, a new MLLM tailored for enhanced understanding of mobile UI screens, equipped with referring, grounding, and reasoning capabilities. Given that UI screens typically exhibit a more elongated aspect ratio and contain smaller objects of interest (e.g., icons, texts) than natural images, we incorporate "any resolution" on top of Ferret to magnify details and leverage enhanced visual features. Specifically, each screen is divided into 2 sub-images based on the original aspect ratio (i.e., horizontal division for portrait screens and vertical division for landscape screens). Both sub-images are encoded separately before being sent to LLMs. We meticulously gather training samples from an extensive range of elementary UI tasks, such as icon recognition, find text, and widget listing. These samples are formatted for instruction-following with region annotations to facilitate precise referring and grounding. To augment the model's reasoning ability, we further compile a dataset for advanced tasks, including detailed description, perception/interaction conversations, and function inference. After training on the curated datasets, Ferret-UI exhibits outstanding comprehension of UI screens and the capability to execute open-ended instructions. For model evaluation, we establish a comprehensive benchmark encompassing all the aforementioned tasks. Ferret-UI excels not only beyond most open-source UI MLLMs, but also surpasses GPT-4V on all the elementary UI tasks.

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A new way to detect radiation involving cheap ceramics

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The radiation detectors used today for applications like inspecting cargo ships for smuggled nuclear materials are expensive and cannot operate in harsh environments, among other disadvantages. Now, in work funded largely by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security with early support from the U.S. Department of Energy, MIT engineers have demonstrated a fundamentally new way to detect radiation that could allow much cheaper detectors and a plethora of new applications.

They are working with Radiation Monitoring Devices , a company in Watertown, Massachusetts, to transfer the research as quickly as possible into detector products.

In a 2022 paper in Nature Materials , many of the same engineers reported for the first time how ultraviolet light can significantly improve the performance of fuel cells and other devices based on the movement of charged atoms, rather than those atoms’ constituent electrons.

In the current work, published recently in Advanced Materials , the team shows that the same concept can be extended to a new application: the detection of gamma rays emitted by the radioactive decay of nuclear materials.

“Our approach involves materials and mechanisms very different than those in presently used detectors, with potentially enormous benefits in terms of reduced cost, ability to operate under harsh conditions, and simplified processing,” says Harry L. Tuller, the R.P. Simmons Professor of Ceramics and Electronic Materials in MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DMSE).

Tuller leads the work with key collaborators Jennifer L. M. Rupp, a former associate professor of materials science and engineering at MIT who is now a professor of electrochemical materials at Technical University Munich in Germany, and Ju Li, the Battelle Energy Alliance Professor in Nuclear Engineering and a professor of materials science and engineering. All are also affiliated with MIT’s Materials Research Laboratory

“After learning the Nature Materials work, I realized the same underlying principle should work for gamma-ray detection — in fact, may work even better than [UV] light because gamma rays are more penetrating — and proposed some experiments to Harry and Jennifer,” says Li.

Says Rupp, “Employing shorter-range gamma rays enable [us] to extend the opto-ionic to a radio-ionic effect by modulating ionic carriers and defects at material interfaces by photogenerated electronic ones.”

Other authors of the Advanced Materials paper are first author Thomas Defferriere, a DMSE postdoc, and Ahmed Sami Helal, a postdoc in MIT’s Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering.

Modifying barriers

Charge can be carried through a material in different ways. We are most familiar with the charge that is carried by the electrons that help make up an atom. Common applications include solar cells. But there are many devices — like fuel cells and lithium batteries — that depend on the motion of the charged atoms, or ions, themselves rather than just their electrons.

The materials behind applications based on the movement of ions, known as solid electrolytes, are ceramics. Ceramics, in turn, are composed of tiny crystallite grains that are compacted and fired at high temperatures to form a dense structure. The problem is that ions traveling through the material are often stymied at the boundaries between the grains.

In their 2022 paper, the MIT team showed that ultraviolet (UV) light shone on a solid electrolyte essentially causes electronic perturbations at the grain boundaries that ultimately lower the barrier that ions encounter at those boundaries. The result: “We were able to enhance the flow of the ions by a factor of three,” says Tuller, making for a much more efficient system.

Vast potential

At the time, the team was excited about the potential of applying what they’d found to different systems. In the 2022 work, the team used UV light, which is quickly absorbed very near the surface of a material. As a result, that specific technique is only effective in thin films of materials. (Fortunately, many applications of solid electrolytes involve thin films.)

Light can be thought of as particles — photons — with different wavelengths and energies. These range from very low-energy radio waves to the very high-energy gamma rays emitted by the radioactive decay of nuclear materials. Visible light — and UV light — are of intermediate energies, and fit between the two extremes.

The MIT technique reported in 2022 worked with UV light. Would it work with other wavelengths of light, potentially opening up new applications? Yes, the team found. In the current paper they show that gamma rays also modify the grain boundaries resulting in a faster flow of ions that, in turn, can be easily detected. And because the high-energy gamma rays penetrate much more deeply than UV light, “this extends the work to inexpensive bulk ceramics in addition to thin films,” says Tuller. It also allows a new application: an alternative approach to detecting nuclear materials.

Today’s state-of-the-art radiation detectors depend on a completely different mechanism than the one identified in the MIT work. They rely on signals derived from electrons and their counterparts, holes, rather than ions. But these electronic charge carriers must move comparatively great distances to the electrodes that “capture” them to create a signal. And along the way, they can be easily lost as they, for example, hit imperfections in a material. That’s why today’s detectors are made with extremely pure single crystals of material that allow an unimpeded path. They can be made with only certain materials and are difficult to process, making them expensive and hard to scale into large devices.

Using imperfections

In contrast, the new technique works because of the imperfections — grains — in the material. “The difference is that we rely on ionic currents being modulated at grain boundaries versus the state-of-the-art that relies on collecting electronic carriers from long distances,” Defferriere says.

Says Rupp, “It is remarkable that the bulk ‘grains’ of the ceramic materials tested revealed high stabilities of the chemistry and structure towards gamma rays, and solely the grain boundary regions reacted in charge redistribution of majority and minority carriers and defects.”

Comments Li, “This radiation-ionic effect is distinct from the conventional mechanisms for radiation detection where electrons or photons are collected. Here, the ionic current is being collected.”

Igor Lubomirsky, a professor in the Department of Materials and Interfaces at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, who was not involved in the current work, says, “I found the approach followed by the MIT group in utilizing polycrystalline oxygen ion conductors very fruitful given the [materials’] promise for providing reliable operation under irradiation under the harsh conditions expected in nuclear reactors where such detectors often suffer from fatigue and aging. [They also] benefit from much-reduced fabrication costs.”

As a result, the MIT engineers are hopeful that their work could result in new, less expensive detectors. For example, they envision trucks loaded with cargo from container ships driving through a structure that has detectors on both sides as they leave a port. “Ideally, you’d have either an array of detectors or a very large detector, and that’s where [today’s detectors] really don’t scale very well,” Tuller says.

Another potential application involves accessing geothermal energy, or the extreme heat below our feet that is being explored as a carbon-free alternative to fossil fuels. Ceramic sensors at the ends of drill bits could detect pockets of heat — radiation — to drill toward. Ceramics can easily withstand extreme temperatures of more than 800 degrees Fahrenheit and the extreme pressures found deep below the Earth’s surface.

The team is excited about additional applications for their work. “This was a demonstration of principle with just one material,” says Tuller, “but there are thousands of other materials good at conducting ions.”

Concludes Defferriere: “It’s the start of a journey on the development of the technology, so there’s a lot to do and a lot to discover.”

This work is currently supported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office. This support does not constitute an express or implied endorsement on the part of the government. It was also funded by the U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency.

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Scientists around the world make use of the observations collected from NASA's heliophysics missions to study space around Earth, around the Sun and throughout the solar system.

Read on for a dive into recent papers published on a wide variety of topics: from the way material in the Sun roils to create a constantly-dancing and exploding solar surface; the way magnetism from the Sun, Earth and other planets create an interconnected system through our heliosphere; and how studying our own neighborhood can teach us about space around other stars far away.

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5 tips to enhance your research paper’s visibility and altmetric score.

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I previously wrote about the importance of attracting public attention to scientific research . In today’s world, where billions of people are attached to their digital devices watching the very addictive but often useless TikTok content or receiving instant gratification by engaging in meaningless debates about celebrities, scientists need to find creative ways to have their research noticed. Popularizing scientific research helps inspire the younger generations to go into science and provide the general public with a sense of optimism enabling the government to channel more resources into science. People do need inspiration. But very often, even very important scientific breakthroughs requiring many years, hard work, skill, funding, and genuine serendipity go largely unnoticed by the general public.

One of the best ways to measure expert and public attention is the cumulative Altmetric Attention Score , originally developed by Digital Science and adopted by many prestigious publishers, including Nature Publishing Group. Every Nature paper and the papers published by pretty much every credible publisher are tracked by Digital Science by the Document Object Identification (DOI) or the Unique Resource Locator (URL) . While Altmetric has many limitations, for example, it does not track LinkedIn posts and may not adequately cover the impact of top-tier media coverage, at the moment it is the blueprint for tracking attention.

Altmetric Score in The Age of Generative AI

Media attention is likely to be very important in the age of generative AI. Many modern generative systems, such as ChatGPT, Claude, Mistral, and Gemini, as well as hundreds of Large Language Models (LLMs) in China, use the data from the same sources referenced in Altmetric to learn. The more times generative systems see the same concept presented in different contexts, the better they learn. So if you want to contribute to the training of AI systems that may thank you for it in the future - Altmetric is the way to go.

So what can a research group do to ensure they are communicating their findings effectively and increasing the visibility of their research to ensure it gets reflected in the Altmetric Attention Score?

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Altmetric openly discloses the weights of the various sources and the scoring algorithm is relatively straightforward. It is easy to learn, and there are multiple online resources providing advice on how to share your research in ways that will be captured by Altmetric. Cambridge University Press published a guideline to Altmetric for the authors on how to popularize their research with Altmetric in mind. Wolters Kluwer put out a guide and the editor of Toxicology and Pathology wrote a comprehensive overview of Altmetric and how to use it. Surprisingly, this overview got an Altmetric Attention Score of only 4 at the time of the writing, but was cited 137 times according to Google Scholar .

Altmetric monitors social networks, including X (formerly Twitter), Facebook, and Reddit; all major top-tier mainstream media, mainstream science blogs, policy documents, patents, Wikipedia articles, peer review websites, F1000, Syllabi, X (formerly Twitter), tracked Facebook pages, Reddit, one of the Stack Exchange sites, and Youtube. Unfortunately, several powerful platforms, including LinkedIn, are not currently tracked.

The popularity of the paper depends on many factors. Firstly, it has to be novel, trendy, and newsworthy. You are unlikely to get high Altmetric Score with a boring topic. Secondly, papers coming out of popular labs in top-tier academic institutions and in top journals are likely to attract more attention. Often, the communications officers in these academic institutions work closely with the media to amplify notable research. Celebrity companies, for example, Google DeepMind, consistently get higher coverage.

Screenshot of the Altmetric Attention Score "Flower" showing several tracked sources

Here are the five tips for increasing the visibility of your work and ensuring that reach is tracked and reflected by Altmetric:

1. Understand How Altmetric System Works

Congratulations, if you read this article and looked at what sources are tracked by Altmetric. Most likely, you got the basics and will be able to get a “balanced flower” by making a press release, tweeting the DOI of the paper on X, posting a video overview of your paper on Youtube, announcing on Reddit (I still need to learn how to do this).

To understand how Altmetric works, I emailed a few questions to Miguel Garcia, Director of Product and Data Analytics Hub at Digital Science and my first question was wether the Altmetric algorithm is open source. “The Altmetric Attention Score's calculation is not open source but we try to provide as much information as possible around how we calculate it here, and are currently considering what steps we might take to make our algorithms more transparent.” He also provided a link to how the Altmetric Attention Score is calculated.

Many professionals use LinkedIn as the primary social media resource and I was wondering why Altmetric stopped tracking it. Bad news - technical reasons prevent tracking DOIs on LinkedIn. Good news - they are actively seeking ways to appropriately track mentions on LinkedIn and we may see some news toward the end of the year.

My other big question was how does Altmetric count tweets and retweets on X. What if there are many posts from the same account? Miguel’s response was: “Re-tweets count less than original tweets. In addition to that, modifiers are applied to the type of account that is tweeting in order to reduce the weight of the tweet in situations where we find signals of bias or promiscuity (for example a journal publisher only tweeting their own articles). Besides that, we have conditions around the maximum number of retweets in order to limit the maximum impact they would have.”

So tweeting the article many times will not help you. But if other scientists tweet you paper with a DOI - these tweets will get counted. So tweet others as you would like to be tweeted.

2. Make a Press Release and Distribute to Science-focused Media

If your paper is significant, for example, you elucidated novel disease biology, discovered a new drug, developed a new fancy algorithm, designed a new material, or developed a new application for a quantum computer, it is worthwhile investing some time and resources in writing a press release. If you are working for an academic institution, most likely they have a communications office that will help you. If you do not have this luxury, you will need to learn how to write a press release. Plenty of free online guides cover the basics of press release writing. And press releases are one area where ChatGPT and other generative tools do surprisingly well. Upload your paper and ask it to write a press release, check for errors or exaggerations, edit, and you are ready to go. Just make sure to include the DOI and the URL of your paper. A proper business press release on BusinessWire or PRNewswire may cost several thousand dollars. In my opinion, these resources are dramatically overcharging while providing little service. I don't remember a case where a journalist picked up our news based on a commercial press release. But these releases are often reposted by other online press release distributors and the boost to Altmetric may be considerable. The default news release distribution service for research news is EurekAlert. This resource may sometimes result in journalistic coverage as many reporters are using it for science news. There are many free resources you can use if you do not have any budget.

Once the press release is issued, share it with the media. Share the resulting news coverage via your social networks and contacts. Many journalists track the popularity of their news articles and giving them several thousand extra views from professional audience and increasing their social following increases the chances that they will cover the next important research paper.

3. Make a Blog Post

Writing a blog post can be longer and more comprehensive than the press release. Make sure to add fancy diagrams and graphical explainers. You can share the blog post with the journalists at the same time as the press release. Your blog may serve as a source of inspiration for third party news coverage. Make sure to reference the DOI and URL of your paper.

If your paper is in one of the Nature journals, consider writing a “Behind the Paper" blog post on Nature Bioengineering Community. Surprisingly, these blogs are rarely picked up by Altmetric but may serve as a source of inspiration for the journalists and social media influencers. Plus, it is a resource by the Nature Publishing Group.

4. Tweet and Ask Your Team Members to Tweet

Each post on X gives you a quarter of an Altmetric point. If your paper goes viral on X, your Altmetric score can be considerable. Plus, once journalists notice that it went viral, they will be more likely to cover the story, further increasing the score.

Try to choose the time of the post, the hashtags, and the images wisely. Since Elon Musk took over X and opened the algorithm it became very transparent and easy to optimize for. Here are the top 10 tips for boosting attention for a post on X. Make sure to include the DOI or the URL of the paper for Altmetric to find the post.

5. Experiment, Learn, Repeat

My highest Altmetric Attention Score core to date was around 1,500 for a paper in Nature Biotechnology published in 2019, where we used a novel method for designing small molecules called Generative Tensorial Reinforcement Learning (GENTRL) to generate new molecules with druglike properties that got synthesized and tested all the way into mice. In 2024, we went further and showed that an AI-generated molecule for an AI-discovered target was tested all the way up to Phase II human trials, but the paper published in Nature Biotechnology, let’s call it the TNIK paper , has achieved a score ofjust over 600 to date. So what has changed and what can we learn from these two papers?

The popularity of the paper depends on many factors. Ones which capture the public imagination or have widespread appeal are of course, much more likely to gain traction online. When we published the GENTRL paper in 2019, Generative AI was in its infancy, and there are pretty much no other companies that I heard of at the intersection of generative AI and drug discovery. We also published multiple articles in this field in the years leading to that paper and many key opinion leaders (KOLs) followed us. That following included a small army of generative AI skeptics who not only contributed to multiple rejections in peer-reviewed journals but also openly criticized this approach in social networks. This criticism also helped boost the Altmetric Score and bring more attention to the study. So first learning from this exercise - negative publicity helps overall publicity. As long as you are certain that your research results are honest - leave room for criticism and even help expose your paper’s weaknesses. Critics are your greatest Altmetric boosters. Since readers and, by extension journalists, react to negative news and drama stronger than to positive news, critical reviews will boost your Altmetric as long as the DOI or URL of the paper is properly referenced.

Secondly, papers coming out of popular labs in top-tier academic institutions and in top journals are likely to attract more attention. Often, the communications officers in these academic institutions work closely with the media to amplify notable research. Celebrity companies, for example, Google DeepMind, always get a higher level of coverage. For example, the AlphaFold paper published in July 2021 in Nature got an Altmetric Attention Score of over 3,500 . Even though I have not seen any drugs out of AlphaFold reaching preclinical candidate status, I predict the popularity of this tool will result in the first Nobel Prize in this area. Therefore, in order to become famous and popularize your research more effectively, it is a good idea to build up the public profile of yourself and your work. For example, Kardashians are famous for being famous .

Be careful with Wikipedia. I made a mistake explaining the importance of Wikipedia to students when lecturing on the future of generative AI, and one or two of them got banned for expanding the articles with paper references. Wikipedia requires that these are added by independent editors rather than the authors of papers themselves, but if some editors do not like it, they will not go deep or investigate - they will assume wrongdoing. So it is better to avoid even talking about Wikipedia. References there should happen naturally and often some of the more popular papers get picked up and referenced by veteran editors.

Experimenting with Altmetric will also help you explore new strategies for popularizing scientific research and develop new strategies for inspiring people to learn or even get into the new exciting field. UNESCO estimates that there was just over 8 million full-time equivalent (FTE) researchers in 2018 globally. Only a fraction of these are in biotechnology - less than 0.01% of the global population. If you motivate a million students to go into biotechnology by popularizing your research, you double this number.

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Safety Slogans In Telugu

Safety is necessary in all Circumstances. Lack of Safety may take of lives. Precautions must be taken seriously.

Still Many Industrial workers beings killed in Industrial mishaps because of bad safety measures. Don’t know what happens when. In this Advance technology, Big machineries, High Powered Chemicals have made factory workers life vulnerable.

Government must take safety Precautions seriously. Here we have given you some of Safety Slogans in Telugu. Share these and Spread message.

10 Safety Slogans In Telugu

భద్రతకు ఆశ్రద్ధ వద్దు ఉత్పత్తికి భద్రత ముద్దు

ఆర్థిక లక్ష్యాలు అవసరాన్ని సూచిస్తాయి భద్రతా లక్ష్యాలు భవిష్యత్తును నిర్మిస్తాయి

భద్రతా ఆలోచనలతో ఉన్న ప్రమాదాలు సున్నా

పర్యావరణం రక్షించు – ఆరోగ్యముగా జీవించు

భద్రత పాటిస్తే సుమాంజలి భద్రత లోపిస్తే భాష్పాంజలి

భద్రతను తెలుసుకో – బంధాన్ని పెంచుకో

భద్రతతో కూడిన పని ముద్దు ప్రమాదాలతో కూడిన పని వద్దు

పంచేంద్రియాల్లో నయనం ప్రధానం కర్మాగారాల్లో భద్రత ప్రధానం

భద్రతే నీ జీవితానికి నేస్తం ఆది లేకుంటే నీ జీవితం అస్తవ్యస్తం

తల్లి ఒడిలో బిడ్డకు రక్షణ భద్రత ఒడిలో కార్మికునికి రక్షణ

తల మీదే.. రక్షణ మీదే.. ఒక తల పోతే, రెండో తల పొందలేరు గణపతిలా

నీ మీద మీ జీవితమే కాదు, మీ కుటుంబ సభ్యుల జీవితాలు కూడ ఆధారపడి ఉన్నాయి

పర ధ్యానంతో పనిచేయకు ప్రమాదానికి గురి కాకు

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Will You Write Me an Essay?

Students turn to us not only with the request, "Please, write my essay for me." From the moment we hear your call, homework is no longer an issue. You can count on our instant assistance with all essay writing stages. Just to let you know, our essay writers do all the work related to writing, starting with researching a topic and ending with formatting and editing the completed paper. We can help you choose the right topic, do in-depth research, choose the best up-to-date sources, and finally compose a brilliant piece to your instructions. Choose the formatting style for your paper (MLA, APA, Chicago/Turabian, or Harvard), and we will make all of your footnotes, running heads, and quotations shine.

Our professional essay writer can help you with any type of assignment, whether it is an essay, research paper, term paper, biography, dissertation, review, course work, or any other kind of writing. Besides, there is an option to get help with your homework assignments. We help complete tasks on Biology, Chemistry, Engineering, Geography, Maths, Physics, and other disciplines. Our authors produce all types of papers for all degree levels.

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Pricing depends on the type of task you wish to be completed, the number of pages, and the due date. The longer the due date you put in, the bigger discount you get!

Can you write essays for free?

Sometimes our managers receive ambiguous questions from the site. At first, we did not know how to correctly respond to such requests, but we are progressing every day, so we have improved our support service. Our consultants will competently answer strange suggestions and recommend a different way to solve the problem.

The question of whether we can write a text for the user for free no longer surprises anyone from the team. For those who still do not know the answer, read the description of the online platform in more detail.

We love our job very much and are ready to write essays even for free. We want to help people and make their lives better, but if the team does not receive money, then their life will become very bad. Each work must be paid and specialists from the team also want to receive remuneration for their work. For our clients, we have created the most affordable prices so that a student can afford this service. But we cannot be left completely without a salary, because every author has needs for food, housing and recreation.

We hope that you will understand us and agree to such working conditions, and if not, then there are other agencies on the Internet that you can ask for such an option.

If you can’t write your essay, then the best solution is to hire an essay helper. Since you need a 100% original paper to hand in without a hitch, then a copy-pasted stuff from the internet won’t cut it. To get a top score and avoid trouble, it’s necessary to submit a fully authentic essay. Can you do it on your own? No, I don’t have time and intention to write my essay now! In such a case, step on a straight road of becoming a customer of our academic helping platform where every student can count on efficient, timely, and cheap assistance with your research papers, namely the essays.

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How does this work

Fill up the form and submit.

On the order page of our write essay service website, you will be given a form that includes requirements. You will have to fill it up and submit.

We value every paper writer working for us, therefore we ask our clients to put funds on their balance as proof of having payment capability. Would be a pity for our writers not to get fair pay. We also want to reassure our clients of receiving a quality paper, thus the funds are released from your balance only when you're 100% satisfied.

Check your email for notifications. Once your essay is complete, double-check it to see if it falls under your expectations and if satisfied-release the funds to your writer. Keep in mind that our essay writing service has a free revisions policy.

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Essay Writing Service

Have a native essay writer do your task from scratch for a student-friendly price of just per page. Free edits and originality reports.

Writing my essay with the top-notch writers!

The writers you are supposed to hire for your cheap essay writer service are accomplished writers. First of all, all of them are highly skilled professionals and have higher academic degrees like Masters and PhDs. Secondly, all the writers have work experience of more than 5 years in this domain of academic writing. They are responsible for

• Omitting any sign of plagiarism
• Formatting the draft
• Delivering order before the allocated deadline

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• Words to pages
• Pages to words

Gustavo Almeida Correia

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Write my essay for me frequently asked questions

• History Category
• Psychology Category
• Informative Category
• Analysis Category
• Business Category
• Economics Category
• Health Category
• Literature Category
• Review Category
• Sociology Category
• Technology Category

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Who is an essay writer? 3 types of essay writers

• On-schedule delivery
• Compliance with the provided brief
• Chat with your helper
• Ongoing 24/7 support
• Real-time alerts
• Free revisions
• Free quality check
• Free title page
• Free bibliography
• Any citation style

Bennie Hawra

Emery Evans

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