physics research paper format

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• - Formatting the Manuscript

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American Journal of Physics ®

A publication of the american association of physics teachers ®.

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General Info | "); document.writeln(" Submissions |"); document.writeln(" Manuscript Format | "); document.writeln(" Figure Preparation | "); document.writeln(" Editorial Procedures

This page describes how to format a manuscript for submission to AJP. Be sure to also read the submission requirements and procedures .

Electronic File Formats

• For initial submissions we require a single .pdf file containing all text, endnotes, figures, and tables.  You may use any software you like to prepare this file, but to avoid extensive reworking later on, we strongly suggest that you use LaTeX/REVTeX or Microsoft Word, as described below.  The ability to create a .pdf file is built into the Macintosh operating system and is also available in most LaTeX processors and in recent versions of MSWord. For advice on creating a .pdf in older software environments, see https://editorialexpress.com/e-editor/pdftips.html .  If at all possible, your .pdf file should be no larger than one megabyte in size.
• The preferred editable format is LaTeX, using the REVTeX 4.1 style. For typical article submissions with many equations and/or endnotes, LaTeX/REVTeX is strongly recommended because it handles most of the formatting and numbering automatically.  It also handles equations extremely well, making them easy to enter and producing beautiful typeset output.  LaTeX is free software, available for all major operating systems.  See the LaTeX web site for links and downloading instructions. We recommend that you get a “complete TeX installation,” which will include the REVTeX 4.1 style and all needed fonts, packages, and GUI tools. Alternatively, you may wish to try a cloud-based LaTeX processor such as writeLaTeX or ShareLaTeX . For a tutorial on using LaTeX, see our sample manuscript file .
• The only acceptable alternative to LaTeX is Microsoft Word .docx format ( not .doc).  Authors using MSWord will have to pay especially careful attention to the detailed formatting instructions below.  Do not use the “track changes” feature of MSWord. Be sure to use only the built-in MSWord equation editor (do not, e.g., use MathType), and use only standard fonts.  We do not recommend MSWord for papers that contain many equations or long reference lists.  However, for manuscripts that are especially short and simple, MSWord may be more convenient than LaTeX.
• The appropriate format for figures depends on their content and on whether they are part of an initial submission or an editable package for production.  See our detailed instructions for figure preparation .

Sample Manuscript File

Authors are urged to use LaTeX to prepare their manuscripts, although MSWord is an acceptable alternative. The  sample manuscript pdf  and  sample manuscript files  are designed to provide a useful tutorial and template for LaTeX submissions for both new users and experts. The  sample manuscript files  are a .zip archive containing the LaTeX source file and two figure files that are required to produce the finished .pdf file.

General Style

The  Style Manual  of the American Institute of Physics, 4th ed. (1990) contains a wealth of information on the preparation of manuscripts, including advice on good writing and organization; rules for punctuation, capitalization, English usage, and using mathematical expressions; and lists of standard spellings and abbreviations. While advancing technology has made some parts of this document out of date, and a few of its rules are superseded by AJP's special style conventions, the Style Manual is still the authoritative reference unless there is a conflict with information appearing on the AJP website, in which case the latter takes precedence. Like other journals published in the U.S., AJP uses  American rather than British spellings : color rather than colour; analyze rather than analyse; and so on. Authors are encouraged to use SI units, but use of SI units is not mandatory if other units are more appropriate. Authors are expected to word their manuscripts in a manner consistent with the fact that the physicists, students, and teachers who read AJP include genders other than male; the use of "they" as a singular pronoun is acceptable.

Manuscripts can be single- or double-spaced and single- or double-column. Reviewers appreciate text that is formatted for easy reading. All manuscript pages should be numbered. You will be asked to upload a single pdf file containing all text, endnotes, figures, and tables, preferably with the figures and tables incorporated into the text rather than at the end. Ensure that your manuscript meets the requirements for anonymous review .

Authors should make every effort to be concise. Generally speaking, readership and length are inversely related. Longer manuscripts will be subject to higher expectations with respect to the interest and usefulness of their content during the review process. Additional examples, further implications, and longer derivations can be placed in the easily-accessible online supplementary material.

AJP papers should normally be 4000 to 6000 words, plus equations, tables, and figures if appropriate. As a rough rule, a double-spaced, 12-point manuscript of length x pages (including figures and equations) will require x/3 journal pages to print, and we aim for papers to be 6 pages or shorter.  Longer papers can be published, but their additional length should be justified by their high interest to readers.  Note that dividing a paper into two linked papers does not solve the problem of a too-long paper, since the length restrictions are aimed at limiting the total number of pages that are dedicated to a particular topic, in order to allow more breadth of coverage in the journal.

Manuscripts intended for the Notes and Discussions section should be considerably shorter, typically 1000 to 3000 words, and Letters should normally be 800 words or shorter.

The main elements of an AJP paper are: Title Authors and affiliations (these are omitted to allow anonymous review until the manuscript is conditionally accepted) Abstract (optional for the Notes and Discussions section) Introductory section Main body, divided into sections and subsections as appropriate Concluding section (optional – don't simply write a summary) Acknowledgments (optional, and omitted until acceptance to allow anonymous review) Author declarations section (conflict of interest, ethics approval, data availability statement) Appendices (optional) Endnotes Most papers also contain figures and/or tables (with captions) that "float" outside the sequential order of the main text so they can be placed at the top or bottom of a final printed page. In your initially submitted manuscript, place each figure or table near where it is first referenced, without assuming that it will stay in that exact location when the paper is published. --> To allow two-way anonymous review, you should omit author name(s), affiliation(s), and acknowledgements from your initially submitted manuscript. (You will still provide this information to the editor, via the manuscript submission form.) If and when your manuscript is conditionally accepted, be sure to include name(s) and affiliation(s) in your editable manuscript file. Changes to citations may also be necessary, but the submitted paper should allow reviewers to access all necessary information; please read  here  for more details. You may choose to have your Chinese, Japanese, or Korean names published in your own language alongside the English versions in the author list. For further information, please see AIPP’s  guidelines  for Chinese, Japanese, or Korean names. Please refer to the sample manuscript pdf for the correct typographical and numbering conventions for each of these elements. LaTeX/REVTeX will take care of these conventions automatically. If you use MSWord, following the right conventions is your responsibility. -->

The abstract should summarize the paper’s contents as concisely as possible. It should make the goals of the paper clear and state the main results or conclusions directly. The abstract should be written so that any physicist, regardless of area of specialization, can read and understand it. Abstracts must be self-contained. They may not contain references to endnotes. Abstracts are optional in the Notes and Discussions section, but are encouraged for Notes longer than 1000 words.

Introduction

A paper's introductory section must provide the background and context that a typical physicist, regardless of area of specialization, would need in order to understand the paper's purpose and importance. That is, it should motivate the paper, in a way that is both informative and inviting. Unlike the abstract, the introduction need not summarize the entire paper or state its main results. Often, however, the introduction ends with a paragraph that outlines how the rest of the paper is organized; this is especially useful for longer papers.

When an equation is important, large, or complicated, display it on a line by itself, with a number (in parentheses) at the right margin. (In LaTeX, just use the equation environment.) Every equation, whether displayed or not, must be part of a complete sentence, with correct punctuation before and after. See the  sample manuscript pdf  for examples. All displayed equations should be numbered. When referring to an equation by number, put the number in parentheses and abbreviate "Eq." unless it is at the beginning of a sentence: "Equation (5) follows from substituting Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (4)." While the copy editors will correct issues of style, such as putting letters in italics and distinguishing minus signs from hyphens, reviewers will appreciate more professional formatting. LaTeX math mode takes care of this typography automatically, but MSWord users will have to make a special effort. For all but the simplest expressions, MSWord users should use MathType or the built-in MSWord equation editor. Do not use any other equation editor, and be sure to use only standard fonts.

Please refer to our  detailed instructions for figure preparation . Number figures in the order in which they are referred to in the text. Provide an appropriate and concise caption for each figure. When referring to a figure, abbreviate "Fig." unless it is at the beginning of a sentence: "Figure 5 shows the results of the new analysis in the same format as Fig. 4."

Number tables using Roman numerals, in the order in which they are referred to in the text. Provide an appropriate and concise caption for each table. Place each table as close as possible to the text that refers to it.

A concluding section is customary but not required.  A good conclusion provides additional insights; it is not a summary.  Summaries are not appropriate in AJP.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments should be omitted until a paper is conditionally accepted to allow anonymous review. When submitting the accepted paper, be sure to acknowledge colleagues who contributed in a significant way to your paper, as well as any funding agencies that supported your work. While it is not appropriate to acknowledge the assistance of the editors, it is often appropriate to acknowledge specific help and advice from our generous, conscientious, and anonymous reviewers. Examples of specific help are suggestions for references, pointing out significant errors, and suggesting better ways of doing calculations or experiments.

Author Declarations Section

All articles (but not editorials, book reviews, notes, letters, comments, and responses) should contain a Conflict of Interest statement and a Data Availability statement.  Any paper that includes experiments using animals or humans needs to contain an ethics approval statement.  More information on these statements can be found here .

Use appendices for material that is less interesting than the rest of the paper but still needed for completeness. Examples might include a technical proof, or a detailed description of research protocols. If there is more than one appendix, label them with capital letters A, B, and so on.

Endnotes and Citations

AJP papers should not include a comprehensive listing of all the papers that have been published on a topic, or even the most important ones. Instead, the references should be a carefully curated list of resources that will be most useful to readers. Citations should (1) recognize when an idea was first developed in another source—in that case, give only the 1st occurrence; (2) give readers a place to find essential background that can’t be provided in this paper; (3) provide interested readers with places to find specific additional information. The paper should make it clear to readers exactly why each reference is cited and what readers will find there. For long references, such as textbooks, direct readers to the most useful sections. A note for authors of Physics Education Research papers: This citation policy conflicts with normal practice in PER, where authors are careful to cite all related work. AJP's primary goal is to serve the reader, not the researcher, so citations should be kept to a minimum even for these papers. AJP does not use footnotes, which appear at the bottom of a page; instead, AJP uses endnotes. Endnotes may include auxiliary author information, literature citations, and explanatory annotations. --> AJP uses endnotes for auxiliary author information, literature citations, and explanatory annotations.  Alternately, brief explanatory annotations can be included as footnotes.  These can be indicated using standard symbols such as *, †, ‡, §, ¶, #. Endnotes must be grouped together at the end of the manuscript, in the same sequence in which they are first referenced in the body of the manuscript. Citing websites should be done with care. AJP is an archival journal, and readers in 50 years (or 1 year!) may be disappointed to find that the website no longer exists.  For that reason, it is normally preferable to cite journals or textbooks that will be accessible indefinitely.  On the other hand, websites are sometimes the best source of information (such as product descriptions), and they will be accessible to readers who have limited library support.  Authors are encouraged to consult with the editor about the best sources to cite. To avoid  ambiguity , place superscripts where they won’t be mistaken for mathematical exponents. Within the body of the manuscript, citations to endnotes should appear as superscripts placed after any punctuation. Copy editors will normally correct the placement of citations with respect to punctuation, but they will not normally move them to a different position in the sentence; it is the author’s responsibility to place them where they minimize interruption (normally at the ends of sentences). References can also appear as "online citations," for example, ". . . as shown by Eq. (5) in Ref. 3, . . . " Endnotes may refer to each other (usually using an online citation as above), but may not introduce any new endnotes. The abstract may not contain citations to endnotes. Authors who use bibtex or other reference software must incorporate the references within the LaTeX file. Consult online sources such as  this one  for assistance. Literature References Copy editors will correct the format of references in accepted papers. However, reviewers will appreciate having them formatted in the AJP style described below. Endnote references to articles in periodicals should have the following form:

Freeman J. Dyson, "Feynman's proof of the Maxwell equations," Am. J. Phys. 58 (3), 209–211 (1990).

Note that unlike many journals, AJP requires that each article reference include the article title and its ending(as well as beginning) page number. Use of the issue number is encouraged but not required unless the periodical is paginated by issue (for example, Physics Today). See the AIP  Style Manual  for a list of standard periodical abbreviations.

An endnote reference to a book should have the following form (include page number or numbers when appropriate):

David J. Griffiths,  Introduction to Electrodynamics , 2nd Ed. (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989), pp. 331–334.

Example of an article in an edited volume:

M. R. Flannery, “Elastic scattering,” in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Handbook,     edited by G. W. F. Drake (AIP Press, New York, 1996), p. 520.

In all book and article references, pay special attention to the use and placement of punctuation. Note that article titles are in quotes, while book titles are in italics. List authors' names in the format "Bradley W. Carroll and Dale A. Ostlie" when there are two authors, or "Harvey Gould, Jan Tobochnik, and Wolfgang Christian" when there are three or more.  If there are four or more authors  you may use the form "William H. Press et al."

References to online material should include a brief description and/or title.

For a reference to material that has not been published in print or online, provide as much information as possible and include "(unpublished)" in the citation.  See the AIP  Style Manual  for examples.

Authors are urged to consult recent articles published in AJP to find additional examples of correctly formatted references.

Authors of accepted papers are encouraged to prepare video abstracts. These two-minute videos can serve as attractive introductions to a paper. Interested readers can see more information and a complete list of video abstracts.. Online readers will see the video abstract on the manuscript page. If you wish to inform print-based readers that there is a video abstract, you can include a reference to it in the text. The citation could read, "Please see the video abstract for this paper at [URL to be inserted by AIPP] or the link from the online version of this article at https://aapt.scitation.org/journal/ajp."

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material allows authors to easily share additional material that is too long to fit in the published paper or may be interesting only to a subset of readers. Examples of appropriate supplemental material include lengthy derivations, additional applications, large data tables, additional figures, computer programs, multimedia files, and curricular materials. A url link will be included in the reference section of the published article to allow users to navigate directly to the associated files. Supplemental material can be uploaded, along with the manuscript file, as part of the submission or re-submission process. When the material is made available through the website as part of the published paper, the filenames will be unchanged from the uploaded files, so the choosing descriptive filenames before uploading is encouraged. If the file format is not supported by PXP, you can create a zip file that contains it. The presence of supplemental material should be noted in a citation in the text, such as, "See supplemental material for the Mathematica code, x " where "x" is the number of an endnote. If the supplemental material is included during the review process, then the endnote should say, “ x See supplemental material at the reviewer website.” Once the manuscript is conditionally accepted, then the endnote should be changed to, “ x The Mathematica code is available at [url to be inserted by AIPP],” or, if there are multiple files, then, for example, “ x Supplemental material is available at [url to be inserted by AIPP].” There is currently a 100 MB limit on uploads via the AJP submission page, so please consult the editor if you need to submit supplemental materials that are larger than this. All supplemental material is posted online exactly as provided by the author. AIP Publishing makes no changes to the supplemental material files, including text editing or file conversion. All supplemental material for publication must be approved by the Journal Editor as part of a manuscript's normal review process. The author retains full rights to the supplemental material.

Online Multimedia

For audio and video files, an alternative to supplemental material is to have the multimedia material linked to a figure in the online version of your article. To do this, create a figure with a caption, numbered in sequence with any other figures, for each multimedia file. The figure content should be a still image from the video, or any small, reasonable placeholder image for audio. Write the figure caption to say “enhanced online,” with the statement “[url will be inserted by AIPP].” Include the multimedia file in your file uploads, choosing the file category “Integral Multimedia (enhanced audio/visual version of figure).” Additional information can be found on the AIPP website . The above instructions apply to papers that have completed peer review. To allow reviewers to see audio or visual files, these files should initially be uploaded as supplemental material. They can be changed to online multimedia following successful peer review.

How To Write A Physics Research Paper | The Ultimate Guide

Tom Baldwin - Jan 29, 2024

Do you want to know, How to write a Physics research paper? You are at the right place. This latest post will explore how to write a Physics research paper, the Conventions of Writing in Physics, and, most importantly, 10 Tips for writing a better physics research paper

And many more that can be helpful for you. So, without any delay, let’s get started.

Key Take Away

• Prioritize clarity and simplicity in language.
• Maintain a logical structure and flow in your paper.
• Utilize visual aids for enhanced comprehension.
• Connect results with discussions and emphasize future research directions.

Table of Contents

How to write a physics research paper – step by step.

Writing a physics research paper involves several steps. Here’s a simplified guide in easy English:

Step 1: Choose A Topic

Start by selecting a specific area of physics that interests you and make sure the topic is not too broad or too narrow; find a balance.

Step 2: Research

Gather information from reliable sources like scientific journals, books, and reputable websites and Take notes on key concepts, experiments, and relevant data.

Step 3: Create An Outline

Organize your ideas logically with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion and break down the main points and supporting details for each section.

Step 4: Write The Introduction

Introduce your topic explain its significance and clearly state your research question or hypothesis.

Step 5: Literature Review

Summarize previous research related to your topic and also highlight gaps in existing knowledge that your research aims to address.

Step 6: Methodology

Describe the methods and techniques you used to conduct your research and Include details such as equipment, procedures, and variables.

Step 7: Results

Present your findings using tables, graphs, and figures and Include a brief explanation of the results, but save the detailed analysis for the next section.

Step 8: Discussion

Analyze and interpret your results in the context of your research question also compare your findings with existing literature and explain any discrepancies.

Step 9: Conclusion

Summarize the key points of your research discuss the implications of your findings and suggest possible future research.

Step 10: Finalize Your Paper

Make the necessary revisions based on feedback and ensure all sections are well-written, and your paper is ready for submission.

Remember, take your time with each step and revise as needed.

Qualified Tutors

Conventions Of Writing In Physics Research Paper 

Writing a physics research paper involves following specific conventions to communicate your ideas clearly and effectively. Here are some key conventions to consider:

• Choose a concise and informative title that accurately reflects the content of your paper.
• Avoid unnecessary words and focus on key concepts.

2. Abstract

• Write a clear and concise abstract that summarizes the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions of your research.
• Keep it brief, typically around 150-250 words.

3. Introduction

• Clearly state the research question or objective of your study.
• Provide background information and context for your work.
• State the significance of your study.

4. Theoretical Framework Or Methodology

• Clearly explain the theoretical framework or methodology used in your research.
• Provide enough detail for readers to understand the experimental setup or theoretical approach.
• Present your findings logically, using tables, figures, and graphs when appropriate.
• Ensure that your results are clearly labelled and easy to interpret.
• Include uncertainties or errors associated with measurements.

6. Discussion

• Interpret and analyze your results, explaining their significance.
• Compare your findings with previous research and discuss any discrepancies or agreements.
• Consider the limitations of your study.
• Relate your results to the research question or objective.

7. Conclusion

• Summarize the main findings of your study.
• Highlight the contributions of your research to the field.
• Suggest avenues for future research.

8. References

• Cite all relevant sources using a standard citation style (such as APA, MLA, Chicago, or a specific journal’s style).
• Ensure accuracy and consistency in your citations.

9. Equations And Symbols

• Clearly define all symbols and variables used in your equations.
• Number equations sequentially, and refer to them in the text.
• Use consistent notation throughout the paper.

10. Units And Measurements

• Use the International System of Units (SI) for measurements.
• Clearly state the units associated with all measurements.
• Be consistent with unit usage throughout the paper.

11. Figures And Tables

• Ensure that figures and tables are labelled and captioned appropriately.
• Use clear and high-quality graphics.
• Refer to figures and tables in the text and explain their significance.

12. Language

• Write in a clear, concise, and formal style.
• Avoid unnecessary jargon and use terminology consistently.
• Define any specialized terms or concepts that might not be familiar to a broad audience.

13. Acknowledgments

• Acknowledge funding sources, collaborations, or any assistance received during the research.

14. Appendices

• Include additional material, such as detailed calculations or supplementary data, in appendices.

15. Review And Revision

• Proofread and edit your paper for clarity, grammar, and style.
• Seek feedback from colleagues or mentors before submitting the final version.

By adhering to these conventions, you can enhance the clarity and credibility of your physics research paper. Always check the specific guidelines of the journal you are submitting to, as different journals may have slightly different requirements.

10 Tips For Writing A Better Physics Research Paper

Here are a few tips for writing a better physics  research paper

1. Clarity And Simplicity In Language

Writing your physics research paper in simple English is crucial for effective communication. Avoid unnecessary jargon and complex sentence structures. 

Clearly articulate your ideas using straightforward language to ensure your readers easily grasp the concepts you present.

2. Logical Structure And Flow

Organize your paper in a logical sequence with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Ensure each paragraph flows smoothly into the next, creating a cohesive narrative. 

A well-structured paper enhances readability and helps readers follow your arguments seamlessly.

3. Precise Definitions And Explanations

Define key terms and concepts precisely. A thorough understanding of your terminology promotes clarity. 

Clearly explain any specialized terms or equations, providing sufficient context for readers who may not be experts in your specific field of physics.

4. Visual Aids For Clarity

Utilize figures, graphs, and tables to visually represent data and concepts. Visual aids can enhance comprehension and make complex information more accessible. 

Ensure that each visual element is appropriately labeled and complements the written content.

5. Conciseness Without Sacrificing Detail

Strive for conciseness while maintaining the necessary level of detail. Avoid unnecessary information that may distract from your main points. 

Be precise in your explanations, focusing on the key aspects that support your research objectives.

6. Effective Use of Citations

When referencing previous work, provide clear and concise citations. This not only lends credibility to your research but also allows readers to explore related studies for a deeper understanding. 

Follow the citation style recommended by your target journal or academic institution.

7. Thorough Literature Review

Conduct a comprehensive literature review to showcase your understanding of existing research in your field. Highlight the gaps in knowledge that your research aims to address. 

This demonstrates the significance of your work and places it within the broader context of the scientific community.

8. Transparent Methodology

Clearly describe your experimental or theoretical methods. Transparency in methodology allows readers to evaluate the validity of your results and replicate your experiments if needed. 

Provide sufficient details without overwhelming the reader with unnecessary minutiae.

9. Results And Discussion Connection

Connect your results with the corresponding discussion. Clearly articulate the implications of your findings and how they contribute to the overall research question. 

Relate your results to existing literature and theories to strengthen the scientific context of your paper.

10. Strong Conclusion And Future Directions

Summarize your key findings in the conclusion, emphasizing their significance. Discuss potential avenues for future research to inspire further exploration in your field. 

A strong conclusion leaves a lasting impression on readers and reinforces the importance of your contributions.

1. What Are The Essential Components Of A Physics Research Paper?

A physics research paper typically includes a title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. 

Each section serves a specific purpose in presenting and analyzing your research.

2. How Do I Choose A Compelling Topic For My Physics Research Paper?

Select a topic that aligns with your interests and the current trends in physics. Ensure the topic has a clear research question or problem to address. 

Consult with your instructor or advisor for guidance on choosing a suitable and impactful topic.

3. What Is The Significance Of The Literature Review In A Physics Research Paper?

The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of existing research related to your topic. 

It helps establish the context for your study, highlights gaps in current knowledge, and demonstrates your understanding of the field. 

4. How Do I Effectively Present Experimental Or Theoretical Results In My Paper?

Organize and label your results using tables, graphs, or equations. Provide detailed explanations for each result, discussing their implications and relevance to your research question. 

Crafting a compelling physics research paper involves meticulous planning, adherence to conventions, and effective communication.

Following the step-by-step guide, understanding writing conventions, and implementing key tips contribute to a well-structured and impactful paper. 

Remember to prioritize clarity, logical flow, and precise definitions. Adhering to citation styles, transparent methodology, and a strong conclusion further elevate the quality of your work.

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APA 7th edition manual

Apa 7 citation examples, missing elements - apa 7, apa 7 paper formatting basics, apa 7 document templates, more apa 7th ed. resources.

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This guide will introduce you to APA 7 citations, both for the References page of your paper and in-text citations. It is offered in multiple file formats below. 

• Citation Examples - APA 7 - Word Document
• Citation Examples - APA 7 - PDF

This guide will tell you exactly what to do if your resource is missing a citation element. Can't find the author, publication date, page numbers, or something else? Use this guide to find out what to do! This guide is offered in multiple formats below. ​​​​​​​

• Missing Elements - APA 7 - Word Document
• Missing Elements - APA 7 - PDF
• Typed, double-spaced paragraphs.
• 1" margins on all sides.
• Align text to the left.
• Choose one of these fonts: 11-point Calibri, 11-points Arial, 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern.
• Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page with the page number.
• APA papers are broken up into sections. Check with your instructor for their expectations.
• In general, headings and title are centered.

APA 7th edition recognizes two kinds of paper formats - student papers (undergraduate students) and professional research papers (graduate students and professionals). At Clackamas CC, you will use the student paper formatting conventions.

You don't have to format a paper from scratch! Download this APA-formatted document template as a Word document or Google document. Save it, erase the existing text, and type your text right into the template. Learn how to format a paper in APA format by reading the contents of the template. The References page has been formatted with hanging indents.

• Download & edit: APA Word document template Microsoft Word document template to save a copy of and type into. To edit it, save a copy to your desktop or Clackamas Office 365 account. Includes tips on how to format a paper in APA. Last updated Feb. 2020.
• Download & edit: Pages document template If you need this template in Pages, email [email protected]
• View Only: Sample APA student paper (7th ed.) This sample student paper includes descriptions of indentations, margins, headers, and other formatting conventions (APA, 2020).
• APA Style (APA.org) APA's site answers all the basic questions about APA 7th edition and gives sample "student" and "professional" papers. This will help you with document format, in-text citations, the References list, and various stylistics.
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AIP Style refers to the citation format established by the American Institute of Physics. AIP is the format commonly used in the field of physics. AIP is a numbered style with references numbered in the order of appearance in the article and listed in that order at the end of the article.

Style manual

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• American Institute of Physics (AIP) style examples from Monash University Library.

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Physics: Writing a Literature Review

Literature reviews.

A  literature review  surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. 

• Provide context for a research paper
• Explore the history and development of a topic
• Examine the scholarly conversation surrounding the topic
• Shows relationships between studies
• Examines gaps in research on the topic

Components 

Similar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:

• Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?
• Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored
• Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic
• Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature

Conducting a Literature Review

1. choose a topic. define your research questions..

Your literature review should be guided by a central research question.  Remember, it is not a collection of loosely related studies in a field but instead represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you in a synthesized way.

• Make sure your research question is not too broad or too narrow.  Is it manageable?
• Begin writing down terms that are related to your question. These will be useful for searches later.
• If you have the opportunity, discuss your topic with your professor.

2. Decide on the scope of your review. 

• How many studies do you need to look at?
• How comprehensive should it be?
• How many years should it cover? 

Tip: This may depend on your assignment.  How many sources does the assignment require?

3. Select the databases you will use to conduct your searches.  

Make a list of the databases you will search.  

Where to find databases:

• Find Databases by Subject
• T he Find Articles tab of this guide

This page contains a list of the most relevant databases for most Physics research. 

4. Conduct your searches and find the literature. Keep track of your searches! 

• Review the abstracts of research studies carefully. This will save you time.
• Write down the searches you conduct in each database so that you may duplicate them if you need to later (or avoid dead-end searches   that you'd forgotten you'd already tried).
• Use the bibliographies and references of research studies you find to locate others.
• Ask your professor or a librarian if you are missing any key works in the field.

5. Review the Literature 

Some questions to help you analyze the research: 

• What was the research question of the study you are reviewing? What were the authors trying to discover?
• Was the research funded by a source that could influence the findings?
• What were the research methodologies? Analyze its literature review, the samples and variables used, the results, and the conclusions. Does the research seem to be complete? Could it have been conducted more soundly? What further questions does it raise?
• If there are conflicting studies, why do you think that is?
• How are the authors viewed in the field? Has this study been cited?; if so, how has it been analyzed?

Tips: 

• Again, review the abstracts carefully.  
• Keep careful notes so that you may track your thought processes during the research process.

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IEEE Reference Guide |  IEEE Editorial Style Manual

  AIP Style Manual (4th Ed.)

AIP Style (American Institute of Physics)

AIP Style is published by the American Institute of Physics. The most recent publication is the 4th Edition (1990).

PDF  |  Find a hard copy at the library

IEEE Citation Style Summary

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) style is a citation format primarily used in physical sciences and engineering.

Similar to other citation styles, IEEE style requires In-Text References and an End-of-Paper Reference Section: 

In-Text References:

To cite a source in the body of your paper (in-text reference), note it on the line in the square brackets and before the punctuation as in the examples shown below::

        ....confirmed by Galileo [5];

        ....as mentioned earlier [17], [1–[7], [3];

        ....Curie et al. [25]

            Note : Use et al. when a reference source has three or more authors.

End-of-paper References:

• Include all sources you have cited in your paper as in-text references.
• Journal Article (accessed from online database)  ​:    Author  Initials.  Author surname,  "Article title,"  Magazine/Journal title ,  volume no.,  issue no., P age accessed.   Publication Month Publication Year. Available: Database name, Article URL, [Date accessed]. 
• Book:   Author  Initials.  Author surname,  "Book title," Edition, Place of publication (City, State/Province); Publisher,  Publication Month Publication Year.
• Patent/Standard:  Inventor initials. Inventor  surname,  "Invention title," Country, Patent number ; Patent date month, year.

​ Note :   Use the "issued date" if several dates are given.

If you can't find the author name, article title will come first.

Numbered the sources in the order as they are cited in the text. For example:

For more information on IEEE style and source formats, use the  How to Cite References: IEEE Documentation Style.

IEEE Style Examples

Electronic Documents

[1] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman , Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.

Journal Article Abstract (accessed from online database)

[1]  M. T. Kimour and D. Meslati, “Deriving objects from use cases in real-time embedded systems,” Information and Software Technology, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 533, June 2005. [Abstract]. Ava ilable: ProQuest, http://www.umi.com/proquest/. [Accessed November 12, 2007].

Journal Article in Scholarly Journal (published free of charge on the Internet)

[2] A. Altun , “Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Language learners’ experience,” Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July, 2005. [Online serial]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/ volume6 / number12 /. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2007].

Newspaper Article from the Internet

[3] C. Wilson-Clark, “Computers ranked as key literacy,” The Atlanta Journal Constitution, para. 3, March 29, 2007. [Online], Available: http://www.thewest.com.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2007].

Internet Documents

Professional Internet Site

[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, “Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guide for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,” European Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI-TR-101 , 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.etsi.org. [Accessed: Nov. 12, 2007].

General Internet Site

[2] J. Geralds, “Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast,” vnunet.com, para. 2, Jan. 31, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://nli.vnunet.com/news/1116995. [Accessed Sept. 12, 2007].  

[4] J. Aston. “RE: new location, okay?” Personal email (July 3, 2007).  

[8] Thomson ISI, Endnote 7. [CD-ROM]. Berkeley, CA: ISI ResearchSoft, 2006.

[1] S. Bhanndahar . ECE 4321. Class Lecture, Topic: “Bluetooth can’t help you.” School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 9, 2008.

Print Documents

Edited Book

[2] J. L. Spudich and B. H. Satir, Eds., Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001.

Selection in an Edited Book

[3] E. D. Lipson and B. D. Horwitz , “Photosensory reception and transduction,” in Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction, J. L. Spudich and B. H. Satir , Eds. New York: Wiley-Liss , 2001, pp-1-64 .

Book by an Institutional or Organizational Author

[5] Council of Biology Editors, Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 6th ed., Chicago: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

[6] Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, Transmission System for Communication, Bell Telephone Lab, 2005.

Technical Report

[8] K. E. Elliott and C. M. Greene, “A local adaptive protocol,” Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Report. 916-1010-BB, 7 Apr. 2007.  

Government Publication

[11] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Pocket Statistics. Washington, DC: Office of Headquarters Operations, 2007.

Paper Published in Conference Proceedings

[12] J. Smith, R. Jones, and K. Trello, “Adaptive filtering in data communications with self improved error reference,” In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications ’04, 2004, pp. 65-68.

Papers Presented at Conferences (unpublished)

[13] H. A. Nimr , “Defuzzification of the outputs of fuzzy controllers,” presented at 5th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Cairo, Egypt, 2006.

Thesis or Dissertation (unpublished)

[14] H. Zhang, “Delay-insensitive networks,” M. S. thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 2007.  

Journal Articles

Article in Journal (paginated by annual volume)

[8] K. A. Nelson, R. J. Davis, D. R. Lutz, and W. Smith, “Optical generation of tunable ultrasonic waves,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 53, no. 2, Feb., pp. 1144-1149, 2002.

Article in Professional Journal (paginated by issue)

[9] J. Attapangittya, “Social studies in gibberish,” Quarterly Review of Doublespeak, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 9-10, 2003.

Article in Monthly or Bimonthly Periodical

[10] J. Fallows , “Networking technology,” Atlantic Monthly, Jul., pp. 34-36, 2007.

Article in Daily, Weekly, or Biweekly Newspaper or Magazine

[11] B. Metcalfe, “The numbers show how slowly the Internet runs today,” Infoworld, 30 Sep., p. 34, 2006.

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Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Broadband Infrared Microspectroscopy and Nanospectroscopy of Local Material Properties: Experiment and Modeling , Patrick McArdle

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Quantum Sensing For Low-Light Imaging , Savannah Cuozzo

Radiative Width of K*(892) from Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics , Archana Radhakrishnan

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

AC & DC Zeeman Interferometric Sensing With Ultracold Trapped Atoms On A Chip , Shuangli Du

Calculation Of Gluon Pdf In The Nucleon Using Pseudo-Pdf Formalism With Wilson Flow Technique In LQCD , Md Tanjib Atique Khan

Dihadron Beam Spin Asymmetries On An Unpolarized Hydrogen Target With Clas12 , Timothy Barton Hayward

Excited J-- Resonances In Meson-Meson Scattering From Lattice Qcd , Christopher Johnson

Forward & Off-Forward Parton Distributions From Lattice Qcd , Colin Paul Egerer

Light-Matter Interactions In Quasi-Two-Dimensional Geometries , David James Lahneman

Proton Spin Structure from Simultaneous Monte Carlo Global QCD Analysis , Yiyu Zhou

Radiofrequency Ac Zeeman Trapping For Neutral Atoms , Andrew Peter Rotunno

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

A First-Principles Study of the Nature of the Insulating Gap in VO2 , Christopher Hendriks

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Development Of Quantum Information Tools Based On Multi-Photon Raman Processes In Rb Vapor , Nikunjkumar Prajapati

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Insulator To Metal Transition Dynamics Of Vanadium Dioxide Thin Films , Scott Madaras

Quantitative Analysis Of EKG And Blood Pressure Waveforms , Denise Erin McKaig

Study Of Scalar Extensions For Physics Beyond The Standard Model , Marco Antonio Merchand Medina

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Beyond the Standard Model: Flavor Symmetry, Nonperturbative Unification, Quantum Gravity, and Dark Matter , Shikha Chaurasia

Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional Van Der Waals Systems , Yohanes Satrio Gani

Extraction and Parametrization of Isobaric Trinucleon Elastic Cross Sections and Form Factors , Scott Kevin Barcus

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Scattering a Bose-Einstein Condensate Off a Modulated Barrier , Andrew James Pyle

Topics in Proton Structure: BSM Answers to its Radius Puzzle and Lattice Subtleties within its Momentum Distribution , Michael Chaim Freid

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

A Measurement of Nuclear Effects in Deep Inelastic Scattering in Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions , Anne Norrick

Applications of Lattice Qcd to Hadronic Cp Violation , David Brantley

Charge Dynamics in the Metallic and Superconducting States of the Electron-Doped 122-Type Iron Arsenides , Zhen Xing

Dynamics of Systems With Hamiltonian Monodromy , Daniel Salmon

Exotic Phases in Attractive Fermions: Charge Order, Pairing, and Topological Signatures , Peter Rosenberg

Extensions of the Standard Model Higgs Sector , Richard Keith Thrasher

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Lattice Qcd for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay: Short Range Operator Contributions , Henry Jose Monge Camacho

Probe of Electroweak Interference Effects in Non-Resonant Inelastic Electron-Proton Scattering , James Franklyn Dowd

Proton Spin Structure from Monte Carlo Global Qcd Analyses , Jacob Ethier

Searching for A Dark Photon in the Hps Experiment , Sebouh Jacob Paul

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A global normal form for two-dimensional mode conversion , David Gregory Johnston

Computational Methods of Lattice Boltzmann Mhd , Christopher Robert Flint

Computational Studies of Strongly Correlated Quantum Matter , Hao Shi

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Disconnected Diagrams in Lattice Qcd , Arjun Singh Gambhir

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Ac Zeeman Force with Ultracold Atoms , Charles Fancher

A Measurement of the Parity-Violating Asymmetry in Aluminum and its Contribution to A Measurement of the Proton's Weak Charge , Joshua Allen Magee

An improved measurement of the Muon Neutrino charged current Quasi-Elastic cross-section on Hydrocarbon at Minerva , Dun Zhang

Applications of High Energy Theory to Superconductivity and Cosmic Inflation , Zhen Wang

A Precision Measurement of the Weak Charge of Proton at Low Q^2: Kinematics and Tracking , Siyuan Yang

Compton Scattering Polarimetry for The Determination of the Proton’S Weak Charge Through Measurements of the Parity-Violating Asymmetry of 1H(E,e')P , Juan Carlos Cornejo

Disorder Effects in Dirac Heterostructures , Martin Alexander Rodriguez-Vega

Electron Neutrino Appearance in the Nova Experiment , Ji Liu

Experimental Apparatus for Quantum Pumping with a Bose-Einstein Condensate. , Megan K. Ivory

Investigating Proton Spin Structure: A Measurement of G_2^p at Low Q^2 , Melissa Ann Cummings

Neutrino Flux Prediction for The Numi Beamline , Leonidas Aliaga Soplin

Quantitative Analysis of Periodic Breathing and Very Long Apnea in Preterm Infants. , Mary A. Mohr

Resolution Limits of Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with Pulsed Source , Guangzhi Qu

Solving Problems of the Standard Model through Scale Invariance, Dark Matter, Inflation and Flavor Symmetry , Raymundo Alberto Ramos

Study of Spatial Structure of Squeezed Vacuum Field , Mi Zhang

Study of Variations of the Dynamics of the Metal-Insulator Transition of Thin Films of Vanadium Dioxide with An Ultra-Fast Laser , Elizabeth Lee Radue

Thin Film Approaches to The Srf Cavity Problem: Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Thin Films , Douglas Beringer

Turbulent Particle Transport in H-Mode Plasmas on Diii-D , Xin Wang

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Ballistic atom pumps , Tommy Byrd

Determination of the Proton's Weak Charge via Parity Violating e-p Scattering. , Joshua Russell Hoskins

Electronic properties of chiral two-dimensional materials , Christopher Lawrence Charles Triola

Heavy flavor interactions and spectroscopy from lattice quantum chromodynamics , Zachary S. Brown

Some properties of meson excited states from lattice QCD , Ekaterina V. Mastropas

Sterile Neutrino Search with MINOS. , Alena V. Devan

Ultracold rubidium and potassium system for atom chip-based microwave and RF potentials , Austin R. Ziltz

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Enhancement of MS Signal Processing for Improved Cancer Biomarker Discovery , Qian Si

Whispering-gallery mode resonators for nonlinear and quantum optical applications , Matthew Thomas Simons

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Applications of Holographic Dualities , Dylan Judd Albrecht

A search for a new gauge boson , Eric Lyle Jensen

Experimental Generation and Manipulation of Quantum Squeezed Vacuum via Polarization Self-Rotation in Rb Vapor , Travis Scott Horrom

Low Energy Tests of the Standard Model , Benjamin Carl Rislow

Magnetic Order and Dimensional Crossover in Optical Lattices with Repulsive Interaction , Jie Xu

Multi-meson systems from Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics , Zhifeng Shi

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Dark matter in the heavens and at colliders: Models and constraints , Reinard Primulando

Measurement of Single and Double Spin Asymmetries in p(e, e' pi(+/-,0))X Semi-Inclusive Deep-Inelastic Scattering , Sucheta Shrikant Jawalkar

NMR study of paramagnetic nano-checkerboard superlattices , Christopher andrew Maher

Parity-violating asymmetry in the nucleon to delta transition: A Study of Inelastic Electron Scattering in the G0 Experiment , Carissa Lee Capuano

Studies of polarized and unpolarized helium -3 in the presence of alkali vapor , Kelly Anita Kluttz

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