literature review on flower arrangement

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IJERT-Literature Review on Flower Classification

2015, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT)

https://www.ijert.org/literature-review-on-flower-classification https://www.ijert.org/research/literature-review-on-flower-classification-IJERTV4IS020561.pdf Many models are developed to extract flower features and identify its type or signature, various classification algorithms are used to check the accuracy of classification. There is large number of flowers available in the world and it is hard to remember all names of flowers so the system which is developed for identification of flower type is useful. In this paper we have present literature survey of various techniques used for flower classification.

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Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering

Dr Thyagharajan K K

Plants are fundamentally important to life. Key research areas in plant science include plant species identification, weed classification using hyper spectral images, monitoring plant health and tracing leaf growth, and the semantic interpretation of leaf information. Botanists easily identify plant species by discriminating between the shape of the leaf, tip, base, leaf margin and leaf vein, as well as the texture of the leaf and the arrangement of leaflets of compound leaves. Because of the increasing demand for experts and calls for biodiversity, there is a need for intelligent systems that recognize and characterize leaves so as to scrutinize a particular species, the diseases that affect them, the pattern of leaf growth, and so on. We review several image processing methods in the feature extraction of leaves, given that feature extraction is a crucial technique in computer vision. As computers cannot comprehend images, they are required to be converted into features by individually analyzing image shapes, colors, textures and moments. Images that look the same may deviate in terms of geometric and photometric variations. In our study, we also discuss certain machine learning classifiers for an analysis of different species of leaves.

Subhankar Ghosh

A classification problem deals with associating a given input pattern with one of the distinct classes. Plant leaf classification is a technique where a leaf is classified based on its different morphological features. There are various successful classification techniques like the k-Nearest Neighbour Classifier, Probabilistic Neural Network, Genetic Algorithm, Support Vector Machine, and Principal Component Analysis. Deciding on a specific method for classification is often a difficult task because the quality of the results can be different for different input data. Plant leaf classification has wide applications in various fields such as botany, Ayurveda, agriculture etc. In this paper we present a survey on the various classification techniques which can be used for the classification of plants based on their leaves. Keywords: classification; plants; probabilistic neural network; support vector machine; artificial neural networks; k-nearest neighbours; learning vector quantization.

Ismail Bagalkote

— In computer vision application texture analysis plays an important role same as Artificial Intelligence plays in classification and decision making. Better texture feature gives better results while classification even the accuracy of classifier is totally depend on the type and values variations of features. Different methods for digital-image texture analysis like Structural, Statistical, Model–Based and Transform based are reviewed based on available literature and research work either carried out or supervised by the authors. Different texture databases available online is also discussed with their characteristics and the best texture feature which can describe the database well. The paper is concluded with texture features which can describe variation in given image.

IJCSMC Journal

The technique used for the processing of digital data obtained from pictures is identified as image processing. Plants and crops are ruining because of the excessive use of fertilizers and insecticides. The experts observe the plant disease with their naked eye and identify and detect the type of diseases plant is suffering from. In order to identify infections from input pictures, plant disease detection approach is implemented. An image processing approach is implemented in this research study. This approach is relied on the extraction of textural feature, segmentation and classification. The textural features are extracted from the picture with the help of GLCM algorithm. The input picture is segmented with the help of k-mean clustering algorithm. For classification, the KNN classification is used in this research. This leads to improve accuracy of detection and also leads to classify data into multiple classes. The results of the proposed algorithm are analyzed in terms of various parameters accuracy, precision, recall and execution time. The accuracy of proposed algorithm is increased upto 10 to 15 percent.

Md. Atikur Rahman

This paper presents a Neural Network Ensemble (NNE) for Mango Leaf Diseases Recognition (MLDR). Mango trees are affected by various diseases and identifying disease is a complex task till now because those diseases are detected manually. This study intends to detect the symptoms of plant diseases easily with machine learning than a manual monitoring system. Here, Trained data are produced by classification technique collecting images of leaves that were various disease affected. A machine learning system is designed to identify the symptom of mangoes leaf diseases automatically uploading and matching new images of affected leaf with trained data.The proposed system could successfully detect and classify the examined disease with average accuracy of 80%. This proposed solution would clinch the Mango plants. The system will help to detect disease without the presence of agriculturist. It would also save time to identify disease with machine instead of traditional system, which helps to treat the affection of mango leaf disease properly, increase the production of mango and meet the demand of global market.

Kelly Shigeno

IOSR Journals

IEEE Conference Paper

Dagoberto Arias-Aguilar

The fast and accurate identification of forest species is fundamental to support their conservation, sustainable management , and, more specifically, the fight against illegal logging. Traditionally, identifications are done by using dichotomous or polytomous keys based on physical characteristics of trees. However, these techniques are of little use when the trees have been cut, removed from their natural environment, and consequently there is only a partial subset of information on all those traits. In these cases, it may be possible to resort to the anatomical characteristics of the wood, which are less affected by environmental factors and therefore have a high diagnostic value in the identification. For some years now, computers have been used to support the identification processes through interactive keys and access to global repositories of digital images, among others. However, techniques based on machine learning have recently been developed and applied successfully to the identification of both plant and animal species. Consequently, automatic or semiautomatic techniques have been proposed to support botanists, taxonomists and non-experts in the species identification process. This article presents an overview of the use of these techniques as well as the current challenges and opportunities for the identification of forest species based on xylotheque samples.

WARSE The World Academy of Research in Science and Engineering

India in an agricultural country and the detection of diseases in first stage is very important to increase the crop yield. The bacterial spot, late blight, septoria leaf spot and yellow curved leaf diseases affect the crop quality of tomatoes. In this paper, to detect symptoms of disease, we have developed a module that classifies the plant leaf disease automatically. This paper presents a performance measure for different feature extraction techniques for tomato leaf disease detection including GLCM, Gabor and SURF and classification techniques including decision trees, SVM, KNN and Naïve Bayes. The dataset contains 500 images of tomato leaves with seven symptoms of diseases. We have modeled a system for automatic feature extraction and classification. We have evaluated the performance of the system using different performance measures to conclude with appropriate features set and classification technique for tomato leaf disease classification. The experimental results validate that Gabor features effectively recognizes different types of tomato leaf diseases. Accuracy of SVM is better as compared to other classification techniques but the execution time is more.

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Flower Regulation in Floriculture: An Agronomic Concept and Commercial Use

Published: 15 June 2022
Volume 42 , pages 2136–2161, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

Anjali Chandel 1 , 2 , 3 na1 ,
Meenakshi Thakur 1 , 2 na1 ,
Gurpreet Singh 1 , 2 ,
Ruchika Dogra 1 , 2 ,
Ankush Bajad 1 , 2 ,
Vikas Soni 1 , 2 &
Bhavya Bhargava 1 , 2 , 3

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The trend of cut flower industry is gradually shifting from conventional cultivation to extended cropping seasons and off-season production. Alteration of flower time is highly desirable in cut flower industry to get high-quality yield at targeted times viz., festivities and marriages. This is crucial in balancing the trade by reducing entry of surplus produce in the market. The production of harvestable produce depends on the product of genetic makeup and a sequence of events of growth and development of the crop. Recent studies have established the role of genes in controlling flowering time and vigor of the plants, which directly impact the yields of quality produce. Time of flowering and a plant’s requirement to external environment factors viz. vernalization, temperature, and photoperiod are determining factors of elite germplasm. Therefore, this review focuses on providing with the cumulative insight on influence of external environment cues and recently developed technologies involving genetic level modifications and their interaction with flowering time. Photoperiod (day length) can control many of the developmental responses in plants and it is well known in cereals and other crops, however, studies are still lacking behind in floriculture crops. Growth regulators aid in moderating plant growth and development as well as facilitating responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. To counter such stresses, plants either begin flowering to produce seeds for ensuring their survival, or delay flowering by slowing down their metabolism till the crisis have averted. These responses vary depending upon the dose of the stimulus, the plant developmental stage, or even the cultivar used. This basic information on the regulation of flowering insight how crops might be managed to optimize harvest time, to reduce glut in the market and increase the price of the produce under various environmental challenges.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Director, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, (HP), India for providing necessary facilities during study. We also thank Mr. Vikas for his technical support. The authors also acknowledge financial support to the present study by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India, under CSIR-Floriculture Mission (HCP-0037).

This work was funded by CSIR—Floriculture Mission (HCP-0037).

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Anjali Chandel and Meenakshi Thakur have contributed equally and shares first authorship.

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Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, CSIR–Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Post Box 6, Palampur, HP, 176 061, India

Anjali Chandel, Meenakshi Thakur, Gurpreet Singh, Ruchika Dogra, Ankush Bajad, Vikas Soni & Bhavya Bhargava

CSIR–Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Post Box 6, Palampur, 176 061, HP, India

Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India

Anjali Chandel & Bhavya Bhargava

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AC: Literature search, Manuscript writing, and Visualization; MT: Writing, review, editing, conceptualization, methodology, and visualization; GS and RD: Literature search, Manuscript writing, and Visualization; Ankush Bajad: Data curation; Vikas Soni: Technical support; BB: Conceptualization, Methodology, Reviewing, Project administration, Funding and acquisition. All authors have substantially contributed to the work and approved it for publication.

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Correspondence to Bhavya Bhargava .

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Chandel, A., Thakur, M., Singh, G. et al. Flower Regulation in Floriculture: An Agronomic Concept and Commercial Use. J Plant Growth Regul 42 , 2136–2161 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10688-0

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Received : 27 January 2022

Accepted : 21 May 2022

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Issue Date : April 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10688-0

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Front Psychol

Structured Floral Arrangement Program Benefits in Patients With Neurocognitive Disorder

Hiroko mochizuki-kawai.

1 Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan

Izumi Kotani

2 Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Satoshi Mochizuki

3 Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Yuriko Yamakawa

4 Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Ami, Japan

We attempted to clarify positive benefits in cognitive abilities and motivation during our cognitive intervention [structured floral arrangement (SFA) program] for patients with neurocognitive disorder due to stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and other related disorders. In this SFA program, participants are required to arrange cut flowers and leaves on absorbent foam according to an instruction sheet. In a previous study of patients with schizophrenia, our SFA program encouraged participants and contributed to stimulating their visuospatial process and memory. Here, 27 patients with neurocognitive disorders participated in this study. Sixteen patients were assigned to an SFA-treated group and participated in six sessions during two phases plus to daily activities. Eleven non-treated patients engaged only daily activities during the same period. We compared Apathy Scale scores and neuropsychological scores between the SFA-treated and non-treated patients. Their mean attendance rate was more than 90% during the two phases. SFA-treated patients copied a Rey–Osterrieth complex figure more accurately than non-treated patients ( p < 0.05) during the later intervention phase, whereas during the earlier phase, accuracy was comparable between treated and non-treated groups. In the SFA-treated group, recall scores also improved ( p < 0.01), and the positive outcomes were maintained for about 3 months ( p < 0.05). The Apathy Scale scores did not show significant change in either the SFA-treated or non-treated groups. Our present results suggest that the SFA program encouraged continuous participation to cognitive intervention and was useful for ameliorating dysfunctions in visuospatial memory and recognition in patients with neurocognitive disorder.

Introduction

Various cognitive interventions have been developed to improve cognitive functions of patients with neurocognitive disorder due to stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), Alzheimer’s disease, and other-related disorders ( van de Ven et al., 2001 ; Talassi et al., 2007 ; De Vreese et al., 2008 ; Mapelli et al., 2013 ; Zucchella et al., 2014 ; Hallock et al., 2016 ; Panerai et al., 2016 ; Orrell et al., 2017 ; Pérez-Martín et al., 2017 ). For patients with acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, Zucchella et al. (2014) conducted cognitive training (CT) in which patients performed computer-based exercises (e.g., time orientation, word search puzzles, searching for targets among distractors, and calculation) for 16 h during 4 weeks. Participants demonstrated considerable improvement in domains of visual attention and verbal memory. CT generally consists of computer-based or paper-and-pencil cognitive exercises for targeting specific functions, including memory, attention, and executive function ( Talassi et al., 2007 ; Panerai et al., 2016 ), and CT has shown significant cognitive outcomes in patients with stroke ( Zucchella et al., 2014 ), TBI ( Hallock et al., 2016 ), and multiple sclerosis ( Pérez-Martín et al., 2017 ).

Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) is also a well-established cognitive intervention for elderly people with neurocognitive disorder. Participants engage in reality orientation and other enjoyable activities such as word games, being creative, and sound recognition ( Spector et al., 2003 ; Mapelli et al., 2013 ; Panerai et al., 2016 ; Orrell et al., 2017 ). General cognitive function and behavioral symptoms were improved through daily CST treatments in patients with elderly dementia ( Spector et al., 2003 ; Mapelli et al., 2013 ). Panerai et al. (2016) proposed a new combined CT and CST treatment program (intensive cognitive activation), designed according to each participant’s neurocognitive dysfunction. CT seems relatively successful for people with mild neurocognitive disorder; CST seems more acceptable for people with severe neurocognitive disorder, including elderly dementia ( Buschert et al., 2010 ; Panerai et al., 2016 ). When treated with an appropriate program, patients experienced positive outcomes in neurocognitive functions ( Buschert et al., 2010 ; Panerai et al., 2016 ).

In addition to program content, continuous participation to cognitive intervention appears important in achieving significant outcomes ( Orrell et al., 2017 ). In home-based CST programs, positive effect on cognition and quality of life (QOL) were not found in people with dementia ( Orrell et al., 2017 ) even though other studies had revealed benefits ( Spector et al., 2003 ; Knapp et al., 2006 ; Buschert et al., 2010 ; Mapelli et al., 2013 ). Orrell et al. (2017) cited low levels of adherence to the intervention as a potential limitation of their study. For inducing maximum cognitive outcomes, proposing an attractive intervention program with continuous participation may be important. Recently, acceptable and attractive methods have been proposed for cognitive improvement. Participants with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease reported high satisfaction and motivation after completing a 4-week serious game as CT ( Manera et al., 2015 ).

We have developed a structured floral arrangement (SFA) program, combining benefits of CT and horticultural therapy, in which participants were required to arrange cut flowers and leaves (foliages) on absorbent foam according to an instruction sheet. The SFA treatment program contributed to stimulating abilities of visuospatial process and spatial memory like CT, and it also encouraged continuous participation ( Mochizuki-Kawai et al., 2010 ). In patients with schizophrenia, the SFA participation rate nearly doubled that of other daily activities (e.g., singing, cooking, light exercise) ( Yamakawa et al., 2008 ; Mochizuki-Kawai et al., 2010 ). This program’s acceptability has elements in common with horticultural therapy, which is useful for improving psychiatric symptoms as well as for motivating participants by using natural materials ( Lee and Kim, 2008 ; Pereira and Pereira, 2009 ).

As training for visuospatial ability, the SFA procedure resembles that of a pegboard ( Burdea, 2003 ; Ashman et al., 2008 ) or block design ( Ben-Yishay, 1974 ; Young et al., 1983 ) and appears to include more complex manipulation of three-dimensional visual information with high load on visuospatial memory ( Mochizuki-Kawai et al., 2010 ). In a case study with chronic TBI, a symptom of unilateral spatial neglect, and a deficit of visuospatial recognition, improvement was shown through SFA treatments, and remedial effects were identified 5 months after treatment ( Mochizuki-Kawai et al., 2013 ). Furthermore, a chronic stroke patient showed improvements in scores on Rey–Osterrieth complex figure copy tests through SFA treatments ( Mochizuki-Kawai, 2016 ). SFA would predictably be effective for ameliorating visuospatial dysfunction although sufficient trials with multiple cases have not yet provided empirical evidence.

To clarify cognitive outcomes, the present study investigated change using group comparisons of visuospatial abilities with SFA treatments. We also attempted to clarify SFA treatments’ horticultural effects. For one group, real flowers, and leaves were used as materials and, for the other, colored sticks; then cognitive outcomes and motivation for the program were compared between groups. We believe that the present study of SFA contributes to further development of cognitive interventions for people with neurocognitive disorder.

Materials and Methods

Participants.

We recruited patients with neurocognitive disorders from 2 day-care facilities whom directors agreed to cooperate on our study. In one facility, the number of daily users was from 35 to 50, and about 20 in the other one. These users were suffered from neurocognitive dysfunctions. They engaged daily in activities including light exercise, fancywork, and horticultural work, were able to communicate with easy oral language, and were physically capable of light work. We introduced our research to all users older than 18 years who had no congenital cognitive dysfunctions in the two facilities, and recruited 27 patients who agreed to participate our research. The 27 patients were randomized into two groups (SFA treated = 16, non-treated = 11) nearly equal in age, years of education, illness, and MMSE score ( Table Table1 1 ). The number of SFA-treated patients was about 1.5 times larger than the number of non-treated Control group, because the 16 SFA-treated patients subdivided into two subgroups.

Characteristics of SFA and Control groups.

After assignment to the SFA-treated group, 16 patients participated in the SFA treatments in addition to the daily program. They showed mild to moderate neurocognitive deficits due to TBI, stroke, or other diseases (e.g., herpes encephalitis, multiple sclerosis). In the Control group, 11 patients showed mild to moderate neurocognitive dysfunctions because of TBI, stroke, or herpes encephalitis. Mean scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were 24.4 in the SFA and 23.4 in the Control group; about 40% of all same were recognized as having dementia according to the MMSE cut-off score ( Folstein et al., 1975 ). No significant differences were observed between patients in the SFA and Control groups in their characteristics ( Table Table1 1 ).

This study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the University of Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital. We obtained written informed consent from all adult participants and from the parents of non-adult participants before participating in the study. When participants could not sign due to their brain dysfunction, we obtained written informed consent from their family members after confirming participants’ agreements.

Figure Figure1 1 shows the SFA group’s experimental schedule, that is, two treatment phases at intervals of 2 weeks. In each phase, three sessions of SFA treatment (30–40 min) were conducted within 8 days. Neuropsychological tests were examined before and after each phase ( Figure Figure1 1 : pre-1, post-1, pre-2, and post-2). The 16 SFA patients were divided randomly into two similar subgroups that did not differ in age, years of education, time since onset of illness, and MMSE scores. The first subgroup, flower–stick SFA patients ( n = 7) participated with real flowers and leaves ( Figure Figure2A 2A ) in phase 1, and, in phase 2, they used colored sticks instead ( Figure Figure2B 2B ). The second subgroup, the stick–flower SFA patients ( n = 9) first used sticks and then real flowers and leaves, in reverse order from the first group. Both groups’ total treatment times were the same. We prepared two floral arrangement patterns with differing levels of difficulty ( Figure Figure2 2 , Patterns 1 and 2). Patients were instructed to make the easier pattern ( Figure Figure2 2 , Pattern 1) on the first day of each phase and the more complex pattern ( Figure Figure2 2 , Pattern 2) on the latter 2 days.

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Experiment schedule of the SFA-treated group.

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Floral arrangement samples with flowers and leaves (A) and samples with colored sticks (B) . Diagram images of base foam shown in a instruction sheet (C) , and the foams (D) used in the SFA program.

SFA Program Treatment

Structured floral arrangement program treatments were conducted in a group setting according to the procedure described in Mochizuki-Kawai et al. (2010) . In a session, participants made the same designed arrangement twice on absorbent foam. For the first one, they followed step-by-step instructions provided by staff members (neuropsychologist, occupational therapist, or psychiatrist), based on an instruction sheet. Diagrams of the impressed foam were shown on the instruction sheet ( Figure Figure2C 2C ), which guided the order and location to place each material on the foam ( Figure Figure2D 2D ). For example, as a fifth procedure of Pattern 1, a pink rose was to be placed vertically on the foam’s No. 5 center circle impression ( Figure Figure2 2 left).

During the treatment’s second half, patients were instructed to complete the arrangement by referring to the instruction sheet without any staff assistance. To evaluate patients’ arrangement skills, we photographed their work and recorded with a stopwatch the time they took to finish the second arrangement on each SFA treatment session. After each SFA treatment with flowers and leaves, patients took their arrangements home with them.

Cognitive Tests

To clarify cognitive outcomes, we used the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test (copy and immediate recall version) ( Rey, 1941 ; Osterrieth, 1944 ) and the digit span and block-tapping tests (Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, Wechsler, 1987 ). These assessments were executed four times, before and after the two phases ( Figure Figure1 1 : pre-1, post-1, pre-2, and post-2). The Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test was administered only to the SFA-treated patients about 3 months after phase 2 as a follow-up test. Control group patients spent their time as usual at the day-care facility with daily activities and participated only in neuropsychological tests on the same schedule as the SFA group, except for the 3-month follow-up. Because we predicted that Rey scores improved only in the SFA-treated group during two test phases, we did not plan the following test in the Control group. Using the Apathy Scale ( Starkstein et al., 1993 ; Okada et al., 1997 ) before and after each phase, we also evaluated the level of interest and concern in each group; we recorded their attendance rate to represent their motivation toward the program. We conducted the t -test or two-way ANOVA and simple main comparison to clarify the SFA program’s outcomes.

The SFA program’s mean attendance rates were 91.7% (with flowers and leaves) and 95.8% (with sticks). We observed that almost all SFA-treated patients continued to try to complete their arrangements and were able to finish them alone in the treatment’s second half. Once in the second session, one TBI patient failed to finish an arrangement with flowers and leaves by himself during phase 1, but he was able to finish his work without any assistance the next treatment day.

Cognitive Outcomes

Figure Figure3A 3A shows changes in copy scores on the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test both in SFA-treated and Control groups during the two phases. We found significant interaction between groups (SFA and Control) and test periods (pre-1, post-1, pre-2, and post-2) ( p < 0.05). The SFA group’s mean scores were significantly higher than those of the Control group both in pre-2 and post-2; SFA-treated patients could draw the complex figure more correctly than Control patients during phase 2. On recall scores in the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test, we also detected significant interaction between groups and test periods ( Figure Figure3B 3B , p < 0.05). The SFA group’s mean scores gradually improved through treatments, and their post-2 mean score was significantly higher than those of the other three tests ( p < 0.01). We also found a significant trend between the mean scores of the SFA and Control groups in the post-2 ( Figure Figure3B 3B , p < 0.10).

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Mean scores of Rey–Osterrieth complex figure copy (A) and recall (B) test in SAF-treated and non-treated (Control) groups. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, † p < 0.10.

Eleven of 16 SFA patients were followed about 3 months after the final SFA treatment. Figure Figure4 4 shows these patients’ mean Rey–Osterrieth complex scores at each test point (pre-1, post-2, and 3 months later). Copy scores showed no significant differences among test points ( Figure Figure4A 4A ). By contrast, the mean recall scores at post-2 and after 3 months were significantly higher than those at pre-1 ( Figure Figure4B 4B , p < 0.05). SFA-treated patients maintained improvement of visuospatial memory for 3 months. We analyzed the Rey–Osterrieth complex data separately between flower–stick ( n = 7) and stick–flower ( n = 9) SFA subgroups ( Figure Figure5 5 ). No significant differences in copy ( Figure Figure5A 5A ) and recall ( Figure Figure5B 5B ) scores were found between subgroups. In other words, SFA materials (real flowers and leaves or sticks) did not affect outcomes of the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test.

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Mean scores of the followed SFA-treated patients ( n = 11) in the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure copy (A) and recall (B) test. ∗ p < 0.05.

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Mean scores of the flower–stick ( n = 7) and stick–flower ( n = 9) SFA-treated subgroups in the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure copy (A) and recall (B) test. f, SFA treatments with flowers and leaves between pre- and post-tests; s, SFA treatments with sticks between pre- and post-tests.

Figure Figure6 6 shows drawing samples by three SFA-treated patients in the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure recall test. Case 1 was a 24-year-old female (MMSE = 28), who had right-brain lesion due to TBI 4 years before her SFA program participation (flower–stick subgroup). Her performance improved gradually with SFA participation, and she maintained that improvement for 3 months ( Figure Figure6 6 , Case 1). Case 2 was a male with mild dementia (MMSE = 22), 48 years old; he suffered from multiple sclerosis onset 2 years before SFA participation (stick–flower subgroup), with bilateral brain damage. Although he performed well on the pre-1 Rey–Osterrieth complex figure copy test (score = 34/36), he revealed severe memory deficit in the recall version ( Figure Figure6 6 , Case 2, pre-1). His recall scores improved through SFA treatments, and on the 3-month follow-up test, he appeared to maintain improvement ( Figure Figure6 6 , Case 2). Case 3 was a 34-year-old male with moderate cognitive dysfunction (MMSE = 10) due to TBI 2 years before SFA participation (flower–stick subgroup). His copy scores improved from 26.0 (pre-1) to 31.5 (post-2) points during treatment. Although recall scores improved in the two SFA phases, his scores declined after 2-week and 3-month intervals ( Figure Figure6 6 , Case 3). Even in older patients, improvements were found in Rey–Osterrieth complex figure recall test. Case 4 (male, 63 years old, MMSE = 22, stroke) recorded 31.5 points in the post-2 test, while he scored 8 points in the pre-1 test. In Case 5 (female, 57 years old, MMSE = 28, TBI), recall scores were increased from 19 to 28 points during SFA interventions. The improvements in recall scores were observed over a wide age range.

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Drawing samples of the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure recall test in three SFA-treated patients.

Table Table2 2 shows other tests’ mean scores. Scores on the digit span, block tapping, and the Apathy Scale did not reveal any significant changes in either the SFA or Control patients. From the Apathy Scale, Japanese version, each patient was recognized as having apathy syndrome at over 16 points ( Okada et al., 1997 ). Seven of 16 SFA patients and six of 11 Control patients were recognized as having apathy syndrome in pre-1, and almost all the same patients revealed similar scores in Apathy Scale ( Okada et al., 1997 ) at post-2 evaluation. The remaining nine of 16 SFA-treated non-apathy patients maintained their preferred mental state throughout the experiment, but three of five non-apathy Control patients showed gradually increasing Apathy Scale scores and were recognized as having apathy syndrome at post-2 evaluation.

Mean cognitive and Apathy test scores in SFA and Control groups.

SFA Arranging Work

Almost all patients could arrange materials correctly in Pattern 1 treatments, but they made mistakes occasionally in Pattern 2, which had a more complex design. Figure Figure7 7 shows samples arranged by a 35-year-old male (TBI, stick–flower SFA subgroup) without any support in the intervention’s second half. Although his copy score was 32.5 points, his recall score (0.5 point) was the worst among SFA group participants in the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure pre-1 test. He finished two arrangement patterns well with sticks, which were all placed correctly on the marked absorbent foam ( Figures 7A,B ). He also arranged flowers and leaves well ( Figure Figure7C 7C ), but he failed correctly to place two cut flowers (orange roses) in Pattern 2 ( Figure Figure7D 7D , blue circle).

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Work samples with sticks (A,B) or flowers (C,D) , arranged by 35-year-old male without assistance in the SFA program. Blue circles indicate lack of orange roses (D) .

Table Table3 3 shows mean performance times for completing arrangements alone in the SFA treatment’s second half. Mean performance time with flowers and leaves was significantly longer than that with sticks ( p < 0.01), and participants required more time to finish the arrangement on the second and third days (Pattern 2) than on the first day (Pattern 1) during each phase ( p < 0.05). As we expected, the Pattern 2 design required a higher load for participants than Pattern 1. In addition, arranging flowers and leaves was more difficult than arranging sticks. We divided performance time by the number of materials (flowers and leaves or sticks) in each program pattern and calculated mean times required for placing each piece of material on the foam’s impression ( Table Table4 4 ). Mean times with flowers and leaves were significantly longer than with sticks ( p < 0.01), and the time did not change within a phase.

Mean performance times (s) for creating one arrangement with flowers or sticks in the second half of each SFA program.

Mean times (s) required for placing each piece of material during the second half of SFA programs.

We found positive cognitive outcomes with the SFA program in the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test. SFA-treated patients could draw a complex figure more accurately than Control patients in the later phase. Patients also improved their visuospatial memory through SFA treatments, and positive outcomes were maintained for about 3 months. Even for a patient with severe memory deficits, visuospatial memory scores improved gradually during treatment. Thus, our results revealed that the SFA program enhanced visuospatial analysis, recognition, and memory. These results were consistent with our previous studies’ results ( Mochizuki-Kawai et al., 2010 , Mochizuki-Kawai, 2016 ) and results of other studies with CT programs ( Zucchella et al., 2014 ; Hallock et al., 2016 ; Pérez-Martín et al., 2017 ). Our present results showed the SFA program useful for ameliorating deficits with visuospatial memory and recognition. SFA has benefits in common with CT programs that efficiently stimulate and improve targeted cognitive functions ( Talassi et al., 2007 ; Panerai et al., 2016 ). Attendance at this SFA program averaged more than 90%. In contrast, scores of digit span, block tapping, and apathy levels did not change during SFA treatments.

The SFA program’s attendance rate was high, and almost all patients with mild to moderate neuropsychological disorders could finish their arrangements alone during the second half of treatment. The SFA program may be appropriate for a broad range of patients with neurocognitive dysfunctions, and it appears to provide CST-like elements that encourage participation through enjoyable activities ( Mapelli et al., 2013 ; Orrell et al., 2017 ). In addition, SFA treatments were conducted six times and lasted 30 to 40 min each. Our schedule was relatively briefer than those of other cognitive interventions, during which treatments were conducted from 12 to 40 times, and each session lasted more than 1 h ( Mapelli et al., 2013 ; Zucchella et al., 2014 ; Panerai et al., 2016 ; Pérez-Martín et al., 2017 ). To put it another way, SFA program methods may be adequate for improving visuospatial ability and memory with minimum treatment. These short-term clinical outcomes would likely encourage patients and their family members, and the SFA program may be a useful addition to the training content in CT or CST treatments.

Present results showed that eleven followed participants maintained their improved recall scores for 3 months on the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test. By contrast, we reported a patient who showed reduced recall scores after a 3-month interval ( Figure Figure6 6 , Case 3). Patients with relatively severe neurocognitive disorder (e.g., under 10 points in MMSE) might tend to show decline in cognitive benefits after non-intervention intervals. Participants with severe cognitive dysfunctions may need continuous treatment to maintain cognitive outcomes. Further study is needed to clarify the relationship between levels of neurocognitive dysfunction and retainment of cognitive outcomes.

We predicted that, as materials, natural flowers and leaves would be more attractive to participants than colored sticks and would encourage patients to participate continuously, similar to horticultural therapy. However, no significant differences were revealed between flowers and leaves versus colored sticks in attendance rates and cognitive outcomes. Performance times with flowers and leaves were significantly longer than with sticks. Real flowers and leaves’ sizes and forms differed each day, but the sticks’ size remained constant. Real flowers and leaves’ variety would make it difficult to arrange them and naturally increase time to completion, but that might be appropriate for further developing visuospatial ability.

In the SFA program, three-dimensional operations with materials were required, for example, in Pattern 1, one rose was placed straight up on the absorbent foam’s center, and other roses were placed at about 45° angles on its lateral sides ( Figure Figure2 2 ); this is unique among visuospatial training tools including puzzles, peg-boards, and block designs ( Mochizuki-Kawai et al., 2010 ). The present procedure would be difficult for patients with neurocognitive disorder, but we observed that almost all participants continued arranging materials without quitting and finished arrangements alone in the SFA intervention’s second half. The step-by-step procedures and impressions on the absorbent foam might have motivated patients and encouraged their continuous participation.

The time spent placing each piece of material did not decrease during each phase. Of two possible explanations for the lack of improvement in efficiency, first, we instructed patients to array materials in a correct and orderly way, but not quickly, so this likely influenced their performance time. Second, on the intervention’s second and third days, we asked patients to try a more complicated design than on the first day. Since the more complicated arrangement would require longer time, it might have canceled work efficiency. While we failed to detect significant time reduction, patients seemed to be acquiring skills (procedural memory) in creating their arrangements because they were able to finish by alone more complicated work on later treatment days.

Some differences appeared between the present study’s results and those of the previous study with schizophrenia patients. Present results showed improvement in scores of Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test, recall version, but not in the block-tapping task, whereas the previous study showed improvement in block-tapping task scores, but not in the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test, recall version ( Mochizuki-Kawai et al., 2010 ). Patients’ various diseases or degrees of neurocognitive dysfunction might have caused these differences.

Against our prediction, we did not detect significant improvement in Apathy Scale scores. However, nine SFA-treated patients maintained their positive mental state based on the Apathy Scale, while three of five SFA non-treated patients showed gradual psychic deterioration and became to be recognized as having apathy syndrome at the experiment’s final test. Perhaps the SFA intervention contributed to patients’ maintaining good mental health. There are some limitations in the present study. First, the SFA-treated patients continued to engage daily day-care activities during SFA interventions, so an interaction between the SFA program and daily activities would not be clear. Second, the present sample size was small especially with regard of the age, whereas we found stable benefits in SFA program treated patients who were from twenties to sixties. The cognitive benefits may be affected by the age and other related factors, such as brain reserve capacity, which designates the ability to maintain cognitive performance well in the face of age-related brain modifications and pathology ( Franzmeier et al., 2017b ; Gelfo et al., 2018 ). The brain reserve capacity is increased by the enriched early life experiences, for example, higher education, and induces greater brain connectivity during engaging memory task ( Franzmeier et al., 2017a ; Gelfo et al., 2018 ). The interactions between the SFA outcomes and aging or brain reserve capacity (e.g., education level) would be examined with larger sample in the future.

In the SFA program, patients took the flower and leaf arrangements home with them. We did not investigate the natural work’s influence in each home. The natural materials facilitate communication among participants’ family members and would ameliorate relationships between patients and caregivers, similar to CST interventions ( Orrell et al., 2017 ). In the future, we plan to examine the SFA program’s effect on caregivers’ mental health and on relationships between patients and caregivers. Moreover, the SFA program may positively affect activities of daily living (ADL) levels because cognitive ability with visuospatial memory and recognition is associated with ADL level in neurocognitive disorders ( Bieñkiewicz et al., 2015 ). We believe that the SFA program has much potential for improving cognitive and mental health in patients with brain damage and also for positively affecting both patients and family members’ QOL.

Author Contributions

HM-K conceived and designed the study. HM-K, IK, and YY administered the cognitive intervention. HM-K, IK, and SM executed cognitive tests. HM-K analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript with the help of other members (SM, IK, and YY).

Conflict of Interest Statement

IK is currently employed by company Sase Total Care Center Co., Ltd. The present study was executed independent of the company. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We thank Mr. H. Mogi for his technical support on floral arrangement work.

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Biodiversity Heritage Library

Symbolism in Flower Arrangement, by Ervin S. Ferry [Review]

Chan, A. P.

Date of Publication

Original publication.

The Canadian field-naturalist

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Contributed by.

New York Botanical Garden, LuEsther T. Mertz Library

Published by

Ottawa Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.341771

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In copyright. Digitized with the permission of the rights holder.

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https://biodiversitylibrary.org/permissions

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

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COMMENTS

PDF Literature Review on Flower Classification
The flower classification achieves the best result with accuracy 73.63%. Comparing the colour feature extraction, the accuracy of texture feature is better to stand alone, and help the performance to achieve the accuracy when all features combined with combined a*b*colour and texture feature.
(PDF) Flower arranging and Designing
Flower Arrangement. Flower arrangement is the artistic display of owers. in a right manner and proportion so that the same may. provide maximum pleasure and satisfaction, and cr eate. a quite ...
15521 PDFs
Explore the latest full-text research PDFs, articles, conference papers, preprints and more on FLORICULTURE. Find methods information, sources, references or conduct a literature review on ...
IJERT-Literature Review on Flower Classification
Download Free PDF. View PDF. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 4 Issue 02, February-2015 Literature Review on Flower Classification Chaku Gamit1, Prof. Prashant B. Swadas2, Prof. Nilesh B. Prajapati3 1 2 PG Student, BVM, V.V. Nagar, Gujarat, India.
PDF Determining Consumer Preferences for Floral Design Elements
Consumers will prefer floral arrangement with complementary color harmony over monochromatic or analogous. ... Literature Review Floral consumption According to a report by First Research (2010), more than half of the retail floral industry revenue was comprised of floral arrangements. Buying habits have shifted as traditional floral
PDF Review Article
The bouquets and floral arrangements cost from US$ 8 to US $300 by these floral factories. The concept of floral designing has great application in modern bouquets and decorations on stage, walls, ceilings, curtains for various ceremonies including wedding. Although, this floral live art has become an integral part of ceremonies, it
Humans' Relationship to Flowers as an Example of the Multiple
The repeated, compositional elements of flowers such as color, shape, and pattern that are repeated within the petal arrangement and within a group of similar flowers growing in proximity are helpful in providing the right amount of familiarity and innovation to calm but also to activate the brain.
The Care and Arrangement of Flowers
THE CARE AND ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS. 1375. the bottom of the utensil thus cutting mersing the stems for a sufficient off the water supply. length of time to permit the flowers The ideal method is that of cutting to suck up all the water the stems the stems under water, as then can no hold. air can enter to clog the cells.
Floral development: re-evaluation of its importance
One review and five regular papers in this issue re-evaluate the importance of floral development and shed light on its essential linkage with the evolution of flower morphology. ... examine the organ arrangement of six- and seven-tepaled flowers in six Anemone species and reveal that variation in organ arrangement is commonly limited to three ...
(PDF) A review on flower classification
In this paper we have present literature survey of various methods for classification of flowers using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifier. The proposed method is based on textural features ...
PDF Principles of Floral Arrangement
In order to arrange flowers in such a manner it is necessary to become acquainted with all the elements of good design. The elements of design are color, light, space, line, form, pattern, texture, and size. The principles of design are balance, dominance, contrast, rhythm, proportion, and scale. These same elements and principles of design ...
The Flower Arrangement by Ella Griffin
Every bouquet tells a story. And every story begins at Blossom & Grow, a tiny jewel-like flower shop in the heart of Dublin. Here, among the buckets of fragrant blooms, beneath the flickering candles and lanterns, Lara works her magic. Translating feelings into flower arrangements that change hearts and lives.
PDF Dry Flower Arrangement: A Review
Flower is embedded in some desiccant like sand or silica gel in a plastic container. As in air drying due to the loss of moisture, there is shrinkage and morphology of ornamental flower gets changed (Desh Raj, 2006). Fig.1 Bouquet making. Fig.2 Potpourri - By simply drying flower petals in air.
Flower Regulation in Floriculture: An Agronomic Concept and ...
Understanding of flower regulation can optimize harvest time which avoids the spoilage due to excessive production at a particular time, reduces glut in the market, provides employment throughout the year, and balances the trade (Amasino 2010; Song and Shim 2015).The aim of this article is to review the basic information available on the flower regulation in floriculture crops and the way how ...
Literature Review On Flower Classification IJERTV4IS020561
literature-review-on-flower-classification-IJERTV4IS020561 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free.
Structured Floral Arrangement Program Benefits in Patients With
The second subgroup, the stick-flower SFA patients (n = 9) first used sticks and then real flowers and leaves, in reverse order from the first group. Both groups' total treatment times were the same. We prepared two floral arrangement patterns with differing levels of difficulty (Figure Figure2 2, Patterns 1 and 2).
PDF Review of Literature on Dry Flowers
Review of Literature on Dry Flowers ... America, where dried floral arrangements are of great demand [12]. Besides domestic consumption, there is an increasing demand ...
Symbolism in Flower Arrangement, by Ervin S. Ferry [Review]
The Biodiversity Heritage Library works collaboratively to make biodiversity literature openly available to the world as part of a global biodiversity community. ... Symbolism in Flower Arrangement, by Ervin S. Ferry [Review] ... Symbolism in Flower Arrangement, by Ervin S. Ferry [Review] By. Chan, A. P. Type. Article. Date of Publication. 1959 ...
Review: The Flower Arrangement
The Flower Arrangement, by Ella Griffin. First published June 2015 by Orion. ISBN 13: 9781409145837. You may also like... You Should Read YA Literature, Here's Why A book labelled as YA (young adult) shouldn't put you off reading it, we can learn an awful lot from these books. Review: The Runaway, by Hollie Overton The latest in our book of ...
PDF CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The storage roots of sweet potato. serve as staple food, animal feed (Posas, 1989), and to a limited extent as a raw material for. industrial purposes as a starch source and for alcohol production (Collins, 1984). In Japan. dehydrated sweet potato is ground into flour, which is cooked for human consumption. Sweet.
(PDF) Review of Literature on Dry Flowers
Review of Literature on Dry Flowers. January 2019; Authors: Saima Rashid Mir. ... tablemats, coasters, wall hangings, landscapes and different types of flower arrangements. ...
Review: THE FLOWER ARRANGEMENT by Ella Griffin
Although the ending left me slightly unsatisfied as I wanted to know more, THE FLOWER ARRANGEMENT by Ella Griffin is a superbly written, compelling tale of love, loss, and the willingness to never give up, and I highly recommend it. BOOK RATING - 📖📖📖📖 4+. Author Bio: In previous lives, Ella was Ireland's Clumsiest Waitress and ...
PDF Floricultural Value Chain Case Studies in Fiji, Solomon Islands and
Municipal Market on Saturdays, the only day operating each week for the flower section. The other floricultural value chain is associated with the private Betikama Adventist College. The college staff members are provided with on-campus housing with larger yards, and they get land to grow cut flowers commercially.