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Public Health Research Methods
- By: Greg Guest & Emily E. Namey
- Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Publication year: 2015
- Online pub date: December 18, 2017
- Discipline: Health
- Methods: Survey research , Sampling , Populations
- DOI: https:// doi. org/10.4135/9781483398839
- Keywords: attitudes , disease , health services , HIV/AIDS , population , public health , surveying Show all Show less
- Print ISBN: 9781452241333
- Online ISBN: 9781483398839
- Buy the book icon link
Subject index
Public Health Research Methods provides a comprehensive foundation for planning, executing, and monitoring public health research of all types. The book goes beyond traditional epidemiologic research designs to cover state-of-the-art, technology-based approaches emerging in the new public health landscape. Written by experts in the field, each chapter includes a description of the research method covered, examples of its application in public health, clear instructions on how to execute the method, and a discussion of emerging issues and future directions. In addition, each chapter addresses the topic in the context of global health and health disparities. Such breadth provides readers with practical tools they can use in the field, as well as a current understanding of conceptual discussions. Illustrated with engaging case studies that enhance understanding of the concepts presented, Public Health Research Methods is a comprehensive, must-have reference ideal for researchers in all sectors—government, academia, and non-profit.
Front Matter
- Acknowledgments
- About the Editors
- About the Contributors
- Chapter 1 | Introduction to Public Health Research Methods
- Chapter 2 | Designing Research
- Chapter 3 | Research Ethics and Working with Institutional Review Boards
- Chapter 4 | Community Engagement in Public Health Research
- Chapter 5 | Public Health Surveillance and Research: From Data to Action
- Chapter 6 | Outbreak Investigation
- Chapter 7 | Cohort and Case-Control Studies
- Chapter 8 | Designing Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
- Chapter 9 | Using Secondary Data
- Chapter 10 | Economics of Population Health
- Chapter 11 | Health Services Research
- Chapter 12 | Survey Design and Implementation
- Chapter 13 | Scale Development and Validation
- Chapter 14 | Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications in Public Health
- Chapter 15 | Qualitative Research Methods
- Chapter 16 | Randomized Controlled Trials for Psychosocial Interventions
- Chapter 17 | Sampling: The Foundation of Good Research
- Chapter 18 | Statistical Methods in Public Health Research
- Chapter 19 | Mixed Methods Research
- Chapter 20 | Geographic Information Systems in Public Health
- Chapter 21 | Public Health 2.0: Fresh Approaches to Old Problems
- Chapter 22 | Enhancing Research Utilization
- Chapter 23 | Implementation Science: Identifying the Path from Innovation to Impact
Back Matter
- Author Index
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Qualitative methods for health research
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It is increasingly argued that qualitative approaches have an important role in health care research. A wide range of methods are used to collect qualitative data, including in-depth interviews, focus groups and observational methods such as participant observation. The reliability and validity of qualitative studies can be addressed by a variety of techniques. Although there is less consensus about appropriate methods of analysing qualitative data, such analyses tend to be grounded in the data, and involve iterative procedures and the development and refinement of typologies, analogies and other forms of concept to make sense of data.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 2007
Objective: To provide an overview of qualitative methodologies for health researchers in order to inform better research practices.Approach: Different possible goals in health research are outlined: quantifying relationships between variables, identifying associations, exploring experience, understanding process, distinguishing representations, comprehending social practices and achieving change. Three important issues in understanding qualitative approaches to research are discussed: the partiality of our view of the world, deductive and inductive approaches to research, and the role of the researcher in the research process. The methodologies of phenomenology, grounded theory, discourse analysis, ethnography, ethnomethodology and action research are illustrated.Conclusion: In order to undertake high-quality qualitative research, it is important for researchers to consider their analytic focus and methodological position.
A hand search of the original papers in seven medical journals over 5 years was conducted in order to identify those reporting qualitative research. A total of 210 papers were initially identified, of which 70 used qualitative methods of both data collection and analysis. These papers were evaluated by the researchers using a checklist which specified the criteria of good practice. Overall, 2% of the original papers published in the journals reported qualitative studies. Papers were more frequently positively assessed in terms of having clear aims, reporting research for which a qualitative approach was appropriate and describing their methods of data collection. Papers were less frequently positively assessed in relation to issued of data analysis such as validity, reliability and providing representative supporting evidence. It is concluded that the full potential of qualitative research has yet to be realized in the field of health care.
This paper focuses on the question of sampling (or selection of cases) in qualitative research. Although the literature includes some very useful discussions of qualitative sampling strategies, the question of sampling often seems to receive less attention in methodological discussion than questions of how data is collected or is analysed. Decisions about sampling are likely to be important in many qualitative studies (although it may not be an issue in some research). There are varying accounts of the principles applicable to sampling or case selection. Those who espouse 'theoretical sampling', based on a 'grounded theory' approach, are in some ways opposed to those who promote forms of 'purposive sampling' suitable for research informed by an existing body of social theory. Diversity also results from the many different methods for drawing purposive samples which are applicable to qualitative research. We explore the value of a framework suggested by Miles and Huberman [Miles, M., Huberman,, A., 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis, Sage, London.], to evaluate the sampling strategies employed in three examples of research by the authors. Our examples comprise three studies which respectively involve selection of: 'healing places'; rural places which incorporated national anti-malarial policies; young male interviewees, identified as either chronically ill or disabled. The examples are used to show how in these three studies the (sometimes conflicting) requirements of the different criteria were resolved, as well as the potential and constraints placed on the research by the selection decisions which were made. We also consider how far the criteria Miles and Huberman suggest seem helpful for planning 'sample' selection in qualitative research. Abstract PURPOSE We wanted to review and synthesize published criteria for good qualitative research and develop a cogent set of evaluative criteria. METHODS We identified published journal articles discussing criteria for rigorous research using standard search strategies then examined reference sections of relevant journal articles to identify books and book chapters on this topic. A cross-publication content analysis allowed us to identify criteria and understand the beliefs that shape them. RESULTS Seven criteria for good qualitative research emerged: (1) carrying out ethical research; (2) importance of the research; (3) clarity and coherence of the research report; (4) use of appropriate and rigorous methods; (5) importance of reflexivity or attending to researcher bias; (6) importance of establishing validity or credibility; and (7) importance of verification or reliability. General agreement was observed across publications on the first 4 quality dimensions. On the last 3, important divergent perspectives were observed in how these criteria should be applied to qualitative research, with differences based on the paradigm embraced by the authors. CONCLUSION Qualitative research is not a unified field. Most manuscript and grant reviewers are not qualitative experts and are likely to embrace a generic set of criteria rather than those relevant to the particular qualitative approach proposed or reported. Reviewers and researchers need to be aware of this tendency and educate health care researchers about the criteria appropriate for evaluating qualitative research from within the theoretical and methodological framework from which it emerges.
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