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261 Stress Topics & Research Questions

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• Academic Stress Among Students
• How to Manage Stress as a Student: Essay Example
• The Effects of Stress on Individuals
• How to Relax: Avoiding Stress
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Vladek From “Maus” by Art Spiegelman
• Stress Effect on Physical and Mental Health
• Stress and Solutions for Working Students
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Its Features
• Coping with Stress at University
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Fearless Film
• Transactional Model of Stress and Coping and the Effect of the Pandemic on Nurses’ Well-being Naturally, health care is one of the sectors, which was affected the most by the pandemic. Nurses play a pivotal role in this system, being the cornerstone of health care service delivery.
• Negative Effects of Stress on a College Student This paper dwells more on the effects of negative stress on a college student’s academic performance. Negative stress can affect a student physically and mentally.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Case Study Elaine, a 65-year-old woman, experienced posttraumatic stress disorder due to an accident involving a subway train collision.
• Stress Tolerance: New Challenges for Millennial College Students College with its numerous assignments, hectic schedule, and exams requiring total commitment and concentration is more or less stressful for everyone who enters tertiary education.
• Stress and Performance in the Sport Constructive stress is necessary for good mental and physical health. This article will explain the positive and negative pre-performance stressors in sports.
• A Stress Management Program for the Military The military authorities should address mental illnesses such as stress due to work conditions to ensure the service members’ holistic well-being.
• Lady Gaga’s Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness that affects those who have experienced or witnessed a horrific tragedy.
• Self-Esteem Role in Stress Management The paper explores the role of self-esteem in promoting and resolving stress, and the effects of stress on relationships, values, and meaningful purpose in life.
• Stress and Happiness in Personal Experience The notion of happiness is quite philosophical and sometimes can be complicated yet it refers to a feeling and a state of partial or complete pleasure.
• Parental Stress and Its Effects on Children In the current paper, the author analyses literature dedicated to parental stress and child development and behavior and tests the previously mentioned hypothesis.
• How Greek Mythology Subdued the Stress of Natural Phenomena The ancient Greeks created numerous engaging stories to explain such natural phenomena as volcanic eruptions, floods, and thunderstorms.
• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction The purpose of this work is to investigate one of the mindfulness-based interventions, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and evaluate its efficiency.
• Impact of Job Stress on Employee Work-Life Balance Postmodern society is anchored on the emphasis on work to achieve a fulfilling life. This review analyses the center of work-life balance.
• Impact of Physical Exercise on Anxiety and Stress This study aims to demonstrate how vulnerable persons who experience stress and anxiety are, and how physical exercise and stress are related.
• Correctional Nursing Stress Theory of Adaptation and Resilience Correctional Nursing Stress Theory guides correctional nurses, improve their knowledge about stress, and help them manage stress with the help of adaptation and inner strength.
• Stress Management and Lifestyle Modification The continued strain on the body from strain over time may lead to serious health problems such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and mental disorders like depression and anxiety.
• Stress Management at the Workplace This article examines the aspects of stress management at the workplace from the point of view of the position of the manager, and considers collective stress.
• Improving Stress Resistance in Agricultural Crops The essay suggests that stress-resistant crops are needed to ensure yield stability under stress conditions and to minimize the environmental impacts of crop production.
• Factors of Stress Among Young Adults Stress among young adults is caused by numerous factors, including family problems, work-related issues, health concerns, and psychological trauma.
• Stress: Causes and Possible Consequences This article has attempted to show that even what we consider to be “minor anomalies” or diseases can be the root cause of stress.
• Psychology Issues: Stress Management Skills Stress management is a skill that is required in everyday life, and that is why it is important. People face stress in almost every part of their life.
• Workplace Stress: The Coping Strategies The research will uncover management-applicable strategies for assisting workers who may experience tension in or outside the workplace.
• Community Based Stress Management Programs and Interventions Organizations with supportive supervisors’ processes are highly productive. Studies with the best results came from organizations that embrace effective leadership principles.
• The Chronic Psychological Stress It is proven that chronic psychological stress causes diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
• Biopsychosocial Factors of Stress Stress is a biopsychosocial phenomenon, as it affects a person’s physical well-being, emotional stability, and social interactions.
• Group Dynamics, Managing Conflict, and Managing Stress and Employee Job Satisfaction This paper discusses of whether a high cohesiveness in a group leads to higher group productivity, or not. Analysis of the effect of the quality of decision-making within the group.
• Stress and Burnout Among Nurses This paper presents research on the connection between stress and burnout syndrome among nurses and patient safety. It provides a review of the relevant literature and an analysis of key findings.
• Stress Factors: Work, Financial, Social Issues The significant causes of stress identified by scholarly studies are problems at work, financial issues, social pressure, and relationship difficulties.
• Correctional Officer Stress: A Phenomenological Study The current study seeks to expand existing knowledge about the stress of correctional officers. An interview was conducted within the qualitative phenomenological research design.
• Stress Management in the Work Environment Stress has a severe negative effect on the mental and physical health of employees, and the boss should provide an appropriate system of protection.
• Article Synthesis: “Stress” by Simon The effect of stress on the body is disturbing and could affect people in many ways. Pronounced stress initiates speedy changes throughout the body.
• Stress Affecting First-Year Students The first year at the university is the time when students are most vulnerable to academic failure, as well as most likely to experience social, emotional and financial problems.
• Causes and Management of Stress The paper, defines what stress is, looks on the kinds of biological stress. Stress can be defined as failure of body to respond to demand made on it.
• Management of Organizational Stress: Positive or Negative? Organizational stress may be positive or negative depending on presenting circumstances and other contextual variables.
• Health Psychology and Stress: Correlations Health psychology deals with the enhancement of the whole personality identifying and eliminating the biopsychosocial causes that lead to disease.
• Stress in the Military A study conducted by the Careercast.com in 2013 indicated that the military working environment was characterized by numerous stressors.
• The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Case Study The post-traumatic stress disorder is a health condition the patient struggles with when having faced a stressful experience that later affects one’s cognitive-behavioral patterns.
• Case Study: Constant Stress The case study analysis depicts Michael’s stress sufferings at work; being a 40 year old experienced airline pilot, the man completely devoted himself to his work.
• Stress After Leaving Home in Students Most people perceive stress as a negative emotional state, whereas some consider it to be something that happens to us when we are anxious.
• Cumulative Career Traumatic Stress: Law Enforcement CCTS is usually observed among officers and characterized by similar to post-traumatic stress disorder’s symptoms resulted in their constant exposure to traumatic events.
• Reducing Stress in Filipino Care Workers in Japan The source will help to explain psychological stressors for Filipino caregivers in Japan and possible ways of improving their experiences.
• Occupational Stress Management in Healthcare Occupational stress is one of the most widespread problems that employees face at the workplace. This paper discusses occupational stress in healthcare and its management.
• Case Study for Agnes: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder According to the case scenario, Agnes is most certainly suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). She was traumatized by the previous account of the storm.
• Real-Life Story of Post-traumatic Stress Disease Philips’s case is an actual representation of the manifestation and intervention of PTSD, a piece of evidence the condition is treatable.
• Psychology. Stress Management Approaches There are some unhealthy ways of coping with stress such as excessive smoking, overeating, using sleeping pills or marijuana, or any tranquilizers to relax.
• Nurses Stress Reduction Strategies This paper is an implementation plan to eliminate or lessen nurse stress and burnout. The proposed solution entails stress reduction strategies.
• How Universities Fail to Help Students Deal with Stress Numerous research studies have found out that a certain amount of stress is inevitable when students make a transition from high school to university.
• Workplace Stress: Impact on Employee Health and Productivity Workplace stress refers to harmful psychological and physical outcomes occurring when job requirements mismatch with workers’ needs, resources, and capacities.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Raped Girl The patient has a strained connection with her cocaine-addicted mother, who has been emotionally and physically abusive to her since she was three years old.
• Organizational Stress Management: Why It Is Important The concept of stress management, which goes side by side with the problem of coping with stress in the workplace, is now becoming more common.
• Stress at the Workplace and Strategies of Its Reduction Job stress has become a growing concern among managers and supervisors in organizations. This is because of the adverse effects on both employees and the company.
• Midlife Crisis and Its Effect on Women’s Stress This paper aims to focus on the psychological problem of stress among this section of the population, its effects on women, and how it can be solved.
• Corrections Officers Stress: Causes and Outcomes This paper analyses the effective ways that can be implemented by the administrators for the prevention and treatment of the stress affecting correction officers.
• Stress and Time Management The data is supported by Svedberg’s current information that highlights that an individual can lower the level of anxiety when there is a possibility of sound sleep.
• Stress, Adaptation, Coping Methods & Strategies In this paper, the types of stress, adaptation, coping methods, and strategies will be discussed to analyze the patient’s case.
• Stress and Emotional Management While the stress management outlined above has been shown to work on reducing stress, they are only guidelines and cannot work positively on everybody.
• Stress on Law Enforcement Officers and Available Programs Police officers are subject to significant amounts of tension and stress, regardless of the nature and size of the agency for which they work.
• Stress and Coping: Social Support and Social Ties In this paper, the notions of social ties and social support will be defined, and how social support might depend on the cultural background a person has will be discussed.
• Potential of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy in the Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder The concept of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has the potential to support the needs of different PTSD patients.
• Antisocial Personality Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder The patient has an antisocial personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder owing to the experience of the brutal murder of his mother at a tender age.
• Hypnotherapy in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder refers to a behavioral disorder that occurs as a result of being subject to a shocking event or situation.
• Stress and Cognitive Appraisal Cognitive appraisal means the internal interpretation that a person gives to external changes. The role of cognitive appraisal in stress can be significant.
• Stress Management Memo: Creative Arts Interventions Research and analysis of current scientific research and previous practice experience show several strategies for stress control.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Critical Perspective Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a relatively common condition affecting individuals who have experienced severe trauma.
• Bullying and Work-Related Stress in the Irish Workplace One of the best analyses of relationships between workplace stress and bullying has been done in the research study called “Bullying and Work-Related Stress in the Irish Workplace.”
• A Collaborative Stress Management Initiative for Mothers of Cancer Children The article explored the psychological stress experienced by mothers who have cancerous children. The research is current and relevant to contemporary health issues.
• Stress in Nursing Practice Stress can be attributed to many factors in the nursing profession, the principal one being extended work schedules. In the medical field, such errors could be fatal.
• Coping Strategies in Job Related Stress in Nurses Job-related stress among nurses is an issue that has raised massive concern among contemporary scholars. Nurses are forced to undergo very traumatizing environmental factors.
• “Work Stress Among Newly Graduated Nurses” by Blomberg The article by Blomberg et al. is an experimental cross-sectional comparative study aimed to investigate occupational stress among newly graduated nurses.
• Janet Tomiyama’s “Stress and Obesity” Summary “Stress and Obesity,” an article by A. Janet Tomiyama, covers the interrelation between the two issues listed in the title and their mutual influence in psychological terms.
• Organizational Problems: Stress and Burnout of Employees Stress and burnout are the major causes of employee-related problems in organizations. Both stress and burnout have serious effects on the productivity of an organization.
• Breathe: Stress Management for Nurses Program The approaches to the problem of burnouts and similar mental health issues in nurses operating in the staff shortage settings have an impressive history in nursing literature.
• Stress and Wellness – Psychology Stress affects the emotional wellness of an individual. People who are under stress find it difficult to relate with other individuals in a normal manner.
• Psychology Issues: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is one of the main challenges that people deal with after a traumatizing event. PTSD should be treated as soon as any of the symptoms start to be recognized.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis People who work in risky environments have a high propensity of developing PTSD than their counterparts in safer working environments.
• Stress and Anxiety and How to Cope With Them The research utilizes a reverse Stroop experiment to evaluate the mental performance of individuals when subjected to either up-regulation or down-regulation.
• The Role of Stress Hormones: Physiology The correct care for youngsters from conception onwards guarantees that the child’s brain develops healthily and to its maximum potential.
• Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Currently, many people experience anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder that affect their general health.
• Causes and Management of Stress at Work Stress is a condition that arises when an individual’s resources are inadequate to deal with the responsibilities and pressures of the situation.
• Stress Response Plan for Massachusetts Respondent’s stress is one of the unpleasant consequences of emergency events. People who are the first to experience such crises, feel psychological and physical pressure.
• Parents With Pediatric Terminal Patients: Stress Management Certain family-centered care principles should be used by healthcare providers in order to mitigate parental stress in the situations where their child battles terminal illness.
• Treatment Options for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Using psychological interventions as treatment is a productive tool that is used everywhere. Trauma-focused therapy has reduced PTSD symptoms.
• Why Women Experience Stress Throughout Life Females may experience more significant difficulties and anxiety as they age than individuals previously believed.
• Videogames & Stress Level Reduction Among Students To deal with stress, students do activities that include video games. Video games became available due to technological advances in recent decades.
• Racism, Ethnoviolence, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder The paper states that experiencing racism can induce post-traumatic stress disorder. Most people do not draw a link between racism and PTSD.
• Stress Reduction Education Targeting the Mental Health Patients with mental health illnesses such as stress and related disorders need to be taught approaches to reduce the latter.
• Epidemiology of Stress in the United Kingdom This report explores the context and current situation related to the prevalence, morbidity, and epidemiology of stress in the UK.
• Stress in Pregnant Women Due to COVID-19 Pandemic Pregnancy is a particularly crucial time for the mental health of a woman. The high levels of stress have been linked to exposure to the pandemic.
• Stress and Stress Management Discussion It is crucial to distinguish acute and chronic stress and the risk factors associated with them to ensure timely intervention to manage stress and prevent long-term damage.
• Impacts of Stress of Low Income on the Risk of Depression in Children Socioeconomic hardships lead to a decline in the quality of parenting and the development of psychological and behavioral problems in children.
• Physiology of Stress and Its Effects on Aging Process Assessment of the biological factors that influence anxiety and resilience might assist in identifying possible neurobiological systems as targets.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder During and After World War I The paper examines the causes and manifestations of PTSD during and after World War I, despite the absence of this term at that time, and how diagnosis and treatment are made.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder’s Treatment The paper present bibliography which review different psychotherapy interventions that can be applied in treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among adults.
• Migration Crisis & Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Trump’s anti-migration actions have significantly affected the psychological state of the people striving to get protection from the US.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Addiction Treatment The paper presents the case study of a client struggling with PTSD and substance addiction, including disposition, suggested treatment protocol, and resources for treatment.
• Psychological Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Traumatized people are more likely to acquire PTSD, a condition in which the victim’s consciousness is dominated by the recollection of the traumatic incident.
• Ways To Cope Emotions and Stress There are several theories on how people experience emotions that have been put forward throughout the years, all attributing emotions to separate causes.
• Oncology: Caregiving Burden, Stress, and Health Effects The illness selected for this paper is cancer, which is a serious disease that sometimes can also be chronic. Caring for cancer patients is difficult.
• Stress: Causes and Consequences from a Sociological Perspective The sociological analysis of stress and the underlying causes of it, as well as its devastating effects, is required as a tool for vulnerable groups.
• Assessing and Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders The paper discusses the treatment of PTSD and the pharmacokinetics of various antidepressants such as fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline.
• Benefits of Stress Management and Obstacles of Implementation Stress management strategies are a focal point for people working in the health industry. They are among the most exposed to high levels of stress.
• Discussion of Stress Response in Human The article examines the topic of stress response in humans, and attempt to find an answer to people having to endure traumatic events.
• Stress and Its Negative Influence on Health Current research explores the negative influences of stress on health, accenting neurological, cardiovascular, and immune systems dangers.
• Stress Management on the Job The paper discusses principles in the corporate culture, which help combat stress among employees to bring more value to the company.
• Stress Management Program for Health Workers The paper proposed to use the stress management program for the health workers based on the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) technique.
• Stress at the Workplace: Controlling and Preventing Stress at the workplace is inevitable because of workers’ dynamism. Distress in an employment environment can be related or not linked to the job.
• Preventing Workplace Stress: Effective Methods Effective methods of preventing stress in the workplace will help to avoid unpleasant consequences. This paper aims to discuss such methods.
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Diagnostics Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental health condition that needs treatment due to its potential negative implications.
• Combating Stress: Methods for Combating Stress General stress in student life can be caused by anxiety about the future, heavy learning burden, exams, and other factors. This paper discusses methods for combating stress.
• Personal Management Plans: Managing Stress, Nutrition This paper discusses personal management plans: Managing stress, fitness, nutrition, plans for disease prevention, and getting life in order in preparation for dying.
• Prevalence of Combat Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Veterans The paper argues combative nature of military personnel contributes to the Post-traumatic Stress disorder experienced by officers.
• Psychophysiological Aspects of Stress Stress has become a serious issue, especially considering the way of life of an average person in the contemporary world, which elevates different disorders.
• Theories in Epidemiology. Stress and Heart Disease The impact of stress on heart diseases is highly controversial among scientists. Various studies support the hypothesis that stress is highly associated with heart disease.
• Post-traumatic Stress and Growth Post-traumatic growth (PTG) refers to positive changes that a person makes after experiencing an extremely disturbing event.
• Maternal Stress in Pregnancy: Effects on Fetal Development The study seeks to find out if the development of the nervous system of the fetus is closely influenced by the psychological wellbeing of the mother.
• Stress and Somatic Symptoms: Healing Environment In summary, a healing environment is vital for modern people since they live in conditions that subject that to stress daily.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Militants experience a significant number of traumatic events that subject them to PTSD. The culture of the military plays a significant role in promoting veteran mental wellness.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Various Populations In this paper, the authors explore the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among different populations. They compare this prevalence between genders and veterans.
• Anxiety and Stress Affect Pain Relief The study aims to reduce pain and monitor patient response in related areas such as relaxation, anxiety. The role of massage in the treatment of pain has been noted successfully.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Pharmacological Treatment Approved medications can help treat PTSD symptoms and improve patient outcomes. SSRIs, such as sertraline, have been shown to reduce anxiety and increase concentration.
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Characteristics Central Nervous System associated disorders represent one of the health issues globally. The description is aimed at highlighting research related to Posttraumatic stress disorder
• Stress in Law: Reasons and Solutions The paper identifies the factors that result in stress by law enforcers and proposes ways in which the stress and by extension the negative effects it brings, can be mitigated.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder The purpose of this paper is to discuss PTSD. Also, this paper introduces the assessment and factors associated with PTSD.
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Triggers, Clinical Manifestations, and Therapy Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental condition that originates from experiencing terrifying events and getting haunted by them long after they happened.
• Stress in Women Before and After Myocardial Infarction The study uses two interviews with women suffering an MI; interviews were taken in two different hospitals with a sample size of twenty and 14 respondents, before and after the MI.
• Mindful Meditation as Reducing College Students Stress The study answers the question of what is the reported effect of mindfulness meditation on reducing stress in teenage college students and its overall effectiveness.
• Investigating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Most people experience traumatic events during their lifetime. For the first time, the phenomenon of post-traumatic stress disorder was examined among the participants of the wars
• The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Many people suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder, and it is very important to know more about its symptoms and treatment.
• Utilization and Effectiveness of Coping Strategies in Job-Related Stress among Nurses Nursing is a discipline that is constantly evolving and requires professionals to use their skills and evidence-based practices to achieve good outcomes in their responsibilities.
• Incidence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Motor Vehicle Accidents In recent years, a global surge in the number of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occasioned by motor vehicle accidents has been witnessed in the United States of America.
• “Sources of Stress in Nursing Students” by Pulido This is a critique of the paper titled “Sources of stress in nursing students: a systematic review of quantitative studies” by three University of Jaen scholars.
• Strain-Stress Shielding in the Proximal Tibia of a Stemmed Knee Prosthesis In this paper, we review work that has been done about stress shielding and knee prosthesis, compare them and outline the recommendations given in these papers.
• Trends and Issues in Nursing: Workload Stress Stress at the employment place reduces the competence of the employee. In nursing workplace, stress results in deprived service delivery and might affect the fitness of the patient.
• Reducing Stress in Student Nurses: Article Critique In Galbraith and Brown’s quantitative systematic review, “Assessing the intervention effectiveness for reducing stress in student nurses,” the aim is clearly articulated.
• Issue of Stress in Nursing Practice The issues of stress caused by workplace violence in nursing practice require special consideration because of their direct relation to the quality of health care services.
• My Experiences Handling Stress at High School The most challenging part of implementing my program was self-control. It can be very tempting to “cheat” and reward yourself without making an actual effort.
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Approaches and Symptoms The report presents that several investigations indicate a negative relationship between mindfulness-based approaches and PTSD symptoms acuteness.
• Therapeutic Massage and the Reduction of Overall Stress and Anxiety This paper describes possible biases in conducting a qualitative study of the issue of therapeutic massage and its effect on the human condition.
• Article Summary “Maternal Stress and Sensitivity: Moderating Effect of Positive Affect” The article “Maternal stress and sensitivity: Moderating effect of positive affect” provides insights into the relationship between stress and maternal positive emotions.
• Airport Security Environment and Passenger Stress Most of the measures taken by airport operators to maintain transport security are appropriate and reasonable. Visible signs of safety concerns can cause anxiety to the passenger.
• Research on Stress Levels During Scheduled Sleep Behavior Different studies have revealed that there are several strategies used to reduce stress. Most scholars agree that there is a relationship between sleep and stress.
• The Influence of the Stress on Our Health: How To Cope With Stress To reduce stress and eliminate potential hazards for health, several coping mechanisms have been created—problem-focused coping aims to solve the problem first-hand.
• Stress Management: The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale To stay healthy, stress must be avoided at different levels, and only an integrated approach will allow people to become genuinely confident and calm.
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Risk Factors Crisis workers need to understand risk factors associated with PTSD. The disorder may cause serious diseases that are expensive and complex to cure, such as heart diseases.
• Dealing With Procrastination: Stress-Related Techniques Stress is a person’s response to a restructuring. This paper looks at stress from the angle of procrastination and analyze the techniques one can use to deal with this stressor.
• Stress and Its Influence Employees’ Well-Being The essay seeks to discuss the empirical evidence as for correlation between job stress and employees’ well-being. Questions of importance of such experiments are highlighted.
• How Depression and Stress in College Have Helped Me Be a Better and Stronger Person?
• How Are Effective Non-monetary Incentives in Relieving Stress?
• How Does Stress Affect Our Health?
• What Are the Causes of Stress at Work?
• How Differently Men and Women Cope With Stress at Work?
• How Does Stress Affect the Immune System?
• What is Post-traumatic Stress Disorder?
• What Triggers Stress and the Importance of Reducing It?
• What Works Stress Management?
• What Are the Health and Emotional Implications of Stress?
• How Different Approaches and Power of Leadership Manage Organizational Stress?
• What Are the Best Treatments for the Posttraumatic Stress Disorders in Veterans?
• How Does Stress Affect Child Development?
• How Ethnic Identity Mediates Acculturation Stress Depending?
• What Are the Causes of School-Related Stress in Student-Athletes?
• How Exercise Helps Reduce Stress?
• How Does Stress Affect the Human Body?
• How Does Burn Out Differ From Stress?
• What Are the Causes and Effects of Students’ Stress?
• What Are the Negative Effects of Stress?
• How Does Blood Pressure Relate to the Level of Stress?
• How Does Stress Affect One‘s Health?
• How Does Stress Make Students Struggle?
• What Are the Causes of Stress for Teenagers?
• How Does Stress Affect Appetite?
• How Does Chronic Stress Affect the Body?
• How Does Stress Affect College Students?
• How Does Stress Help Facilitate Potential Positive?
• How Does the Stress Affect Our Lives?
• How Does Stress Affect a Student’s Life?
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnostic Categorization
• Stress Management: Personal Stress Techniques
• Analysis of Pre-Conditions and Ways for Reducing the Stress
• Stress Effects and Management Report
• Stress Has Become One of the Most Serious Health Issues
• Stress Consequences, Causes, and Further Actions
• Stress and Its Effects at the Workplace and Home
• Combat Fatigue or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Soldiers
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Causes
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Combat Veterans
• Implications of Educational Attainment on Stress Level in Job
• Combat Stress and Operational Stress Management
• Impact of Stress on Performance
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children
• Strategies of Preventing Stress
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children After Tsunami
• Psychological Stress and Nicotine Intake
• Relationship Between Critical Thinking, Problem-Solving, Decision-Making, and Stress Management in Nursing
• “Depression and Ways of Coping With Stress” by Orzechowska et al.
• Relationship Between Stress and Nicotine Intake in Middle Age Adults
• Stress Reduction Programs for Pregnant Women
• Nursing Stress Solutions: Benefits and Support
• Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Involvement, Stress
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Life Quality
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis and Tratment
• Individuals With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Training, Stress and Performance: Study Findings
• Holmes & Rahe Stress Inventory and Management
• Strategies in Stress Management
• Stress-Reducing Measures and Activities
• New Life and Stress Factors at High School
• Work Stress and Burnout Among Nurses
• Breast Cancer and Stress Heightening
• The Stress-Buffering Hypothesis Test in a Mexican Sample
• Stress Control Measures to Prevent Nursing Burnout
• The Problem of Nursing Stress
• Shortage-Related Stress in Nursing Workforce
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Definition and Diagnosis
• Humour and Stress in Male and Female Students
• Stress Migraine in Women After Menopause
• Stress Reduction in Healthcare Students
• Work-Related Stress Management in Professional Nurses
• Alertness, Relaxation, and Stress Correlation
• “Job Stress and Burnout in Hospital Employees” by Chou et al.
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use
• Ontario Post Traumatic Stress Legislation for Employees
• Emotion Perception and Gender Factor in Stress
• Stress as a Fundamental Concept for Nursing
• Stress Control Strategies for Nurses
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Systemic Psychotherapy
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Diagnostics
• Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• The Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Anti-Stress Workplace Interventions for Nurses
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Group Therapy
• Stress-Coping Strategies in Nurses
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Treatment Centers
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Case Analysis
• Stress Influence in Emergency Nursing
• Stress Level and Work in Team
• Workplace Stress Control Among Nurses
• “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder” by Bisson et al.
• Women’s Stress Caused by Social Networks
• Veterans’ Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: How a Game Can Help?
• Mitigate Stress Exercise Program at the Work
• Handling Cultural Stress in the United Arab Emirates
• The Tibetan Culture Views on Stress Management
• Stress Impacts on Psychological and Physiological Health
• Social Workers’ Benefits from Stress Management
• Psychological Therapy of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Concept
• Psychological Treatment: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• What Is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Cognitive Therapy

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These essay examples and topics on Stress were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 21, 2024 .

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253 Stress Research Topics & Essay Examples

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• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Psychology essay sample: Child sexual abuse is among the common problems facing children. This paper looks at the causes and effects of child sexual abuse, the posttraumatic stress disorder, and its treatment.
• Occupational Stress and Stress Management Techniques Psychology essay sample: The paper discusses and evaluates the current state of literature about psychological debriefing in organizations and their effectiveness in managing acute occupational stress.
• Military Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Issues Psychology essay sample: The paper discusses conditions that influence post-traumatic stress disorder, symptoms and treatment of the disorder, adjustment and transitional issues faced by soldiers.
• Children Under Stress and Its Management Psychology essay sample: In the current technological world and societies, people tend to experience various kinds of stress at all levels of their lives whether as children, adolescents or as adults.
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Military Psychology essay sample: The psychological diagnosis posttraumatic stress disorder appeared in 1980 to hallmark long-term reactive psychological disorders in response to exposure to war environment.
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Combat Veterans Psychology essay sample: War is a major cause of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. About seventeen percent of a veteran returning from war in places such as Iraq and Afghanistan show signs of PTSD.
• Work-Related Stress Reasons and Prevention Psychology essay sample: The psychological well-being of employees in the workplace is critical to avoid stress and improve employees’ performance. Stress is inevitable in the workplace and the effects of stress are mostly negative.
• Work-Place Stress Problem Analysis Psychology essay sample: Stress is inevitable in the workplace, and the effects of stress are mostly negative, as it has outcomes on the incomes of the organization and the health of the worker.
• Human Factors: Workload and Stress Relationship Psychology essay sample: Federico and Won, in their WIHI podcast, examine the relationship between stress and workload. They refer to human factors and their role in work-related stress in health care.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Psychology essay sample: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder associated with trauma and stress, especially from severe physical harm or and exposure to painful events.
• Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Bereavement Psychology essay sample: In diagnosing bereavement, the first complication is drawing the line between grieving as the ‘normal' reaction and the traumatic distressed caused by the death of the loved one.
• Perceived Stress and Social Support Received Psychology essay sample: Psychological and biological stress models have been put forward to explain the events that take place when one is under stressful conditions.
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the United States Psychology essay sample: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an emotional illness that is characterized by constant anxiety and is often the result of continuing frightening.
• "Introduction to Psychology" by Hawkes Learning Systems Psychology essay sample: The paper is about discussion posts on the Introduction to psychology. The each chapter discuss the human psyche, capabilities and behavior.
• Stress Perception in Students Psychology essay sample: The students from Western countries reported that they face greater stress from their relationships with parents, females’ stress levels were higher than those of males.
• Natural Ways to Manage Stress Psychology essay sample: Researchers have shown that respiration techniques help realign the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems, simply by tuning the brain waves.
• Stress Management Among University Students Psychology essay sample: This paper presents a brief description of the methodology and results of research on the factors and levels of stress in students.
• How to Manage Stress: Key Tips Psychology essay sample: According to Sarafino, stress is a combination of emotional and physical tension in one’s mind and body. It can appear as a response to any traumatic experience.
• Definition of Stress: Pain or Motivation Psychology essay sample: Stress is often understood as a kind of psychological pain. In some circumstances, it can motivate a person to overcome difficulties and develop new skills.
• Stress Management Techniques Psychology essay sample: In this article, the author shares his knowledge of the different types of stress, and also talks about the methods that he uses to overcome them.
• Signs and Symptoms of Stress Psychology essay sample: Stress is a physical or emotional disorder, which can result from any frustrating experience. The signs of stress can be understood through a review of the theories of its causes.
• How Stress Affects Child Brain Development Psychology essay sample: Stress is an unavoidable and important part of any child’s life. Depending on how significant it is it can have a positive or negative effect on the child’s development.
• The Impact of Stress on Academic Performance Psychology essay sample: Stress had a universal presence in living creatures since the dawn of life, it does not mean that we should not try to avoid it and help reduce it for others.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Pregnancy Psychology essay sample: The purpose of this paper is to identify the connection between pregnancy and stress. The most famous stress disorder is the so-called post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD.
• Family Coping With Stressful Events and Transitions Psychology essay sample: Before analyzing the stages of the crisis and using the Double ABC-X Model, it is necessary to describe a hypothetical stressful family situation.
• Psychology of Social Stress. Stress and Health Psychology essay sample: It is important to justify the relevance of a theoretical understanding of the concept of social stress in psychological science.
• The Application of Key Psychological Concepts Psychology essay sample: This essay discusses the application of key psychological concepts in personal life and future aspirations as an anesthesiologist.
• About Stress Reduction Methods Psychology essay sample: In this article, the author shares her knowledge of stress reduction techniques and talks about how her life changed after she started practicing them.
• The Phenomenon of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Psychology essay sample: This research paper aims to discuss the phenomenon of post-traumatic stress disorder and its relationship to evidence-based medicine.
• Reaction to Stress: Anxiety and Yoga Psychology essay sample: The paper discusses stress. It is the reaction of the human nervous system to disbalance with the environment caused by internal or external factors.
• Problem of Stress and Its Impact on Student Performance Psychology essay sample: The problem of stress and its impact on student performance at Khalifa University is relevant, and the results of the research confirm the value of addressing this issue.
• Stress: Curriculum, Curricular Divisions and Writing Strategies Psychology essay sample: There are different actions to be so as to reduce the stresses and strains so as to prevent them from occurring, this includes thorough counseling, doing a lot of exercises.
• The Psychological and the Biological Stress Models: Comparative Analysis Psychology essay sample: Psychological and biological models have been constructed to explain the events that take place when a person is stressed.
• Stress Negatively Affects the Decision-Making Process of Business Leaders Psychology essay sample: The purpose of this article is to determine the extent to which stress affects the key elements of decision-making.
• The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Meditation Intervention in Reducing Stress in Adolescents Psychology essay sample: The research proposed in this work intends to examine adolescent stress when treated via the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Intervention.
• Stress Management: Imagery Psychology essay sample: The paper discusses imagery. It is a very effective way of dealing with stress especially when accompanied by physical relaxation through exercising.
• Differents Forms to Stress, Pandemic of Stress Psychology essay sample: In this paper, stress is a major problem in the world today. Many countries and many individuals and families are victims of stress-related problems.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Psychology essay sample: The purpose of this article is to consider the mechanisms of occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as existing methods of its treatment.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Psychology essay sample: The purpose of this article is to review the causes of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as its clinical manifestations, treatment and care plan.
• Understanding the Psychology of Stress in Everyday Life Psychology essay sample: The paper explains how does stress impacts the body, the relationship between motivation, emotion, and stress, describes two ways that can change stress symptoms.
• Addressing the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Psychology essay sample: The purpose of this article is to review the causes of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as its symptoms and treatment.
• The Notion of Stress as Both a Biological Process Psychology essay sample: In the following paper, the notion of stress as both a biological process and psychological condition will be evaluated.
• Work-Related Stress and Burnout Psychology essay sample: The purpose of this article is to discuss work-related stress and burnout in terms of causes and effects, as well as interventions.
• The Impact of Stress on the Human Organism Psychology essay sample: Two job-related stresses have been affecting me the most, these are decreasing work efficiency. At this time of the year, people who are in the corporate world, tend to work fast.
• Stress as the Main Cause of Students’ Academic Failure Psychology essay sample: The connection between stress and the academic failure of students is quite explicit, specifically, being unable to cope with the emotional strain leads to poor performance.
• Occupation, Culture, and Stress in Middle Adulthood Psychology essay sample: For people in middle adulthood, the main stress-inducing problems are related to their occupations, their particular workplace situation, as well as to cultural determinants.
• Underappreciated Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Psychology essay sample: Veterans with PTSD are underappreciated and are not given enough help to enhance their well-being. PTSD is a health concern among veterans due to the nature of their work.
• Mental Health: Case Study of S. Psychology essay sample: This paper is devoted to the case of a woman I know personally. S. is a 31-year-old single mother with a family history of anxiety disorders.
• Stress and Its Effect on Health Psychology essay sample: Stress is defined as an individual’s reaction to a situation that destabilizes their mental, physical, psychological, or emotional state.
• Stress and Health: How People React to Stressors Psychology essay sample: In this paper, I support my agreement with the concept that different people react differently to different stressors.
• Stress and Anxiety Sources Amongst Students Psychology essay sample: This paper discusses some of the major sources of physiological, social, and psychological stress and anxiety in students.
• Patient's Concentration: Applied Behavior Analysis Psychology essay sample: This paper explores how memories are created, stored, and recalled. The paper investigates how the perception of stress might have affected the patient’s ability to focus.
• Psychology. Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory Psychology essay sample: There are situations when several psychological tests, which are relatively similar to one another, can yield very different results.
• Exploring the Concepts of Productivity and Stress Levels in the Workplace Psychology essay sample: This article examines the impact of multitasking on employee stress levels, as well as ways to deal with stress.
• Secondary Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Families Psychology essay sample: Secondary Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a psychological condition that is common among military families of victims of primary Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
• The Stress Refraining Exercise Psychology essay sample: This study is worth reading because it provides invaluable insight into the ways people can effectively counter their stress-induced anxiety
• Handling Organizational Stress Psychology essay sample: Stress is a psychological effect that can affect any individual at some point in their lives regardless of their job capacity.
• Stress Management and Personal Life Experience Psychology essay sample: People need to learn how to manage stress and turn such a situation to their advantage. Stress management is a whole system of sequential actions.
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Psychology essay sample: The current research paper is aimed at underscoring a research proposal that is related to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
• Mind and Body: Stress is Part of Human Life Psychology essay sample: Stress is part of human life and it influences mental health, behavior, moods, and overall sense of wellbeing.
• Stress and Workplace Production Psychology essay sample: The problem of increased stress and emotional pressure in the workplace is a major constituent in shaping people’s motivation, enthusiasm, and performance rates.
• Stress Management Strategies for Working Students Psychology essay sample: The strategies which might help manage stress for the working students are finding trustful mentors and noting positive events of the day in the diary.
• Social Stress and Its Impact on Memory Psychology essay sample: The paper points out that psychological stressors have shown significant impacts on cognition function. This study is meant to determine how and when memory is strained.
• Perceived Stress Among Undergraduate Students Psychology essay sample: In 2016, Abdollahi published a study on the role of hardiness in relieving stress among undergraduate students, which was published in the Journal of Health Psychology.
• The Impacts of Stress on Human Memory Psychology essay sample: Human memory performance can be impacted by several factors, encompassing non-cognitive elements such as the emotional condition of the test-taker.
• Habits, Stress, and Health Psychology essay sample: Personal habits, stress, and health interact in disparate ways. Everyday activities can exacerbate stress levels that an individual might not realize.
• Stress Identification and Management Psychology essay sample: Stress can be defined as any type of change in the human body that can cause physiological, emotional, and physical strain.
• Stress and Meditation as a Form of Treatment Psychology essay sample: Modern medicine eradicated many diseases that once posed a significant threat to humanity, but a new and relatively invisible issue, which came to be nowadays is stress.
• Workplace Stress and Managerial Counterstrategies Psychology essay sample: Workplace stress leads to significant losses and additional costs for enterprises. Most often, stress is caused by excessive workload and too long working hours.
• When the Body Says No by Dr. Gabor Mate: The Cost of Hidden Stress Psychology essay sample: When the Body Says No by Dr. Gabor Mate is a book written by Dr. Gabor Mate. It explores the link between the mind and the body.
• Stress Management (Abnormal Psychology) Psychology essay sample: Stress has devastating effects on one’s life. Coping with stress demands one to have an idea of what gives rise to the stressed condition.
• Psychology: Impact of Stressors Psychology essay sample: The concept of mind, body, and soul connection can help to effectively deal with physical manifestations of stress or use them to recognize and manage it.
• Stress at Work. Steps to Reduce Psychology essay sample: Stress is tension that occurs in the life of a person. There is a way in which an individual manages to control stress in the workplace.
• Effects of Secondary Ptsd in Military Families Psychology essay sample: Veterans with PTSD fail to address their mental health concerns, instead, transferring their trauma to their family members and creating an intergenerational trauma.
• Cognitive Techniques for Preventing Unhealthy Stress Psychology essay sample: As prolonged stress may lead to various physical and mental problems, it is essential to use cognitive techniques for preventing it.
• Intact and Non-Intact Dual Earners: Stress Levels Psychology essay sample: Stress levels occur in both intact and non-intact dual earners. How to deal with the stress levels depends on the individuals and the people around them.
• Stress Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents and Mindfulness Intervention Psychology essay sample: The purpose of the proposed research is to investigate the effect of a school-based mindfulness-based intervention on stress among ethnic minority adolescents.
• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Adults Psychology essay sample: The study explores the implementation of an adapted mindfulness program for adults, having traumatic brain injuries and substance use problems.
• Developing PTSD: Trauma at a Younger Age Psychology essay sample: Some people are more prone to developing PTSD than others because of trauma at a younger age, like physical assault or major accidents.
• Aspects of Stress Management Psychology essay sample: There are various causes of stress, and they include troubles and challenges, which require significant efforts to cope with them.
• A Qualitative Study of Mindfulness among Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Psychology essay sample: The study examines post-traumatic stress disorder with a focus on deployment trauma among military veterans, outlining the most effective mindful intervention strategies.
• Psychological Harm in Stressful Environment Psychology essay sample: The issue of a stressful working environment is exceptionally widespread today, with stress-related illnesses and disorders earned by employees even being brought to court.
• "How to Make Stress Your Friend" TED Talk by McGonigal Psychology essay sample: In her TED talk, McGonigal reveals crucial information regarding the effects of stress on the human body. It is beneficial for people to recognize the positive impact of stress.
• The Role Stress Plays in People’s Personal Lives Psychology essay sample: This paper involves a set of psychological reactions that affect people’s behaviors and can have diverse outcomes, both positive and negative.
• The Risk and Protective Factors Linked to Post-Traumatic Growth in Women Psychology essay sample: The paper aims to explore the risk and protective factors linked to post-traumatic growth in women who have experienced sexual violence.
• Early-Life Stress and Behavioral Outcomes Psychology essay sample: The study aims to understand the mechanisms behind the long-lasting consequences of early-life stress exposure. It is accomplished by comparing the results of tests.

⭐ Simple & Easy Stress Essay Titles

• Maintaining Mental Health for Teenagers in the Pandemic Psychology essay sample: The paper states that the pandemic harmed students' lives, who more often began to experience stress and missed communicating with their classmates.
• Deviant Behavior Related to Stress and Strain Psychology essay sample: With the knowledge of new alternatives to self-destructing actions, people could adopt new behavior patterns and activate feelings of excitement and joy.
• Stress Coping Theory in Radiology Career Pathway Psychology essay sample: This paper will discuss possible stressors in a radiologist's job and the application of stress and coping theory to alleviate them.
• Stress Management and Weight Control Psychology essay sample: Effective stress management requires natural body relaxation responses induced by practicing regular meditation and muscle relaxation activities.
• Psychology: Overview and Understanding Psychology essay sample: Like many sciences, psychology has evolved from philosophy and inherited questions and concepts which philosophy had been developing.
• Managing Stress: Techniques for Relaxation Psychology essay sample: Diaphragmatic breathing, meditation as well as imagery, and visualization are discussed as effective techniques for relaxation.
• A Study of Causes of Stress and Stress Management Among Youth Psychology essay sample: “A Study of Causes of Stress and Stress Management Among Youth” strives to expound on the probable causes of stress among students and help counselors give appropriate advice.
• Parental Stresses and Child’s Emotional Development Psychology essay sample: Raising a child as a head of a single-parent family is associated with various challenges. Firstly, a single-parent family may be struggling to afford even the basic needs.
• The Stress Coping Mechanisms Analysis Psychology essay sample: The stress coping mechanisms are based on various aspects and are classified into: problem-based, appraisal-based, emotion-based and occupation-based.
• Coping With School Stress on Support Group Session Psychology essay sample: This paper aims to give a reflection on a support group presentation on the coping mechanism with school stress.
• A Stress-Management Program for College Students Psychology essay sample: A stress-management program for this academic period involves training learners on how to effectively eliminate or at the very least reduce their anxiety levels.
• College Students' Stress Management Psychology essay sample: There is a significant need to evaluate if physical exercise may be employed as a stress management method to boost academic performance among college students.
• Applying Concepts of Psychology Psychology essay sample: The paper explores how the concepts of psychology learned have affected development. They are learning, stress, memory, consciousness, and motivation.
• Critical Incident Stress Management in Emergency Preparedness Psychology essay sample: CISM is a crisis intervention that is vital to a stress management program as part of emergency preparedness.
• Counselors’ Stress: “Meeting Someone at the Edge” Psychology essay sample: “Meeting someone at the edge” focuses on occupational stress in a specific profession; the major exclusion criterion is the lack of professional experience in counseling.
• Trauma and Abuse: Psychoanalysis vs. Person-Centered Approach Psychology essay sample: In terms of the present paper, person-centered and psychoanalytic approaches were closely examined on the matter of their essence and interaction with trauma.
• Deception in Social Psychological Research Psychology essay sample: Current professional codes of ethics are designed to prevent psychological experiments using deception where they are likely to cause psychological harm to research participants.
• Parental and Psychotherapeutic Role in Development of Children With Autism Psychology essay sample: Parents have a significant role in developing and preparing an autistic child for future life, and in such cases, the work of a psychotherapist with the whole family is important.
• Symptoms of Stress and Its Treatment Psychology essay sample: Many people consider stress a normal part of their life and avoid addressing the problem, yet it may have considerable symptoms negatively affecting individuals' health.
• PTSD Among African American Vietnam Veterans Psychology essay sample: Post-traumatic stress disorder is unfortunately common among veterans, and it is especially prevalent among African American Vietnam veterans.
• PTSD Treatment for Earthquake Survivors Psychology essay sample: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental illness that occurs in individuals who have experienced severe traumatizing events and have difficulties.
• Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychology essay sample: The paper states that African American veterans would report more symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as compared to Caucasian Americans.
• Becoming a More Productive Student Psychology essay sample: The paper discusses how to become a more productive student. Sporting events and physical activity are the keys to overall health, immunity, body, mind, and soul.
• Mental Disorders in the "Finding Nemo" Film Psychology essay sample: In Search of Nemo is a 2003 American computer-animated adventure film. According to the plot, a curious Nemo fish went to look for mysterious coral reefs one day.
• Community Counseling: Outreach to Distressed and Marginalized Clients Psychology essay sample: A significant issue in community counseling is community recovery, an effort to rehabilitate the social and physical environment damaged by a disastrous event.
• Prolonged Stress: Negative Effects and Management Psychology essay sample: A person affected by prolonged stress is more likely to develop a shorter memory span, anxious behaviors, secretory changes in the amygdala, and poor sleep.
• Coping with Stress in Athletes Psychology essay sample: Given the specific principles of training, scholastic athletes tend to demonstrate more successful strategies for coping with stress in everyday life and in the academic environment.
• Immigrants' Mental Health and Time Spent in the US Psychology essay sample: The hypothesis of this article is that the prolonged presence of immigrants in the United States for various reasons increases their stress levels.
• Stress Reduction Methods at the Workplace Psychology essay sample: Stress reduction methods may be divided into two categories: those that prevent stress sources and those reducing its consequences.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Car Accident Psychology essay sample: This case study assignment will examine and provide a detailed analysis of the case study about Jane, a 54-year-old Black female who became a victim of a terrifying car accident.
• Psychological Disorders: Definitions and Treatments Psychology essay sample: This paper examines such psychological disorders as Social phobia, Generalized anxiety disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder, and Panic disorder.
• Traumatic Stress in the Justice System Psychology essay sample: The analysis of the article supported by the book shows that experiences of traumatic events in law enforcement affect police officers' mental health.
• Foundational Psychological Processes Psychology essay sample: The basic foundation of psychology is traced back to lifespan development, stressing or emphasizing wellness and overall psychological health.
• The Gendering of Stress and Burn-Out in Modern Policing Psychology essay sample: The psychological strain of executing an aggressive arrest raises the risk of burnout in male officers, and this is the only job variable that is noteworthy.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children Psychology essay sample: Post-traumatic stress disorder in children violates mental activity that develops after an external psychologically traumatic event.
• Aspects of Habit Hacking Mission Psychology essay sample: A good start in hacking any habit is observing and studying their habit routine. Habits are all about behaviors, and these are all about psychology.
• Islamic Psychology and Its Contributors Psychology essay sample: The current paper states that Islamic psychology is a complex topic as there are numerous contributors that created a broad legacy of teachings.
• The COVID-19 Pandemic and Social Well-Being Psychology essay sample: This paper aims to discuss the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the social well-being of people.
• “Psychological Distress: Concept Analysis”: Key Findings Psychology essay sample: "Psychological Distress: Concept Analysis" defines psychological stress as a state that is unique, discomforting, and emotional and appears in response to specific stressors.
• Benefits of Meditations Psychology essay sample: Meditation has many health benefits for humans. It can be exercised at any time, depending on someone’s schedule and comfortable place.
• Post-Traumatic Growth Among Police Officers Psychology essay sample: Effective implementation of Christian counseling has the potential to introduce post-traumatic growth among police officers that are followers of the Christian worldview.
• Secondary Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children Psychology essay sample: Understanding child PTSD is fundamental in determining or predicting the future tendencies and outcomes of future life in terms of health, behavior, and social well-being.
• Work-Related Stress and Meditation & Mindfulness Psychology essay sample: An explanation of the two coping strategies, which are meditation and mindfulness and massage therapy, will be provided to reveal how they would be applied to work-related stress.
• How to Increase Happiness Across All Three Types of Subjective Well-Being Psychology essay sample: Some essential benefits of happiness include reduced stress, boosted immune system, a healthy lifestyle, and the maintenance of healthy relationships.
• Childhood Trauma: Causes, Effects, and Preventive Measures Psychology essay sample: It is salient to understand the causative factors and the effects of childhood trauma while also highlighting applicable preventive measures.
• Trauma-Focused Therapy: Effectiveness on Patients Experiencing PTSD Psychology essay sample: The COVID-19 pandemic and its implications ranked first among the predisposing factors for the unprecedented annual statistics.
• Impact of Toxic Stress on Child Refugees Psychology essay sample: More early childhood educators should recognize the complexity of working with child refugees and reduce the amount of stress they tend to experience.
• Sleep Health and Self-Determination Psychology essay sample: Poor sleep is the problem that affects human motivation and performance chosen for this assessment. Poor sleep has become a ubiquitous issue in modern high-paced society.
• The Impact of Stress on Learning Psychology essay sample: The paper states that the level of stress has a long-term impact on many aspects of a person's nervous, physical, and mental development.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Animal-Assisted Therapy Psychology essay sample: Dogs are attractive animals to study the relationship between the oxytocinergic system and social connections.
• The Psychological Sources of Stress Psychology essay sample: The psychological sources of stress are numerous, but they can be summarized as the failure of an individual to address their particular needs.
• Student Mental Health: Dealing With Stress Psychology essay sample: The paper discusses the probability of positive outcomes of mindfulness practices on students’ mental health. The solution can help reduce depression symptoms.
• The Stress Outcomes Resistance Psychology essay sample: There are many methods of stress correction, and the task is to choose those that would correspond to individual characteristics and real conditions.
• Perceived Academic Stress and Continuing and Returning Students Psychology essay sample: This paper investigates the relationship between perceived academic stress, continuing, and returning students variables. It adopted a descriptive study design.
• Discussion: Abuse, Work, and Burnout Psychology essay sample: The growth of mental and emotional pressure, as well as the adverse effects of the environment, lead to an increase in the stress level, which causes burnout.
• Positive Psychology in Educational Settings Psychology essay sample: When students are subjected to high levels of stress, their capacity to learn, memorize, and perform effectively can be affected.
• Psychotherapy and Medications for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
• Yoga and Music Therapy as Effective Methods of Stress Management
• Impact of Stress on Human Body Almost everyone experiences stress every day due to various reasons. Many people can endure it steadily, but the impact on the human body and on his life, work is very great.
• Anxiety, Fear, Phobias and Stress Behavioral Therapy
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children
• Stress Management Methods and Their Effectiveness The research investigates approaches applied by employees in managing the job stress and depression and identifies the most appropriate approach to be used.
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Used in the Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Based Stress Management Interventions: An Evaluation of Methodology
• Work Stress and Frustration: Problem and Purpose The quality of the work environment matters to employees and contributes to an improved worker productivity and motivation.
• Integrated Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Post-traumatic Stress and Psychotic Symptoms: A Case-Series Study Using Imaginal Reprocessing Strategies
• Managing Stress Through Progressive Relaxation Therapy
• Yoga as an Alternative Treatment Method to Deal With Stress The paper states that yoga may be a highly effective alternative treatment method that will help an individual to deal with stress and anxiety.
• Massage Therapy and Stress Relief
• Metacognitive Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Youth: A Feasibility Study
• Workplace Stress and Resilience in Australian Nursing Workforce The primary purpose of this systematic analysis was to identify and integrate evidence on job stress and resilience using an example of the Australian nursing staff.
• Moderated Online Social Therapy: A Model for Reducing Stress in Carers of Young People Diagnosed With Mental Health Disorders
• Music Therapy for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder In this research paper, the case study approach will be used to investigate the problem of posttraumatic disorder.
• Music Therapy Interventions for Stress Reduction in Adults With Mild Intellectual Disabilities: Perspectives From Clinical Practice
• Person-Centered Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Stress and Burnout Among Intensive Care Unit Nurses Ordinarily, nursing practitioners are expected to deal with life and death issues daily and there is no room for a nurse to claim that he or she is fatigued.
• Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Lucid Dreaming Therapy and Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Group Therapy, and Recreation Therapy
• Nightmares as a Coping Mechanism for Stress This paper regards the article “Nightmares as a Coping Mechanism for Stress” examining the nightmare and stress correlation and whether nightmare is a coping mechanism for stress.
• Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Post Traumatic Stress
• Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy on Children and Adolescents With Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Stress Among Law Enforcement Personnel The paper explains the causes of stress for law enforcement personnel and the impact the stress may have on the professional and personal life of officers.
• Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Female Victims of Trafficking Using Narrative Exposure Therapy
• Treating Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
• Abnormal Psychology: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Altruism, Positive Psychology, Stress, and Lifespan
• Stress in the Educational Environment Stress is a set of unspecific protective reactions of the body caused by unfavorable factors and manifested by behavioral and psychological features.
• Psychology: Stress, Motivation and Drug Addiction
• Psychology: Coping Mechanism for Stress Management
• Stress Influence on College Students’ Health and Well-Being The paper describes how students could reduce stress via sport, diet, healthy sleep, and emotional support from friends and relatives.
• Critical Health Psychology View of Stress
• Decision-Making Skills and Stress Management Psychology
• “Perceived Stress Among Students in Virtual Classrooms…” by AlAteeq The researchers examined perceived stress levels among students during the COVID-19 outbreak and the closure of learning institutions in KSA.
• Dependent Variables in Psychology: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
• Economic Stress and Psychological Well-Being: An Economic Psychology Framework
• Cultural Factors Contributing to Student Stress The purpose of this article is to identify how cultural issues undermine the efforts of Saudi Arabian students who study in Australia to meet their learning needs.
• Occupational Health Psychology and Structural Stress
• Psychological Disorders: Stress Coping and Well Being
• Impacts of Low Morales on Criminal Activity Low morale increases criminal activities in society, and therefore the government should work in various ways, such as social approaches to reduce crime rates.
• Health Psychology: Stress, Substance Abuse, Addictive Behavior, Obesity, and Health Promotion
• Occupational Health Psychology and Work-Related Stress
• Stress in the Organization Many people think that stress is a simple problem, but stress is complex and often misunderstood. Many definitions have been put across in trying to explain what stress is and what it entails.
• Psychology at Work: Organizational Stress and Job Satisfaction
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Effect of Memory
• Management of Workplace Stress Work-related stress could lead to poor performance, health, and welfare issues in employees. It is hence important to identify employees’ stress levels.
• Positive Psychology and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Psychology and Clinical Response of Stress
• “Over the Edge”: Managing Stress Among Employees Over the Edge” is a classical case study of the threat that an organization exposes itself to by having highly stressed workers who feel less valued.
• Psychology: Stress and Its Impact on Health
• Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Performance
• Job Performance Dimensions and Stress Influences This essay will define and explain some of the fundamental concepts of job performance as well as discuss its relation to stress.
• Stress: Personality Psychology and Stress Management Activities
• Editorial: How Plants Deal With Stress: Exploration Through Proteome Investigation
• The Effectiveness of Occupational Stress Management The focus of this study will be on the experiences of both workers and managers to determine the effectiveness of occupational stress management.
• The Physiology of Stress: Understanding the Body’s Response Mechanisms
• Chronic Stress: Causes, Effects, and Coping Strategies
• Stress Management Techniques for a Healthy Lifestyle
• Occupational Stress: Identifying, Preventing, and Managing Workplace Stress
• The Impact of Stress on Mental Health: Anxiety and Depression
• Work-Life Balance and Stress Management
• Stress in College Students: Academic Pressure and Coping Mechanisms
• How to Reduce Your Stress Levels
• Stress and Physical Health: The Connection to Chronic Diseases
• Navigating the Inevitability of Stress in Daily Life
• Coping With Financial Stress: Strategies for Budgeting and Financial Wellness
• The New Sources of Stress in Modern Society
• Stress Management: What Is Stress and How to Overcome It
• The Stress-Immunity Connection: How Stress Affects the Immune System
• Causes and Effects of Stress in Daily Life
• Parenting and Stress: Balancing Responsibilities and Self-Care
• Comparing the Stress Rates Among Children and Adults
• Gender Differences in Stress Responses and Coping Mechanisms
• How Constant Stress Can Trigger Acute Coronary Events
• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: Techniques for Stress Management
• Physical and Emotional Effects of Stress
• Stress and Substance Abuse: The Cycle of Addiction and Recovery
• The Effects of Stress on Cognitive Functioning and Decision-Making
• Social Determinants of Stress: The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors
• The Role of Stress in Obesity and Weight Management
• Analyzing the Negative Impact of Stress on an Individual’s Health
• The Issue of Stress in the Nursing Profession
• Stress and Mental Resilience: Building Emotional Strength
• The Impact of Stress on Academic Success in College Students
• Influence of Yogic Techniques on Stress Management
• Can Music Therapy Improve Stress Anxiety?
• How to Use Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress?
• Why Group Therapy Improves Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress?
• How Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy Reduces Stress and Improves the Quality of Life in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease?
• How Does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Deal With Post Traumatic Stress?
• Does Music Therapy Reduce Stress?
• Can Psychology Help With Stress Reduction?
• How Stress Affects the Human Mind?
• How Can Social Environment Influence Behaviors and Stress Levels?
• Does Stress Affect Students’ Academic Performance? The main goal of this paper is to establish whether being under stress affects a student’s performance to a noticeable extent and how it’s possible to improve academic performance.
• Can Stress Cause Illness?
• How Stress Affects Immune Responses?
• How Can You Reduce the Adverse Effects of Stress?
• How Fear and Stress Shape the Mind?
• How Does Chronic Stress Affect the Body?
• How Stress Affects Our Health, Personality, and Relationship With People?
• How Does Stress Affect Child Development?
• How Does Job Stress Affect Your Health?
• How Stress Affects Memory in Adults?
• How Stress Affects Our Bodies, Minds, and Well Being?

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Anxiety, Affect, Self-Esteem, and Stress: Mediation and Moderation Effects on Depression

Affiliations Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Affiliation Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Affiliations Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Department of Psychology, Education and Sport Science, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliations Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Center for Ethics, Law, and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

• Ali Al Nima, 
• Patricia Rosenberg, 
• Trevor Archer, 
• Danilo Garcia

• Published: September 9, 2013
• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073265
• Reader Comments

23 Sep 2013: Nima AA, Rosenberg P, Archer T, Garcia D (2013) Correction: Anxiety, Affect, Self-Esteem, and Stress: Mediation and Moderation Effects on Depression. PLOS ONE 8(9): 10.1371/annotation/49e2c5c8-e8a8-4011-80fc-02c6724b2acc. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/49e2c5c8-e8a8-4011-80fc-02c6724b2acc View correction

Mediation analysis investigates whether a variable (i.e., mediator) changes in regard to an independent variable, in turn, affecting a dependent variable. Moderation analysis, on the other hand, investigates whether the statistical interaction between independent variables predict a dependent variable. Although this difference between these two types of analysis is explicit in current literature, there is still confusion with regard to the mediating and moderating effects of different variables on depression. The purpose of this study was to assess the mediating and moderating effects of anxiety, stress, positive affect, and negative affect on depression.

Two hundred and two university students (males  = 93, females  = 113) completed questionnaires assessing anxiety, stress, self-esteem, positive and negative affect, and depression. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted using techniques based on standard multiple regression and hierarchical regression analyses.

Main Findings

The results indicated that (i) anxiety partially mediated the effects of both stress and self-esteem upon depression, (ii) that stress partially mediated the effects of anxiety and positive affect upon depression, (iii) that stress completely mediated the effects of self-esteem on depression, and (iv) that there was a significant interaction between stress and negative affect, and between positive affect and negative affect upon depression.

The study highlights different research questions that can be investigated depending on whether researchers decide to use the same variables as mediators and/or moderators.

Citation: Nima AA, Rosenberg P, Archer T, Garcia D (2013) Anxiety, Affect, Self-Esteem, and Stress: Mediation and Moderation Effects on Depression. PLoS ONE 8(9): e73265. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073265

Editor: Ben J. Harrison, The University of Melbourne, Australia

Received: February 21, 2013; Accepted: July 22, 2013; Published: September 9, 2013

Copyright: © 2013 Nima et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Mediation refers to the covariance relationships among three variables: an independent variable (1), an assumed mediating variable (2), and a dependent variable (3). Mediation analysis investigates whether the mediating variable accounts for a significant amount of the shared variance between the independent and the dependent variables–the mediator changes in regard to the independent variable, in turn, affecting the dependent one [1] , [2] . On the other hand, moderation refers to the examination of the statistical interaction between independent variables in predicting a dependent variable [1] , [3] . In contrast to the mediator, the moderator is not expected to be correlated with both the independent and the dependent variable–Baron and Kenny [1] actually recommend that it is best if the moderator is not correlated with the independent variable and if the moderator is relatively stable, like a demographic variable (e.g., gender, socio-economic status) or a personality trait (e.g., affectivity).

Although both types of analysis lead to different conclusions [3] and the distinction between statistical procedures is part of the current literature [2] , there is still confusion about the use of moderation and mediation analyses using data pertaining to the prediction of depression. There are, for example, contradictions among studies that investigate mediating and moderating effects of anxiety, stress, self-esteem, and affect on depression. Depression, anxiety and stress are suggested to influence individuals' social relations and activities, work, and studies, as well as compromising decision-making and coping strategies [4] , [5] , [6] . Successfully coping with anxiety, depressiveness, and stressful situations may contribute to high levels of self-esteem and self-confidence, in addition increasing well-being, and psychological and physical health [6] . Thus, it is important to disentangle how these variables are related to each other. However, while some researchers perform mediation analysis with some of the variables mentioned here, other researchers conduct moderation analysis with the same variables. Seldom are both moderation and mediation performed on the same dataset. Before disentangling mediation and moderation effects on depression in the current literature, we briefly present the methodology behind the analysis performed in this study.

Mediation and moderation

Baron and Kenny [1] postulated several criteria for the analysis of a mediating effect: a significant correlation between the independent and the dependent variable, the independent variable must be significantly associated with the mediator, the mediator predicts the dependent variable even when the independent variable is controlled for, and the correlation between the independent and the dependent variable must be eliminated or reduced when the mediator is controlled for. All the criteria is then tested using the Sobel test which shows whether indirect effects are significant or not [1] , [7] . A complete mediating effect occurs when the correlation between the independent and the dependent variable are eliminated when the mediator is controlled for [8] . Analyses of mediation can, for example, help researchers to move beyond answering if high levels of stress lead to high levels of depression. With mediation analysis researchers might instead answer how stress is related to depression.

In contrast to mediation, moderation investigates the unique conditions under which two variables are related [3] . The third variable here, the moderator, is not an intermediate variable in the causal sequence from the independent to the dependent variable. For the analysis of moderation effects, the relation between the independent and dependent variable must be different at different levels of the moderator [3] . Moderators are included in the statistical analysis as an interaction term [1] . When analyzing moderating effects the variables should first be centered (i.e., calculating the mean to become 0 and the standard deviation to become 1) in order to avoid problems with multi-colinearity [8] . Moderating effects can be calculated using multiple hierarchical linear regressions whereby main effects are presented in the first step and interactions in the second step [1] . Analysis of moderation, for example, helps researchers to answer when or under which conditions stress is related to depression.

Mediation and moderation effects on depression

Cognitive vulnerability models suggest that maladaptive self-schema mirroring helplessness and low self-esteem explain the development and maintenance of depression (for a review see [9] ). These cognitive vulnerability factors become activated by negative life events or negative moods [10] and are suggested to interact with environmental stressors to increase risk for depression and other emotional disorders [11] , [10] . In this line of thinking, the experience of stress, low self-esteem, and negative emotions can cause depression, but also be used to explain how (i.e., mediation) and under which conditions (i.e., moderation) specific variables influence depression.

Using mediational analyses to investigate how cognitive therapy intervations reduced depression, researchers have showed that the intervention reduced anxiety, which in turn was responsible for 91% of the reduction in depression [12] . In the same study, reductions in depression, by the intervention, accounted only for 6% of the reduction in anxiety. Thus, anxiety seems to affect depression more than depression affects anxiety and, together with stress, is both a cause of and a powerful mediator influencing depression (See also [13] ). Indeed, there are positive relationships between depression, anxiety and stress in different cultures [14] . Moreover, while some studies show that stress (independent variable) increases anxiety (mediator), which in turn increased depression (dependent variable) [14] , other studies show that stress (moderator) interacts with maladaptive self-schemata (dependent variable) to increase depression (independent variable) [15] , [16] .

The present study

In order to illustrate how mediation and moderation can be used to address different research questions we first focus our attention to anxiety and stress as mediators of different variables that earlier have been shown to be related to depression. Secondly, we use all variables to find which of these variables moderate the effects on depression.

The specific aims of the present study were:

• To investigate if anxiety mediated the effect of stress, self-esteem, and affect on depression.
• To investigate if stress mediated the effects of anxiety, self-esteem, and affect on depression.
• To examine moderation effects between anxiety, stress, self-esteem, and affect on depression.

Ethics statement

This research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Gothenburg and written informed consent was obtained from all the study participants.

Participants

The present study was based upon a sample of 206 participants (males  = 93, females  = 113). All the participants were first year students in different disciplines at two universities in South Sweden. The mean age for the male students was 25.93 years ( SD  = 6.66), and 25.30 years ( SD  = 5.83) for the female students.

In total, 206 questionnaires were distributed to the students. Together 202 questionnaires were responded to leaving a total dropout of 1.94%. This dropout concerned three sections that the participants chose not to respond to at all, and one section that was completed incorrectly. None of these four questionnaires was included in the analyses.

Instruments

Hospital anxiety and depression scale [17] ..

The Swedish translation of this instrument [18] was used to measure anxiety and depression. The instrument consists of 14 statements (7 of which measure depression and 7 measure anxiety) to which participants are asked to respond grade of agreement on a Likert scale (0 to 3). The utility, reliability and validity of the instrument has been shown in multiple studies (e.g., [19] ).

Perceived Stress Scale [20] .

The Swedish version [21] of this instrument was used to measures individuals' experience of stress. The instrument consist of 14 statements to which participants rate on a Likert scale (0 =  never , 4 =  very often ). High values indicate that the individual expresses a high degree of stress.

Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale [22] .

The Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (Swedish version by Lindwall [23] ) consists of 10 statements focusing on general feelings toward the self. Participants are asked to report grade of agreement in a four-point Likert scale (1 =  agree not at all, 4 =  agree completely ). This is the most widely used instrument for estimation of self-esteem with high levels of reliability and validity (e.g., [24] , [25] ).

Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule [26] .

This is a widely applied instrument for measuring individuals' self-reported mood and feelings. The Swedish version has been used among participants of different ages and occupations (e.g., [27] , [28] , [29] ). The instrument consists of 20 adjectives, 10 positive affect (e.g., proud, strong) and 10 negative affect (e.g., afraid, irritable). The adjectives are rated on a five-point Likert scale (1 =  not at all , 5 =  very much ). The instrument is a reliable, valid, and effective self-report instrument for estimating these two important and independent aspects of mood [26] .

Questionnaires were distributed to the participants on several different locations within the university, including the library and lecture halls. Participants were asked to complete the questionnaire after being informed about the purpose and duration (10–15 minutes) of the study. Participants were also ensured complete anonymity and informed that they could end their participation whenever they liked.

Correlational analysis

Depression showed positive, significant relationships with anxiety, stress and negative affect. Table 1 presents the correlation coefficients, mean values and standard deviations ( sd ), as well as Cronbach ' s α for all the variables in the study.

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073265.t001

Mediation analysis

Regression analyses were performed in order to investigate if anxiety mediated the effect of stress, self-esteem, and affect on depression (aim 1). The first regression showed that stress ( B  = .03, 95% CI [.02,.05], β = .36, t  = 4.32, p <.001), self-esteem ( B  = −.03, 95% CI [−.05, −.01], β = −.24, t  = −3.20, p <.001), and positive affect ( B  = −.02, 95% CI [−.05, −.01], β = −.19, t  = −2.93, p  = .004) had each an unique effect on depression. Surprisingly, negative affect did not predict depression ( p  = 0.77) and was therefore removed from the mediation model, thus not included in further analysis.

The second regression tested whether stress, self-esteem and positive affect uniquely predicted the mediator (i.e., anxiety). Stress was found to be positively associated ( B  = .21, 95% CI [.15,.27], β = .47, t  = 7.35, p <.001), whereas self-esteem was negatively associated ( B  = −.29, 95% CI [−.38, −.21], β = −.42, t  = −6.48, p <.001) to anxiety. Positive affect, however, was not associated to anxiety ( p  = .50) and was therefore removed from further analysis.

A hierarchical regression analysis using depression as the outcome variable was performed using stress and self-esteem as predictors in the first step, and anxiety as predictor in the second step. This analysis allows the examination of whether stress and self-esteem predict depression and if this relation is weaken in the presence of anxiety as the mediator. The result indicated that, in the first step, both stress ( B  = .04, 95% CI [.03,.05], β = .45, t  = 6.43, p <.001) and self-esteem ( B  = .04, 95% CI [.03,.05], β = .45, t  = 6.43, p <.001) predicted depression. When anxiety (i.e., the mediator) was controlled for predictability was reduced somewhat but was still significant for stress ( B  = .03, 95% CI [.02,.04], β = .33, t  = 4.29, p <.001) and for self-esteem ( B  = −.03, 95% CI [−.05, −.01], β = −.20, t  = −2.62, p  = .009). Anxiety, as a mediator, predicted depression even when both stress and self-esteem were controlled for ( B  = .05, 95% CI [.02,.08], β = .26, t  = 3.17, p  = .002). Anxiety improved the prediction of depression over-and-above the independent variables (i.e., stress and self-esteem) (Δ R 2  = .03, F (1, 198) = 10.06, p  = .002). See Table 2 for the details.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073265.t002

A Sobel test was conducted to test the mediating criteria and to assess whether indirect effects were significant or not. The result showed that the complete pathway from stress (independent variable) to anxiety (mediator) to depression (dependent variable) was significant ( z  = 2.89, p  = .003). The complete pathway from self-esteem (independent variable) to anxiety (mediator) to depression (dependent variable) was also significant ( z  = 2.82, p  = .004). Thus, indicating that anxiety partially mediates the effects of both stress and self-esteem on depression. This result may indicate also that both stress and self-esteem contribute directly to explain the variation in depression and indirectly via experienced level of anxiety (see Figure 1 ).

Changes in Beta weights when the mediator is present are highlighted in red.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073265.g001

For the second aim, regression analyses were performed in order to test if stress mediated the effect of anxiety, self-esteem, and affect on depression. The first regression showed that anxiety ( B  = .07, 95% CI [.04,.10], β = .37, t  = 4.57, p <.001), self-esteem ( B  = −.02, 95% CI [−.05, −.01], β = −.18, t  = −2.23, p  = .03), and positive affect ( B  = −.03, 95% CI [−.04, −.02], β = −.27, t  = −4.35, p <.001) predicted depression independently of each other. Negative affect did not predict depression ( p  = 0.74) and was therefore removed from further analysis.

The second regression investigated if anxiety, self-esteem and positive affect uniquely predicted the mediator (i.e., stress). Stress was positively associated to anxiety ( B  = 1.01, 95% CI [.75, 1.30], β = .46, t  = 7.35, p <.001), negatively associated to self-esteem ( B  = −.30, 95% CI [−.50, −.01], β = −.19, t  = −2.90, p  = .004), and a negatively associated to positive affect ( B  = −.33, 95% CI [−.46, −.20], β = −.27, t  = −5.02, p <.001).

A hierarchical regression analysis using depression as the outcome and anxiety, self-esteem, and positive affect as the predictors in the first step, and stress as the predictor in the second step, allowed the examination of whether anxiety, self-esteem and positive affect predicted depression and if this association would weaken when stress (i.e., the mediator) was present. In the first step of the regression anxiety ( B  = .07, 95% CI [.05,.10], β = .38, t  = 5.31, p  = .02), self-esteem ( B  = −.03, 95% CI [−.05, −.01], β = −.18, t  = −2.41, p  = .02), and positive affect ( B  = −.03, 95% CI [−.04, −.02], β = −.27, t  = −4.36, p <.001) significantly explained depression. When stress (i.e., the mediator) was controlled for, predictability was reduced somewhat but was still significant for anxiety ( B  = .05, 95% CI [.02,.08], β = .05, t  = 4.29, p <.001) and for positive affect ( B  = −.02, 95% CI [−.04, −.01], β = −.20, t  = −3.16, p  = .002), whereas self-esteem did not reach significance ( p < = .08). In the second step, the mediator (i.e., stress) predicted depression even when anxiety, self-esteem, and positive affect were controlled for ( B  = .02, 95% CI [.08,.04], β = .25, t  = 3.07, p  = .002). Stress improved the prediction of depression over-and-above the independent variables (i.e., anxiety, self-esteem and positive affect) (Δ R 2  = .02, F (1, 197)  = 9.40, p  = .002). See Table 3 for the details.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073265.t003

Furthermore, the Sobel test indicated that the complete pathways from the independent variables (anxiety: z  = 2.81, p  = .004; self-esteem: z  =  2.05, p  = .04; positive affect: z  = 2.58, p <.01) to the mediator (i.e., stress), to the outcome (i.e., depression) were significant. These specific results might be explained on the basis that stress partially mediated the effects of both anxiety and positive affect on depression while stress completely mediated the effects of self-esteem on depression. In other words, anxiety and positive affect contributed directly to explain the variation in depression and indirectly via the experienced level of stress. Self-esteem contributed only indirectly via the experienced level of stress to explain the variation in depression. In other words, stress effects on depression originate from “its own power” and explained more of the variation in depression than self-esteem (see Figure 2 ).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073265.g002

Moderation analysis

Multiple linear regression analyses were used in order to examine moderation effects between anxiety, stress, self-esteem and affect on depression. The analysis indicated that about 52% of the variation in the dependent variable (i.e., depression) could be explained by the main effects and the interaction effects ( R 2  = .55, adjusted R 2  = .51, F (55, 186)  = 14.87, p <.001). When the variables (dependent and independent) were standardized, both the standardized regression coefficients beta (β) and the unstandardized regression coefficients beta (B) became the same value with regard to the main effects. Three of the main effects were significant and contributed uniquely to high levels of depression: anxiety ( B  = .26, t  = 3.12, p  = .002), stress ( B  = .25, t  = 2.86, p  = .005), and self-esteem ( B  = −.17, t  = −2.17, p  = .03). The main effect of positive affect was also significant and contributed to low levels of depression ( B  = −.16, t  = −2.027, p  = .02) (see Figure 3 ). Furthermore, the results indicated that two moderator effects were significant. These were the interaction between stress and negative affect ( B  = −.28, β = −.39, t  = −2.36, p  = .02) (see Figure 4 ) and the interaction between positive affect and negative affect ( B  = −.21, β = −.29, t  = −2.30, p  = .02) ( Figure 5 ).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073265.g003

Low stress and low negative affect leads to lower levels of depression compared to high stress and high negative affect.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073265.g004

High positive affect and low negative affect lead to lower levels of depression compared to low positive affect and high negative affect.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073265.g005

The results in the present study show that (i) anxiety partially mediated the effects of both stress and self-esteem on depression, (ii) that stress partially mediated the effects of anxiety and positive affect on depression, (iii) that stress completely mediated the effects of self-esteem on depression, and (iv) that there was a significant interaction between stress and negative affect, and positive affect and negative affect on depression.

Mediating effects

The study suggests that anxiety contributes directly to explaining the variance in depression while stress and self-esteem might contribute directly to explaining the variance in depression and indirectly by increasing feelings of anxiety. Indeed, individuals who experience stress over a long period of time are susceptible to increased anxiety and depression [30] , [31] and previous research shows that high self-esteem seems to buffer against anxiety and depression [32] , [33] . The study also showed that stress partially mediated the effects of both anxiety and positive affect on depression and that stress completely mediated the effects of self-esteem on depression. Anxiety and positive affect contributed directly to explain the variation in depression and indirectly to the experienced level of stress. Self-esteem contributed only indirectly via the experienced level of stress to explain the variation in depression, i.e. stress affects depression on the basis of ‘its own power’ and explains much more of the variation in depressive experiences than self-esteem. In general, individuals who experience low anxiety and frequently experience positive affect seem to experience low stress, which might reduce their levels of depression. Academic stress, for instance, may increase the risk for experiencing depression among students [34] . Although self-esteem did not emerged as an important variable here, under circumstances in which difficulties in life become chronic, some researchers suggest that low self-esteem facilitates the experience of stress [35] .

Moderator effects/interaction effects

The present study showed that the interaction between stress and negative affect and between positive and negative affect influenced self-reported depression symptoms. Moderation effects between stress and negative affect imply that the students experiencing low levels of stress and low negative affect reported lower levels of depression than those who experience high levels of stress and high negative affect. This result confirms earlier findings that underline the strong positive association between negative affect and both stress and depression [36] , [37] . Nevertheless, negative affect by itself did not predicted depression. In this regard, it is important to point out that the absence of positive emotions is a better predictor of morbidity than the presence of negative emotions [38] , [39] . A modification to this statement, as illustrated by the results discussed next, could be that the presence of negative emotions in conjunction with the absence of positive emotions increases morbidity.

The moderating effects between positive and negative affect on the experience of depression imply that the students experiencing high levels of positive affect and low levels of negative affect reported lower levels of depression than those who experience low levels of positive affect and high levels of negative affect. This result fits previous observations indicating that different combinations of these affect dimensions are related to different measures of physical and mental health and well-being, such as, blood pressure, depression, quality of sleep, anxiety, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and self-regulation [40] – [51] .

Limitations

The result indicated a relatively low mean value for depression ( M  = 3.69), perhaps because the studied population was university students. These might limit the generalization power of the results and might also explain why negative affect, commonly associated to depression, was not related to depression in the present study. Moreover, there is a potential influence of single source/single method variance on the findings, especially given the high correlation between all the variables under examination.

Conclusions

The present study highlights different results that could be arrived depending on whether researchers decide to use variables as mediators or moderators. For example, when using meditational analyses, anxiety and stress seem to be important factors that explain how the different variables used here influence depression–increases in anxiety and stress by any other factor seem to lead to increases in depression. In contrast, when moderation analyses were used, the interaction of stress and affect predicted depression and the interaction of both affectivity dimensions (i.e., positive and negative affect) also predicted depression–stress might increase depression under the condition that the individual is high in negative affectivity, in turn, negative affectivity might increase depression under the condition that the individual experiences low positive affectivity.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their openness and suggestions, which significantly improved the article.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AAN TA. Performed the experiments: AAN. Analyzed the data: AAN DG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AAN TA DG. Wrote the paper: AAN PR TA DG.

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Focus: The Science of Stress

Introduction: the science of stress.

The term stress was widely popularized in its biological connotation in 1936 by Hans Selye, who defined it as “the non-specific response of the body to any demand for change” [ 1 ]. Stress was originally understood to be a collection of peripheral symptoms that accompany a variety of chronic illnesses affecting different parts of the body. However, since its conception, the term has taken on a broader meaning and encompasses the body’s response to any mental, emotional, or physical disturbance. It is now well accepted that stress is both a symptom and a major risk factor for anxiety, migraines, substance abuse, obesity, and heart disease [ 2 ]. In 2007, the American Psychological Association launched a Stress in America™ survey to document national levels of stress, assess mental and physical impacts, and correlate stress intensity to external factors, including the political climate and the state of the economy. The outcomes of subsequent surveys have established stress as a major contributor to the national mental health crisis that disproportionately impacts different groups across the country [ 3 ].

In a perspectives piece on the neuroscience of stress, Simisola Johnson discusses the evolution of the stress response and the role of the nervous system in eliciting neuroendocrine and behavioral responses that promote survival. However, as opposed to acute stress that can have beneficial effects, chronic stress can lead to severe impairments in circuits that regulate neuroendocrine signaling. For example, in addition to the direct biological consequences of SARS-CoV2 infection on the brain, chronic stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic impacts similar neuronal signaling pathways in the CNS and PNS that hamper normal physiological function. In addition to impacting the brain, chronic stress also alters metabolism at the cellular level. Using a house sparrow model system, Beattie et al. combined chronic psychological stress and daily food restriction to test whether chronic stress decreases the animals’ ability to cope with acute stressors. The study measures a variety of parameters including levels of metabolites, total activity, and markers of the neuroendocrine stress response to assess overall stress responses. Both of these papers highlight the importance of studying the compounding effects of stress that are increasingly prevalent in a post-pandemic era.

Stress experienced by mothers during pregnancy can have deleterious effects on both the infant’s neuropsychiatric and behavioral health. Various studies have found associations between maternal prenatal distress and child developmental outcomes. Children exposed to prenatal stress are at increased risk for displaying disruptive behavioral problems, possessing lower motor function, and even developing neuropsychiatric illnesses at later stages. However, in a self-reported study examining the initiation and course of breastfeeding and room-sharing, Simons et al. found that there was no link between the quality of maternal caregiving and maternal prenatal distress. Although they found that levels of prenatal evening cortisol (a physiological marker of stress) at the end of pregnancy are positively correlated with their study parameters, a lack of homology with other stress markers urges future studies to examine alternative mechanisms. Davis et al. examine how increased reactive oxygen species in the embryonic brain generated due to prenatal stress affect the morphology and activity of neuronal cells during development and in mature brains. The authors found that treatment with antioxidant agents reversed the observed effects on neuronal cells but did not prevent behavioral impacts. The results of these studies emphasize a need to study intergenerational transmission of stress and its long-term effects.

The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 3.6% of the world’s population has experienced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [ 4 ]. Risk factors for developing PTSD include exposure to a traumatic life event, lack of social support, and a genetic predisposition. Liu et al. examined the relationship between personality type, social support, and prevalence of PTSD among Shidu Parents in China. They determined that those with social support and extroverted personalities were least likely to develop PTSD after losing a child. Nagy Youssef provides a perspectives piece on studying the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of trauma. Conducting more studies on the inheritance of DNA methylation across generations can provide new insights into the impact of trauma and resilience across communities.

In this issue, the biological and social dynamics of stress are examined. Original research, reviews, and perspectives are presented on how stress affects development, metabolism, and various cellular and organ level processes of physiology. We hope this issue contributes to an emerging field and highlights the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the wide implications of stress.

• Selye H. The Stress of Life . New York: McGraw-Hill; 1956. [ Google Scholar ]
• What is stress? The American Institute of Stress . 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2022. Available from: https://www.stress.org/what-is-stress
• American Psychological Association . 2020. Stress in America™ 2020: A National Mental Health Crisis. American Psychological Association . Retrieved March 22, 2022. Available from: https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2020/report-october
• World Health Organization . 2013. Who releases guidance on mental health care after trauma. World Health Organization . Retrieved March 23, 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/06-08-2013-who-releases-guidance-on-mental-health-care-after-trauma#:~:text=Traumatic%20events%20and%20loss%20a%20common%20experience&text=An%20estimated%203.6%25%20of%20the,previous%20year%2C%20the%20study%20showed

17 Research Proposal Examples

A research proposal systematically and transparently outlines a proposed research project.

The purpose of a research proposal is to demonstrate a project’s viability and the researcher’s preparedness to conduct an academic study. It serves as a roadmap for the researcher.

The process holds value both externally (for accountability purposes and often as a requirement for a grant application) and intrinsic value (for helping the researcher to clarify the mechanics, purpose, and potential signficance of the study).

Key sections of a research proposal include: the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, research design and methods, timeline, budget, outcomes and implications, references, and appendix. Each is briefly explained below.

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Research Proposal Sample Structure

Title: The title should present a concise and descriptive statement that clearly conveys the core idea of the research projects. Make it as specific as possible. The reader should immediately be able to grasp the core idea of the intended research project. Often, the title is left too vague and does not help give an understanding of what exactly the study looks at.

Abstract: Abstracts are usually around 250-300 words and provide an overview of what is to follow – including the research problem , objectives, methods, expected outcomes, and significance of the study. Use it as a roadmap and ensure that, if the abstract is the only thing someone reads, they’ll get a good fly-by of what will be discussed in the peice.

Introduction: Introductions are all about contextualization. They often set the background information with a statement of the problem. At the end of the introduction, the reader should understand what the rationale for the study truly is. I like to see the research questions or hypotheses included in the introduction and I like to get a good understanding of what the significance of the research will be. It’s often easiest to write the introduction last

Literature Review: The literature review dives deep into the existing literature on the topic, demosntrating your thorough understanding of the existing literature including themes, strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the literature. It serves both to demonstrate your knowledge of the field and, to demonstrate how the proposed study will fit alongside the literature on the topic. A good literature review concludes by clearly demonstrating how your research will contribute something new and innovative to the conversation in the literature.

Research Design and Methods: This section needs to clearly demonstrate how the data will be gathered and analyzed in a systematic and academically sound manner. Here, you need to demonstrate that the conclusions of your research will be both valid and reliable. Common points discussed in the research design and methods section include highlighting the research paradigm, methodologies, intended population or sample to be studied, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures . Toward the end of this section, you are encouraged to also address ethical considerations and limitations of the research process , but also to explain why you chose your research design and how you are mitigating the identified risks and limitations.

Timeline: Provide an outline of the anticipated timeline for the study. Break it down into its various stages (including data collection, data analysis, and report writing). The goal of this section is firstly to establish a reasonable breakdown of steps for you to follow and secondly to demonstrate to the assessors that your project is practicable and feasible.

Budget: Estimate the costs associated with the research project and include evidence for your estimations. Typical costs include staffing costs, equipment, travel, and data collection tools. When applying for a scholarship, the budget should demonstrate that you are being responsible with your expensive and that your funding application is reasonable.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: A discussion of the anticipated findings or results of the research, as well as the potential contributions to the existing knowledge, theory, or practice in the field. This section should also address the potential impact of the research on relevant stakeholders and any broader implications for policy or practice.

References: A complete list of all the sources cited in the research proposal, formatted according to the required citation style. This demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the relevant literature and ensures proper attribution of ideas and information.

Appendices (if applicable): Any additional materials, such as questionnaires, interview guides, or consent forms, that provide further information or support for the research proposal. These materials should be included as appendices at the end of the document.

Research Proposal Examples

Research proposals often extend anywhere between 2,000 and 15,000 words in length. The following snippets are samples designed to briefly demonstrate what might be discussed in each section.

1. Education Studies Research Proposals

See some real sample pieces:

• Assessment of the perceptions of teachers towards a new grading system
• Does ICT use in secondary classrooms help or hinder student learning?
• Digital technologies in focus project
• Urban Middle School Teachers’ Experiences of the Implementation of
• Restorative Justice Practices
• Experiences of students of color in service learning

Consider this hypothetical education research proposal:

The Impact of Game-Based Learning on Student Engagement and Academic Performance in Middle School Mathematics

Abstract: The proposed study will explore multiplayer game-based learning techniques in middle school mathematics curricula and their effects on student engagement. The study aims to contribute to the current literature on game-based learning by examining the effects of multiplayer gaming in learning.

Introduction: Digital game-based learning has long been shunned within mathematics education for fears that it may distract students or lower the academic integrity of the classrooms. However, there is emerging evidence that digital games in math have emerging benefits not only for engagement but also academic skill development. Contributing to this discourse, this study seeks to explore the potential benefits of multiplayer digital game-based learning by examining its impact on middle school students’ engagement and academic performance in a mathematics class.

Literature Review: The literature review has identified gaps in the current knowledge, namely, while game-based learning has been extensively explored, the role of multiplayer games in supporting learning has not been studied.

Research Design and Methods: This study will employ a mixed-methods research design based upon action research in the classroom. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design will first be used to compare the academic performance and engagement of middle school students exposed to game-based learning techniques with those in a control group receiving instruction without the aid of technology. Students will also be observed and interviewed in regard to the effect of communication and collaboration during gameplay on their learning.

Timeline: The study will take place across the second term of the school year with a pre-test taking place on the first day of the term and the post-test taking place on Wednesday in Week 10.

Budget: The key budgetary requirements will be the technologies required, including the subscription cost for the identified games and computers.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: It is expected that the findings will contribute to the current literature on game-based learning and inform educational practices, providing educators and policymakers with insights into how to better support student achievement in mathematics.

2. Psychology Research Proposals

See some real examples:

• A situational analysis of shared leadership in a self-managing team
• The effect of musical preference on running performance
• Relationship between self-esteem and disordered eating amongst adolescent females

Consider this hypothetical psychology research proposal:

The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Stress Reduction in College Students

Abstract: This research proposal examines the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on stress reduction among college students, using a pre-test/post-test experimental design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods .

Introduction: College students face heightened stress levels during exam weeks. This can affect both mental health and test performance. This study explores the potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions such as meditation as a way to mediate stress levels in the weeks leading up to exam time.

Literature Review: Existing research on mindfulness-based meditation has shown the ability for mindfulness to increase metacognition, decrease anxiety levels, and decrease stress. Existing literature has looked at workplace, high school and general college-level applications. This study will contribute to the corpus of literature by exploring the effects of mindfulness directly in the context of exam weeks.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n= 234 ) will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group, receiving 5 days per week of 10-minute mindfulness-based interventions, or a control group, receiving no intervention. Data will be collected through self-report questionnaires, measuring stress levels, semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ experiences, and students’ test scores.

Timeline: The study will begin three weeks before the students’ exam week and conclude after each student’s final exam. Data collection will occur at the beginning (pre-test of self-reported stress levels) and end (post-test) of the three weeks.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: The study aims to provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing stress among college students in the lead up to exams, with potential implications for mental health support and stress management programs on college campuses.

3. Sociology Research Proposals

• Understanding emerging social movements: A case study of ‘Jersey in Transition’
• The interaction of health, education and employment in Western China
• Can we preserve lower-income affordable neighbourhoods in the face of rising costs?

Consider this hypothetical sociology research proposal:

The Impact of Social Media Usage on Interpersonal Relationships among Young Adults

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effects of social media usage on interpersonal relationships among young adults, using a longitudinal mixed-methods approach with ongoing semi-structured interviews to collect qualitative data.

Introduction: Social media platforms have become a key medium for the development of interpersonal relationships, particularly for young adults. This study examines the potential positive and negative effects of social media usage on young adults’ relationships and development over time.

Literature Review: A preliminary review of relevant literature has demonstrated that social media usage is central to development of a personal identity and relationships with others with similar subcultural interests. However, it has also been accompanied by data on mental health deline and deteriorating off-screen relationships. The literature is to-date lacking important longitudinal data on these topics.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n = 454 ) will be young adults aged 18-24. Ongoing self-report surveys will assess participants’ social media usage, relationship satisfaction, and communication patterns. A subset of participants will be selected for longitudinal in-depth interviews starting at age 18 and continuing for 5 years.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of five years, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide insights into the complex relationship between social media usage and interpersonal relationships among young adults, potentially informing social policies and mental health support related to social media use.

4. Nursing Research Proposals

• Does Orthopaedic Pre-assessment clinic prepare the patient for admission to hospital?
• Nurses’ perceptions and experiences of providing psychological care to burns patients
• Registered psychiatric nurse’s practice with mentally ill parents and their children

Consider this hypothetical nursing research proposal:

The Influence of Nurse-Patient Communication on Patient Satisfaction and Health Outcomes following Emergency Cesarians

Abstract: This research will examines the impact of effective nurse-patient communication on patient satisfaction and health outcomes for women following c-sections, utilizing a mixed-methods approach with patient surveys and semi-structured interviews.

Introduction: It has long been known that effective communication between nurses and patients is crucial for quality care. However, additional complications arise following emergency c-sections due to the interaction between new mother’s changing roles and recovery from surgery.

Literature Review: A review of the literature demonstrates the importance of nurse-patient communication, its impact on patient satisfaction, and potential links to health outcomes. However, communication between nurses and new mothers is less examined, and the specific experiences of those who have given birth via emergency c-section are to date unexamined.

Research Design and Methods: Participants will be patients in a hospital setting who have recently had an emergency c-section. A self-report survey will assess their satisfaction with nurse-patient communication and perceived health outcomes. A subset of participants will be selected for in-depth interviews to explore their experiences and perceptions of the communication with their nurses.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including rolling recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing within the hospital.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the significance of nurse-patient communication in supporting new mothers who have had an emergency c-section. Recommendations will be presented for supporting nurses and midwives in improving outcomes for new mothers who had complications during birth.

5. Social Work Research Proposals

• Experiences of negotiating employment and caring responsibilities of fathers post-divorce
• Exploring kinship care in the north region of British Columbia

Consider this hypothetical social work research proposal:

The Role of a Family-Centered Intervention in Preventing Homelessness Among At-Risk Youthin a working-class town in Northern England

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effectiveness of a family-centered intervention provided by a local council area in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth. This case study will use a mixed-methods approach with program evaluation data and semi-structured interviews to collect quantitative and qualitative data .

Introduction: Homelessness among youth remains a significant social issue. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in addressing this problem and identify factors that contribute to successful prevention strategies.

Literature Review: A review of the literature has demonstrated several key factors contributing to youth homelessness including lack of parental support, lack of social support, and low levels of family involvement. It also demonstrates the important role of family-centered interventions in addressing this issue. Drawing on current evidence, this study explores the effectiveness of one such intervention in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth in a working-class town in Northern England.

Research Design and Methods: The study will evaluate a new family-centered intervention program targeting at-risk youth and their families. Quantitative data on program outcomes, including housing stability and family functioning, will be collected through program records and evaluation reports. Semi-structured interviews with program staff, participants, and relevant stakeholders will provide qualitative insights into the factors contributing to program success or failure.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Budget: Expenses include access to program evaluation data, interview materials, data analysis software, and any related travel costs for in-person interviews.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in preventing youth homelessness, potentially informing the expansion of or necessary changes to social work practices in Northern England.

Research Proposal Template

Get your Detailed Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

This is a template for a 2500-word research proposal. You may find it difficult to squeeze everything into this wordcount, but it’s a common wordcount for Honors and MA-level dissertations.

Your research proposal is where you really get going with your study. I’d strongly recommend working closely with your teacher in developing a research proposal that’s consistent with the requirements and culture of your institution, as in my experience it varies considerably. The above template is from my own courses that walk students through research proposals in a British School of Education.

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 5 Top Tips for Succeeding at University
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 50 Durable Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 100 Consumer Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 30 Globalization Pros and Cons

8 thoughts on “17 Research Proposal Examples”

Very excellent research proposals

very helpful

Very helpful

Dear Sir, I need some help to write an educational research proposal. Thank you.

Hi Levi, use the site search bar to ask a question and I’ll likely have a guide already written for your specific question. Thanks for reading!

very good research proposal

Thank you so much sir! ❤️

Very helpful 👌

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Stress Research Paper

This sample stress research paper features: 7200 words (approx. 24 pages), an outline, and a bibliography with 10 sources. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates.

Coping with Stress

Academic Writing, Editing, Proofreading, And Problem Solving Services

Get 10% off with 24start discount code, i. concept of coping, a. why is coping important for mental health, b. historical overview, ii. determinants of coping responses, a. personality characteristics as determinants of coping, b. situational specificity in coping, iii. ways of coping with stress, a. problem-focused coping, b. emotion-focused coping, 1. emotional expression, 2. seeking social support, 3. escape-avoidance, 4. positive illusion, 5. social comparison, c. relationship-focused coping, 1. empathic responding, 2. active engagement and protective buffering, iv. conclusion.

In common parlance, ‘‘coping’’ is often used to suggest that individuals are handling stress well or that they have the situation under control. However, most health psychologists who study stress and coping would define coping broadly to include all thoughts and behaviors that occur in response to a stressful experience, whether the person is handling the situation well or poorly. Coping includes what we do and think in response to a stressor, even if we are unaware of why or what we are doing. This broad definition is important for two reasons. First, if we limit the definition of coping to thoughts and behaviors that the individual purposefully and intentionally engages in as a way of handling the stressful situation, we may exclude a wide array of responses that typically remain outside of awareness. These can include, for example, believing in unrealistically positive illusions, escaping through the use of alcohol and other drugs, or fleeing from stress in one area of life (e.g., family) by immersing oneself in some unrelated activity (e.g., work). Second, this definition of coping does not assume a priori that some forms of coping are bad and others are good. All of the person’s responses to the stressor are considered coping, whether or not they help to resolve the situation. This is important, as in recent years researchers have found that many forms of coping that have traditionally been considered bad coping, such as escape-avoidance, may actually have beneficial effects when coping with certain types of stressors under specific circumstances.

Many disorders of mental health are either directly caused by stress or their expression is triggered by stress. In cases where a person is already experiencing poor health, stress can exacerbate and maintain the problems. However, there are wide individual differences in the effects of stress, and these are thought to be largely due to individual differences in coping with stress. Therefore, many health psychologists have turned their attention in recent years to trying to understand the antecedents and consequences of various ways of coping with stress.

In early models, certain forms of coping (and people who used them) were viewed as immature, dysfunctional, or maladaptive. Many emotion-focused strategies were not even considered forms of coping, but merely defenses. These models lost favor as evidence accumulated that many forms of coping previously assumed to be maladaptive could sometimes have positive effects, at least in certain circumstances. Researchers such as Lazarus conceptualized coping as a process in constant flux, responsive to changes in situational demands. The focus on situational factors as primary determinants of coping responses was welcomed as a correction of previous tendencies to treat coping in trait terms. Claims made by Mischel in 1968 that personality traits are poor predictors of behavior were also influential. Furthermore, the findings of a number of studies suggest that in general, situational factors play a larger role in determining responses to stress than do personality traits. Thus, earlier notions of rigid ‘‘styles’’ of coping have been replaced by an understanding that coping is best conceived in process terms. Given this new understanding of coping that emerged during the 1970s and 1980s, the role of personality in coping was given scant attention during those years. Recently, it has been acknowledged that although personality may not be the single most important determinant of coping responses to stress, its role is nonetheless quite important. In the past few years, health psychologists have again turned their attention to examining personality factors that might determine how people cope with stress. Currently, most researchers in the field would agree that how a person copes with stress will shift over time depending on an array of factors that can be broken down into two broad categories: person and situation.

Clinicians and researchers alike have examined the role of personality in coping in an attempt to predict and explain which individuals are at risk for experiencing psychological maladjustment. The underlying assumption is that personality can influence how one copes with stress, and coping determines whether stress will have deleterious effects on health and well-being. A consistent set of personality traits have emerged as significant predictors of the ways in which people cope and the impact coping has on their health. The following is a brief summary of the various personality traits that have been empirically related to coping.

The last 50 years have seen a growing interest in the role of personality as measured by the big five personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. These five factors are believed by many personality researchers to be the five basic underlying dimensions of personality. Researchers have tended to find that neuroticism (the tendency to experience negative affect) is related to maladaptive coping efforts and poor psychological well-being. In comparison, researchers have tended to find that extraversion (the tendency to be gregarious and to experience positive affect) is related to adaptive coping and better psychological well-being. Individuals high on openness (the tendency to be creative and open to feelings and experiences) remain strong in the face of adversity and are more able to engage in coping that is sensitive to the needs of others. Given that two defining features of openness to experience are originality and creativity, future research may show individuals high on openness to be particularly effective and flexible copers. Those individuals high on agreeableness (the tendency to be good-natured) also appear to cope in an adaptive manner that is sensitive to the needs of others. Individuals high on agreeableness tend to engage in less negative interpersonal coping strategies (e.g., confronting others), more positive interpersonal coping (e.g., seeking social support), and lower levels of maladaptive emotion-focused coping (e.g., escape avoidance). Individuals high on agreeableness may seek to avoid additional conflict and distress when coping. Finally, those individuals high on conscientiousness (the tendency to be careful and reliable) have been found to engage in lower levels of maladaptive emotion-focused coping (e.g., escape avoidance) and higher use of problem-focused coping. Individuals high in conscientiousness may seek to engage in the most responsible and constructive forms of coping.

The way in which one anticipates future events has also been established to have an impact on well-being. The tendency to anticipate positive outcomes for the future is referred to as optimism. Carver, Scheier, and others have reported this trait to be associated with both adaptive coping and good mental health. High levels of optimism may lead to higher levels of constructive coping, which in turn reduce distress, making positive expectations highly adaptive. In contrast, pessimistic individuals (those who do not generally anticipate positive future outcomes) tend to use more maladaptive coping strategies, which in turn are related to higher levels of both anxiety and depression.

An internal locus of control (i.e., feeling a sense of personal control) over the events and experiences in one’s life is often positively related to psychological well-being, whereas an external sense of control (i.e., lacking a sense of personal control and feeling that control over events is external to oneself) is often negatively related to mental health criteria. Research examining locus of control as a stable personality trait has identified several ways in which this trait influences both coping and psychological adjustment. For example, studies have found that an internal locus of control is related to greater use of problem-focused coping. It appears that a belief in one’s ability to impact or change events is related to constructive attempts to alter or change aspects of the environment or oneself under times of duress. Given that such problem-focused coping efforts are generally associated with better psychological outcomes, at least when used with stressors that are controllable, an internal locus of control can have beneficial effects upon mental health.

Currently, there is much interest among researchers in studying the factors within a given situation that determine how an individual will cope, how the chosen coping strategies influence mental health, and how this process varies from situation to situation. In 1984, Lazarus and Folkman identified a number of dimensions of stressful situations that are important determinants of the stress and coping process. Novelty (has the individual coped with this type of stressor in the past?), predictability (are there signs that will alert an individual to the onset of the stressful event /situation?), event uncertainty (how likely is it that the situation will occur?), imminence (is the event likely to occur in the near future?), duration (how long will the experience last?), and temporal uncertainty (is it possible to identify whether the event will occur?) all impact affective, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to stress. That is, these situational factors play a role in determining the extent to which a person experiences a situation as stressful, and in turn, how he or she copes with the stressful situation.

Several researchers have conducted studies that explore a variety of situational determinants of coping. Consistent with the hypothesis that situational factors do influence the coping process, researchers have tended to find that different situations elicit different forms of coping, and similar situations elicit similar modes of coping. In addition, similar coping strategies have been found to have different effects across different situations, in that the effectiveness of any one coping strategy and its impact on well-being varies from situation to situation. This points to the importance of a match between a chosen coping strategy and the situationally specific demands of a stressor to maximize emotional adjustment and minimize ongoing struggles. Thus, the particular characteristics of a stressful situation determine both coping choice and coping effectiveness. For example, positive reappraisal is generally an effective coping strategy related to psychological well-being. However, in 1991, Wethington and Kessler noted that when the stressful situation calls for some form of action to be taken, the use of positive reappraisal alone is related to psychological maladjustment. Likewise, in 1994, Aldwin pointed out that emotion- focused coping is more effective when coping with a situation that is perceived as involving loss, whereas problem-focused coping is more effective when coping with a situation that is appraised as a threat or challenge. Therefore, one must be cautious in making generalizations about the relation of specific coping strategies to mental health, as this relation will vary according to the situational demands.

Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that individuals will vary their coping efforts and choices systematically to fit a given stressor. General coping styles aggregated over time tend to be poorly correlated with the ways in which one copes in a specific situation. That is, researchers or clinicians cannot accurately predict how an individual will cope with any one specific stressor by relying on the average way in which the same individual copes across a variety of situations over time. To illustrate, an individual may engage in moderately high levels of a particular coping strategy over time but not use this particular strategy at all when coping with a certain type of stressor. Averaging coping responses across multiple situations, therefore, obscures important information about how coping is related to well-being under specific and well-defined circumstances.

Researchers such as Wethington and Kessler have identified several ways in which coping varies from situation to situation. First, the ways in which individuals cope with an acute but short-term stressor often differs from the ways in which they cope with an ongoing chronic stressor. Second, the ways in which individuals cope can also be influenced by the coping responses of others around them. Third, individuals tend to use different strategies depending on the role domain in which stress occurs. Fourth, situations are defined by a multitude of demands and therefore any one stressor may demand multiple coping strategies in order to be resolved effectively. Those with the highest psychological well-being may well be those individuals who can successfully engage in a variety of coping strategies. Rigid adherence to a small set of coping strategies geared toward direct resolution of the stressor, at the expense of those that might help to reduce stress-related negative emotions, could be maladaptive in many circumstances.

Researchers have begun to examine the ways in which situational factors interact with person factors in determining how people cope with stress. Existing evidence suggests that coping varies as a function of both the situation and the person. For example, in 1986, Parkes found that individuals low in neuroticism varied their use of direct action according to the level of work demands. In comparison, those individuals high in neuroticism did not vary their use of direct action in response to changing levels of work demands. Furthermore, although situational factors play a larger role overall in determining coping responses, the more ambiguous a stressful situation is, the greater the influence of person factors on the coping process.

Historically, coping has been seen as serving two basic functions: problem-focused (active attempts to alter and resolve the stressful situation) and emotion-focused (efforts to regulate one’s emotions). Recently, a third function that concerns relationship-focused coping (efforts to manage and maintain social relationships during stressful periods) has been studied as well.

Problem-focused coping includes those forms of coping that are geared directly toward solving the problem or changing the stressful situation. Most of the research examining problem-focused coping has been on planful problem-solving. Coping strategies based on planful problem-solving involve conscious attempts to determine and execute the most appropriate course of action needed to directly prevent, eliminate, or significantly improve a stressful situation. Making a plan of action and following it is an example of the sort of cool deliberate strategy that typifies this form of coping. Although the primary effect of problem-focused modes of coping is to change or eliminate the stressful environment, it is not unusual for such coping to result inadvertently in a reduction in negative affect and/or an increase in positive affect (e.g., devising and carrying out a plan to finish a task that one has felt pressured to complete). The increase in positive affect following the use of planful problem-solving may be the result of an improvement both in the way one perceives the stressful situation and in the direct changes in the stressful situation itself. In general, planful problem-solving tends to be associated with less negative emotion, more positive emotion, positive reappraisals of the stressful situation, and satisfactory outcomes.

Important moderators of this strategy and its influence on psychological well-being have been documented. First, it appears that individuals engage in a higher use of planful problem-solving when they perceive a situation or encounter as one in which something can be changed for the better. Furthermore, the use of this strategy in uncontrollable or unchangeable situations seems to have a negative impact on psychological health. It appears that pursuing a futile course of action can interfere with the adaptive function of accepting those things that cannot be changed or altered. Second, when a loved one has something to lose in a stressful situation, individuals tend to use lower amounts of planful problem-solving than when a loved one does not have something to lose. Individuals seem to experience difficulty formulating a plan of action when coping with the added emotional distress invoked by concern for a loved one’s well-being. Third, when the stress occurs at work, individuals tend to use higher levels of planful problem-solving. In this context, many forms of emotion-focused coping strategies may be viewed as ineffective and socially inappropriate.

In summary, in situations that require a course of action to minimize or reduce stress, the individual may be better off engaging in planful problem-solving efforts rather than in emotion-focused strategies such as denial. Such efforts will more likely improve the interactions between an individual and their environment, and have a positive impact on well-being.

Emotion-focused modes of coping include those forms of coping that are geared toward managing one’s emotions during stressful periods. A larger number of studies have examined emotion-focused modes of coping than either problem- or relationship-focused modes of coping. All of the many forms of emotion-focused coping that have been described in the literature cannot possibly be discussed here. Instead, we focus on those forms that have received the most attention in the scholarly literature.

Emotional expression is the active expression of one’s thoughts and feelings about an experience or event, and is a common way to cope with stress. The expression can take place through a variety of interpersonal, verbal, and artistic means, including talking or corresponding with someone, keeping a diary, and drawing or painting.

Pennebaker reviews the historical relation of emotional expression to mental health, as reflected in Maslow’s notion of self-expression and Freud’s concept of emotional catharsis. However, modern researchers studying this phenomenon have construed emotional expression as more than simply the venting of emotions. Pennebaker and his colleagues suggest that it is the active expression of both thoughts and feelings surrounding experiences that makes emotional expression a beneficial form of coping with stress. Pennebaker suggests that this expression can aid in deriving a sense of meaning, insight, and resolution by initiating a process in which facts, feelings, thoughts, and options can be organized effectively.

Pennebaker and colleagues have found across several studies that emotional expression is positively related to both psychological and physical well-being. These studies used a variety of modes of emotional expression, such as writing essays about one’s experiences, talking out loud into a tape recorder, or talking to another individual. In comparison, active inhibition (i.e., the deliberate and conscious nonexpression of one’s thoughts and feelings) has been found to be negatively related to psychological well-being. In addition, emotional expression that is inappropriately disclosing (e.g., telling a nonreceptive stranger), overly self-absorbed (i.e., disengaging and isolating the listener), overly intellectualized (i.e., lacking acknowledgment and expression of one’s feelings), or done in the presence of an unsupportive and critical person, is less likely to have beneficial effects.

There are individual differences in people’s ability and desire to engage in emotional expression. For example, some people tend to engage in high levels of emotional expression, whereas others do not. This area of research suggests that the degree of emotional expression may reflect a general personality trait. Gender differences in emotional expression have also been found as women tend to report higher levels of emotional expression than men.

There are a variety of contexts in which individuals coping with stress may engage in emotional expression. As Pennebaker points out, support groups, self-help programs (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous), telephone crisis lines, psychotherapy, pastoral counseling, and even internet discussions all provide a context in which emotional expression is supported, if not actively encouraged. Evidence suggests that emotional expression has a disease-preventative effect.

Another common way of coping with stress is to seek some form of social support. The social support sought may be informational support (e.g., an individual recently diagnosed with HIV contacting a support group to find out more about the virus), tangible support (e.g., a grieving widow asking a friend to help baby-sit her children for an afternoon), or emotional support (e.g., a recently laid-off worker accepting sympathy and understanding from a friend). In general, higher levels of social support are associated with better psychological and physical well-being. However, the quality of available social support is more important to well-being than the absolute amount of available social support. To illustrate, an individual who has a few constructively supportive friends and family members may receive better social support and experience greater health benefits than an individual who has many friends and family members but who do not provide constructive social support. In this context, constructive social support consists of support provision that meets the needs of the individual seeking such support.

In 1988, Fisher and colleagues differentiated between solicited versus unsolicited social support. There are times when members of one’s social support network provide unsolicited social support. Unsolicited support tends to occur when the stressor is highly visible and there exist social norms as to how members of the social network should behave (e.g., a death in the family, loss of a child, dissolution of a marriage). However, individuals often have to cope with stressors that are not readily apparent to those around them. During such times, an individual must actively seek social support in order to receive it. Furthermore, a variety of factors seem to play a role in the extent to which individuals will seek social support as part of their coping with such stressors. For example, if individuals blame themselves for the occurrence of a stigmatizing stressor (e.g., contracting HIV after having unprotected sex), they may be less likely to seek social support because of the potential for embarrassment, stigmatization, judgment, and further blame. Given that nondisclosure of stressful experiences has been associated with threats to psychological well-being, not seeking social support may result in an increase risk for disorders of health and well-being.

Individuals may also resist seeking social support when the support available has the potential to add stress to an already stressful situation. Social support would be feared when the support provider delivers social support in an excessive or inappropriate manner. To illustrate, an individual suffering from a chronic, debilitating illness such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may avoid seeking social support if doing so threatens their independence (e.g., a support provider insists on doing everything for the individual with RA rather than simply facilitating the sufferer’s own coping efforts).

In addition, individual differences have been found in both the extent to which individuals will seek social support and the degree to which they perceive seeking social support to be an effective coping strategy. For example, Thoits, in 1991, found that women engage in higher levels of support seeking than men and perceive seeking social support as a more effective coping strategy than do men. Personality differences also influence the extent to which seeking social support is an effective coping strategy. Recent research has indicated that certain personality traits may explain some of the individual differences in the seeking and receiving of social support. To illustrate, individuals high in neuroticism may tend to elicit negative reactions from others when they seek social support, whereas individuals low in neuroticism may tend to elicit positive reactions. Therefore, different individuals may seek social support to varying degrees and invoke different reactions from others depending on their particular personality and interpersonal style. This suggests that the very individuals most likely to experience threats to their psychological well-being (e.g., those high in neuroticism) and therefore most in need of social support may be those individuals least likely to seek and receive social support in a way that is beneficial to their mental health.

There are times when individuals fail to cope actively with a stressful situation and instead engage in efforts to avoid confronting the stressor. Attempts at escape and avoidance can take a variety of cognitive or behavioral forms, such as wishful thinking, distancing, denial, or engaging in distracting activities. For example, an individual may attempt to repress thoughts of a recently deceased spouse as a cognitive means of escape-avoidance. Likewise, one could immerse oneself in cleaning the house as a way of avoiding a stressful task such as paying bills. As Aldwin noted, certain ways of coping can serve as avoidant coping strategies on one occasion despite serving as approach coping strategies on another. As an example, Aldwin suggests that cognitive reappraisal may function as a constructive approach strategy when used to view a stressful situation more positively and when acting as a catalyst for further action. Conversely, cognitive reappraisal may serve as an avoidant coping strategy when used to rationalize a lack of action or justify engaging in actions that lead to further avoidance (e.g., drinking to make oneself feel better).

Avoidant coping strategies are often a response to the negative affect that results from a stressful situation. For example, some individuals may initially deny that a stressful situation has occurred in an effort to minimize their distress (e.g., not accepting the possibility that a lump in one’s breast may be cancer). Researchers such as Lazarus have suggested that in the early stages of a stressor, such avoidant type strategies may be adaptive in that minimizing distress levels allows one time to adapt and to gather one’s resources. By decreasing levels of distress, short-term escape avoidance may increase one’s ability to engage in active problem-focused coping. Similarly, the use of escape- avoidance may minimize negative affect while one is waiting for a potentially short-term stressor to pass (e.g., reading a magazine to relieve anxiety while waiting to hear the results of an important medical test).

Despite the positive short-term effectiveness of escape- avoidance in reducing psychological distress, the long-term use of escape-avoidance is generally associated with lowered psychological well-being. For example, although distraction is useful when coping with short-term stressors (e.g., medical and dental procedures), long-term use of distraction with an ongoing stressor (e.g., coping with unemployment) is associated with maladjustment. The negative association between the use of escape-avoidance strategies and well-being may result from the lack of constructive action that the continued use of escape-avoidance can entail. That is, when avoiding thoughts or behaviors that are directed at a stressor, one also tends to avoid engaging in constructive efforts that could potentially reduce both the source and degree of one’s distress. In extreme situations, the use of prolonged escape-avoidance can backfire by amplifying a stressful situation and creating added emotional distress (e.g., avoiding obtaining medical attention until it is too late to receive basic treatment).

Historically, it has been assumed that reality-based perceptions are essential to the maintenance of mental health and psychological well-being. However, in 1988, Taylor and Brown suggested that ‘‘positive illusions’’ (i.e., unrealistically positive perceptions) are related to several common criteria of mental health, such as feelings of contentment and the ability to care for others. They argue that a positive misconstrual of experiences over time is beneficial to the psychological adjustment of the individual engaging in such perceptions. Research suggests that more positive views of the self are associated with lower levels of distress, and Taylor and Brown have argued that a relatively unbiased and balanced perception of the self tends to be related to higher levels of distress. Given that distress tends to be related to less constructive forms of coping, a positive view of the self may have beneficial effects through an increase in constructive coping efforts, even if the positive self-view is illusory. For example, individuals fighting life-threatening illnesses such as diabetes may perceive themselves to be higher in personal strength than others, which in turn may lead to more persistent and effective attempts to cope with their disease.

In a similar vein, Taylor reviews research that establishes a positive relation between illusory perceptions of control and mental health. For example, depressed individuals have been found to have perceptions of control closer to reality than nondepressed individuals. Research assessing control has also demonstrated that when coping with a stressful experience, those individuals who feel a greater sense of control will tend to experience better psychological well-being, even when the sense of control is overestimated. For example, a patient dying of AIDS may experience better psychological well-being by choosing to use alternative medicine, thus obtaining some sense of personal control over the treatment of a disease that remains incurable.

Various mechanisms may explain the relation between positive illusions and mental health when individuals are faced with coping with stress in their lives. For example, Taylor hypothesizes that positive illusions are related to positive mood, which in turn is related to social bonding, which in turn is related to higher levels of well-being. Given the adaptive role that constructive social support plays in the coping process, the potential ability of positive illusions to increase social bonding could be highly beneficial. Taylor also suggests that illusions may enhance creative functioning, motivation, persistence, and performance. Higher levels of all of these factors may lead to more effective coping and better well-being (e.g., higher levels of motivation and creativity could increase one’s ability to develop an unusual but highly effective coping strategy).

Recently it has been suggested that conclusions regarding the relation between positive illusions and mental health are an artifact of methodological problems inherent to this area of study. Specifically, Colvin, Block, and Funder, in 1991, argued that previous research has not used valid criteria for establishing objective reality. Without such criteria, it is difficult to verify which individuals are truly engaging in positive illusions. Therefore, conclusions regarding the relation between positive illusions and psychological adjustment may have been premature. These researchers found empirical evidence suggesting that positive illusions can have negative influences on both short-term and long-term mental health.

In 1954, Festinger suggested that individuals are driven to compare themselves to others as a means of obtaining information about oneself and the world during times of threat or ambiguity (i.e., stress). Although the patterns of findings are diverse and sometimes complex, most research in this field suggests that social comparison processes have important implications for psychological well-being. In fact, several researchers have proposed that social comparisons play a central role in the way in which people cope with stressful experiences. For example, social comparisons can help individuals evaluate their resources and provide information relevant to managing emotional reactions to stress. However, the underlying motivation and purpose that each individual has for engaging in this type of coping and the resultant psychological outcomes can be diverse.

In 1989, Wood described three classes of motivational factors that drive a person to engage in social comparisons: self-evaluation, self-improvement, and self-enhancement. All three purposes can be relevant to coping with stress and may aid the individual in striving toward an adaptive outcome. Self-evaluation motivations to engage in social comparison stem from an individual’s desire to obtain information regarding his or her standing on a particular skill or attribute. Self-improvement motivations to engage in social comparison suggest that individuals are interested in deriving information regarding another’s standing on a particular skill or attribute in order to improve their own standing on the same dimension. Self-enhancement motivations to engage in social comparison stem from a need to see oneself in a more positive manner; that is, the results of the social comparison are used to make one feel better about one’s own standing on a particular skill or attribute relative to others.

When an individual seeks a social comparison target as a means of coping with an ambiguous or threatening situation, several options are available. One can select an individual who has a higher or more positive standing than oneself on the dimension in question (i.e., an ‘‘upward social comparison’’). Alternatively, one can select an individual who has a lower or more negative standing than oneself on the relevant dimension (i.e., a ‘‘downward social comparison’’). Presumably, comparisons against others who differ from oneself produce distinctive and discriminating information that has immediate and practical implications for the individual when engaging in coping efforts.

In general, research suggests that when people engage in downward comparisons, they feel more positive and less negative about themselves than when they engage in upward comparisons. Individuals engaging in downward social comparisons because of self-enhancement motivations tend to experience reduced levels of negative affect and feel better about themselves in both field and experimental studies. For example, in their 1985 study of women coping with breast cancer, Wood and her colleagues found that downward comparisons appeared to help women feel better about how they were dealing with their illness by yielding positive evaluations relative to women who were not coping as effectively. However, research has also demonstrated that when individuals are motivated by self-improvement or self-evaluation needs, there is a clear preference for upward comparison information. Under these circumstances, comparisons may help determine what kinds of interventions or efforts are both possible and necessary to cope more effectively with a particular stressor.

Collins proposed in 1996 that the outcomes of social comparisons are not predetermined by the direction in which one makes a comparison. Instead, evidence supports the notion that both upward and downward comparisons can have both positive and negative impacts on psychological well-being. First, upward comparisons can generate negative psychological outcomes through a contrast effect (i.e., one feels inferior to the comparison target). Second, upward comparisons may also yield positive effects through the inspiration and hope they generate. These types of comparisons may be especially helpful for problem-solving activities, as they can provide constructive information that suggests specific coping strategies. Third, downward comparisons can lead to positive outcomes presumably because they allow one to focus on ways in which one is doing well relative to others. Such comparisons may be especially helpful in regulating negative emotions. Finally, downward comparisons can lead to negative outcomes from the fear that one will ‘‘sink’’ to the lower level of the comparison target at some future point in time. Such comparisons may have special significance for individuals coping with illness, where it is feasible that their disease will progress negatively. Given that both downward and upward comparisons contain both positive and negative information relevant to the self, the particular aspect the individual focuses on while coping will determine the valence of the outcome.

A growing number of moderating variables are being identified as important factors in determining the impact social comparison will have as a coping strategy during times of stress, threat, or ambiguity. For example, it appears that individuals with high self-esteem have a greater tendency to derive positive outcomes from either upward or downward social comparisons than individuals with low self-esteem. Other researchers have also noted the important role played by perceived control. Individuals with high degrees of perceived control over the dimension in question may be less likely to experience negative reactions to social comparisons in contrast to those with low levels of control. Individual differences in familiarity with a stressor may also moderate the process of social comparison. For example, an individual who has just discovered they have HIV (unfamiliar dimension)may select different comparison targets for coping than an individual who has been living with the illness for some time (familiar dimension). Presumably, the type of information one needs in order to adapt to threats will vary according to how long one has been dealing with the threat. In addition to individual differences, it appears that the situational context in which the social comparison process takes place is an important determinant of the impact of the comparison itself. For example, different contexts vary in terms of the potential social comparison targets they provide.

At times, individuals will actively self-select when to engage in social comparison and with whom they wish to compare themselves. However, as Collins noted, social comparisons can sometimes be forced on the individual. For example, researchers have found that someone who needs health care services for a serious condition may have no choice but to sit in a waiting room with other individuals who also have the same condition, making social comparisons unavoidable. Such comparisons most likely make it difficult for an individual to avoid the possibility that his or her own illness and condition could get worse. In addition, researchers have suggested that the impact of forced comparisons can be particularly aversive when the comparison target is someone with whom the individual is interdependent (e.g., close friend, co-worker). This suggests that individuals may sometimes have to cope with the stressful nature of the social comparison itself.

Regardless of whether or not one chooses to engage in social comparison, once the social comparison process is underway (i.e., target is compared against), there are some active strategies that individuals can use to maximize the probability of obtaining a positive outcome. First, peripheral dimensions can be used to moderate comparison outcomes. If a comparison produces an unfavorable outcome (e.g., an upward comparison that leaves one feeling inferior), one can always attribute the lower standing to differences between oneself and the target on other related variables (e.g., sex, ethnicity, duration of stressor). Alternatively, as previously discussed, individuals can actively distort information to maintain a more positive perception of reality.

In summary, social comparison processes provide valuable information that individuals can use for a variety of purposes when coping with stress, threat, or ambiguity. The target selected, the situation or context in which the comparison is made, and the unique traits of both the individual and the comparison target have an impact on the outcome of the comparison process. As a result, social comparison may have a positive impact on well-being for particular individuals in certain situations, and a negative impact on well-being for other individuals in different situations. Research has demonstrated the relevance of social comparison to coping with a variety of stressors such as illness and marital problems.

Relationship-focused coping refers to the various attempts made by the individual to manage, regulate, or preserve relationships when coping with stress. Recently, there has been growing interest in the interpersonal dimensions of coping as distinct from the intrapersonal dimensions of emotion- and problem-focused coping.

Empathic coping is one such form of relationship-focused coping. The use of empathy has been related to positive social behaviors such as providing social support and caring for others. Recently, O’Brien and DeLongis have suggested that empathic coping includes the following elements: (a) attempts to see the situation from another’s point of view, (b) efforts to experience personally the emotions felt by the other person, (c) attempts to read between the lines in order to decipher the meaning underlying the other person’s verbal and nonverbal behavior to reach a better understanding of the other person’s experience, (d) attempts to respond in a way that conveys sensitivity and understanding, and (e) efforts to validate and accept the person and their experience while avoiding passing judgment. One may engage in empathic coping either verbally (e.g., telling a spouse that you understand what they are feeling) or nonverbally (e.g., tenderly holding someone’s hand as they talk).

Empathic coping can play a significant role in coping with stress, particularly stress caused by interpersonal problems. Research suggests that empathic coping is related to a decrease in distress caused by interpersonal tension and an increase in relationship satisfaction. The increased understanding gained from empathic coping may result in more appropriate and well-considered coping choices that will maximize the benefits for all involved. Empathic coping may also lead to further benefits for psychological adjustment because of its impact on concurrent or subsequent use of problem- and emotion-focused coping. For example, in 1993, Kramer found that caregivers who engaged in empathic coping strategies were more likely to engage in planful problem-solving than caregivers who did not engage in empathic coping. The greater use of these strategies was related to greater caregiver satisfaction with the care-giving role. In the same study, lower use of empathic coping was related to more maladaptive emotion-focused coping efforts, which were in turn related to depression.

Individuals vary in how often and how effectively they use empathic coping. For example, O’Brien and DeLongis have found that when a close other is involved in a stressful situation, those high in neuroticism are less able to use empathic coping than are those low in neuroticism.

In addition to empathic coping, other forms of relationship- focused coping are also receiving attention. In 1991, Coyne and Smith identified active engagement (e.g., discussing the situation with involved others) and protective buffering (e.g., attempting to hide worries and concerns from involved others) as two forms of relationship-focused coping. They found that higher degrees of protective, relationship-focused coping (e.g., not conveying fears to one’s spouse) among wives of myocardial infarction patients was related to higher degrees of distress among the wives. Note that this is consistent with research suggesting that suppression of emotional expression is related to lowered psychological well-being. However, wives’ use of protective buffering was positively related to self-efficacy among their husbands. It appears that the wives were coping with the stress of their spouse’s illness in a way that maximized the benefits for their sick husbands (i.e., interpersonally adaptive) yet threatened their own well-being (i.e., intrapersonally maladaptive). Such results point to the need to include interpersonal dimensions of coping in addition to the traditional intrapsychic dimensions of coping in order to understand the relation of coping and health outcomes.

In conclusion, there is no one ‘‘good’’ way to cope with stress. Stress takes on many forms, and likewise, so must coping. The most adaptive way to cope with any given stressor depends on both the personality of the stressed individual and the characteristics of the stressful situation. Dimensions of the stressful situation that must be considered in determining the best way to cope with a given stressor include (a) whether others are involved in the situation, how they are coping, and the relationship of these people to the stressed individual; (b) the timing of the stressor and the degree to which it is anticipated or controllable; (c) the types of specific demands inherent to the stressful situation, the duration of such demands, and one’s prior experience with similar stressors; and (d) what is at stake in the stressful situation. Perhaps the key to good coping is flexibility. That is, the ability to vary one’s coping depending on the demands of the situation. What is clear is that no one form of coping will be effective in dealing with all stressors. There are times when attempts at problem-focused coping will be a waste of time and energy that could be better spent engaged in emotion- and relationship-focused coping. At other times, when something can be done directly to prevent or alter the stressful demands, energy may be better spent doing something concrete to solve the problem rather than concentrating on emotion management. Perhaps it is the wisdom to know the difference, and then to act on that knowledge, that is essential to successful coping.

Bibliography:

• Aldwin, C. (1994). Stress, coping, and development: An integrative perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
• Collins, R. (1996). For better or for worse: The impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 51–69.
• Eckenrode, J. (Ed.). (1991). The social context of coping. New York: Plenum Press.
• Gottlieb, B. (Ed.). (1997). Coping with chronic stress. New York: Plenum Press.
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
• Goldberger, L., & Breznitz, S. (Eds.). (1993). Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects. New York: Free Press.
• O’Brien, T. B., & DeLongis, A. (1996). The interactional context of problem-, emotion-, and relationship-focused coping: The role of the Big Five personality factors. Journal of Personality, 64, 775–813.
• Pennebaker, J. W. (1990). Opening up: The healing power of confiding in others. New York: William Morrow.
• Taylor, S. E. (1989). Positive illusions: Creative self-deception and the healthy mind. New York: Basic Books.
• Zeidner, M., & Endler, N. S. (Eds.). (1996). Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

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Stress and Its Effects on Health Essay

Introduction, physical effects, psychological effects, behavioral effects.

Stress is the emotional strain or tension experienced by an individual due to a reaction toward various demanding and influential situations. The challenging or compelling situations are termed stressors. Stressors can be internal or external and include life changes such as losing a significant figure, low socioeconomic status, relationship problems, occupational challenges, and familial or environmental factors. An individual’s response to stressors influences the outcome of their life. Health is a state of complete social, emotional, and physical well-being and not merely the absence of disease. Stress is a common risk factor for negative health status secondary to negative adaptation and coping with the stressors. Stressors can create a strain on one’s physical, psychological and behavioral well-being, leading to lasting effects that are detrimental to one’s health.

Stress is associated with various physical health impacts on an individual. In an online cross-sectional survey by Keech et al. (2020) to determine the association between stress and the physical and psychological health of police officers, the findings illustrate that stress negatively impacts physical and psychological well-being. One hundred and thirty-four police officers were involved in the study (Keech et al., 2020). The findings demonstrate that stress resulted in various short and long-term physical effects that included increased heart rates, sweating, high blood pressure, and long-term development of the cardiac condition. In addition, stress resulted in the development of gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcer and irritable bowel syndrome. Keech et al. (2020) note that stress’s associated physical health effects are explained by various mechanisms that include overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.

Overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system results in increased sympathetic actions on the peripheral body organs leading to increased sweat production, heart rate, respiration rate, and urinary and bowel elimination. The study notes that chronic stress without positive adaptation measures results in the progressive development of hypertension, peptic ulcers, and irritable bowel syndrome as long-term effects (Keech et al., 2020). Within the gastrointestinal tract, chronic stress activity on the sympathetic nervous system results in increased parietal cell action. Overactivity of the parietal cells results in excessive gastric acid production, gradually eroding the mucosa, and ulceration occurs.

The effects of stress on the cardiovascular system are explained in a review by Kivimäki & Steptoe (2017) to determine the impact of stress on the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. In the review, stress is identified to cause cardiovascular conditions secondary to the effects of sustained sympathetic action on heart contractility and peripheral vascular resistance (Kivimäki & Steptoe, 2017). The sympathetic nervous system contributes to normal heart and blood vessel contractility. However, when the system is overstimulated, a surge in contractility above the normal limits ensues, leading to the progressive development of heart conditions.

Psychological well-being incorporates a positive mental health status evidenced by an individual’s satisfaction with life, happiness, rational thinking and decision-making, and positive mood patterns. Stress has been associated with alterations in an individual’s psychological wellness. An explanation for alteration in an individual’s psychological well-being secondary to stress is negative adaptation. Keech et al. (2020) note that an individual’s response to a stressor determines whether stress results in positive or negative effects. In the online cross-sectional survey by Keech et al. (2020), the findings illustrate that pressure resulted in the development of anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorders as long-term effects among the participants. Exposure to stressful situations resulted in progressively developing anxiety among the individual secondary to persistent worry over the issue. The anxiety results in other physical manifestations, including increased heart rate, palpitations, sweating, and altered mobility. Depression and bipolar conditions were also associated with chronic stress secondary to the impacts of stress on neurotransmitter function and nerves.

Similar findings are noted in a cross-sectional study by Zhang et al. (2020) to compare the prevalence and severity of stress-associated mental health symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID pandemic. Five hundred and twenty-four healthcare workers were involved in the study. The study findings illustrate that 31.3% of the participants developed depression secondary to the stressful working environment, 41.2% reported anxiety, and 39.3% reported sleep disturbances (Zhang et al., 2020). The scientific explanation for the relationship between stress and depression was attributed to the effects of stressful periods on neurotransmitter homeostasis. Chronic stress results in the altered regulation of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Alterations in serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine resulted in the progressive development of depression and anxiety. Sleep disturbances reported by the participants are attributed to alterations in cortisol hormone homeostasis secondary to overstimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.

Stressful situations can also lead to alterations in the behavioral patterns of an individual. The most common behavioral effects secondary to stress include the development of eating disorders, altered sleeping patterns, impaired concentration, and drug abuse especially alcohol. Alterations in sleep and eating patterns are linked to stress’s effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA). Exposure to stressful events leads to increased activation of the HPA axis with a net effect of increased catecholamine production (adrenaline and noradrenaline) (Moustafa et al., 2018). Increased adrenaline and noradrenaline production results in dysregulation in the eating and sleeping patterns. Sustained high levels of cortisol results in difficulty falling asleep and increased metabolic processes. The biological clock regulates the typical sleeping pattern that relies on producing the sleep hormone melatonin. Melatonin production by the pineal gland is regulated indirectly by the concentration of serum cortisol levels and directly by light perception. Imbalances in the serum concentration cycle secondary to stress results in imbalanced melatonin production and concentration with a net effect of sleeping difficulties.

The emotional strain caused by stress increases the risk of alcohol and other illicit drug use and dependence. Moustafa et al. (2018) conducted an integrative literature review to determine the relationship between childhood trauma, early-life stress, alcohol and drug use, addiction, and abuse. The review findings illustrate that stress increases the risk of alcohol and drug use, addiction, and abuse among the victims. An explanation for the increased risk is the individuals’ lack of identification and implementation of effective coping strategies (Moustafa et al., 2018). Lack of effective coping strategies results in maladaptive measures such as illicit drug use and alcohol consumption. Extensive use of the maladaptive measures results in progressive addiction and drug abuse among individuals with an increased predisposition to other health effects. Alcohol consumption and other illicit drug use over time increase the risk of developing cardiac, respiratory, and liver conditions.

Stress is the emotional strain or tension experienced by an individual due to a reaction toward various demanding and influential situations. Individual response to stressors influences their health. Maladaptive response to stress results in various physical, psychological, and behavioral negative effects. Negative effects of stress on physical health include increased heart rates, sweating, high blood pressure, and long-term development of the cardiac condition. Psychological effects include the development of anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorders. The behavioral effects of stress on an individual include the development of eating disorders, altered sleeping patterns, impaired concentration, and abuse of alcohol and other drugs. Based on the research findings, it is essential for healthcare providers to identify strategic measures and health initiatives to educate and sensitize the community members on effective stress management approaches in all settings to aid in combating the health effects.

Keech, J. J., Cole, K. L., Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2020). The association between stress mindset and physical and psychological well being: Testing a stress beliefs model in police officers . Psychology & Health , 35 (11), 1306-1325. Web.

Kivimäki, M., & Steptoe, A. (2017). Effects of stress on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease . Nature Reviews Cardiology , 15 (4), 215–229. Web.

Moustafa, A. A., Parkes, D., Fitzgerald, L., Underhill, D., Garami, J., Levy-Gigi, E., Stramecki, F., Valikhani, A., Frydecka, D., & Misiak, B. (2018). The relationship between childhood trauma, early-life stress, and alcohol and drug use, abuse, and addiction: An integrative review . Current Psychology , 40 (2), 579–584. Web.

Zhang, X., Zhao, K., Zhang, G., Feng, R., Chen, J., Xu, D., Liu, X., Ngoubene-Italy, A. J., Huang, H., Liu, Y., Chen, L., & Wang, W. (2020). Occupational Stress and Mental Health: A comparison between frontline medical staff and non-frontline medical staff during the 2019 novel Coronavirus Disease outbreak . Frontiers in Psychiatry , 11 . Web.

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80+ Great Research Titles Examples in Various Academic Fields

Coming up with a research title for an academic paper is one of the most challenging parts of the writing process. Even though there is an unlimited quantity of research titles to write about, knowing which one is best for you can be hard. We have done the research for you and compiled eighty examples of research titles to write on. Additionally, we have divided the research titles examples into sections to make them easier to choose.

Research Study Examples of Current Events

Examples of research topics on ethics, title of research study examples on health, research paper title examples on social concerns, examples of research title on art and culture, example of research interest in religion, samples of research study topics on technology, research examples of environmental studies, good research title examples on history, specific topic examples regarding education, research title examples for students on family, food, and nutrition, research problems examples computer science, samples of research title about business marketing and communications, sample of research study topics in women’s studies, research problem example on politics, what are some examples of research paper topics on law, final words about research titles.

When it comes to choosing a good sample research title, research is one of the best tips you can get. By reading widely, including your school notes and scholarly articles, you will have a problem/line of interest examples in research. Then, you can derive any question from areas that appear to have a knowledge gap and proceed with researching the answer. As promised, below are eighty research title examples categorized into different areas, including social media research topics .

• Discuss the peculiar policies of a named country – for example, discuss the impacts of the one-child policy of China.
• Research on the influence of a named political leader, say a president, on the country they governed and other countries around. For instance, you can talk about how Trump’s presidency has changed international relations.
• Conduct an analysis of a particular aspect of two named countries – for example, the history of the relationship between the U.S. and North Korea.
• Compare the immigration laws in two or more named countries – for example, discuss how the immigration laws in the U.S. compares with other countries.
• Discuss how the Black Lives Matter movement has affected the view and discussions about racism in the United States.
• Enumerate the different ways the government of the United States can reduce deaths arising from the unregulated use of guns.
• Analyze the place of ethics in medicine or of medical practitioners. For instance, you can discuss the prevalence of physician-assisted suicides in a named country. You may also talk about the ethicality of such a practice and whether it should be legal.
• Explain how recent research breakthroughs have affected that particular field – for instance, how stem cell research has impacted the medical field.
• Explain if and why people should be able to donate organs in exchange for money.
• Discuss ethical behaviors in the workplace and (or) the educational sector. For example, talk about whether or not affirmative action is still important or necessary in education or the workplace.
• Weigh the benefits and risks of vaccinating children and decide which one outweighs the other. Here, you might want to consider the different types of vaccinations and the nature and frequency of associated complications.
• Investigate at least one of the health issues that currently pose a threat to humanity and which are under investigation. These issues can include Alzheimer’s, cancer, depression, autism, and HIV/AIDS. Research how these issues affect individuals and society and recommend solutions to alleviate cost and suffering.
• Study some individuals suffering from and under treatment for depression. Then, investigate the common predictors of the disease and how this information can help prevent the issue.

Tip : To make this example of a research title more comprehensive, you can focus on a certain age range – say, teenagers.

• Discuss whether or not free healthcare and medication should be available to people and the likely implications.
• Identify and elucidate different methods or programs that have been most effective in preventing or reducing teen pregnancy.
• Analyze different reasons and circumstances for genetic manipulation and the different perspectives of people on this matter. Then, discuss whether or not parents should be allowed to engineer designer babies.
• Identify the types of immigration benefits, including financial, medical, and education, your country provides for refugees and immigrants. Then, discuss how these benefits have helped them in settling down and whether more or less should be provided.
• Discuss the acceptance rate of the gay community in your country or a specific community. For example, consider whether or not gay marriage is permitted if they can adopt children, and if they are welcome in religious gatherings.
• Explore and discuss if terrorism truly creates a fear culture that can become a society’s unintended terrorist.
• Consider and discuss the different techniques one can use to identify pedophiles on social media.

Tip : Social issues research topics are interesting, but ensure you write formally and professionally.

• Investigate the importance or lack of importance of art in primary or secondary education. You can also recommend whether or not it should be included in the curriculum and why.

Tip : You can write on this possible research title based on your experiences, whether positive or negative.

• Discuss the role of illustration in children’s books and how it facilitates easy understanding in children. You may focus on one particular book or select a few examples and compare and contrast.
• Should the use of art in books for adults be considered, and what are the likely benefits?
• Compare and contrast the differences in art from two named cultural Renaissance – for instance, the Northern Renaissance and the Italian Renaissance.
• Investigate how sexism is portrayed in different types of media, including video games, music, and film. You can also talk about whether or not the amount of sexism portrayed has reduced or increased over the years.
• Explore different perspectives and views on dreams; are they meaningful or simply a game of the sleeping mind? You can also discuss the functions and causes of dreams, like sleeping with anxiety, eating before bed, and prophecies.
• Investigate the main reasons why religious cults are powerful and appealing to the masses, referring to individual cases.
• Investigate the impact of religion on the crime rate in a particular region.

Tip : Narrow down this research title by choosing to focus on a particular age group, say children or teenagers, or family. Alternatively, you can focus on a particular crime in the research to make the paper more extensive.

• Explore reasons why Martin Luther decided to split with the Catholic church.
• Discuss the circumstances in Siddhartha’s life that led to him becoming the Buddha.

Tip : It is important to remove sentiments from your research and base your points instead on clear evidence from a sound study. This ensures your title of research does not lead to unsubstantiated value judgments, which reduces the quality of the paper.

• Discuss how the steel sword, gunpowder, biological warfare, longbow, or atomic bomb has changed the nature of warfare.

Tip : For this example of the research problem, choose only one of these technological developments or compare two or more to have a rich research paper.

• Explore the changes computers, tablets, and smartphones have brought to human behaviors and culture, using published information and personal experience.

Tip : Approach each research study example in a research paper context or buy research paper online , giving a formal but objective view of the subject.

• Are railroads and trains primary forces in the industrialization, exploitation, and settlement of your homeland or continent?
• Discuss how the use of fossil fuels has changed or shaped the world.

Tip : Narrow down this title of the research study to focus on a local or particular area or one effect of fossil fuels, like oil spill pollution.

• Discuss what progress countries have made with artificial intelligence. You can focus on one named country or compare the progress of one country with another.
• Investigate the factual status of global warming – that is, is it a reality or a hoax? If it is a reality, explore the primary causes and how humanity can make a difference.
• Conduct in-depth research on endangered wildlife species in your community and discuss why they have become endangered. You can also enumerate what steps the community can take to prevent these species from going extinct and increase their chances of survival.
• Investigate the environmental soundness of the power sources in your country or community. Then, recommend alternative energy sources that might be best suited for the area and why.
• Consider an area close to wildlife reserves and national parks, and see whether oil and mineral exploration has occurred there. Discuss whether this action should be allowed or not, with fact-backed reasons.
• Investigate how the use and abolishment of DDT have affected the population of birds in your country.

Tip : Each example research title requires that you consult authoritative scientific reports to improve the quality of your paper. Furthermore, specificity and preciseness are required in each example of research title and problem, which only an authority source can provide.

• Discuss the importance of a major historical event and why it was so important in the day. These events can include the assassination of John F. Kennedy or some revolutionary document like the Magna Carta.
• Consider voyagers such as the Vikings, Chinese, as well as native populations and investigate whether Columbus discovered America first.
• Choose a named historical group, family, or individual through their biographies, examining them for reader responses.
• Research people of different cultural orientations and their responses to the acts of others who live around them.
• Investigate natural disasters in a named country and how the government has responded to them. For example, explore how the response of the New Orleans government to natural disasters has changed since Hurricane Katrina.

Tip : Focus this research title sample on one particular country or natural disaster or compare the responses of two countries with each other.

• Explore the educational policy, “no child left behind,” investigating its benefits and drawbacks.
• Investigate the concept of plagiarism in the twenty-first century, its consequences, and its prevalence in modern universities. Take a step further to investigate how and why many students don’t understand the gravity of their errors.
• Do in-depth research on bullying in schools, explaining the seriousness of the problem in your area in particular. Also, recommend actions schools, teachers, and parents can take to improve the situation if anything.
• Explore the place of religion in public schools; if it has a place, explain why, and if it does not, explain why not.
• Does a student’s financial background have any effect on his or her academic performance? In this sample research title, you can compare students from different financial backgrounds, from wealthy to average, and their scores on standardized tests.
• Is spanking one’s child considered child abuse; if so, why? In this research problem example for students, consider whether or not parents should be able to spank their children.
• Investigate the relationship between family health and nutrition, focusing on particular nutrition. This example of the title of the research study, for instance, can focus on the relationship between breastfeeding and baby health.
• Elucidate on, if any, the benefits of having a home-cooked meal and sitting down as a family to eat together.
• Explore the effect of fast-food restaurants on family health and nutrition, and whether or not they should be regulated.
• Research local food producers and farms in your community, pinpointing how much of your diet is acquired from them.

Tip : These are great research titles from which you can coin research topics for STEM students .

• Compare and contrast the two major operating systems: Mac and Windows, and discuss which one is better.

Tip : This title of the research study example can lead to strong uninformed opinions on the matter. However, it is important to investigate and discuss facts about the two operating systems, basing your conclusions on these.

• Explain the effect of spell checkers, autocorrect functions, and grammar checkers on the writing skills of computer users. Have these tools improved users’ writing skills or weakened them?

Tip : For this example of title research, it is better to consider more than one of these tools to write a comprehensive paper.

• Discuss the role(s) artificial intelligence is playing now or will likely play in the future as regards human evolution.
• Identify and investigate the next groundbreaking development in computer science (like the metaverse), explaining why you believe it will be important.
• Discuss a particular trendsetting technological tool, like blockchain technology, and how it has benefited different sectors.

Tip : For this research title example, you may want to focus on the effect of one tool on one particular sector. This way, you can investigate this example of research and thesis statement about social media more thoroughly and give as many details as possible.

• Consider your personal experiences as well as close friends’ and families experiences. Then, determine how marketing has invaded your lives and whether these impersonal communications are more positive than negative or vice versa.
• Investigate the regulations (or lack thereof) that apply to marketing items to children in your region. Do you think these regulations are unfounded, right, or inadequate?
• Investigate the merits and demerits of outsourcing customer services; you can compare the views of businesses with those of their customers.
• How has the communication we do through blog sites, messaging, social media, email, and other online platforms improved interpersonal communications if it has?
• Can understanding culture change the way you do business? Discuss how.

Tip : Ensure you share your reasoning on this title of the research study example and provide evidence-backed information to support your points.

• Learn everything you can about eating disorders like bulimia and anorexia, as well as their causes, and symptoms. Then, investigate and discuss the impact of its significance and recommend actions that might improve the situation.
• Research a major development in women’s history, like the admission of women to higher institutions and the legalization of abortion. Discuss the short-term and (or) long-term implications of the named event or development.
• Discuss gender inequality in the workplace – for instance, the fact that women tend to earn less than men for doing the same job. Provide specific real-life examples as you explain the reasons for this and recommend solutions to the problem.
• How have beauty contests helped women: have they empowered them in society or objectified them?

Tip : You may shift the focus of this topic research example to female strippers or women who act in pornographic movies.

• Investigate exceptional businesswomen in the 21st century; you can focus on one or compare two or more.

Tip : When writing on the title of a research example related to women, avoid using persuasion tactics; instead, be tactful and professional in presenting your points.

• Discuss the unique nature and implications of Donald Trump’s presidency on the United States and the world.
• Investigate the conditions and forces related to the advent and rise of Nazi Germany. Shift the focus of this title research example on major wars like WWI or the American Civil War.
• Is the enormous amount of money spent during election campaigns a legitimate expense?
• Investigate a named major political scandal that recently occurred in your region or country. Discuss how it started, how its news spread, and its impacts on individuals in that area.
• Discuss the impacts British rule had on India.
• Investigate the rate of incarceration in your region and compare it with that of other countries or other regions.
• Is incarcerating criminals an effective solution in promoting the rehabilitation of criminals and controlling crime rates?
• Consider various perspectives on the issue of gun control and coin several argumentative essay topics on the matter.
• Why do drivers continue to text while driving despite legal implications and dire consequences?
• Discuss the legality of people taking their own lives due to suffering from a debilitating terminal disease.

Each example of the research title provided in this article will make for a rich, information-dense research paper. However, you have a part to play in researching thoroughly on the example of the research study. To simplify the entire process for you, hiring our writing services is key as you wouldn’t have to worry about choosing topics. Our team of skilled writers knows the right subject that suits your research and how to readily get materials on them.

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Research Paper Title – Writing Guide and Example

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Research Paper Title

Research Paper Title is the name or heading that summarizes the main theme or topic of a research paper . It serves as the first point of contact between the reader and the paper, providing an initial impression of the content, purpose, and scope of the research . A well-crafted research paper title should be concise, informative, and engaging, accurately reflecting the key elements of the study while also capturing the reader’s attention and interest. The title should be clear and easy to understand, and it should accurately convey the main focus and scope of the research paper.

Examples of Research Paper Title

Here are some Good Examples of Research Paper Title:

• “Investigating the Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Academic Performance Among College Students”
• “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment: A Systematic Review”
• “The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis”
• “Exploring the Effects of Social Support on Mental Health in Patients with Chronic Illness”
• “Assessing the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial”
• “The Impact of Social Media Influencers on Consumer Behavior: A Systematic Review”
• “Investigating the Link Between Personality Traits and Leadership Effectiveness”
• “The Effect of Parental Incarceration on Child Development: A Longitudinal Study”
• “Exploring the Relationship Between Cultural Intelligence and Cross-Cultural Adaptation: A Meta-Analysis”
• “Assessing the Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Chronic Pain Management”.
• “The Effects of Social Media on Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis”
• “The Impact of Climate Change on Global Crop Yields: A Longitudinal Study”
• “Exploring the Relationship between Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement in Elementary School Students”
• “The Ethics of Genetic Editing: A Review of Current Research and Implications for Society”
• “Understanding the Role of Gender in Leadership: A Comparative Study of Male and Female CEOs”
• “The Effect of Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial”
• “The Impacts of COVID-19 on Mental Health: A Cross-Cultural Comparison”
• “Assessing the Effectiveness of Online Learning Platforms: A Case Study of Coursera”
• “Exploring the Link between Employee Engagement and Organizational Performance”
• “The Effects of Income Inequality on Social Mobility: A Comparative Analysis of OECD Countries”
• “Exploring the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Mental Health in Adolescents”
• “The Impact of Climate Change on Crop Yield: A Case Study of Maize Production in Sub-Saharan Africa”
• “Examining the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-Analysis”
• “An Analysis of the Relationship Between Employee Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment”
• “Assessing the Impacts of Wilderness Areas on Local Economies: A Case Study of Yellowstone National Park”
• “The Role of Parental Involvement in Early Childhood Education: A Review of the Literature”
• “Investigating the Effects of Technology on Learning in Higher Education”
• “The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Opportunities and Challenges”
• “A Study of the Relationship Between Personality Traits and Leadership Styles in Business Organizations”.

How to choose Research Paper Title

Choosing a research paper title is an important step in the research process. A good title can attract readers and convey the essence of your research in a concise and clear manner. Here are some tips on how to choose a research paper title:

• Be clear and concise: A good title should convey the main idea of your research in a clear and concise manner. Avoid using jargon or technical language that may be confusing to readers.
• Use keywords: Including keywords in your title can help readers find your paper when searching for related topics. Use specific, descriptive terms that accurately describe your research.
• Be descriptive: A descriptive title can help readers understand what your research is about. Use adjectives and adverbs to convey the main ideas of your research.
• Consider the audience : Think about the audience for your paper and choose a title that will appeal to them. If your paper is aimed at a specialized audience, you may want to use technical terms or jargon in your title.
• Avoid being too general or too specific : A title that is too general may not convey the specific focus of your research, while a title that is too specific may not be of interest to a broader audience. Strive for a title that accurately reflects the focus of your research without being too narrow or too broad.
• Make it interesting : A title that is interesting or provocative can capture the attention of readers and draw them into your research. Use humor, wordplay, or other creative techniques to make your title stand out.
• Seek feedback: Ask colleagues or advisors for feedback on your title. They may be able to offer suggestions or identify potential problems that you hadn’t considered.

Purpose of Research Paper Title

The research paper title serves several important purposes, including:

• Identifying the subject matter : The title of a research paper should clearly and accurately identify the topic or subject matter that the paper addresses. This helps readers quickly understand what the paper is about.
• Catching the reader’s attention : A well-crafted title can grab the reader’s attention and make them interested in reading the paper. This is particularly important in academic settings where there may be many papers on the same topic.
• Providing context: The title can provide important context for the research paper by indicating the specific area of study, the research methods used, or the key findings.
• Communicating the scope of the paper: A good title can give readers an idea of the scope and depth of the research paper. This can help them decide if the paper is relevant to their interests or research.
• Indicating the research question or hypothesis : The title can often indicate the research question or hypothesis that the paper addresses, which can help readers understand the focus of the research and the main argument or conclusion of the paper.

Advantages of Research Paper Title

The title of a research paper is an important component that can have several advantages, including:

• Capturing the reader’s attention : A well-crafted research paper title can grab the reader’s attention and encourage them to read further. A captivating title can also increase the visibility of the paper and attract more readers.
• Providing a clear indication of the paper’s focus: A well-written research paper title should clearly convey the main focus and purpose of the study. This helps potential readers quickly determine whether the paper is relevant to their interests.
• Improving discoverability: A descriptive title that includes relevant keywords can improve the discoverability of the research paper in search engines and academic databases, making it easier for other researchers to find and cite.
• Enhancing credibility : A clear and concise title can enhance the credibility of the research and the author. A title that accurately reflects the content of the paper can increase the confidence readers have in the research findings.
• Facilitating communication: A well-written research paper title can facilitate communication among researchers, enabling them to quickly and easily identify relevant studies and engage in discussions related to the topic.
• Making the paper easier to remember : An engaging and memorable research paper title can help readers remember the paper and its findings. This can be especially important in fields where researchers are constantly inundated with new information and need to quickly recall important studies.
• Setting expectations: A good research paper title can set expectations for the reader and help them understand what the paper will cover. This can be especially important for readers who are unfamiliar with the topic or the research area.
• Guiding research: A well-crafted research paper title can also guide future research by highlighting gaps in the current literature or suggesting new areas for investigation.
• Demonstrating creativity: A creative research paper title can demonstrate the author’s creativity and originality, which can be appealing to readers and other researchers.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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