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Essay on National Symbols of India

Students are often asked to write an essay on National Symbols of India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on National Symbols of India

Introduction.

India, a diverse and culturally rich country, has several national symbols. These symbols represent the country’s identity and heritage.

National Flag

The Indian National Flag, also known as the ‘Tricolor’, has three equal horizontal bands of saffron, white, and green, with a blue Ashoka Chakra in the middle.

National Emblem

The National Emblem of India is derived from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. It signifies power, courage, and confidence.

National Anthem and Song

The National Anthem is ‘Jana Gana Mana’ and the National Song is ‘Vande Mataram’. Both songs evoke a sense of patriotism.

National Animal, Bird, and Flower

The National Animal is the Bengal Tiger, the National Bird is the Indian Peafowl, and the National Flower is the Lotus. They symbolize strength, grace, and purity respectively.

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250 Words Essay on National Symbols of India

India, a country with rich cultural heritage and history, is home to numerous national symbols that represent its unique identity. These symbols, ranging from the national flag to the national animal, encapsulate the essence of the nation, reflecting its diversity, values, and aspirations.

The Indian National Flag, often referred to as the ‘Tricolour’, is a horizontal tricolour of saffron, white, and green, with a blue Ashoka Chakra in the center. The saffron signifies courage and sacrifice, white stands for peace and truth, while green represents prosperity. The Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, symbolizes the eternal wheel of law or Dharma.

The National Emblem of India is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath. It comprises four Asiatic lions standing back to back, symbolizing power, courage, pride, and confidence. The emblem also features the Ashoka Chakra and a bull, a galloping horse, and a lion separated by intervening wheels.

National Animal and Bird

The Royal Bengal Tiger, known for its strength, agility, and grace, is India’s national animal, symbolizing the country’s rich wildlife and biodiversity. The Indian Peafowl, or Peacock, is the national bird, chosen for its rich religious and legendary involvement in Indian traditions.

In essence, the national symbols of India are not just mere representations but are imbued with profound philosophical and cultural significance. They serve as a reminder of the country’s vibrant history, diverse culture, and commitment to uphold the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

500 Words Essay on National Symbols of India

India, a diverse nation with a rich cultural heritage, is symbolized by several national symbols. These symbols, embodying the essence of India, play a crucial role in representing the country’s identity and unity. They are not merely symbols; they carry a profound meaning and historical significance.

The National Flag

India’s national flag, also known as the Tricolor or ‘Tiranga’, is a symbol of the country’s freedom. It consists of three equal horizontal bands – saffron at the top, signifying courage and sacrifice; white in the middle, representing peace and truth; and green at the bottom, symbolizing fertility, growth, and auspiciousness. The Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel in navy blue at the center, represents the eternal wheel of law.

The National Emblem

The National Emblem of India is derived from the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath. It comprises four Asiatic lions standing back to back, symbolizing power, courage, pride, and confidence. Only three lions are visible from any angle, suggesting the hidden potential within us. The emblem also includes a wheel (Dharma Chakra), a bull, and a galloping horse, symbolizing the dynamic and steadfast spirit of India.

The National Anthem and Song

The National Anthem, “Jana Gana Mana,” written by Rabindranath Tagore, is a hymn to the motherland, reflecting India’s diversity and unity. The National Song, “Vande Mataram,” from Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s novel Anandamath, played a vital role in India’s struggle for independence. Both these songs evoke a sense of patriotism and national pride.

The National Animal, Bird, and Flower

The Royal Bengal Tiger, the national animal, symbolizes India’s wildlife wealth. The national bird, the Indian Peacock, known for its grace, joy, beauty, and love, is a representation of India’s rich avian biodiversity. The Lotus, India’s national flower, signifies purity, spirituality, and enlightenment, reflecting the core values of Indian philosophy.

The National Tree and Fruit

The Banyan tree, India’s national tree, symbolizes immortality, epitomizing the country’s strength and longevity. The Mango, the national fruit, represents the tropical climate of India. Both are deeply rooted in Indian culture and folklore, and they signify the country’s lush natural bounty.

India’s national symbols are not merely physical entities; they are the embodiment of the country’s ethos, diversity, and unity. They represent the historical legacy, cultural richness, biodiversity, and philosophical depth of this ancient civilization. These symbols, deeply ingrained in the hearts of Indians, continually inspire them to uphold the values of courage, truth, peace, and harmony. Understanding the significance of these symbols can help one appreciate the essence of India’s vibrant heritage and the principles that the nation holds dear.

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Home — Essay Samples — History — American Flag — National Symbols and Their Significance in America

National Symbols and Their Significance in America

• Categories: American Flag

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Words: 816 |

Published: Feb 22, 2024

Words: 816 | Pages: 2 | 5 min read

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Introduction, the national flag of the united states, the great seal of the united states, other national symbols of the united states, the stars and stripes: a symbol of freedom and unity, the flag code and respect for the american flag, the american flag in popular culture and everyday life, the eagle and the shield: a symbol of strength and authority, the use of the great seal on official documents and ceremonies, the great seal as a symbol of american heritage and traditions, the national anthem: "the star-spangled banner", the national pledge of allegiance, the white house: a symbol of american democracy.

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English Essay on “Our National Symbols” English Essay-Paragraph-Speech for Class 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 CBSE Students and competitive Examination.

Our National Symbols

Like every free country, our country also has many national symbols. The National flag, the National Anthem and the National Emblem are our most important and sacred symbols.

Our National Flag is the symbol of our freedom which has inspired the Indian people during the struggle for freedom. During the freedom struggle, the tricolored flag had a spinning wheel (Charka) in the center. When the tricolor flag was adopted as the National flag, the charka was replaced by the chakra (wheel).

The National flag is a horizontal tri-color. It has three bands of equal proportions. The upper band is of deep saffron color and the lower band is dark green. The middle band is white and has the Chakra in the navy blue in the center.

The Chakra represents the chakra on the high tower with lions built by Asoka in Saranath.

The National flag is hoisted on all important Government buildings in India and on all our Embassies in other countries.

It is our duty to honour and protect the National flag. We salute and respect our National flag.

 Our National Anthem is Jana gana mane, an inspiring song composed by Rabindranath Tagore. The National Anthem is the symbol of our unity. It inspires the young and the old. it calls for a strong and United India. We honour and respect our National Anthem. We stand to attention when it is sung or its tune is played.

Every free nation has a National Emblem which represents the authority of the Government. Our National Emblem is found on all coins and currency notes. It appears also on many postal stamps. It can be scan on the documents and publications of the Government.

Our National emblem has also been taken from the Asoka Pillar at Baranath. There_ are three lions standing back to back. Below the lions is the chakra in the center, the same chakra appears on the National flag, To the left of the chakra is a bull and to the right a horse. Below the emblem is engraved the words ‘Satye meva Jayate’ in Devanagari script which means “Truth will triumph.”

Asoka was a lover of peace. We, the Indian people also love peace. Hence our government has adopted the figures horn the pillar at Saranath as our National emblem.

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Essay on National Flag of India for Students and Children

500 words essay on national flag of india.

A flag is the most important symbol of a country. Similarly, the national flag of India is a symbol of paramount significance for India. The national flag of India is a symbol of honour, patriotism, and freedom for the country. It represents the unity of the people of India in spite of the differences in language, culture, religion, class, etc. Most noteworthy, the Indian flag is a horizontal rectangular tricolour. Furthermore, the flag of India consists of saffron, white, and green.

History of the National Flag of India

The proposal of the flag to the Indian National Congress was made by Mahatma Gandh i in 1921. Furthermore, the flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre of the flag was a traditional spinning wheel. Then a modification of the design took place to include a white stripe in the centre. This modification took place for other religious communities and also to create a background for the spinning wheel.

To avoid the sectarian associations with the colour scheme, the experts chose three colours. Most noteworthy, these three colours were saffron, white, and green. The colour saffron represents courage and sacrifice. Furthermore, the colour white denotes peace and truth. Moreover, the colour green symbolizes faith and chivalry.

A specially constituted Constituent Assembly, a few days before the independence, made an important decision. Furthermore, this decision was that the Indian flag must be acceptable to all communities and parties. Nevertheless, there was no change in the colours of the flag of India. However, there was replacement of the charkha by the Asoka chakra. Moreover, this Asoka chakra represents the eternal wheel of law.

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Display of the National Flag of India

The rules say that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their hoists must be towards each other. Furthermore, the saffron stripes should be uppermost. When the flag display is on a short flagpole, then the mounting should be at an angle to the wall. Moreover, the angle is such that the flag is draped tastefully from it. When flags display occurs on crossed staffs, then hoist should be towards each other.

One must never use the national flag of India to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings. When the display of the flag takes place indoors, then it must always be on the right. This is because; right is the position of authority. Furthermore, the flag must always be on the speaker’s right hand, when the display of flag occurs next to a speaker. Most noteworthy, whenever the display of flag takes place, it should be completely spread out.

In conclusion, the national flag of India is the pride of our nation. Furthermore, the flag of India represents the sovereignty of the country. Most noteworthy, it is a moment of sheer proudness and happiness for every Indian to watch the national flag flying. The national flag of India certainly deserves the utmost respect of every citizen of India.

FAQ on Essay on National Flag of India

Q1 What are the three colours of the national flag of India?

A1 The three colours of the national flag of India are saffron, white, and green.

Q2 What does the colour saffron represents in the national flag of India?

A2 The colour saffron in the national flag of India represents courage and sacrifice.

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National Symbols of India with Name and its Significance

National symbols are an important part of India's national identity. There are total 17 National Symbols. Check List of National Symbols of India with Names and its Significance.

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National Symbols of India:  Our nation’s heritage and pride are represented by its symbols. These  17 national symbols of India symbolize the culture and tradition of the country, which we Indians spread around the globe. National Symbols of India are also required since they are national significance and must be known by all citizens. The importance of the 17 National Symbols of India will be discussed in this article.

List of National Symbols of India with Names

The table below lists 17 National Symbols of India with names. There are a number of national symbols in India, each with a unique meaning, but one has been picked to represent the country and inspire pride. Here’s a complete List of 17 National Symbols of India 2023:

Read about: States and Capitals of India

17 National Symbols of India

You can check out the 17 National Symbols of India below with detailed explanation

1. National Animal of India

The Tiger, Panthera Tigris (Linnaeus), is well recognized for his royal grace, prodigious grandeur, and tremendous strength. Eight native species of tigers may be found in India, which is home to more than half of the world’s tiger population.

2. National Emblem of India (State Emblem of India)

Four lions are pictured on the summit of an Ashokan pillar at Sarnath, near Varanasi, in the Uttar Pradesh state. Its base has the Dharma Chakra, also known as the Wheel of Law, with carvings of an elephant, a horse, a bull, and a lion spaced apart by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus. The Indian Government designated this symbol as its National Emblem of India on January 26, 1950.

3. National Flag of India

The Hindi word “Tiranga” which translates to “containing three colours,” is used to describe the national flag of India. This multicoloured flag represents India’s freedom and sovereignty and features a wheel of law in the centre.

4. National Anthem of India

The song “Jana-gana-mana” has five stanzas, all of which were written by renowned Indian poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore . It was performed for the first time on December 27, 1911, in Calcutta during a meeting of the Indian National Congress in then-colonial India. Check here the complete history of the National Anthem of India and related code of conduct.

5. National Currency of India

The national currency of India is the rupee or INR. Currency circulation is monitored by the Reserve Bank of India . The Indian rupee was created by Udayakumar Dharmalingam.

6. National Calendar of India

Saka Calendar is the national calendar; it signifies the history of the country and symbolizes the golden era of India.

7. National Pledge (Oath of Allegiance of India)

Oath of Allegiance is the national pledge of India. The nation is kept peaceful, united, and brotherly by the national anthem. Here, we talk about the National Pledge, which every Indian youngster swears to uphold throughout their time in school. The National Integration Vow, which emphasizes the fundamental obligations to uphold peace, unity, and brotherhood in our enormous nation, as well as the pledge mentioned in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution, will also be mentioned.

8. National Bird of India

The Indian Peacock has earned the honour of serving as the country with the largest democracy in the world national bird. Pavo cristatus is the scientific name for the species. Peacocks have long been a part of Indian mythology and a symbol of monarchy and divinity because of their grace, pride, spirituality, and beauty.

9. National Flower of India

The national flower of India is Lotus also known as Nelumbo nucifera.  In Indian Culture it is an aquatic herb that is often termed as ‘Padma’ in Sanskrit and enjoys a sacred status. It symbolizes spirituality, fruitfulness, wealth, knowledge, and illumination, along with purity of heart and mind.

10. National Fruit of India

Indians have long referred to ripe, meaty mangoes as the King of all fruits, and they are undoubtedly delicious. Spiced pickles, a staple of Indian cuisine, can be made from raw ones. Mangoes are the most widely cultivated fruits in the tropical world and are native to India. They are members of the Mangifera indica species.

11. National Sport of India

India does not have any national games officially. Hockey, kabaddi and cricket are sometimes incorrectly given the title of the national Game of India. The Indian hockey team reached its pinnacle between 1928 and 1956, winning all six of those years’ consecutive Olympic gold medals. Check here Is the Hockey National Game of India or not?

12. National Song of India

“Vande Mataram” was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee for his Bengali book “Anand Math.” The song, which was bursting with patriotic passion and admiration for the motherland, quickly became a favourite among the era’s independence warriors.

13. National Tree of India

The Banyan tree, Ficus bengalensis, is India’s national tree. The Banyan, a member of the fig family, spread over a broad region, takes root, and continues to live and regenerate for thousands of years.

14. National Heritage Animal of India

The Indian Elephant is the country’s national heritage animal. The elephants are on the verge of being extinct therefore the protective major was taken and the Indian Elephant was declared a national heritage animal.

15. National Aquatic Animal of India

Due to a decline in dolphin populations over the previous few years, the Ganges River dolphin is recognized as the country’s official aquatic animal. As a result, it was designated as the national aquatic animal to protect them.

16. National River of India

The National River of India is the Ganga River, also known as the Ganges. It was officially declared as the National River on November 4, 2008, by the then Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh.

17. National Reptile of India

The National Reptile of India is the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). It is the longest venomous snake in the world, reaching lengths of up to 19 feet (5.7 meters). King cobras are found in the forests of India and Southeast Asia. They are solitary animals and feed primarily on other snakes, including other venomous species.

Significance of National Symbols of India

National symbols are important because they represent a country’s identity, values, and history. They can also be a source of national pride and unity. India has several national symbols, including the national flag, national emblem, national flower, national bird, national animal, and national tree.

• These symbols represent the country’s rich culture, history, and values.
• National symbols are an important part of India’s national identity. They help to unite the Indian people and to promote the country’s culture and values around the world.
• In addition to their symbolic significance, national symbols can also play a practical role. For example, the national flag is used to identify Indian ships and aircraft. The national emblem is used on official government documents and seals. The national flower, bird, animal, and tree are used to promote Indian tourism and culture.

National Symbols play a significant role in fostering a sense of unity, patriotism, and national pride among the citizens. These symbols often evoke emotional and cultural connections, and they can be found in various forms, such as emblems, flags, anthems, and animals.

The National Symbol of India has been deliberately chosen to present the country in the most positive light. While the lotus, India’s national flower, represents spirituality and the purity of the heart and mind, the tiger, the country’s national animal, represents power, bravery, and courage. The Peacock is India’s National Bird due to its royal grace and unsurpassed natural beauty, while the Banyan tree was named the country’s National Tree due to its immortality.

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National Symbols of India FAQs

What are the 17 national symbols of india.

There are 17 national symbols of India namely Tiranga, Jana Gana Mana, Saka Calendar, Vande Mataram, National Emblem of India, Mango, Ganga, Royal Bengal Tiger, Indian Banyan, Ganges River Dolphin, Indian Peacock, Indian Rupee, King Cobra, Indian Elephant, Lotus, Pumpkin and National Pledge.

What is the name of National Symbol?

The National Symbols of India have been deliberately chosen to present the country in the most favorable light. They are picked to reflect the country's culture, beliefs, and the positive traits that are frequently associated with Indian ancestry. While the lotus, India's national flower, represents spirituality and the purity of the heart and mind, the tiger, the country's national animal, represents power, bravery, and courage. The Peacock is India's National Bird due to its royal grace and unsurpassed natural beauty, while the Banyan tree was named the country's National Tree due to its immortality. India's national fruit, the mango, provides insight into the country's tropical climate.

What do the National Symbols of India represent?

The national animal, Tiger symbolizes power; the national flower, Lotus symbolizes purity; the national tree, Banyan symbolizes immortality, the national bird, the Peacock symbolizes elegance and the national fruit, Mango symbolizes the tropical climate of India.

What are the name of 5 of the National Symbols?

The five symbols include King Protea, Real Yellowwoods, Springbok, Galjoen Fish, and Blue Crane. In addition, is the meaning of each symbol.

Which is National Tree?

Ficus bengalensis, an Indian fig tree, spreads its branches out like young trees across a wide region. The roots then give rise to more trunks and branches. Because of this characteristic and its longevity, this tree is considered immortal and is an integral part of the myths and legends of India.

What are the national symbols and their role?

National symbols are iconic representations of a country's identity, culture, history, and values. They play a significant role in fostering a sense of unity, patriotism, and national pride among the citizens.

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Essay on National Flag: Sample Essays for Students in 100, 200, and 300 words

• Updated on  
• Jan 3, 2024

The National flag of India is a symbol that represents India’s freedom as well as its integrity. It represents that India is governed by the people of the country without any foreign interference. The display of the Indian flag is our pride and it is a warning to the invaders. Our Nation flag is based on the Swaraj Flag which was designed by Pingali Venakyya. The tricolour display is governed by the Flag code of India and any act of dishonour to the flag is a punishable offence. This is just a brief paragraph on the national flag. Below we have provided samples of essay on National Flag. let’s have a look at them. 

Table of Contents

• 1 Essay on National Flag in 100 words
• 2 Essay on National Flag in 250 words
• 3 Essay on National Flag in 300 words

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Essay on National Flag in 100 words

Our National flag is the pride of our nation. It symbolises the unity of the people of India belonging to different religions. The honour and respect for our country and its national flag should be immense from us. Every country has a national flag. Our National Flag is called ‘Tiranga’ which is based on its appearance as a tricolour. The saffron colour is the topmost, the middle colour is white and the lowermost colour is green. There is a navy blue Ashok Chakra in the middle stripe of white colour which contains 24 equally divided spokes.

Essay on National Flag in 250 words

Our national flag was adopted on July 22nd, 1947, which was some days before the Independence of India i.e. 15th August 1947. The national flag of India is called the Tiranga because it contains 3 colours. The Uppermost colour is saffron which symbolises selflessness and sacrifice. The middle one is white which symbolises the truth. Purity and peace. And the lowermost colour is green which indicates energy and youth. In the middle of the white stripe, there is a navy blue colour Ashok Chakra that is made up of 24 equal spokes. The National flag of India symbolises freedom, pride, honour, and unity. The Ashoka Chakra is a symbol of victory justice and honesty. 

Our national flag not only represents us but also teaches us some lessons such as peace, unity, humanity, etc. It helps us believe in unity and truth. Every year, the Prime Minister of India hoists the National Flag of India on the 15th of August and the same is hoisted by the President of India on the 26th of January. Both of them hoist the flag at the Red Fort which is then followed by an address to the people of India. Our national flag is made of Khadi, which is an article of hand-made clothing that was represented by Mahatma Gandhi. Flying off the national flag made up of clothes other than Khadi is strictly prohibited in our country. We should hoist our National Flag with pride and let the world know about the same.

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Essay on National Flag in 300 words

The national flag of India is also known as the ‘Tiranga Jhanda’. Our national flag was first adopted officially during the meeting of the Constituent Assembly on the 22nd of July, 1947. It was adopted 24 days before the Independence of India which was on 15th August 1947. The National Flag of India was designed by Pingali Venkayya in a horizontal shape containing 3 colours, saffron, white and green, all three were in equivalent proportions and the following sequence, the saffron was the topmost colour, the white in the middle and the green was the lowermost colour. The ratio of width to length in our national flag is 2:3. In the centre of the white strip, there is a navy blue coloured Ashok Chakra which consists of 24 spokes. This is derived from the Pillar of Ashok, Sarnath (Lion Capital of Ashoka).

The significance of the national flag is great to us all. It is the pride of the nation and the pride of every citizen of India as well. All the elements as well as colours used in the national flag have special significance and depict something. The display of the national flag is decided by the flag code of India. After the independence of India, for 52 years, the national flag was not allowed to be displayed by the people, however, this rule was altered later by the flag code 26th January 2002 allowing the use of the national flag at homes, offices, etc on special occasions. The national flag is hoisted on national occasions such as the Republic Day, the Independence Day, etc. It is also hoisted by schools and educational institutions such as universities to inspire students to honour and respect the Indian flag. 

During the same, students take an oath and the national anthem is sung during the unfurling of the flag. Private organisations may also hoist the national flag on special occasions and ceremonial events. Other than Khaki, no one is allowed to display the flag made of any other cloth. It is a punishable offence including fine and even imprisonment. It is also prohibited to intentionally dishonour the national flag or let it touch the ground, floor or trail in the water. It is also important to note that the national flag is displayed at a higher level. Our national flag is the pride of the nation. We should always respect it. 

Ans: Our National flag is the pride of our nation. It symbolises the unity of the people of India belonging to different religions. The honour and respect for our country and its national flag should be immense from us. Every country has a national flag. Our National Flag is called ‘Tiranga’ which is based on its appearance as a tricolour. The saffron colour is the topmost, the middle colour is white and the lowermost colour is green. There is a navy blue Ashok Chakra in the middle stip of white colour which contains 24 equally divided spokes.

Ans: The National flag of India is a symbol that represents India’s freedom as well as its integrity. It represents that India is governed by the people of the country without any foreign interference. The display of the Indian flag is our pride and it is a warning to the invaders. The significance of the national flag is great to us all. It is the pride of the nation and the pride of every citizen of India as well. All the elements as well as colours used in the national flag have special significance and depict something.

Ans: The Nation flag of India is a symbol that represents India’s freedom as well as its integrity. It represents that India is governed by the people of the country without any foreign interference. The display of the Indian flag is our pride and it is a warning to the invaders. Our Nation flag is based on the Swaraj Flag which was designed by Pingali Venakyya. The tricolour display is governed by the Flag code of India and any act of dishonour to the flag is a punishable offence.

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• United States

NATIONAL SYMBOLS PROTECTION

Updated 08 June 2023

Subject United States

Downloads 60

Category Government ,  Life ,  World

Topic American Flag ,  Responsibility ,  Texas

Among the numerous responsibilities of governments is the protection of emblems of national unity. The emblems of national unity play a significant role in citizen cohesion. Since independence, symbols such as the song, the bill of rights, the constitution, the promise, and the American flag have played an important role in uniting the American people. Indeed, as evidenced in the instances of Texas v. Johnson and Minersville School District v. Gobitis, the government has a strong interest in protecting symbols of national unity.

The defendant in Texas v. Johnson was charged of burning the national flag in Dallas. His actions led to his arrest and prosecution where he was convicted of burning a symbol of national unity. The prosecution noted that Johnson’s actions “…violated a Texas statute that prevented the desecration of a venerated object, including the American flag, if such action were likely to incite anger in others”. In essence, the conviction of the defendant implied that the government had an inherent interest in protecting the symbols of national unity. Nevertheless, upon appeal, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Johnson by noting that his actions were protected under the First Amendment as they constituted symbolic speech.

At the same time, the government’s interest to protect national symbols of unity can also be seen in the case of Minnerville School District v. Gobitis.

The respondents had been expelled from school for failing to salute the national flag as their religion did not allow them to do so. The Supreme Court ruled that every American must salute the national flag as it was a symbol of national unity. “The flag, the Court found, was an important symbol of national unity and could be a part of legislative initiatives designed "to promote in the minds of children who attend the common schools an attachment to the institutions of their country". In general, while the two cases are different, they both present an aspect of the government’s intent to protect symbols of national unity.

Bibliography

Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Tech. "Minersville School District v. Gobitis." Oyez. Accessed April 4, 2017https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/310us586

"Facts And Case Summary - Texas V. Johnson". United States Courts.. Accessed April 4, 2017. http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/facts-and-case-summary-texas-v-johnson.

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