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PhD/ Doctoral degree programmes at UC

The doctoral degree programmes of UC, also called 3rd cycle degree programmes, are offered by ten education and research units: 8 Faculties, the College of Arts and the Institute for Interdisciplinary Research. These encompass nearly all study fields.

Browse degree programmes by Faculty

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Faculty of Arts and Humanities (FLUC)

Main study fields: Information Science, Communication and Journalism, Anglo-American Studies, Art Studies, Classical Studies, Germanic Studies, Romance Studies, Philosophy, Geography, History, Tourism and Heritage. There are several specialisations per study field. »» Find a programme within this Faculty Faculty of Law (FDUC)

Main study fields: Law. There more than ten specialisations within this study field. »» Find a programme within this Faculty Faculty of Medicine (FMUC)

Main study fields: Medicine and Dentistry. There are several specialisations per study field. »» Find a programme within this Faculty Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FCTUC)

Main study fields: Architecture, Biochemistry, Botany, Earth Sciences, Civil Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Informatics Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical and Physics Engineering, Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry and Zoology. There are several specialisations per study field. »» Find a programme within this Faculty Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUC)

Main study fields: Pharmaceutical Sciences. There are several specialisations per study field. »» Find a programme within this Faculty Faculty of Economics (FEUC)

Main study fields: Economics, Management, International Relations and Sociology. There are several specialisations per study field. »» Find a programme within this Faculty Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences (FPCEUC) Main study fields: Education Sciences, Psychology and Social Work. There are several specialisations per study field. »» Find a programme within this Faculty Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education (FCDEFUC)

Main study fields: Sport Sciences and Physical Education. There are several specialisations per study field. »» Find a programme within this Faculty College of Arts (CA)

Main study fields: Arts and Curatorial Studies. »» Find a programme within this College

Institute for Interdisciplinary Research

Main study fields: Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Contemporary Studies, Portuguese Heritage Studies, Territory and Public Policies, History of Science and Scientific Education, Human Rights in Contemporary Societies.

»» Find a programme within this Institute

Check the application deadlines for 2024/2025

Note: some Faculties may not open all the calls for applications or open new calls different from the ones mentioned above. Learn more here .

Please check always the calls for applications of each degree programme, where you’ll find not only the detailed application process calendar but also information about the admission requirements and the documents to be submitted.

The application submission costs 50 euros. There is no reimbursement of this fee, even in the cases of invalid applications, non-admission or cancellation of the degree programme edition due to insufficient number of enrolments.

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PHD in Global Public Health

PhD in partnership with other three institutions: ENSP/UNL, IHMT/UNL and FM/UP

An international doctoral programme based on the teaching and research experience of four Portuguese schools. It is designed to meet the needs of students that aim to enhance their research skills in public health, develop their understanding of policy and practice, and wish to make an original contribution to knowledge development.

The Doctoral programme aims to provide students with skills that enable them to become qualified researchers in public health, able to conduct independent research as well as work as science driven professionals.

Students that undertake the programme will be able to connect their research with the public health practice. The programme will provide opportunities for students to develop their PhD research in close collaboration with organizations and networks related to public health practice, at the regional, national and international levels.

The PhD in Global Public Health aims to provide each student with a broad knowledge in the field of public health by promoting strong interaction with specialists at the four schools as well as other national and international experts. Moreover, it aims to promote in-depth expertise in each student’s research area and the provide unique opportunities for personal development and intellectual growth, in a stimulating and collaborative environment.

Aplications 2023/2024

More information :

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If you need detailed information, please contact us:   E-mail :  [email protected] Tel : +351 218 803 066 Office Hours Monday to Friday 09h30-13h00 / 14h00-16h00

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PhD Programmes

Within the national calls for submissions opened by FCT (Foundation for Sciences and Technology), the Faculty of Sciences, either as a promoter or participant, takes part in 15 PhD programmes selected for funding.

The selected PhD programmes cover the areas of Life and Healthcare Sciences, Exact and Engineering Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities, Natural and Environmental Sciences, some of them undertaken in the industry. A large number of scholarships will be available for highly motivated students who take part in these PhD programmes; students will be selected by the executive commissions of the different PhD programmes.

The Faculty of Sciences was the leading promoter of the application process in four programmes:

PCCSDP - Climate Change and Sustainable Development Policies

The PhD programme in Climate Change and Sustainable Development Policies is a joint initiative of the University of Lisbon and Nova University of Lisbon, which was held for the first time in 2009-2010. It is an interdisciplinary programme focused on the fields of environmental sciences and social sciences and it runs in partnership with the University of East Anglia UK, an institution of international reference in this field. The programme's academic staff and researchers, from the two state Universities of Lisbon, have published recognised scientific work in the areas of climate change and sustainable development.

The PhD Programme has the duration of 3 years and it includes a course in advanced interdisciplinary training between physical, natural, social and human sciences in the 1st and 2nd semesters. It has a diverse target audience, including environment, planning and energy professionals, among others, as well as students willing to pursue an academic career. 

BioSys - Biological Systems, Functional and Integrative Genomics

EarthSystems – Lisbon's Doctoral School of Earth Sciences

This programme is led by IDL - Instituto Dom Luiz (Associated Laboratory), and it includes researchers from the University of Lisbon Centres of Geology, Oceanography and Statistics, LARSYS (Associated Laboratory) and the Portuguese Marine and Atmosphere Institute (IPMA). The programme received funding for 32 PhD scholarships distributed along 4 annual editions, half of which involving international research projects.

FCTAS - International Doctoral Programme in Philosophy of Science, Technology, Art and Society

Under the coordination of the Centre for Philosophy of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, the programme includes 40 researchers (30 national and 10 international) from different universities, schools and institutes of the University of Lisbon (Faculties of Sciences, Law, Medicine, Arts, Fine Arts, Institute of Social Sciences, Higher Technical Institute and Institute of Systems and Robotics), University of Aveiro, Lisbon Polytechnic Institute (School of Music) and University of Seville (Faculty of Philosophy, Research Group in Logic, Language and Information).

Assessed with the maximum ranking, the programme received funding for 5 annual scholarships (2 national and 3 mixed), in a total of 20 scholarships during the period of 2014-2017.

Lismath - Lisbon Mathematics PhD

The Department of Mathematics offers a doctoral program (3rd cycle) in Mathematics. The first year consists of doctoral courses (Curso de Formação Avançada), taken for credit. The remaining three years are dedicated to the elaboration of a doctoral thesis, with original research. The program is mainly directed to students with a Master course in Mathematics (2nd cycle), or similar area. It is prepared to receive students from all over the world and, in particular, from portuguese speaking countries. Prospective students can apply for financing in Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) http://www.fct.pt/apoios/bolsas/concursos or to scholarships associated to research centers. The coordinators of the program is Professor Teresa Monteiro Fernandes.

This doctoral program is associated to the doctoral program of the Department of Mathematics of Instituto Superior Técnico by means of a scholarship program called LisMath ( lismath.ulisboa.pt ). This scholarship program is financed by FCT and brings together two of the main doctoral programs in Mathematics in Portugal, both offered by institutions of the Universidade de Lisboa: Faculdade de Ciências and Instituto Superior Técnico. It is planned that 9 PhD scholarships will be offered per year, during four years.

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List of all approved doctoral programmes with the participation of the Faculty of Sciences:

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Applications 2023/24

• Deadlines and places available – 1st phase ( public notice – document in Portuguese)
• 2nd phase (public notice – document in Portuguese) 
• 3rd phase  ( public notice  – document in Portuguese)
• 4th phase  (public notice  – document in Portuguese) 

Enrollment 2023/24

• From August 1 to 3, 2023

APPLICATIONS

FCT NOVA PhD Programmes

• Advanced Materials and Processing
• Agroindustrial Technologies
• Atomic and Molecular Physics
• Biochemistry
• Biomedical Engineering
• Biotechnology
• Chemical and Biological Engineering
• Civil Engineering
• Climate Change and Sustainable Development Policies
• Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
• Computer Science
• Digital Media
• Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Environment and Sustainability
• Food Sciences
• Geological Engineering
• History, Philosophy and Heritage of Science and Technology
• Industrial Engineering
• Mathematics  
• Mechanical Engineering
• Molecular Biosciences
• Nanotechnologies and Nanosciences
• Physics Engineering
• Radiation Biology and Biophysics  (RABBIT)
• Science and Materials Engineering
• Sustainable Chemistry

FCT funded PhD Programmes

• International Neuroscience Doctoral Programme
• Advance Materials and Processing

PhD Programmes in partnership with American Universities

• Computer Science (Carnegie Mellon University | CMU)
• Digital Media  (University of Texas at Austin | UTA)
• Mathematics (Carnegie Mellon University | CMU and University of Texas at Austin | UTA)

Documents required for online application

Portuguese students or students coming from eu member states.

• ID Card/Passport;
• Qualifications certificate with the obtained grades, duly authenticated (*) ;
• Curriculum vitae and professional career;
• Other(s) document(s) that may be displayed in the site of the respective PhD course. 

An International Student is a student without Portuguese nationality, that is not national from one of the EU Member States or others not legally living in Portugal uninterruptedly for more than two years.

For more details please consult following legislation:  Decreto-Lei nº 36/2014 de 10 de Março .

Detailed information available at www.studyinportugal.edu.pt .

• ID card, which explicitly mentions the applicants nationality;
• Qualifications certificate with the obtained grades, duly authenticated (*);
• Other(s) document(s) that may be displayed in the site of the respective PhD course;

(*) Required documents:

Degree certificates and transcripts including all grades. (Any certificate that is not issued in Portuguese, Spanish, French or English should be accompanied by an official translation to Portuguese or English. Certificates issued by non-Portuguese entities should be either validated by the competent consular services or affixed with a ‘Hague Apostille’).

Payment of application fee (non-refundable)

Value: 51 Euros/each application submitted.

Payment with MB Way, ATM reference and Bank card (Visa or MasterCard).

The ATM reference period for the payment of an application fee is 7 days from the day the candidate submitted his application and the ATM reference request can only be made up to the day before the payment deadline. Unpaid applications will be automatically excluded.  See here how to pay application fees . The application process will only be evaluated if applicants have paid the application fee.

Results disclosure

By email, directly sent to the candidates. As the 3rd cycle coordinators conclude the placement of the selected candidates, they will receive an automatic message with all the necessary information. The non-selected candidates will also be notified electronically by the Coordinators.

Registration and enrollment of students placed in the 1st Phase

1st to 4th August Link for the enrollment: https://clip.fct.unl.pt/matricula

Knowledge Accreditation

The knowledge and academic or professional competences accreditation can be requested by the interested parties at the registration act.

FCT costs of knowledge accreditation  (according to NOVA fees table)

FCT knowledge accreditation regulation

General regulation of FCT NOVA study cycles leading to a NOVA PhD degree

Fees 2023-2024

a) Fees are due at registration or enrollment act and can be paid in installments in accordance with the approved regulations.

b) The fact that students do not attend the course or drop out does not give them the right to the repayment of the paid amounts nor to debt cancellation.

Payment: MB Way, ATM reference and Bank card (Visa or MasterCard) .

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Taking you higher.

Explore our phd programmes, other phds programmes in collaboration, funding opportunities.

PhD Scholarships

Applicants for the School’s PhDs can apply for a variety of scholarships, namely FCT scholarships (granted by FCT or by ISEG research centres) and, in some cases, ULisboa scholarships. For further information, contact the PhD coordinator.

GTA Programme

The GTA (Graduate Teaching Assistants) Programme recruits every year a number of PhD students to teach and grade in the undergraduate or masters’ programmes at ISEG. A good opportunity for the first contact with teaching and also to help finance the PhD programme tuition fees. For further information, contact the PhD coordinator.

In some cases, PhD students can be enrolled in projects hosted by the research centres or be supported by them. For further information, contact the PhD coordinator.

Research Units

Each PhD programme is attached to the ISEG research unit most relevant to their field of study. All research centres have been accredited and received positive ratings from the Foundation of Science and Technology (FCT).

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PhD in Portugal

No colleges record, why study phd (doctor of philosophy) in portugal, 1. quality research institutions.

• Reputable Universities : Portugal is home to several highly respected universities known for their research output and academic excellence.
• Research Opportunities : You'll find a strong emphasis on research and innovation, with opportunities to engage in cutting-edge projects across various disciplines.

2. Supportive Academic Environment

• Supervision and Mentorship : Ph.D. students in Portugal often benefit from close mentorship and support from experienced faculty and researchers.
• International Collaboration : Portuguese universities frequently collaborate with institutions around the world, offering opportunities for international research partnerships and exchanges.

3. Funding and Scholarships

• Scholarships and Grants : Various funding opportunities are available for Ph.D. students, including scholarships from universities, the Portuguese government, and international organizations.
• Research Funding : There are often opportunities to contribute to funded research projects or receive grants for your research.

4. Diverse and Multicultural Experience

• Cultural Richness : Portugal's history, architecture, and arts offer a vibrant backdrop to your studies.
• International Community : Universities in Portugal attract students and academics from all over the world, creating a diverse and multicultural academic community.

5. Language and Communication

• English in Academia : While Portuguese is the primary language, English is widely used in higher education and research, especially at the doctoral level.
• Language Skills : Living in Portugal offers the chance to learn or improve your Portuguese, a language spoken by millions worldwide.

6. Quality of Life

• Pleasant Climate : Enjoy a mild Mediterranean climate with plenty of sunshine, ideal for a pleasant living experience.
• Affordable Living : Compared to many Western European countries, Portugal offers a more affordable cost of living, including housing, food, and transportation.

7. Career Opportunities

• Academic Careers : A Ph.D. from a Portuguese institution is well-regarded, opening doors to academic and research positions globally.
• Industry Connections : For those interested in industry roles, Portugal's growing economy and investment in areas like technology, renewable energy, and biotech provide numerous opportunities.

8. Strategic Location

• Gateway to Europe and Beyond : Portugal's location offers easy access to other European countries, Africa, and the Americas, enriching your research and travel opportunities.

9. Supportive Policies for Researchers

• Researcher-Friendly Regulations : Portugal has been part of the European Union's efforts to create a favorable environment for researchers, including mobility programs and research initiatives.

PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) specialization in Portugal

Admission intake for phd (doctor of philosophy) in portugal, main intake periods:.

Fall Intake (September/October)

• Most common intake period for PhD programs.
• Applications for Fall intake generally open in the spring or early summer of the same year.

Spring Intake (January/February)

• Less common but available in some universities and specific programs.
• Applications usually close in the late fall of the previous year.

Top 10 Universities in Portugal for PhD (Doctor of Philosophy)

Tuition fees for phd (doctor of philosophy) in portugal, public universities:.

• EU/EEA Students : Annual tuition fees for EU/EEA students at public universities typically range from approximately €1,000 to €3,000.
• Non-EU/EEA Students : International students from outside the EU/EEA may have higher tuition fees, which can range from approximately €3,000 to €6,000 per year.

Private Universities:

• All Students : Private universities generally have higher tuition fees, which can range widely from about €3,000 to €10,000 or more per year for both EU and non-EU students.

Cost of Studying PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Portugal

Total monthly estimate: €690 - €1,440, eligibility for doing phd (doctor of philosophy) in portugal, 1. academic qualifications.

• Master's Degree : You should have completed a Master's degree or equivalent in a relevant field. In some cases, outstanding students with a Bachelor's degree may be admitted directly to a PhD program, particularly in integrated programs or exceptional circumstances.
• Academic Record : A strong academic record, usually demonstrated by grades, awards, or recognitions in your previous studies.

2. Research Proposal

• Proposal Submission : Submission of a detailed research proposal is often required. This should outline the intended area of research, research questions, methodology, and how it contributes to the field.
• Alignment with Department : The research interests should align with the department's expertise and the potential supervisor's areas of research.

3. Language Proficiency

• English : If the program is in English, non-native speakers will typically need to demonstrate proficiency through standardized tests like TOEFL or IELTS.
• Portuguese : For programs taught in Portuguese, proficiency in Portuguese may be required, which might be demonstrated through a recognized language exam or prior learning.

4. Letters of Recommendation

• Typically, two or more letters of recommendation from academics or professionals who can attest to your research potential and academic capabilities.

5. Curriculum Vitae (CV)

• A detailed CV including your educational background, research experience, publications, presentations, awards, and any other relevant academic or professional achievements.

6. Interview

• Some programs may require an interview (in-person or virtual) as part of the admissions process to assess your motivation, research interests, and suitability for the program.

7. Additional Documentation

• Transcripts : Official transcripts from all higher education institutions attended.
• Identification Documents : Such as a passport or national ID card.

Documents Required for PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Portugal

1. application form :.

• Completed application form for the specific PhD program.

2. Detailed Curriculum Vitae (CV)/Resume :

• A comprehensive CV outlining your academic background, research experience, publications, conferences attended, awards, and any professional experience relevant to your field of study.

3. Academic Transcripts and Diplomas :

• Official transcripts from all higher education institutions you've attended.
• Copies of your Bachelor's and Master's degree diplomas or equivalent.

4. Proof of Language Proficiency :

• Portuguese : If the program is in Portuguese, proof of proficiency (e.g., certification from a recognized language test) may be required.
• English : For programs taught in English, you might need to submit TOEFL, IELTS, or equivalent test scores.

5. Research Proposal :

• A detailed proposal outlining your intended research area, questions, methodology, and how it contributes to your field. This is a crucial part of your application and often requires significant preparation.

6. Letters of Recommendation :

• Typically, two or three letters from academics or professionals who can attest to your research potential and academic ability.

7. Personal Statement or Motivation Letter :

• A letter explaining why you want to pursue a PhD, your research interests, and your long-term career goals.

8. Writing Samples or Publications :

• Copies of your previous research papers, publications, thesis, or other relevant documents demonstrating your writing and research skills.

9. Identification Documents :

• Copy of your passport and possibly other identification documents.

10. Visa and Residency Documents (for international students):

• Depending on your nationality, you may need to apply for a study visa and provide related documents.

11. Proof of Funding :

• Evidence that you can finance your studies and stay in Portugal, such as scholarship awards, grant letters, or bank statements.

12. Health Insurance Proof :

• Evidence of comprehensive health insurance coverage.

Scholarships for PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Portugal

1. university scholarships :.

• Institutional Scholarships : Many Portuguese universities offer scholarships for PhD students, covering tuition fees, and sometimes providing a monthly stipend for living expenses.
• Research Projects : Some scholarships are tied to specific research projects and are offered to students working under the supervision of a faculty member.

2. Government Scholarships :

• Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) : The FCT is a prominent source of funding for research in Portugal, offering scholarships and grants for PhD students.
• Scholarships from Your Home Country : Check if your home country's government or local education authorities provide scholarships for studying abroad.

3. European Union Funding :

• Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions : These EU grants support researchers at all stages of their careers, including PhD students. They are highly competitive and prestigious.
• Erasmus+ : Offers a range of scholarships, including Joint Doctorates and other funding opportunities for doctoral candidates.

4. Private Foundations and Organizations :

• Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation : Known for supporting science and education, it occasionally offers scholarships for various fields, including PhD studies.
• Luso-American Development Foundation (FLAD) : Provides grants and scholarships focusing on relations between Portugal and the United States, including in the academic field.

5. Industry Partnerships :

• Some PhD programs involve partnerships with industry, which may offer funding opportunities for research relevant to the company's interests.

Jobs and Salary after PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Portugal

Career paths:.

• Position : Lecturer, Researcher, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Professor.
• Sector : Universities, research institutions.
• Duties : Teaching, conducting research, publishing papers, attending conferences.
• Salary Range : €30,000 - €60,000 per year (varies with position, institution, and experience).

Research in Public Sector or Industry :

• Position : Research Scientist, Research & Development Specialist.
• Sector : Government research agencies, private companies, particularly in industries like pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, engineering, etc.
• Duties : Conducting specialized research, project management, product development.
• Salary Range : €35,000 - €75,000 per year (can vary widely with the sector and type of research).

Private Sector & Consulting :

• Position : Consultant, Analyst, Project Manager, Specialist Roles in various fields.
• Sector : Consulting firms, multinational companies, startups.
• Duties : Providing expert advice, managing projects, analyzing data, strategic planning.
• Salary Range : €40,000 - €100,000 or more per year (varies widely based on role, company, and industry).

Public Administration & Policy :

• Position : Policy Advisor, Program Manager, Analyst.
• Sector : Government departments, public bodies, NGOs.
• Duties : Developing policies, managing public programs, conducting analysis.
• Salary Range : €30,000 - €60,000 per year (depends on the role and organization).

Entrepreneurship :

• Position : Founder, CEO, various roles in a startup.
• Sector : Startups, self-owned businesses.
• Duties : Running a business, product development, fundraising.
• Salary : Highly variable; can be very high or very low depending on the success of the business.
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The Erasmus+ Program promotes mobility for studies and internship for PhD students.

In the case of PhD students, in addition to the other options offered to all students and interns in the Erasmus+ programme, they can also, additionally, carry out periods of Short Term Mobility, adapting to their specific needs:

• Short-term Mobility (specific for doctoral students (EQF level 8)): min. 5 days, max. 30 days (short term).
• Scholarship: €70/day from the 1 st to the 14 th day and €50/day from the 15 th to the 30 th day.
• Mobility for studies – takes place at a partner higher education institution in a Programme or Partner country (specifically the United Kingdom or Switzerland), requiring an Institutional Agreement.
• Mobility for internship – takes place in a Higher Education Institution or organization active in the labor market of a Programme or Partner country (specifically United Kingdom or Switzerland);
• Whenever possible, activities should be an integral part of the participant's study programme.  

Doctoral students can carry out short Mobility periods in research laboratories, short training courses and any other activities related to the participant's study programme.

For more information and applications: consult the School 's Mobility Office.

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ULisboa has encouraged the international mobility of students, professors and researchers in mobility programs worldwide through partnerships with internationally renowned institutions.

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Life After a PhD: multiple pathways

Several career development programmes for post-doctoral researchers of all nationalities, and across all research and academic fields are run by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). Additional information on how to boost your career is found here .

Scroll down to find out more about other opportunities for PhD holders.

STIMULUS TO SCIENTIFIC EMPLOYMENT

Currently, the Stimulus to Scientific Employment is the ongoing incentive for the hiring of researchers, the development of scientific employment strategies and policies, and to the development of scientific careers by public or private institutions.

The Stimulus to Scientific Employment is to be implemented via different instruments:

Individual Calls

Direct support to the hiring of doctoral researchers in all scientific areas, through annual competitions promoted by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), in order to facilitate the continuous and systematic integration of new doctorates in the institutions.

Institutional Calls

Support to the development of R&D activities stimulating and implying the hiring of doctoral researchers by the scientific institutions. The applicants to these calls are institutions, which are then awarded the funds to hire a designated number of doctorates within their domains of knowledge.

R&D Units

Within the scope of the periodic evaluation process of the R&D Units (the latest being 2017-2018), there is a support for the planning and implementation of stimulus to scientific employment by these research performing organisations.

Scroll down to access detailed information and regulations.

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PhD Programmes

PhD programmes at Técnico are provided in association with national and international universities and, in some cases, a dual degree is granted.

PhD programmes at Técnico are provided in association with national and international universities and, in some cases, a double degree is granted. Students actively participate in national and international research projects and are encouraged to patent their ideas and develop an entrepreneurial attitude. For further information please contact the Post-Graduation Office.

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Study in Portugal: A Guide for International Students

Updated: August 24, 2023 | Thiago Marinho

Europe’s westernmost country has great opportunities for those who want to embark on a study-abroad adventure, and Portugal has become a popular choice for those who can imagine studying abroad.

Portugal is home to many international students, and universities in major cities are attractive places for many to get their undergraduate degree or their Master’s degree.

In this guide, we’ll take you through everything you need to know if you want to study abroad in Portugal, about its higher education system, its public universities, private universities, whether you need a residence permit to study, and what it’s like to live as an international student in one of Portugal’s major cities.

Find a Program

Many Portuguese universities accept student from abroad. Before you apply to one of Portugal’s exceptional universities, it’s important that you find the right program for you. There are many excellent programs international students can take part in, such as Study Abroad Programs in Portugal, Lisbon.

You’ll also need to consider the application process, depending on where you’re from originally. As a student from within the European Union (EU), you’ll be able to study in Portugal through the Erasmus Program , which is an inclusive program open to all ages.

Non-EU students need to follow a different application process and apply for a student visa. You may want to do some research on a variety of websites to find your ideal study program for you:

• Global Scholarships

Some universities have also been introducing English-taught degrees, so being fluent in the official Portuguese language may not be necessary. However, depending on your previous qualifications, some universities require you to sit an entrance examination.

Popular Programs in Portuguese Universities

In public Portuguese universities , various popular programs attra ct those seeking quality academic training, education, and diverse career opportunities. Engineering disciplines, such as Civil, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering, remain highly sought after due to their relevance in the job market.

Business Administration, Economics, and Finance also garner significant interest as they provide essential skills for corporate success. Computer Science and Information Technology programs attract tech enthusiasts looking to delve into the digital world.

Medicine and Nursing programs remain competitive, ensuring a supply of skilled healthcare professionals. Moreover, Environmental Sciences, Law, Psychology, and Social Sciences attract those passionate about solving societal challenges and promoting mental well-being. These diverse programs contribute to Portugal’s vibrant academic landscape.

Portugal – Quick Facts and Figures

More about Portugal

Portugal is a captivating and exceptional country to live, work and study in. Whilst its natural beauty is obvious, there is much more to Europe’s most Western country.

The former first global empire is now a dynamic and diverse country situated on mainland Europe and has undergone significant transformations in recent decades. The former Portuguese empire has a rich history steeped in maritime exploration and colonial influence. Today, Portugal has emerged as a vibrant and progressive nation that embraces both tradition and innovation.

Economically, Portugal has experienced a remarkable recovery since the global financial crisis of 2008. The country successfully implemented structural reforms and embraced international investments, improving financial stability and increasing competitiveness. Its inclusive visa programs, such as the Portugal Golden Visa , or Portugal D7 Visa Guide have certainly helped boost Portugal’s popularity, too.

Concerning technology and innovation, Portugal has embraced digital advancements and rapidly evolved into a hub for tech start-ups and IT companies. Cities like Lisbon and Porto have blossomed into tech hotspots, attracting talent worldwide. It’s, therefore, no surprise that expats of all ages want to Move to Portugal.

Influenced by ancient history, Portugal’s cultural and artistic scene also flourishes in the modern era. Lisbon, the capital city, has seen a revival of historic neighborhoods, blending traditional architecture with contemporary designs. The vibrant street art and music festivals add to the city’s allure.

In recent years, Portugal has been a leader in sustainability and environmental initiatives. The country’s commitment to renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, has substantially reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, Portugal’s vast coastline and beautiful landscapes have made ecotourism a growing sector, attracting travelers seeking sustainable and nature-focused experiences.

One of the most notable aspects of modern Portugal is its openness and inclusivity. The country has actively embraced multiculturalism, welcoming immigrants, Digital Nomads and promoting diversity. This social openness has fostered a sense of harmony and tolerance among its people.

The following article may also be of interest to you: Living in Portugal: Pros and Cons

Portugal’s Education System

There are many reasons to choose Portugal as a place to study, and one of them is its excellent education system. While Portugal is home to many top universities in Western Europe, it’s also, alongside 47 other European nations, a participant in the Bologna Process.

The Bologna Process is an initiative established in 1999 with the aim of harmonizing the European higher education structure, promoting educational mobility, and modernizing the system. Its strategy ensures that higher education in Portugal adheres to the conventional three-cycle format, encompassing undergraduate (Bachelor’s degrees), graduate (Master’s degrees), and postgraduate (Doctorate) certifications.

The Bologna Process facilitates educational exchanges among countries, fostering wider access to higher education across Europe while maintaining universal standards for institutions.

Student Visas

Depending on where you come from, the process for student visas is different.

EU student/ EEA student

EU and EEA students planning to study in Portugal are exempt from obtaining a student visa. However, if their stay surpasses 90 days, they must apply for a certificate of registration ( Certificado de Registo ) at the local city council office upon arrival.

To complete the registration process, students should bring their national identity card or passport and a valid European Health Insurance Card. This ensures their official inclusion in the population registers. Importantly, EU/EEA nationals studying in Portugal enjoy unrestricted work opportunities during their stay, especially during semester breaks.

Non-EU nationals

Non-EU/ EEA students who want to study in Portugal have to obtain a student visa and residence permit for the duration of their academic journey. To start the process, international students should visit the Portuguese embassy or diplomatic mission in their home country to submit their visa application.

It’s crucial to apply early, as the visa processing time can range from one to three months. Once in Portugal, non-EU students should schedule an appointment with the local branch of the Portuguese Immigration and Borders Service (SEF) to apply for their residence permit.

Depending on the course and level of study, there are two types of visas available to non-EU international students:

Type C Visa

This short-stay visa is for non-EU students or researchers planning to undertake a course or research project in Portugal lasting less than 90 days.

Type D Visa

This visa is for non-EU students or researchers undertaking studies in Portugal for more than 90 days.

Non-EU students must also apply for a residence permit upon arrival and can engage in part-time employment in Portugal, with a limit of 20 hours per week, and are allowed to work full-time during holidays or non-study periods. This offers opportunities to gain work experience while attending university in Portugal.

Remember to get your NIF Number ( Portuguese Tax Number ) if you work in Portugal. GetNIF can help you with this. You can also find more information on the official SEF Website (official Portuguese website) to find out more about the visa process. 

Housing and Living Costs

Studying at a Portuguese university also has lots of benefits regarding housing and living costs. Portugal offers a notably budget-friendly experience compared to many other European nations.

Housing and rent

In Portugal, international students have a range of housing options, including university-owned residences, private apartments, and student halls managed by private companies. Here are the average prices for each accommodation type:

University-owned student halls of residence

These are typically priced around €400 per month, and sometimes even lower depending on the location.

Renting a private room or apartment

Depending on the city where you study, a private room or apartment costs between €300 and €400 per month. Apartments or rooms in Lisbon are generally more expensive than in other Portuguese cities.

Student halls operated by international companies

These begin at around €595 per month, a little more expensive, but they generally include WiFi and other utilities.

It’s important to know that each accommodation option has its own unique features, advantages, and disadvantages. To find the perfect fit for your preferences, read on to explore the details of each housing option!

The following accommodation portals may be useful to you:

Uniplaces Houzestudent Student Room Flat

Living costs

The table below provides an average overview of some living costs in Portugal’s main cities.

Tuition Fees and Scholarships

In Portugal, higher education institutions have the autonomy to set their own fees for both national and international students, and there are no limitations or caps on tuition fees (propinas) for universities and polytechnics. Each institution can set its own fee structure according to its specific policies and requirements.

On average, the costs of studying at a public university are as follows:

• Bachelor’s and Master Programmes – €1,250 per year • PhDs – €2,500 – €3,000 per year

Those who wish to study part-time at a public university in Portugal can anticipate paying approximately 70 percent of the fees charged to full-time students. Exchange students may enjoy tuition fee exemptions, depending on the bilateral agreement between their home university and the Portuguese institution.

Scholarships

Portugal offers a wide range of scholarships for international students from public and private sources. Additionally, Lisbon offers specific scholarships for people intending to study in Portugal’s capital city.

While master’s students are usually the primary recipients of scholarships and grants, some funding opportunities are also open to bachelor’s students. To explore further funding options, it is advised to contact your institution and inquire about additional opportunities that may be available to you.

Private universities

Tuition fees at private universities in Portugal tend to be slightly higher compared to public universities, averaging between €3500 to €3900 per year for all study levels.

Non-EU/EA program students usually face higher fees, but certain private Portuguese universities offer significant discounts, up to 100 percent of lecture fees, based on the individual student’s final grades.

What’s more, it’s essential to note that most public higher education institutions in Portugal charge tuition fees annually, while private institutions typically charge on a month-to-month basis.

Language and Culture

Portuguese is a Romance language with over 220 million speakers worldwide. It is the official language in several countries, including Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, and Portugal. Known for its melodious sounds and diverse regional variations, Portuguese is an important language in global communication and culture.

Portuguese culture is rich in history, traditions, and influences from its maritime past. Known for Fado music, vibrant festivals, and warm hospitality, Portugal embraces its cultural heritage. Delicious cuisine, iconic azulejos (ceramic tiles), and beautiful landscapes add to the country’s unique and captivating cultural identity.

Life in Portugal for international students

Life in Portugal is a delightful experience. With a welcoming atmosphere, diverse cultural activities, and vibrant social scenes, students can immerse themselves in the country’s rich history and picturesque landscapes. Affordable living costs, delicious cuisine, and a dynamic academic environment make Portugal an excellent choice for students from around the world.

What’s more, the Portugal public health service is outstanding, but be mindful that this does not cover all medical needs.

Application Process

Once you receive a letter of acceptance from a Portuguese higher education institute, you can initiate the visa application process. This process takes place at the Portuguese embassy or consulate in your home country, and you may need to schedule a visa interview through their website. Be sure to check the specific documentation required, as it can vary depending on your country of origin.

For your visa may need the following documents:

• A recent passport photo
• A valid passport with an expiration date that extends at least three months beyond your planned departure from Portugal, containing at least one blank visa page
• The acceptance letter from the Portuguese higher education institution
• Proof of financial means to support yourself during your stay
• Valid health insurance proof
• A copy of your travel itinerary to Portugal
• Proof of accommodation, either on-campus or private

Additionally, you will be required to pay a visa application fee, which can be up to €170. We’d recommend that you double-check with your local consulate or embassy regarding the specific documentation required before submitting your visa application to ensure a smooth process.

In Summary: Study in Portugal

Studying in Portugal is a wonderful experience many international students have experienced. Portuguese universities welcome international students and offer excellent courses to choose from. Make sure you check out the requirements before you apply to ensure the process runs smoothly.

Frequently Asked Questions about Studying in Portugal

How much does it cost to study in Portugal? This depends on the course you apply for and the university you study. If you study at a public university for a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree, you can expect to pay around €1,250 per year, and for a PhD, between €2,500 – €3,000 per year.

Can I go to college in Portugal as an American? Yes, American students can attend college in Portugal. Many Portuguese universities offer programs taught in English, making it accessible to international students. Check specific admission requirements and visa regulations for your chosen university.

How can I study in Portugal for free? There are certain scholarship programs depending on a students’ grades. As an exchange student, you may also be eligible for free tuition.

Is Portugal a good country for studies? If you want to study abroad in Portuga l , choosing a university in Portugal is a good idea. Living expenses are lower than in many other European capitals, and it is, in general, a welcoming country.

Do you need to speak Portuguese to study in Portugal? Learning Portuguese to study at universities in Portugal should be on your agenda; however, some universities also offer English programs for international students. For personal relations, such as making friends, it would be good to learn Portuguese.

Is Portugal cheap to study? Studying abroad in Portugal is cheaper than in many other European countries.

How much GPA (grade point average) do you need to study in Portugal? This depends on the university. For example, studying at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, requires you to have a minimum of two average grade points.

Is education free in Portugal for foreigners? Education is free for those who participate in an exchange program, such as the Erasmus program. You can also get a scholarship from one of Portugal’s universities.

Can I stay in Portugal after I finished my degree? If you have a job offer, you can stay in Portugal. For this, you will need a work visa. You can also apply for Portugal Permanent Residence if you want to live in Portugal long-term. In addition, our Portugal Immigration Guide may be of help to you.

Did you enjoy this article? Recommend it to your best friend, your mom, the stranger you met at Starbucks…or maybe even your arch-enemy? It’s up to you, I’m just throwing some ideas out there.

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I just want to have fun with my team, no matter what happens. I'm really excited about the whole process and I'm going to give the best version of myself.

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Graduate students to present research on May 1

Two graduate students will present their research at the final Beckman Graduate Student Seminar of the spring semester: Yuanxi Fu, information sciences; and Gang Xiao, molecular and integrative physiology.

The event takes place at noon Wednesday, May 1 in 5602 Beckman Institute. Lunch will be provided to attendees who register in advance .

"Preparing a knowledge infrastructure for the AI scientist"

Yuanxi Fu is a third-year Ph.D. student in information science working with Jodi Schneider in the School of Information Sciences. She studies argumentation in science and explores how to use scientific argumentation to inform the design of AI for Science.

Behavioral task modulates neural activity in the dorsal inferior colliculus neurons of mice

Gang Xiao is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He graduated with a bachelor’s degree in biological science from Zhejiang University, an M.Res. degree of molecular and cellular bioscience from Imperial College London and an M.Sc. degree in audiological science from University College London.

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April 25, 2024 - US university protests

By Elise Hammond, Chandelis Duster, Kathleen Magramo, Elizabeth Wolfe, Aya Elamroussi, Lauren Mascarenhas and Tori B. Powell, CNN

At least two professors detained during Emory University protests

From CNN's Nick Valencia

A CNN crew witnessed at least two professors detained by Atlanta police, including Emory University economics professor Caroline Fohlin and Noëlle McAfee, chair of the philosophy department.

CNN filmed video of women being detained. During her interaction with police, Professor Fohlin could be heard expressing concern about the violent arrests and use of force by police against individuals she identified as students. 

CAIR condemns “use of force and arrests” at Emory University

From CNN's Chandelis Duster, Devon Sayers and Nick Valencia

The Council on American-Islamic Relations chapter in Georgia on Thursday condemned the “use of force and arrests” by police officers against protesters at Emory University in Atlanta.

“Protesters shared a day of cultural learning and community despite which Emory deployed excessive use of force, tear gas, and rubber bullets,” the organization said in a statement. “Emory University and APD fully bear responsibility for the violence we are seeing at the Emory campus right now. Students and protesters must be allowed their full constitutional rights.”

Protesters were arrested on the campus of Emory University after an encampment was formed in the university quad area Thursday morning.

Video from the scene showed law enforcement officers wrangling protesters to the ground and forcefully putting people in zip-tie handcuffs.

Law enforcement officers used pepper spray to help clear the area of demonstrators, a CNN team on the scene reported. They also deployed pepper balls against a crowd gathered around protesters that had been detained by police. 

ACLU of Texas calls on state officials to create safe spaces for students to protest

From CNN's Lauren Mascarenhas and Jeremy Grisham 

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Texas warned against state and university officials deploying law enforcement to “violently censor” protests held by pro-Palestinian demonstrations at the University of Texas at Austin and other universities across the nation.

“The First Amendment guarantees people in Texas and across the nation the right to protest, including those who advocate for Palestinians,” a statement from the group read. “However, state leaders rapidly escalated a planned day of peaceful demonstrations by deploying law enforcement in riot gear against students and the press. Public officials don’t get to forcefully suppress the voices of people they disagree with.”

Dozens of protesters were arrested at UT Austin Wednesday.

In its statement, the ACLU of Texas called on state officials to create safe spaces for students, staff and faculty to protest.

Emerson president offers grief counseling to students after protests lead to more than 100 arrests

From CNN's Samantha Delouya

Emerson College President Jay Bernhardt said he "recognizes and respects the civic activism and passion that sparked the protest" in a statement Thursday after law enforcement officials cleared a pro-Palestinian tent encampment at the school, leading to dozens of arrests on Wednesday night.

"Emerson staff and administrators were at the scene, focused on supporting our students through this highly stressful situation and seeking to de-escalate the conflict," Bernhardt said. "Today, Emerson officials were at the police precincts and courthouses with the arrested students, and the College will receive them back on campus when they are released."

More than 100 people were arrested and four police officers were injured during the encampment clearing at the Boston liberal arts college, according to the Boston Police Department.

Bernhardt said that he understood that the encampment clearing "has significantly and adversely impacted our community" and offered students the support of grief counselors on campus on Thursday.

Prosecutor drops charges against dozens of protesters arrested at UT-Austin Wednesday

From CNN's Ashley Killough

Following Wednesday’s arrests of dozens of protesters on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin, the local prosecutor’s office says 46 cases have already been dismissed.

“The Travis County Attorney’s Office received several cases yesterday and throughout the evening as a result of yesterday’s demonstration at the University of Texas,” said spokesperson Diana Melendez with the Travis County Attorney’s Office Thursday. “Legal concerns were raised by defense counsel. We individually reviewed each case that was presented and agreed there were deficiencies in the probable cause affidavits.” 

The prosecutor’s office says the court ordered those protesters to be released. “We will continue to individually review all cases presented to our office to determine whether prosecution is factually and legally appropriate,” said Melendez.

Students rally at Georgetown University, march to encampment at George Washington University

From CNN's Lauren Koenig

At Georgetown University in Washington, DC, a crowd of pro-Palestinian protesters filled about one-third of the circular driveway in front of Healy Hall, the main administrative building on campus.

The crowd remained peaceful as organizers spoke and led chants of "free Palestine" and "from the river to the sea." The crowd then marched to the encampment at George Washington University, led by several professors wearing graduation regalia.

At the GW encampment, dozens of tents filled about one-quarter of the campus' University Yard.

“There is only one solution, intifada revolution, intifada intifada, long live the intifada," the demonstrators chanted, holding signs reading "Resistance is justified when people are occupied!" "Stop the invasion!" and "Ceasefire now!"

Cheers erupted when the marchers from Georgetown arrived on GW's campus, with continued chants for "intifada revolution." The Georgetown students were escorted into the GW encampment.

Two arrested for trespassing at Princeton University Thursday during protest

From CNN's Samantha Kelly and Taylor Romine

Two graduate students at Princeton University in New Jersey were arrested Thursday morning for trespassing, the university said in a statement.

People started gathering for a protest Thursday when "a small number began erecting about a half-dozen tents," the statement said.

"After repeated warnings from the Department of Public Safety to cease the activity and leave the area, two graduate students were arrested for trespassing," the statement said, adding that the students are not allowed on campus pending a disciplinary process.

The tents were taken down by protesters, they said, but protests at the university are still underway.

On Wednesday, the university  put out a message to students  sharing the university's policy on protests.

"In addition to disrupting University operations, some types of protest actions (including occupying or blocking access to buildings, establishing outdoor encampments and sleeping in any campus outdoor space) are inherently unsafe for both those involved and for bystanders, and they increase the potential for escalation and confrontation," the message said.

NYPD Chief: “Good SAT scores and self-entitlement do not supersede the law”

From CNN’s Chris Boyette and Caroll Alvarado

As the deadline for negotiations between protesters and Columbia University officials about clearing the encampment on its lawn nears, one high-ranking New York Police Department chief said the students are learning an important lesson.

“Columbia decided to hold its students accountable to the laws of the school. They are seeing the consequences of their actions. Something these kids were most likely never taught,” Chief John Chell, NYPD Chief of Patrol, wrote in a lengthy  post on X . “Good SAT scores and self-entitlement do not supersede the law.” 

The chief’s message came in response to an  X post  from Democratic Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, in which the New York congresswoman questioned Columbia’s decision to call the NYPD on their own students.

Chell also expressed frustration at what he said were students' “hateful anti-Semitic speech and vile language towards our cops.”

CNN has reached out to the NYPD for comment on the chief’s statements and Ocasio-Cortez’s office for reaction.

Pro-Palestinian encampment forms at George Washington University

From CNN's Taylor Romine 

George Washington University has joined a growing list of schools across the nation where Pro-Palestinian demonstrators are forming encampments on school campuses, according to videos posted by The GW Hatchet student newspaper.

The encampment was organized by students at multiple universities across the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia, a group representing the coalition of Students for Justice in Palestine  said in a post on Instagram .

The encampment is a “united demonstration of our power, uplifting our collective demands for financial transparency, boycotts and divestment from the zionist state, and an end to the racist repression pro-Palestine students," the post said.

In a statement to CNN, George Washington University said it is aware of about 50 students gathering on the University Yard with about 20 tents, in addition to non-students. The university said the protest has remained peaceful.

George Washington Police Department officers and other university officials have responded to the protest, and the school said it is coordinating with the DC Metropolitan Police Department.

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Louisiana Will No Longer Require Students to Fill Out FAFSA to Graduate

Experts say high school seniors are more likely to go to college if they complete the financial aid form, but the state sees privacy issues with mandating it.

By Ann Carrns

High school seniors are more likely to attend college if they complete the federal financial aid form known as the FAFSA, or Free Application for Federal Student Aid.

But the state that was the first to require students to fill out the form to graduate, Louisiana, has reversed course and dropped the mandate, after state officials decided it was too intrusive. For now, Louisiana appears to be an outlier.

“I have not heard of other states considering repeal,” said Bill DeBaun, senior director of data and strategic initiatives with the National College Attainment Network, a nonprofit organization working to expand college access. (The network prefers to call such practices “universal FAFSA” policies, rather than “mandatory,” because all states with the requirement allow students and their parents to opt out if they don’t want to fill out the form.)

“We know FAFSA completion and enrollment are associated with each other,” Mr. DeBaun said. Filing the form allows students to get their share of federal grants .

At least 11 other states followed Louisiana’s lead and adopted similar policies or are scheduled to apply them in coming years, he said.

Unlike Louisiana, where education officials adopted the requirement as an administrative policy effective in 2018, many of the other states enacted it by law, so rescinding it would require legislative action, said Peter Granville, a fellow at the Century Foundation, a think tank, who studies federal and state efforts to increase college access and affordability.

Louisiana’s action came as a surprise, Mr. Granville said, because its policy had been “remarkably” successful, raising the state’s FAFSA completions more than 20 percent in just one year and narrowing the filing gap between high- and low-income school districts. The state ended last year’s filing cycle first in FAFSA completions, according to the college attainment network’s tracker.

The FAFSA is administered by the Education Department. It collects financial details from students and their families and is used to determine if they qualify for federal aid like need-based Pell grants, student loans and work-study programs to help pay for college. States and colleges also use the form to award their own grants and scholarships. Students, with their parents, file the form when applying to college and resubmit it each year they are enrolled.

This year, the FAFSA filing process has been plagued by delays, administrative errors and technical problems. A major revamp of the form and its financial aid formula, meant to simplify the form and make more grant aid available for students, went badly awry , making it difficult for many students to file the form. As of April 12, the number of high school seniors completing a FAFSA nationally was down 36 percent from a year earlier, according to the attainment network’s analysis of federal data.

States with universal filing policies were put under added pressure because of the FAFSA problems, Mr. DeBaun said. Some states are creating workarounds. Texas said that this year, proof of simply submitting a FAFSA would meet the requirement.

The messy FAFSA overhaul, however, wasn’t mentioned as a factor when the Louisiana State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education repealed the requirement on March 6. At a committee meeting the day before the vote, Cade Brumley, Louisiana’s superintendent of education, cited concerns about requiring parents to share financial information with the federal government and said graduation should be tied to academic criteria — and not depend on filling out financial aid forms or waivers.

Students will still receive financial aid information from school counselors, Dr. Brumley said, but won’t have to wait for their parents to fill out the FAFSA to graduate. “Basically, it’s moving it from an opt out to an opt in,” he told the full board.

Dr. Brumley, who became superintendent in 2020 and was reappointed in January, said in an interview that being seen as a state leader in FAFSA completions wasn’t necessarily positive if it meant “invading the privacy of families” or increasing student debt.

“We are simply trying to protect the liberty of our families,” he said.

He noted that the state last year passed legislation requiring high school students to take a financial literacy course, which will include information on loans and managing debt, starting with the class of 2026-27.

Caroline Roemer, executive director of the Louisiana Association of Public Charter Schools, told the board that she worried that without the requirement, the state would “go back to the bottom of the list” of FAFSA completion rankings. Before the policy was enacted, she said, fewer than half of Louisiana’s high school seniors completed the form.

Louisiana’s FAFSA completion rate for the 2014-15 school year was about 48 percent, compared with a national rate of 55 percent, according to a 2016 state report . (The state board adopted the policy in 2015, and it took effect in the 2017-18 school year.)

Ms. Roemer said in an interview that she was disappointed that the committee had jettisoned the requirement, especially since families could opt out: “You could say no.” One reason for the policy, she said, was to make sure that minority students received proper counseling about financial aid and post-high school opportunities.

“Black and brown kids were not getting the information,” she said. “We have a history.”

Asked about that, Dr. Brumley said guidance given to school systems “is colorblind.”

Mia Gonzales Washington, director of the New Orleans College and Career Attainment Network, an initiative of the Cowen Institute at Tulane University that offers professional development for high school counselors, teachers and other professionals, said the repeal was “unfortunate.” Most financial information requested on the FAFSA is also included in federal tax returns, which can be transferred into the form, she said.

If you are filing tax returns, “the government already has your financial information,” she added. “It’s really difficult to understand the rationale.”

Here are some questions and answers about the FAFSA and college financial aid:

What states have universal FAFSA policies?

In addition to Louisiana , where the policy remains in place for this year’s graduating class, at least six other states have a requirement tied to graduation: Illinois, Alabama, Texas, California, Indiana and New Hampshire, according to the attainment network. Four states — Connecticut, Nebraska, New Jersey and Oklahoma — plan to require it starting with the class of 2025, and Kansas is scheduled to begin a requirement in 2028.

In New York, the budget just approved by the Legislature includes a plan to require school districts to make sure all students complete federal or state financial aid forms, or sign a waiver stating that they are “aware of available aid but choose not to pursue it,” according to a news release from Gov. Kathy Hochul’s office. (School districts will enforce the rule. If students do not fill out the application or opt out, they will still be able to graduate.) The policy takes effect in August, for the class of 2025.

What about financial aid packages this year for graduating high school seniors?

Because of the botched FAFSA update, many students and families are still waiting for official financial aid offers, even as the traditional May 1 deadline for committing to a college approaches. A survey of members of the National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators this month suggested that fewer than half of colleges had sent out aid offers to some or all accepted students, and that 44 percent had not begun packaging offers at all. Some schools have extended their commitment deadlines to give students time to review offers.

How much does it cost to attend college?

The turmoil around the FAFSA comes amid growing concern about student debt and the cost of attending college. The average published, or “sticker,” price for tuition, fees, housing and meals at a four-year private college was $56,190 for the 2023-24 school year, compared with about $24,000 for an in-state student at a public college, according to the College Board. The published cost of a year at some private colleges is soon to reach $100,000 , although most students don’t pay full price because of financial aid and discounts.

How the Columbia protests sparked campus demonstrations across the country

It just added fuel to the fire.

The decision by Columbia University’s president, Nemat “Minouche” Shafik, to call in the New York Police Department to clear pro-Palestinian protesters from the campus last week appears to have sparked the spate of increasingly strident demonstrations that have erupted at universities in New York City and across the country in recent days, students and faculty members said.

Since Thursday, when police arrested 108 Columbia University demonstrators, including Rep. Ilhan Omar’s daughter, Isra Hirsi, similar protests have erupted on campuses across the country, from New York University and Yale University to the University of Illinois and out west to the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Southern California, which shut its gates late Wednesday because of the growing demonstrations.

The encampment at Columbia sprung up April 17, the day Shafik was grilled about on-campus antisemitism by the Republican-led House Committee on Education and the Workforce. Shafik faced questions about her handling of antisemitism on campus after Hamas' attack on Israel on Oct. 7 alongside two members of Columbia’s Board of Trustees and the head of its antisemitism task force. The next day, Shafik had police clear the encampment; more than 100 protesters were arrested.

That got Rachel, 19, a Columbia student who asked to be identified only by her first name because of fear of retaliation or suspension by the school, off the fence and into one of the tents that pro-Palestinian demonstrators had raised on the campus in upper Manhattan.

“I think that that was sort of the straw that broke the camel’s back, because students had already been feeling incredibly suppressed and censored by President Shafik,” Rachel said.

Noting that the last time a Columbia University president summoned the police to disperse student demonstrators was back in 1968, at the height of the Vietnam War, Rachel said what she called Shafik’s attempt to intimidate them was backfiring.

“Movements inherently boil when they’re facing extra suppression,” she said.

The Columbia students protesting the war have demanded that the school cut financial ties with Israel and divest from Israeli companies. And they have inspired students across the country to do the same.

“This is about solidarity," said Alex, a Jewish student at the University of Michigan who is part of the pro-Palestinian movement and asked to be identified only by his first name out of fear of retaliation. "We have colleges all across the nation performing a synchronized act because we work together. This is a collective movement far beyond the United States."

Organizers say they were also inspired by protests against the apartheid government of South Africa that an earlier generation of Michigan students took part in.

“It’s never been bigger than it is right now,” said a masked male organizer, who asked to remain anonymous out of fear of retaliation. “We’ve seen that this has been effective in achieving concessions from the administration towards divestment from Israel, apartheid and genocide.”

But it has also sparked a backlash, particularly from politicians on the right who have been urging university administrators to crack down hard on the protesters.

"You have to have law and order on campus," House Speaker Mike Johnson, R-La., told NBC News' Stephanie Gosk after he met with Jewish students at Columbia. "Listen, taxpayer funding comes to institutions like this. The American people are demanding that we bring order to this chaos. We have this kind of thing mushrooming around the country right now."

Encampments have continued on Columbia's campus into this week, with Shafik calling for classes to be held virtually Monday and initially giving the demonstrators a deadline of midnight Tuesday to fold up their tents and disperse before she announced that conversations would continue over the next 48 hours without forcing the encampment to be removed.

“We are making important progress with representatives of the student encampment on the West Lawn,” a college spokesperson said.

Marianne Hirsch, a Columbia University English professor, said Shafik has been "squashing peaceful protest, squashing open debate, not allowing students to express their opinions and debate their opinions."

And the fact that Shafik summoned the police last Thursday, a day after she was questioned at the congressional hearing, is no coincidence, she said.

"I’m extremely concerned about antisemitism my entire life, and I’m extremely distressed right now to see how antisemitism is being weaponized and used, misused ... under the guise of safety and security," Hirsch, whose parents were Holocaust survivors, said Tuesday.

Later, Hirsch said she “cannot but agree this is motivated by trying to pacify congressional members who are trying to interfere in the running of this school.”

Early Monday, Shafik said that classes would be held virtually Monday and that school leaders would come together to discuss a way to bring an end to “this crisis.”

Several Jewish students at Columbia have told NBC News the antisemitism they experienced was very real and that they're steering clear of the campus for their own safety.

“The tension is so high,” said Itai Dreifuss, 25, a junior and an Israeli who says he has been spat on and taunted by campus protesters waving Hamas flags. “It’s definitely frustrating to be a part of this campus right now. You feel so helpless, and you feel so exposed.”

Speaking with reporters, Johnson said he heard that Jewish students had been "running for their lives."

Gosk challenged that assertion, telling Johnson that while some Jewish students she spoke with "are certainly afraid for their safety," they are "not running for their lives."

"I had standing room only with a house full of Jewish students talking about the intimidation and threats that they experienced," Johnson replied.

Sueda, a graduate student who helped organize the pro-Palestinian protests at Columbia and asked to be identified only by her first name to avoid reprisals, said students escalated pressure on the university and started the tent encampments after previous forms of protest did not lead to the intended results.

"Have those protests yielded any material results from the university? Have they yielded an acknowledgment of the pain felt by Palestinians and by the community that is in solidarity with them? Have they yielded any statements of sorrow or regret by the university for their overly punitive treatment of pro-Palestinian students? No," she said.

Oren Root, a longtime New York City lawyer and Columbia University graduate who was at the school when anti-Vietnam War protests rocked it in 1968, said Shafik's summoning of police was "an extraordinary miscalculation."

"President Shafik and her advisers clearly didn't learn from history," said Root, who was a top editor at The Spectator, the Columbia student newspaper, in 1968 and 1969. “Calling in the cops was clearly a mistake. Things have not gotten any calmer.”

The decision in 1968 by university President Grayson Kirk to have the police forcibly remove protesters from the buildings they were occupying only inflamed the situation and tarnished Columbia's reputation for many years, Root said.

Root, who called for Shafik's resignation in an opinion piece in The Spectator on Monday , said Columbia also appears to have chosen a side in the Gaza battle.

In response, a spokesperson for Shafik did not address Root's criticisms or the calls for her resignation.

"President Shafik is focused on deescalating the rancor on Columbia’s campus," the spokesperson said in a statement Tuesday. "She is working across campus with members of the faculty, administration, and Board of Trustees, and with state, city, and community leaders, and appreciates their support."

New York police also arrested more than 100 protesters at NYU's Gould Plaza on Monday night.

Pro-Palestinian encampments have also been established at other schools that have been the sites of anti-Israel demonstrations, like the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Texas and California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt.

New York Mayor Eric Adams said this week he believed "outside agitators" were using the Israel-Hamas war as an excuse to cause violence and mayhem in the city.

“We can’t have outside agitators come in and be destructive to our city," Adams said at a news conference Tuesday. "Someone wanted something to happen at that protest at NYU."

It was not clear how many of those arrested at Columbia were students and how many were outsiders. Police did not respond to two requests for comment on the arrests.

Meanwhile, a group of 25 Senate Republicans sent a letter Tuesday to Attorney General Merrick Garland asking the Biden administration to address the protests across the nation.

“These pro-Hamas rioters have effectively shut down college campuses and have literally chased Jewish students away from our schools," the letter read. "You need to take action to restore order and protect Jewish students on our college campuses."

The letter did not ask Garland to take steps to protect the pro-Palestinian protesters.

Doha Madani is a senior breaking news reporter for NBC News. Pronouns: she/her.

Selina Guevara is an NBC News associate producer, based in Chicago.

Corky Siemaszko is a senior reporter for NBC News Digital.

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College of Arts and Sciences recognizes outstanding faculty, staff, and students

Nineteen faculty, four staff, and seven graduate students were honored for outstanding achievement and their commitment to excellence at the 2024 College of Arts and Sciences Appreciation and Recognition Social last week.

Professor Nairanjana (Jan) Dasgupta, a national leader in data analytics, received the college’s distinguished faculty award. Cheryl Schultz and Michael Berger, both in the School of Biological Science at WSU Vancouver, were recognized for outstanding career achievement. Faculty honors also included excellence in teaching and service, and spanned eight disciplines and three campuses.

School of the Environment lab manager Charles Knaack led the staff career achievement awards, and top graduate students were recognized in the humanities, arts, and sciences.

Visit the CAS awards poster gallery to meet all the award recipients.

Undergraduate awards

Twenty-three outstanding seniors , each representing a degree program offered in the College of Arts and Sciences at WSU Pullman, will be honored at a separate medallion ceremony on Friday, May 3, the day before commencement.

The College of Arts and Sciences is the largest academic college in the WSU system, encompassing more than 600 faculty, 180 staff, 580 graduate students, and thousands of undergraduate students across five WSU campuses. The college delivers more than half of all student credit hours of instruction at WSU, and supports scholarly, research, and creative activities across the arts, humanities, sciences, and social sciences.

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