public speaking vs presentation skills

Presentation Skills vs. Public Speaking What’s the Difference?

People often think that public speaking and presentation skills are the same thing and use it interchangeably. After all, public speaking and presentation require you to give a speech in front of an audience. However, this is not the case as there are subtle differences between the two skills. It is advisable to understand the differences to prepare accordingly. This will give you the best results.

Read the article to know about the differences between public speaking skills and presentation skills. 

What is a Presentation Skill?

Presentation skill is defined as when a piece of valuable information is shared with data to an audience. It represents how beautifully you can represent a specific topic along with a speech in front of a crowd. An individual needs to develop qualities to present the data and discuss the information so that the audience will listen to them with undivided attention. Some people have to improve their skills while others may have natural presentation skills. 

What is Public Speaking? 

On the other hand,  public speaking  is defined as the skill to speak effectively and confidently in front of a large crowd. In public speaking, you can share your life experiences to educate the crowd about certain situations. You entertain them with your body language and facial expressions. You perform in a way so that the mass enjoys hearing you and pays attention to your every word. 

You might have observed how a chief guest or organization leader can hook the audience to their seats with their speech and style. It is considered an art so you have to be an artist to draw the attention of the crowd toward you. 

Six Major Differences Between Public Speaking and Presentation Skills

Let us look at the six major differences between public speaking and presentation skills. 

• Skills Required

Public speaking is the art of transferring knowledge from one person to another. It is mostly used to motivate and encourage the audience. According to some experts, public speaking requires only the skills of a speaker to present themselves verbally with different communication styles among the live audience and entertain them. 

On the other hand, presentation skill requires an individual to combine their verbal skills with writing abilities. It requires an individual to work on visuals such as Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides, or any other applications. 

• Preparation Time

Public speaking  is an art rather than a skill. The audience would expect you to do a good job when you have enough time for preparation but a good speaker can resonate with the audience even if they are put on the spot! Public speaking might be spontaneous. In extempore, it is spontaneous. The speaker is given a topic and a few minutes to prepare for the topic. 

Now, presentation is always a prepared act. An individual has ample time to prepare for their presentation. He is ready with all the information and facts with slide shows. A presentation is given on a specific topic and the presenter has enough time to collect data and information and prepare the tables and charts. 

Since public speaking is an art, it is creative. It can be formal or informal depending on the occasion and the place. The delivery style is different for every individual. Every individual has their weaknesses and strengths. Every speaker has a unique style that cannot be learned. Moreover, the speaker has the freedom to formulate their communication style. 

The presentation is formal. It has to be delivered according to instructions and guidelines. The presenter cannot incorporate their communication and delivery style . They have to follow the format of a presentation. Moreover, they have a limited scope to add their creativity to the presentation. 

• The Purpose of the Speaker

Debate is one of the forms of public speaking where every participant speaks either in favor or against the topic. Most forms of public speaking work in this manner where the purpose of the speaker is to convince the audience with the stance of the speaker. 

In a presentation, the topic is explained in detail highlighting every important point. The presenter has no particular stance. They provide every information related to the topic. The purpose of the presenter is to educate the audience about the topic in a detailed way. 

• Size and Type of Audience

In public speaking, a speaker can address a crowd ranging from a few people to large gatherings. An interview where two people are talking and a standup comedian entertaining a large crowd are examples of public speaking. The types of audience are unknown people. The speaker has not met them nor does he know the audience. 

A presentation is presented in front of a defined set of people who are limited in numbers. Students presenting a presentation in a class and a manager talking about prospects’ business ideas with a client are examples of presentation skills. 

• Format of the Communication

Public speaking is giving a speech in front of a large audience. It involves various types of communication skills ranging from giving a speech or a debate to motivating the audience through storytelling or Ted Talks. It also involves poetry recitation to stand-up comedies to entertain the live audience. However, technology has advanced these days. Today, public speaking is defined as any form of communication between a speaker and the audience.

A presentation involves visual and spoken communication in the form of a slide show or an audiovisual slide show. Here, the topic is not only communicated to the audience but is supported with tables, charts, diagrams, images, and others. In the case of a presentation, the presenter knows the audience and is familiar with them. 

In a Nutshell

Public speaking  and presentation skills are important aspects for an individual to grow in their personal as well as professional lives. Orator Academy understands this and brings you a platform where you can enhance your skills. It brings you the online course for public speaking skills and presentation skills training . The course overviews are designed by experts for beginners as well as intermediates. The coach is dedicated to helping you and will guide you at every step. Click on the official website of Orator Academy to learn more.

Vineeta Khanna

Vineeta Khanna is one of the most well known and successful public speaking coaches In New York and New Jersey. As the founder of Orator Academy, she has helped hundreds of young students and working professionals to become confident speakers.

Vineeta has worked with hundreds of students of all ages: elementary school students, college students, interns, job seekers, Wall Street professionals, home makers, IT professionals, teachers and more.

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Difference Between Public Speaking And Presentation: Explained

Delve into the world of Difference Between Public Speaking and Presentation. Gain insights into the fundamental distinctions between public speaking and presentation skills. Explore the nuances of each, uncover the key differences, and highlight the surprising similarities. Discover strategies to master both public speaking and presentation skills.

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So, by gaining a deeper understanding of the Difference Between Public Speaking and Presentation, you can leverage these skills appropriately in various scenarios. But how are they different, and how can they enhance your ability to influence others? Worry no more. 

Read this blog to learn about the Difference Between Public Speaking and Presentation. Also, explore the key elements and techniques that make each of these unique. 

Table of contents  

1) Understanding Public Speaking 

2) Exploring Presentation skills 

3) Public Speaking and Presentation Skills – Key differences 

4) Similarities between Public Speaking and Presentations 

5) How can you master Public Speaking and Presentation skills? 

6) Conclusion 

Understanding Public Speaking  

Public Speaking is a powerful form of communication that allows individuals to deliver a message, express their thoughts and ideas, and engage with an audience. It is a skill that plays a significant role in various aspects of life, from personal relationships to professional success. 

Public Speaking is the act of speaking to a group of people in a formal or informal setting to convey information, persuade, inspire, or entertain. It involves effectively delivering a message through verbal communication, utilising language, tone, and body language to captivate and engage the listeners. 

Importance of Public Speaking Skills  

Developing strong Public Speaking Skills is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it empowers individuals to articulate their ideas confidently and clearly. Delivering a Presentation in the workplace, speaking at a conference, or even expressing oneself in social settings, the ability to communicate effectively can greatly impact how ideas are perceived and understood. 

Secondly, Public Speaking Skills are essential for professional growth and success. Many leadership positions require individuals to be able to address and inspire teams, present ideas to clients, and represent their organisations in public forums. Mastering the art of Public Speaking can significantly enhance career prospects and open doors to new opportunities.  

Elements of Effective Public Speaking  

To become an effective Public Speaker, several elements should be considered: 

a) Clear and concise message delivery: A successful Public Speaker communicates their message clearly, ensuring the audience understands the main points and takeaways. 

b) Engaging storytelling techniques: Storytelling captivates an audience and helps them connect emotionally with the speaker's message. Incorporating anecdotes, examples, and narratives can make the speech more memorable and impactful. 

c) Effective use of vocal variety and body language: Public Speaking is not just about words; it’s about how they are delivered. Skilful use of the vocal variety, such as tone, pace, and emphasis, can add depth and meaning to the speech. Similarly, utilising appropriate body language, such as gestures and facial expressions, enhances the speaker’s credibility and engagement with the audience. 

Exploring Presentation skills  

Presentations are a common and essential form of communication in various professional and educational settings. It can be defined as a structured communication process that involves delivering information to an audience using visual aids such as slides, charts, or multimedia. 

It serves as a tool to enhance understanding, engage listeners visually, and support the speaker’s message. Further, Presentations can occur in boardrooms, classrooms, conferences, or any setting where information needs to be effectively communicated. 

Importance of Presentation skills  

Developing strong Presentation skills is essential in today’s fast-paced and visually-oriented world. Whether in business, academia, or other professional fields, the ability to deliver compelling Presentations can make a significant impact. 

Effective Presentation skills enable individuals to organise content, engage the audience, and leave a memorable impression. To deliver an impactful Presentation, several components should be considered: 

a) Clear structure and organisation: A well-structured Presentation follows a logical flow, with a clear introduction, main points, and conclusion. It allows the audience to follow along easily and comprehend the key ideas being presented. 

b)  Engaging visual design and layout: Visual design plays a crucial role in capturing the audience's attention and conveying information effectively. Using consistent colour schemes, appropriate fonts, and visually appealing layouts can enhance the visual impact of the Presentation. 

c) Effective use of multimedia elements : Integrating multimedia elements such as images, videos, or audio clips can enhance understanding and engage the audience on multiple sensory levels. These elements should be relevant, well-timed, and used sparingly to avoid overwhelming the audience. 

d) Skillful delivery and timing: A successful Presentation requires effective delivery skills. This includes maintaining eye contact, speaking clearly and audibly, and utilising appropriate pacing and pauses. The timing of the Presentation should be well-managed to ensure audience engagement throughout. 

Public Speaking and Presentation Skills – Key differences  

While Public Speaking and Presentations are related forms of communication, they have distinct characteristics that set them apart. Understanding these differences can help individuals navigate various communication scenarios effectively. Let’s explore the key differences between Public Speaking and Presentations: 

Level of interactivity  

One significant Difference Between Public Speaking and Presentations lies in the level of interactivity with the audience. In Public Speaking, there is often direct engagement with the audience, allowing for questions, discussions, and active participation. The speaker may seek audience feedback, encourage dialogue, or facilitate interactive activities to foster engagement. 

Presentations, on the other hand, typically have a more one-way communication style. While there might be opportunities for questions at the end, the focus is primarily on delivering the content in a structured manner. Presenters often rely on visual aids and slides to support their message, aiming to inform or educate the audience rather than actively engage them in a dialogue. 

Time frame and structure  

Public Speaking engagements can vary significantly in terms of duration. They can range from brief speeches delivered in a few minutes to longer keynote addresses that span an hour or more. Public Speakers have the flexibility to adapt their content and delivery style based on the time allotted and the specific needs of the audience. 

Presentations, on the other hand, are typically more time-bound and follow a structured format. They often have a designated time limit, requiring presenters to plan and organise their content within that timeframe carefully. Presentations commonly follow a clear beginning, middle, and end, with a predefined agenda or outline to guide the flow of information. 

Use of visual aids  

Visual aids are crucial in Presentations, supporting the content being delivered. Presenters often rely on slides, charts, graphs, or other visual elements to enhance understanding and engage the audience visually. These visual aids serve as a complementary tool, reinforcing key points and visual representation of data or concepts. 

In Public Speaking, the use of visual aids is not as prevalent. While speakers may incorporate visual elements sparingly, the focus is primarily on the verbal delivery and the speaker’s ability to captivate the audience through storytelling, rhetoric, or personal connection. Public Speakers rely more on their communication skills and the power of their words to convey their message effectively. 

Emphasis on persuasion vs. information  

Another Difference Between Public Speaking and Presentations lies in the emphasis on persuasion versus information. Public Speaking often aims to persuade and influence the audience. Whether it’s convincing them to adopt a certain viewpoint, take action, or change their perspective, Public Speakers utilise persuasive techniques such as rhetoric, emotional appeals, and logical arguments to sway the audience’s opinions or attitudes. 

Presentations, on the other hand, primarily focus on providing information and delivering content clearly and concisely. While there may be elements of persuasion involved, such as influencing the audience’s understanding or decision-making process, the primary goal of a Presentation is to convey information accurately and effectively. 

Degree of formality  

Public Speaking and Presentations also differ in terms of formality. Public Speaking can encompass a wide range of settings, from formal events such as conferences or academic lectures to more informal gatherings or impromptu speeches. The level of formality may vary depending on the context and the expectations of the audience. 

On the other hand, presentations tend to be more structured and formal. They often involve preparing and delivering information professionally, such as in business meetings, educational settings, or corporate Presentations. Presenters are expected to adhere to certain guidelines and standards of professionalism in their delivery. 

Enhance your Public Speaking skills and become a confident speaker with our Public Speaking Training .  

Similarities between Public Speaking and Presentations  

While Public Speaking and Presentations have distinct characteristics, they also share several similarities that contribute to effective communication. Understanding these commonalities can help individuals enhance their skills in both areas. So, Let’s learn about the similarities between Public Speaking and Presentations: 

Effect on the audience  

Both Public Speaking and Presentations can be measured in terms of their effectiveness. In both scenarios, the speaker's ability to engage the audience, convey the intended message clearly, and leave a lasting impact are crucial factors. 

Evaluating the audience's response, feedback, and level of understanding can provide insights into the effectiveness of both Public Speaking and Presentations. 

Communication skills  

Effective communication skills are vital in both Public Speaking and Presentations. Clear articulation, proper use of body language, tone of voice, and the ability to engage the audience are essential elements for success. Whether it's capturing the attention of the listeners during a Public Speaking engagement or delivering a compelling Presentation, honing communication skills is critical in both scenarios. 

Audience size  

The size of the audience can vary in both Public Speaking and Presentations. While Public Speaking often involves addressing a larger audience, such as in conferences or seminars, Presentations can range from small groups to larger gatherings. In both cases, speakers need to adapt their communication style, engage the audience, and tailor their content to meet the expectations and needs of the listeners. 

Creativity window  

Both Public Speaking and Presentations provide an opportunity for speakers to showcase their creativity. Whether using storytelling techniques, incorporating visual aids, or employing rhetorical devices, creativity plays a significant role in capturing the audience’s attention and conveying the message effectively. The ability to think outside the box and present ideas in an engaging and innovative manner can elevate both Public Speaking and Presentations. 

The overall goal of the speaker  

While the specific objectives may vary, the overall goal of the speaker remains consistent in both Public Speaking and Presentations. It is to effectively communicate a message, share knowledge, influence opinions, or inspire action. Whether it's delivering a motivational speech or presenting a business proposal, the speaker aims to engage the audience, leave an impact, and achieve the desired outcome. 

Gain in-depth knowledge of communicating through interactive diagrams with our Visual Communication Training .  

How to master Public Speaking and Presentation skills?   

a) Research and analyse your audience to tailor your content and delivery to their interests and needs. 

b) Craft concise messages that are easy to understand, avoiding jargon or complex language. 

c) Rehearse your speech or Presentation multiple times to build confidence and improve delivery. 

d)Use appropriate gestures, maintain eye contact, and control your vocal tone to enhance communication. 

e) Incorporate visual elements such as slides or props to enhance understanding and engagement. 

f) Encourage interaction, ask rhetorical questions, or use storytelling techniques to captivate the audience. 

g) Be flexible in adapting your communication style to different formal or informal settings. 

h) Be yourself and let your passion and enthusiasm shine through in your delivery. 

Conclusion  

Understanding the Difference Between Public Speaking and Presentation skills is a valuable asset that can greatly enhance your communication abilities. By understanding these differences, you can become a confident and compelling communicator, making a lasting impact on your personal and professional endeavours. Learn how to communicate effectively and become a catalyst of change with our Communication Skills Training .  

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6 presentation skills and how to improve them

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What are presentation skills?

The importance of presentation skills, 6 presentation skills examples, how to improve presentation skills.

Tips for dealing with presentation anxiety

Learn how to captivate an audience with ease

Capturing an audience’s attention takes practice. 

Over time, great presenters learn how to organize their speeches and captivate an audience from start to finish. They spark curiosity, know how to read a room , and understand what their audience needs to walk away feeling like they learned something valuable.

Regardless of your profession, you most likely use presentation skills on a monthly or even weekly basis. Maybe you lead brainstorming sessions or host client calls. 

Developing effective presentation skills makes it easier to contribute ideas with confidence and show others you’re someone to trust. Although speaking in front of a crowd sometimes brings nerves and anxiety , it also sparks new opportunities.

Presentation skills are the qualities and abilities you need to communicate ideas effectively and deliver a compelling speech. They influence how you structure a presentation and how an audience receives it. Understanding body language , creating impactful visual aids, and projecting your voice all fall under this umbrella.

A great presentation depends on more than what you say. It’s about how you say it. Storytelling , stage presence, and voice projection all shape how well you express your ideas and connect with the audience. These skills do take practice, but they’re worth developing — especially if public speaking makes you nervous. 

Engaging a crowd isn’t easy. You may feel anxious to step in front of an audience and have all eyes and ears on you.

But feeling that anxiety doesn’t mean your ideas aren’t worth sharing. Whether you’re giving an inspiring speech or delivering a monthly recap at work, your audience is there to listen to you. Harness that nervous energy and turn it into progress.

Strong presentation skills make it easier to convey your thoughts to audiences of all sizes. They can help you tell a compelling story, convince people of a pitch , or teach a group something entirely new to them. And when it comes to the workplace, the strength of your presentation skills could play a part in getting a promotion or contributing to a new initiative.

To fully understand the impact these skills have on creating a successful presentation, it’s helpful to look at each one individually. Here are six valuable skills you can develop:

1. Active listening

Active listening is an excellent communication skill for any professional to hone. When you have strong active listening skills, you can listen to others effectively and observe their nonverbal cues . This helps you assess whether or not your audience members are engaged in and understand what you’re sharing. 

Great public speakers use active listening to assess the audience’s reactions and adjust their speech if they find it lacks impact. Signs like slouching, negative facial expressions, and roaming eye contact are all signs to watch out for when giving a presentation.

2. Body language

If you’re researching presentation skills, chances are you’ve already watched a few notable speeches like TED Talks or industry seminars. And one thing you probably noticed is that speakers can capture attention with their body language. 

A mixture of eye contact, hand gestures , and purposeful pacing makes a presentation more interesting and engaging. If you stand in one spot and don’t move your body, the audience might zone out.

3. Stage presence

A great stage presence looks different for everyone. A comedian might aim for more movement and excitement, and a conference speaker might focus their energy on the content of their speech. Although neither is better than the other, both understand their strengths and their audience’s needs. 

Developing a stage presence involves finding your own unique communication style . Lean into your strengths, whether that’s adding an injection of humor or asking questions to make it interactive . To give a great presentation, you might even incorporate relevant props or presentation slides.

4. Storytelling

According to Forbes, audiences typically pay attention for about 10 minutes before tuning out . But you can lengthen their attention span by offering a presentation that interests them for longer. Include a narrative they’ll want to listen to, and tell a story as you go along. 

Shaping your content to follow a clear narrative can spark your audience’s curiosity and entice them to pay careful attention. You can use anecdotes from your personal or professional life that take your audience along through relevant moments. If you’re pitching a product, you can start with a problem and lead your audience through the stages of how your product provides a solution.

5. Voice projection

Although this skill may be obvious, you need your audience to hear what you’re saying. This can be challenging if you’re naturally soft-spoken and struggle to project your voice.

Remember to straighten your posture and take deep breaths before speaking, which will help you speak louder and fill the room. If you’re talking into a microphone or participating in a virtual meeting, you can use your regular conversational voice, but you still want to sound confident and self-assured with a strong tone.

If you’re unsure whether everyone can hear you, you can always ask the audience at the beginning of your speech and wait for confirmation. That way, they won’t have to potentially interrupt you later.

Ensuring everyone can hear you also includes your speed and annunciation. It’s easy to speak quickly when nervous, but try to slow down and pronounce every word. Mumbling can make your presentation difficult to understand and pay attention to.

6. Verbal communication 

Although verbal communication involves your projection and tone, it also covers the language and pacing you use to get your point across. This includes where you choose to place pauses in your speech or the tone you use to emphasize important ideas.

If you’re giving a presentation on collaboration in the workplace , you might start your speech by saying, “There’s something every workplace needs to succeed: teamwork.” By placing emphasis on the word “ teamwork ,” you give your audience a hint on what ideas will follow.

To further connect with your audience through diction, pay careful attention to who you’re speaking to. The way you talk to your colleagues might be different from how you speak to a group of superiors, even if you’re discussing the same subject. You might use more humor and a conversational tone for the former and more serious, formal diction for the latter.

Everyone has strengths and weaknesses when it comes to presenting. Maybe you’re confident in your use of body language, but your voice projection needs work. Maybe you’re a great storyteller in small group settings, but need to work on your stage presence in front of larger crowds. 

The first step to improving presentation skills is pinpointing your gaps and determining which qualities to build upon first. Here are four tips for enhancing your presentation skills:

1. Build self-confidence

Confident people know how to speak with authority and share their ideas. Although feeling good about your presentation skills is easier said than done, building confidence is key to helping your audience believe in what you’re saying. Try practicing positive self-talk and continuously researching your topic's ins and outs.

If you don’t feel confident on the inside, fake it until you make it. Stand up straight, project your voice, and try your best to appear engaged and excited. Chances are, the audience doesn’t know you’re unsure of your skills — and they don’t need to.

Another tip is to lean into your slideshow, if you’re using one. Create something colorful and interesting so the audience’s eyes fall there instead of on you. And when you feel proud of your slideshow, you’ll be more eager to share it with others, bringing more energy to your presentation.

2. Watch other presentations

Developing the soft skills necessary for a good presentation can be challenging without seeing them in action. Watch as many as possible to become more familiar with public speaking skills and what makes a great presentation. You could attend events with keynote speakers or view past speeches on similar topics online.

Take a close look at how those presenters use verbal communication and body language to engage their audiences. Grab a notebook and jot down what you enjoyed and your main takeaways. Try to recall the techniques they used to emphasize their main points, whether they used pauses effectively, had interesting visual aids, or told a fascinating story.

3. Get in front of a crowd

You don’t need a large auditorium to practice public speaking. There are dozens of other ways to feel confident and develop good presentation skills.

If you’re a natural comedian, consider joining a small stand-up comedy club. If you’re an avid writer, participate in a public poetry reading. Even music and acting can help you feel more comfortable in front of a crowd.

If you’d rather keep it professional, you can still work on your presentation skills in the office. Challenge yourself to participate at least once in every team meeting, or plan and present a project to become more comfortable vocalizing your ideas. You could also speak to your manager about opportunities that flex your public speaking abilities.

4. Overcome fear

Many people experience feelings of fear before presenting in front of an audience, whether those feelings appear as a few butterflies or more severe anxiety. Try grounding yourself to shift your focus to the present moment. If you’re stuck dwelling on previous experiences that didn’t go well, use those mistakes as learning experiences and focus on what you can improve to do better in the future.

Tips for dealing with presentation anxiety 

It’s normal to feel nervous when sharing your ideas. In fact, according to a report from the Journal of Graduate Medical Education, public speaking anxiety is prevalent in 15–30% of the general population .

Even though having a fear of public speaking is common, it doesn’t make it easier. You might feel overwhelmed, become stiff, and forget what you were going to say. But although the moment might scare you, there are ways to overcome the fear and put mind over matter.

Use these tactics to reduce your stress when you have to make a presentation:

1. Practice breathing techniques

If you experience anxiety often, you’re probably familiar with breathing techniques for stress relief . Incorporating these exercises into your daily routine can help you stop worrying and regulate anxious feelings. 

Before a big presentation, take a moment alone to practice breathing techniques, ground yourself, and reduce tension. It’s also a good idea to take breaths throughout the presentation to speak slower and calm yourself down .

2. Get organized

The more organized you are, the more prepared you’ll feel. Carefully outline all of the critical information you want to use in your presentation, including your main talking points and visual aids, so you don’t forget anything. Use bullet points and visuals on each slide to remind you of what you want to talk about, and create handheld notes to help you stay on track.

3. Embrace moments of silence

It’s okay to lose your train of thought. It happens to even the most experienced public speakers once in a while. If your mind goes blank, don’t panic. Take a moment to breathe, gather your thoughts, and refer to your notes to see where you left off. You can drink some water or make a quick joke to ease the silence or regain your footing. And it’s okay to say, “Give me a moment while I find my notes.” Chances are, people understand the position you’re in.

4. Practice makes progress

Before presenting, rehearse in front of friends and family members you trust. This gives you the chance to work out any weak spots in your speech and become comfortable communicating out loud. If you want to go the extra mile, ask your makeshift audience to ask a surprise question. This tests your on-the-spot thinking and will prove that you can keep cool when things come up.

Whether you’re new to public speaking or are a seasoned presenter, you’re bound to make a few slip-ups. It happens to everyone. The most important thing is that you try your best, brush things off, and work on improving your skills to do better in your next presentation.

Although your job may require a different level of public speaking than your favorite TED Talk , developing presentation skills is handy in any profession. You can use presentation skills in a wide range of tasks in the workplace, whether you’re sharing your ideas with colleagues, expressing concerns to higher-ups, or pitching strategies to potential clients.

Remember to use active listening to read the room and engage your audience with an interesting narrative. Don’t forget to step outside your comfort zone once in a while and put your skills to practice in front of a crowd. After facing your fears, you’ll feel confident enough to put presentation skills on your resume.

If you’re trying to build your skills and become a better employee overall, try a communications coach with BetterUp. 

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The 11 tips that will improve your public speaking skills

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Ideas and insights from Harvard Business Publishing Corporate Learning

Powerful and Effective Presentation Skills: More in Demand Now Than Ever

When we talk with our L&D colleagues from around the globe, we often hear that presentation skills training is one of the top opportunities they’re looking to provide their learners. And this holds true whether their learners are individual contributors, people managers, or senior leaders. This is not surprising.

Effective communications skills are a powerful career activator, and most of us are called upon to communicate in some type of formal presentation mode at some point along the way.

For instance, you might be asked to brief management on market research results, walk your team through a new process, lay out the new budget, or explain a new product to a client or prospect. Or you may want to build support for a new idea, bring a new employee into the fold, or even just present your achievements to your manager during your performance review.

And now, with so many employees working from home or in hybrid mode, and business travel in decline, there’s a growing need to find new ways to make effective presentations when the audience may be fully virtual or a combination of in person and remote attendees.

Whether you’re making a standup presentation to a large live audience, or a sit-down one-on-one, whether you’re delivering your presentation face to face or virtually, solid presentation skills matter.

Even the most seasoned and accomplished presenters may need to fine-tune or update their skills. Expectations have changed over the last decade or so. Yesterday’s PowerPoint which primarily relied on bulleted points, broken up by the occasional clip-art image, won’t cut it with today’s audience.

The digital revolution has revolutionized the way people want to receive information. People expect presentations that are more visually interesting. They expect to see data, metrics that support assertions. And now, with so many previously in-person meetings occurring virtually, there’s an entirely new level of technical preparedness required.

The leadership development tools and the individual learning opportunities you’re providing should include presentation skills training that covers both the evergreen fundamentals and the up-to-date capabilities that can make or break a presentation.

So, just what should be included in solid presentation skills training? Here’s what I think.

The fundamentals will always apply When it comes to making a powerful and effective presentation, the fundamentals will always apply. You need to understand your objective. Is it strictly to convey information, so that your audience’s knowledge is increased? Is it to persuade your audience to take some action? Is it to convince people to support your idea? Once you understand what your objective is, you need to define your central message. There may be a lot of things you want to share with your audience during your presentation, but find – and stick with – the core, the most important point you want them to walk away with. And make sure that your message is clear and compelling.

You also need to tailor your presentation to your audience. Who are they and what might they be expecting? Say you’re giving a product pitch to a client. A technical team may be interested in a lot of nitty-gritty product detail. The business side will no doubt be more interested in what returns they can expect on their investment.

Another consideration is the setting: is this a formal presentation to a large audience with questions reserved for the end, or a presentation in a smaller setting where there’s the possibility for conversation throughout? Is your presentation virtual or in-person? To be delivered individually or as a group? What time of the day will you be speaking? Will there be others speaking before you and might that impact how your message will be received?

Once these fundamentals are established, you’re in building mode. What are the specific points you want to share that will help you best meet your objective and get across your core message? Now figure out how to convey those points in the clearest, most straightforward, and succinct way. This doesn’t mean that your presentation has to be a series of clipped bullet points. No one wants to sit through a presentation in which the presenter reads through what’s on the slide. You can get your points across using stories, fact, diagrams, videos, props, and other types of media.

Visual design matters While you don’t want to clutter up your presentation with too many visual elements that don’t serve your objective and can be distracting, using a variety of visual formats to convey your core message will make your presentation more memorable than slides filled with text. A couple of tips: avoid images that are cliched and overdone. Be careful not to mix up too many different types of images. If you’re using photos, stick with photos. If you’re using drawn images, keep the style consistent. When data are presented, stay consistent with colors and fonts from one type of chart to the next. Keep things clear and simple, using data to support key points without overwhelming your audience with too much information. And don’t assume that your audience is composed of statisticians (unless, of course, it is).

When presenting qualitative data, brief videos provide a way to engage your audience and create emotional connection and impact. Word clouds are another way to get qualitative data across.

Practice makes perfect You’ve pulled together a perfect presentation. But it likely won’t be perfect unless it’s well delivered. So don’t forget to practice your presentation ahead of time. Pro tip: record yourself as you practice out loud. This will force you to think through what you’re going to say for each element of your presentation. And watching your recording will help you identify your mistakes—such as fidgeting, using too many fillers (such as “umm,” or “like”), or speaking too fast.

A key element of your preparation should involve anticipating any technical difficulties. If you’ve embedded videos, make sure they work. If you’re presenting virtually, make sure that the lighting is good, and that your speaker and camera are working. Whether presenting in person or virtually, get there early enough to work out any technical glitches before your presentation is scheduled to begin. Few things are a bigger audience turn-off than sitting there watching the presenter struggle with the delivery mechanisms!

Finally, be kind to yourself. Despite thorough preparation and practice, sometimes, things go wrong, and you need to recover in the moment, adapt, and carry on. It’s unlikely that you’ll have caused any lasting damage and the important thing is to learn from your experience, so your next presentation is stronger.

How are you providing presentation skills training for your learners?

Manika Gandhi is Senior Learning Design Manager at Harvard Business Publishing Corporate Learning. Email her at [email protected] .

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What is the difference between presentation and public speaking training?

Published on March 18, 2015

Presenting involves speaking to a specific objective, coordinating that speech with a series of images or slides that are designed to reinforce that objective, and measuring the outcome .

Public speaking is a more generalized set of spoken communication skills.

Both public speaking training and presentation training are critical skills for professionals to master. Just make sure that when you hire a trainer you know which you are getting.

Presentation training should:

1. Explain content development and content curation, 2. Discuss slide design and design principles, 3. Train participants to coordinate the spoken and visual elements of the presentation, 4. Provide a mechanism for cataloging and measuring improvement, 5. Focus on measurable outcomes.

You presentation trainer should include these elements in addition to training in these traditional public speaking skills: eye contact, gestures and body language, pace, voice projection, and responding to audience questions.

TED’s Official Public Speaking Course

Master a variety of communication skills with TED’s official public speaking course, now available on YouTube Courses. This course will teach you how to identify, develop and share your best ideas with the world.

YouTube Courses are currently only available in the United States, but YouTube is working on expanding into other regions in 2023.

The proceeds from this course support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission of creating and distributing free, high-quality animations.

Master the art of public speaking

• Craft them into compelling narratives.
• Present so that people want to listen.

Become a better communicator

• Establish a connection with your listeners.
• Give more persuasive presentations.
• Explain complex ideas.

© 2024 TED Conferences, LLC. All rights reserved. Please note that the TED Talks Usage policy does not apply to this content and is not subject to our creative commons license.

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Article • 13 min read

Better Public Speaking

Becoming a confident, compelling speaker.

By the Mind Tools Content Team

Whether we're talking in a team meeting or presenting in front of an audience, we all have to speak in public from time to time.

We can do this well or we can do this badly, and the outcome strongly affects the way that people think about us. This is why public speaking causes so much anxiety and concern.

The good news is that, with thorough preparation and practice, you can overcome your nervousness and perform exceptionally well. This article and video explain how.

Click here to view a transcript of this video.

The Importance of Public Speaking

Even if you don't need to make regular presentations in front of a group, there are plenty of situations where good public speaking skills can help you advance your career and create opportunities.

For example, you might have to talk about your organization at a conference, make a speech after accepting an award, or teach a class to new recruits. Speaking to an audience also includes online presentations or talks; for instance, when training a virtual team, or when speaking to a group of customers in an online meeting.

Good public speaking skills are important in other areas of your life, as well. You might be asked to make a speech at a friend's wedding, give a eulogy for a loved one, or inspire a group of volunteers at a charity event.

In short, being a good public speaker can enhance your reputation, boost your self-confidence , and open up countless opportunities.

However, while good skills can open doors, poor ones can close them. For example, your boss might decide against promoting you after sitting through a badly-delivered presentation. You might lose a valuable new contract by failing to connect with a prospect during a sales pitch. Or you could make a poor impression with your new team, because you trip over your words and don't look people in the eye.

Make sure that you learn how to speak well!

Strategies for Becoming a Better Speaker

The good news is that speaking in public is a learnable skill. As such, you can use the following strategies to become a better speaker and presenter.

Plan Appropriately

First, make sure that you plan your communication appropriately. Use tools like the Rhetorical Triangle , Monroe's Motivated Sequence , and the 7Cs of Communication to think about how you'll structure what you're going to say.

When you do this, think about how important a book's first paragraph is; if it doesn't grab you, you're likely going to put it down. The same principle goes for your speech: from the beginning, you need to intrigue your audience.

For example, you could start with an interesting statistic, headline, or fact that pertains to what you're talking about and resonates with your audience. You can also use story telling as a powerful opener; our Expert Interviews with Annette Simmons and Paul Smith offer some useful tips on doing this.

Planning also helps you to think on your feet . This is especially important for unpredictable question and answer sessions or last-minute communications.

Remember that not all occasions when you need to speak in public will be scheduled. You can make good impromptu speeches by having ideas and mini-speeches pre-prepared. It also helps to have a good, thorough understanding of what's going on in your organization and industry.

There's a good reason that we say, "Practice makes perfect!" You simply cannot be a confident, compelling speaker without practice.

To get practice, seek opportunities to speak in front of others. For example, Toastmasters is a club geared specifically towards aspiring speakers, and you can get plenty of practice at Toastmasters sessions. You could also put yourself in situations that require public speaking, such as by cross-training a group from another department, or by volunteering to speak at team meetings.

If you're going to be delivering a presentation or prepared speech, create it as early as possible. The earlier you put it together, the more time you'll have to practice.

Practice it plenty of times alone, using the resources you'll rely on at the event, and, as you practice, tweak your words until they flow smoothly and easily.

Then, if appropriate, do a dummy run in front of a small audience: this will help you calm your jitters and make you feel more comfortable with the material. Your audience can also give you useful feedback , both on your material and on your performance.

Engage With Your Audience

When you speak, try to engage your audience. This makes you feel less isolated as a speaker and keeps everyone involved with your message. If appropriate, ask leading questions targeted to individuals or groups, and encourage people to participate and ask questions.

Keep in mind that some words reduce your power as a speaker. For instance, think about how these sentences sound: "I just want to add that I think we can meet these goals" or "I just think this plan is a good one." The words "just" and "I think" limit your authority and conviction. Don't use them.

A similar word is "actually," as in, "Actually, I'd like to add that we were under budget last quarter." When you use "actually," it conveys a sense of submissiveness or even surprise. Instead, say what things are. "We were under budget last quarter" is clear and direct.

Also, pay attention to how you're speaking. If you're nervous, you might talk quickly. This increases the chances that you'll trip over your words, or say something you don't mean. Force yourself to slow down by breathing deeply. Don't be afraid to gather your thoughts; pauses are an important part of conversation, and they make you sound confident, natural, and authentic.

Finally, avoid reading word-for-word from your notes. Instead, make a list of important points on cue cards, or, as you get better at public speaking, try to memorize what you're going to say – you can still refer back to your cue cards when you need them.

Pay Attention to Body Language

If you're unaware of it, your body language will give your audience constant, subtle clues about your inner state. If you're nervous, or if you don't believe in what you're saying, the audience can soon know.

Pay attention to your body language: stand up straight, take deep breaths, look people in the eye, and smile. Don't lean on one leg or use gestures that feel unnatural.

Many people prefer to speak behind a podium when giving presentations. While podiums can be useful for holding notes, they put a barrier between you and the audience. They can also become a "crutch," giving you a hiding place from the dozens or hundreds of eyes that are on you.

Instead of standing behind a podium, walk around and use gestures to engage the audience. This movement and energy will also come through in your voice, making it more active and passionate.

Think Positively

Positive thinking can make a huge difference to the success of your communication, because it helps you feel more confident.

Fear makes it all too easy to slip into a cycle of negative self-talk, especially right before you speak, while self-sabotaging thoughts such as "I'll never be good at this!" or "I'm going to fall flat on my face!" lower your confidence and increase the chances that you won't achieve what you're truly capable of.

Use affirmations and visualization to raise your confidence. This is especially important right before your speech or presentation. Visualize giving a successful presentation, and imagine how you'll feel once it's over and when you've made a positive difference for others. Use positive affirmations such as "I'm grateful I have the opportunity to help my audience" or "I'm going to do well!"

Cope With Nerves

How often have you listened to or watched a speaker who really messed up? Chances are, the answer is "not very often."

When we have to speak in front of others, we can envision terrible things happening. We imagine forgetting every point we want to make, passing out from our nervousness, or doing so horribly that we'll lose our job. But those things almost never come to pass! We build them up in our minds and end up more nervous than we need to be.

Many people cite speaking to an audience as their biggest fear, and a fear of failure is often at the root of this. Public speaking can lead your "fight or flight" response to kick in: adrenaline courses through your bloodstream, your heart rate increases, you sweat, and your breath becomes fast and shallow.

Although these symptoms can be annoying or even debilitating, the Inverted-U Model shows that a certain amount of pressure enhances performance. By changing your mindset, you can use nervous energy to your advantage.

First, make an effort to stop thinking about yourself, your nervousness, and your fear. Instead, focus on your audience: what you're saying is "about them." Remember that you're trying to help or educate them in some way, and your message is more important than your fear. Concentrate on the audience's wants and needs, instead of your own.

If time allows, use deep breathing exercises to slow your heart rate and give your body the oxygen it needs to perform. This is especially important right before you speak. Take deep breaths from your belly, hold each one for several seconds, and let it out slowly.

Crowds are more intimidating than individuals, so think of your speech as a conversation that you're having with one person. Although your audience may be 100 people, focus on one friendly face at a time, and talk to that person as if he or she is the only one in the room.

Watch Recordings of Your Speeches

Whenever possible, record your presentations and speeches. You can improve your speaking skills dramatically by watching yourself later, and then working on improving in areas that didn't go well.

As you watch, notice any verbal stalls, such as "um" or "like." Look at your body language: are you swaying, leaning on the podium, or leaning heavily on one leg? Are you looking at the audience? Did you smile? Did you speak clearly at all times?

Pay attention to your gestures. Do they appear natural or forced? Make sure that people can see them, especially if you're standing behind a podium.

Last, look at how you handled interruptions, such as a sneeze or a question that you weren't prepared for. Does your face show surprise, hesitation, or annoyance? If so, practice managing interruptions like these smoothly, so that you're even better next time.

Chances are that you'll sometimes have to speak in public as part of your role. While this can seem intimidating, the benefits of being able to speak well outweigh any perceived fears. To become a better speaker, use the following strategies:

• Plan appropriately.
• Engage with your audience.
• Pay attention to body language.
• Think positively.
• Cope with your nerves.
• Watch recordings of your speeches.

If you speak well in public, it can help you get a job or promotion, raise awareness for your team or organization, and educate others. The more you push yourself to speak in front of others, the better you'll become, and the more confidence you'll have.

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14 Practical Tips to Improve Your Presentation Skills

• The Speaker Lab
• May 11, 2024

Table of Contents

Ever felt complete dread and fear at the thought of stepping up to deliver a presentation? If so, you’re not alone. The fear of public speaking is more common than you might think, but with the right presentation skills , it’s a hurdle that can be overcome.

In this article, we’ll help you master basic confidence-building techniques and conquer advanced communication strategies for engaging presentations. We’ll explore how body language and eye contact can make or break your connection with your audience; delve into preparation techniques like dealing with filler words and nervous habits; discuss tailoring content for different audiences; and much more.

Whether you’re prepping for job interviews or gearing up for big presentations, being prepared is key. With adequate practice and the proper attitude, you can crush your speech or presentation!

Mastering the Basics of Presentation Skills

Presentation skills are not just about speaking in front of a crowd. It’s also about effective communication, audience engagement, and clarity. Mastering these skills can be transformative for everyone, from students to corporate trainers.

Building Confidence in Presentations

Becoming confident when presenting is no small feat. But fear not. Even those who feel jittery at the mere thought of public speaking can become masters with practice and patience. Just remember: stage fright is common and overcoming it is part of the process towards becoming an effective presenter.

Taking deep breaths before you start helps calm nerves while visualizing success aids in building confidence. Also, know that nobody minds if you take a moment to gather your thoughts during your presentation—everybody minds more if they cannot understand what you’re saying because you’re rushing.

The Role of Practice in Enhancing Presentation Skills

In line with old wisdom, practice indeed makes perfect, especially when improving presentation skills. Consistent rehearsals allow us to fine-tune our delivery methods like maintaining eye contact or controlling body language effectively.

You’ll learn better control over filler words through repeated drills. Plus, the extra practice can help you troubleshoot any technical glitches beforehand, saving you the sudden panic during your actual presentations.

Remember that great presenters were once beginners too. Continuous effort will get you there sooner rather than later.

Find Out Exactly How Much You Could Make As a Paid Speaker

Use The Official Speaker Fee Calculator to tell you what you should charge for your first (or next) speaking gig — virtual or in-person! 

Body Language and Eye Contact in Presentations

The effectiveness of your presentation can hinge on more than just the words you say. Just as important is your body language .

Impact of Posture on Presentations

Your posture speaks volumes before you utter a word. Standing tall exudes confidence while slouching could signal nervousness or lack of preparation.

If there’s one lesson to take away from our YouTube channel , it’s this: good presenters know their message but great ones feel it through every fiber (or muscle) of their being. The audience can sense that energy when they see open body language rather than crossed arms.

Maintaining Eye Contact During Your Presentation

Eyes are often called windows to the soul for a reason. They’re communication powerhouses. Making eye contact helps build trust with your audience members and keeps them engaged throughout your speech.

Avoid staring at note cards or visual aids too much as this might give an impression that you’re unprepared or uncertain about your chosen topic. Instead, aim to maintain eye contact between 50% of the time during presentations. This commonly accepted “50/70 rule” will help you exhibit adequate confidence to your audience.

If stage fright has gotten a hold on you, take deep breaths before you start speaking in order to stay calm. Make sure that fear doesn’t disrupt your ability to maintain eye-contact during presentations.

If body language and eye contact still feel like a lot to manage during your big presentation, remember our golden rule: nobody minds small mistakes. It’s how you handle questions or mishaps that truly makes a difference—so stay positive and enthusiastic.

Preparation Techniques for Successful Presentations

Presentation skills are like a craft that requires meticulous preparation and practice. Aspects like visual aids and time management contribute to the overall effectiveness of your delivery.

The first step towards delivering an impactful presentation is research and organization. The content should be well-researched, structured logically, and presented in simple language. This will make sure you deliver clear messages without any room for misinterpretation.

Dealing with Filler Words and Nervous Habits

Nervous habits such as excessive use of filler words can distract from your message. Luckily, there are plenty of strategies that can address these issues. For instance, try taking deep breaths before speaking or using note cards until fluency is achieved. In addition, practice regularly to work on eliminating these verbal stumbling blocks.

Avoiding Distractions During Presentations

In a digital age where distractions abound, maintaining focus during presentations has become an even more crucial part of the preparation process. This video by motivational speaker Brain Tracy provides insights on how one could achieve this level of focus required for effective presentations.

Maintaining Confidence Throughout Your Presentation

Confidence comes from thorough understanding of the chosen topic combined with regular practice sessions before the big day arrives. Make use of note cards or cue cards as needed but avoid reading from them verbatim.

Taking control over stage fright starts by arriving early at the venue so that you familiarize yourself with the surroundings, which generally calms nerves down considerably. So next time you feel nervous before a big presentation, remember—thorough preparation can make all the difference.

Engaging Your Audience During Presentations

Connecting with your audience during presentations is an art, and mastering it can take your presentation skills to the next level. Making the message conveyed reach an emotional level is essential, not just conveying facts.

Understanding Your Target Audience

The first step towards engaging your audience is understanding them. Tailor the content of your presentation to their needs and interests. Speak in their language—whether that be professional jargon or everyday slang—to establish rapport and ensure comprehension.

An effective presenter understands who they’re speaking to, what those individuals care about, and how best to communicate complex ideas understandably.

Making Complex Information Understandable

Dense data or complicated concepts can lose even the most interested listener if presented ineffectively. Breaking your key points down into manageable chunks helps maintain attention while promoting retention. Analogies are especially useful for this purpose as they make unfamiliar topics more relatable.

Audience Participation & Questions: A Two-Way Street

Incorporating opportunities for audience participation encourages engagement at another level. It allows listeners to become active participants rather than passive receivers of knowledge.

Consider techniques like live polls or interactive Q&A sessions where you invite questions from attendees mid-presentation instead of saving all queries until the end.

This gives you a chance not only engage but also address any misunderstandings right on spot.

• Treat each question asked as an opportunity—it’s evidence someone has been paying attention. Even challenging questions should be welcomed as they demonstrate an engaged, thoughtful audience.
• Encourage participation. It can be as simple as a show of hands or the use of interactive technologies for live polling during your presentation. This keeps your audience active and invested in the content.

Remember, your presentation isn’t just about putting on a show—it’s about meaningful interaction.

Free Download: 6 Proven Steps to Book More Paid Speaking Gigs in 2024​

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Presentation Skills in Specific Contexts

Whether you’re nailing your next job interview, presenting an exciting marketing campaign, or delivering insightful educational content, the context matters. Let’s take a look.

The Art of Job Interviews

A successful job interview often hinges on effective communication and confidence. Here, the target audience is usually small but holds significant influence over your future prospects. Body language plays a crucial role; maintain eye contact to show sincerity and interest while open body language communicates approachability.

Bullet points summarizing key experiences are also helpful for quick recall under pressure. This allows you to present your chosen topic with clarity and positive enthusiasm without relying heavily on note or cue cards.

Pitching in Public Relations & Marketing

In public relations (PR) and marketing contexts, presentations need to capture attention quickly yet hold it long enough to deliver key messages effectively. Visual aids are valuable tools here—they help emphasize points while keeping the audience engaged.

Your aim should be highlighting presentation benefits that resonate with potential clients or partners, making them feel as though ignoring such opportunities would mean missing out big time.

Educational Presentations

An educational setting demands its own unique set of presentation skills where deep understanding trumps flashy visuals. You must make complex information understandable without oversimplifying essential details—the use of analogies can be beneficial here.

Keeping the audience’s attention is critical. Encourage questions and participation to foster a more interactive environment, enhancing learning outcomes for all audience members.

Tips for Becoming a Great Presenter

No single method is suitable for everyone when it comes to speaking in public. However, incorporating continuous improvement and practice into your routine can make you an exceptional presenter.

Tailor Your Presentation to Your Audience

Becoming an excellent speaker isn’t just about delivering information; it’s also about making a connection with the audience. So make sure that you’re taking setting, audience, and topic into consideration when crafting your presentation. What works for one audience may not work for another, so be sure to adapt your presentation styles according to the occasion in order to be truly effective.

The Power of Practice

The art of mastering public speaking skills requires practice —and lots of it . To become a great presenter, focus on improving communication skills through practice and feedback from peers or mentors. Try to seek feedback on every speech delivered and incorporate those pointers in your future presentations. Over time, this cycle of delivery-feedback-improvement significantly enhances your ability to connect with audiences and convey ideas effectively.

If you’re looking for examples of good speakers, our speech breakdowns on YouTube provide excellent examples of experienced presenters who masterfully utilize speaking techniques. Analyzing their strategies could give you great ideas for enhancing your own style.

Finding Your Style

A crucial part of captivating any audience lies in how you deliver the message rather than the message itself. Developing a unique presentation style lets you stand out as an engaging speaker who commands attention throughout their talk. Through — you guessed it — practice, you can develop a personal presentation style that resonates with listeners while showcasing your expertise on the chosen topic.

Your body language plays a pivotal role here: open gestures communicate confidence and enthusiasm towards your subject matter, two qualities essential for keeping audiences hooked. Similarly, using vocal variety adds dynamism to speeches by emphasizing points when needed or creating suspense during storytelling parts of your talk.

Cultivating Passion & Enthusiasm

Showcasing genuine passion for the subject helps keep listeners engaged throughout even lengthy presentations. Sharing stories related to the topic or expressing excitement about sharing knowledge tends to draw people in more than mere data recitation ever could.

Recognize that everybody is distinctive; don’t expect identical results from every speaker. The path to becoming a great presenter involves recognizing your strengths and working tirelessly on areas that need improvement.

FAQs on Presentation Skills

What are good presentation skills.

Good presentation skills include a clear message, confident delivery, engaging body language, audience understanding, and interaction. They also involve effective preparation and practice.

What are the 5 steps of presentation skills?

The five steps of presenting include: planning your content, preparing visual aids if needed, practicing the delivery aloud, performing it with confidence, and finally post-presentation reflection for improvements.

What are the 5 P’s of presentation skills?

The five P’s stand for Preparation (researching your topic), Practice (rehearsing your talk), Performance (delivering with confidence), Posture (standing tall), and Projection (using a strong voice).

What are your presentation skills?

Your personal set of abilities to deliver information effectively is what we call your presentation skill. It can encompass public speaking ability, clarity in speech or writing as well as visual communication talent.

Mastering presentation skills isn’t an overnight process, but practice and perseverance will put you well on your way to becoming an effective speaker.

You’ve learned that confidence plays a crucial role in effective presentations, so take deep breaths, make eye contact, and keep your body language open. As always, preparation is key. Tackle filler words head-on and get comfortable with visual aids for impactful storytelling.

Remember the importance of audience engagement — it’s all about understanding their needs and tailoring your content accordingly. This way, complex information turns into digestible insights.

Above all else: practice! After all, nothing beats experience when it comes to improving public speaking abilities.

• Last Updated: May 9, 2024

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Is There A Difference Between Presentation Skills And Public Speaking?

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Present ideas persuasively to diverse audiences both visually and orally. Develop skills and confidence in public speaking.

Jump to section:   Understanding Public Speaking | Cultivating Public Speaking Skills and Confidence | The “Four Vs” Communication Model & Funding  |  Quick Guide to Public Speaking | Taking Action | Resources | References

Understanding Public Speaking 

Presenting to an audience goes beyond verbally communicating ideas to include visual aid components. Such components include slides, posters, or videos that serve to clarify the presenter’s ideas, animate the presentation, and captivate the audience.  

Why does it matter? It is typical for all students to be expected to deliver oral presentations at some point, whether as part of a course, in a department seminar, or at a conference. In addition to promoting your ideas in school, presenting skills are as essential during your professional life. Beyond academia, mastering strategies of persuasively communicating information, opinions, and arguments boosts your interpersonal skills, thus facilitating teamwork , from discussions to collective decision making. Moreover, this skill set allows you to captivate the interest of others (e.g., colleagues, investors) and to establish collaborations and partnerships. However, employers claim that graduate students often lack the experience and skills to “sell” their ideas to a general audience. [ 1 ]    

Cultivating Public Speaking Skills and Confidence 

As graduate students move to the professional world, they carry over many of the communication skills that they’ve built over years of practice (e.g., in class presentations, group discussions, research seminars). Give oral and poster presentations at a conference or a Research Day in your department or institute; it is an opportunity to improve your verbal communication skills, network, and get feedback from peers and experts.  

Today, a slideshow is a given in any type of presentation to the point where screens dictate how classrooms and conference rooms are set up. While visual elements are crucial for clarity and entertainment purposes, presenters can be overly dependent on them for cues and information. Explaining your ideas without a slideshow is a real test of your knowledge and communication skills. Try practicing an Elevator Pitch , where you need to explain who you are and what you do to a general audience in a short period of time (usually between 30 seconds to 3 minutes). Another example is the Chalk Talk where the presenter uses a chalkboard or whiteboard to explain his ideas. In fact, Chalk Talks are common practice during the hiring process of academic researchers. [ 2 ] In Law schools, moot competitions are popular and involve a simulated court where students practice argumentation and advocacy in front of an experienced judge.    

Consider your Audience 

Imagine a surgeon trying to explain what pancreaticoduodenectomy is to a group of economists. Presenting your work to your peers is a simpler task that grants you the freedom to use the language you are familiar and comfortable with. But like any specialist, you face situations where you need to explain your work to peers who, while being in the same field, may not be familiar with your specific subject area (e.g., behavioural economists may not speak the same language as development economists).  

Other instances may involve you explaining to non-experts such as your parents or your curious eight-year old daughter. Explaining what you do to someone you know is a stress-free strategy that allows you to formulate and simplify your ideas while not worrying about public speaking (don’t worry, your mom has likely seen you at your worst!). Presenting at public forums or conferences tailored for a broad audience is an alternative, professional way to practice (e.g., ACFAS conference).    

Building Public Speaking Confidence 

Are you stressed before giving a presentation? Is “stressed” an understatement? You are not alone. Fear of public speaking, or glossophobia, is highly prevalent and considered one of the top social phobias, with only 8% of affected individuals seeking professional help. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Developing strategies to manage this fear is an important step in cultivating the ability and the comfort to speak in front of a small or large audience. This is especially important if you aim to work as part of a team or have a leadership role within an organization. To work through your fear of public speaking, practice speaking to a group in a non-formal setting where expectations are not too high. For example, join a student club at your department and participate in group discussions. You can also sign up for classes where you perform in front of others (e.g., improv class).   

The “Four Vs” Communication Model 

The “Four Vs” communication model (a modified version of the “Three Vs” model by psychologist Albert Mehrabian [ 6 ] was conceived following a behavioral analysis of 100,000 public speakers including politicians, corporate executives, and keynote speakers. [ 7 ]   

This model emphasizes four practical elements to be a persuasive, confident, genuine, and articulate speaker:  

Verbal elements : Be succinct, choose audience- and context- appropriate words, and avoid hedging language (indirect language that conveys hesitation such as “just” or “sort of”). 

Vocal elements: modulate the volume and rate of your speech according to content, and avoid disfluencies (non-lexical sounds such as “Um” or “uh”) by monitoring your inhalation and exhalation patterns.  

Visual element, i.e., body language: Audience often equates competence with their perceptions of a speaker’s confidence. Take a confident stance by squaring your shoulders and hips and using broad and extended gestures (in moderation); maintain eye contact with your audience as a whole, instead of a particular person. 

Vital elements , i.e., authenticity: Let your energy and enthusiasm show your true passion for the topic. Use words and actions to connect with your audience and to show an understanding of their needs and concerns.   

Quick Guide to Public Speaking 

• Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the topic of your presentation: use specialized vocabulary, know gaps in research, and anticipate questions [ 8 ]  
• Break down and summarize complex ideas to non-expert audience [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
• Develop agility in producing refined arguments in various situations and to a wide audience (e.g. investors during request for funding presentation vs. peers during conference keynote presentation) [11]  
• Engage in diverse verbal interactions such as discussions, interviews, lectures, or debates [ 12 ]  
• When using slides, keep them simple with the clarification of information being their main purpose  

Taking Action 

• Courses – McGill School of Continuing Studies – Effective Public Speaking Course : In-depth course designed to help you relate your ideas clearly and improve your public speaking skills.
• Workshops – Student Wellness Hub – Skills for Public Speaking: Part of the Academic Success Workshops series to improve your public speaking skill.
• Workshop – McGill Graphos – Refining Poster Presentations.
• Course – McGill Graphos – Fundamentals of Academic Presentations .
• Workshops – Mitacs Training Workshops: Training workshops for graduate students.   Topics include Practice Your Presentation Skills and Communicating Your Research. 
• Check myInvolvement for upcoming workshops and programs under “Communicate: Presenting”.
• Participate in the Three-minute Thesis (3MT) / Ma thèse en 180 secondes (MT180) training and competition.   Participants can choose whether they would like to compete in English or French – McGill SKILLSETS. 
• Consult the events calendars to participate in SKILLSETS or SKILLS21 Presentation Skills Workshops   

Websites & Apps

• Quantified Communications: analytics platforms to measure, evaluate, and improve individuals’ communication skills. Many research studies on public speaking use this type of platform. 
• Effective Presentation Skills – Massachusetts Institute of Technology: presentation slides covering self-evaluation, public speaking fear, presentation structure, and useful tips. 
• Presenting at Seminars and Conferences   – McGill Supervision: Practical advice, ideas and evidence on how to present at seminars and conferences.
• The Mechanics of Presentations : A step-by-step guide –  Queen’s University.  
• Presenting with Confidence –  Queen’s University.  
• TED video playlist of talks about Public Speaking.  
• Smartphone Public Speaking Apps – Fast Company.    

Books, articles & reports

• TEDx Speaker Guide : guidelines for speakers selected to give a TEDx talk.
• How to give a dynamic scientific presentation – Elsevier Publishing company. 
• Bring your presentation to life - strategies for effective communications – McGill SKILLSETS.– McGill SKILLSETS. 
• Duarte, N. (2010). Resonate: Present visual stories that transform audiences. http://mcgill.worldcat.org/oclc/692197579  
• Berkun, S. (2009). Confessions of a public speaker. Beijing: O'Reilly. http://mcgill.worldcat.org/oclc/465059258  
• Klaff, O. (2011). Pitch anything: Position, present, and promote your ideas for business success. New York: McGraw-Hill. http://mcgill.worldcat.org/oclc/702149733  
• Kosslyn, S. M. (2007). Clear and to the point: 8 psychological principles for compelling PowerPoint presentations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://mcgill.worldcat.org/oclc/76939931  
• LeFever, L. (2013). The art of explanation: Making your ideas, products, and services easier to understand. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons. http://mcgill.worldcat.org/oclc/844002535    

Groups & Associations 

• McGill Toastmasters: A club offering public speaking-related training and education.   
• McGill Writing Centre: offers advice and provide tutorial services and consultations.
• McGill Student Wellness Hub : provides advice on Public Speaking anxiety.   

[1] Professional Development: Shaping Effective Programs for STEM Graduate Students. Denecke, D. (2017). 

[2] Interviewing for Academic Jobs. Office of Career & Professional Development, University of California. 

[3] Current status of knowledge on public-speaking anxiety. Pull, C.B. (2012) 

[4] Social phobia in the general population: prevalence and sociodemographic profile. Furmark, T. (1999). 

[5] Help-seeking patterns of anxiety-disordered individuals in the general population. Pollard, C.A. (1989). 

[6] Silent Messages. Mehrabian, A. (1971). 

[7] Abraham 2016  

[8], [10] Targeted Competencies in Graduate Programs. ADESAQ (2015). 

[9], [11] Vitae Researcher Development Framework (RDF) 2011.  

[12] Defining Twenty-First Century Skills. Binkley, M. (2012). 

As a McGill student, your participation in full to activities such as training workshops and volunteering are tracked on your Co-Curricular Record (CCR)! Having your co-curricular activities listed in one document can help you revise your CV or cover letter, prepare for interviews, and explore career options. Learn how to leverage this important document through myInvolvement , and make your training count!

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Difference Between Presentation Skills and Public Speaking

Presentation skills and public speaking identically both are similar, but still have prominent dissimilarities. Presentation skills tell if you can represent a specific topic with beautiful speech along with correct data, people will listen to you. On the other hand, public speaking test your speaking skill, showing how you can associate with and address your audience. These two aspects need specific skill sets to attract the audience. If you want to be a public speaker or like to present your invention in your next exhibition in your organization, first learn what are these two aspects and what skills are required.

What is Presentation Skill?

When you share valuable information along with data in front of your audience, it's called Presentation. One has to develop certain qualities to present the data and discuss the report. Some people develop the skills to stand and do the presentation, and some naturally build them.

What is Public Speaking?

Public Speaking, in other words, is a brilliant way to communicate with your mass. You can educate them with your personal experience, entertain them with your body language and build a rapport so that they enjoy your every word and pay attention to what you're speaking. If you visit any University program, political rally, or religious function, you can observe how the organization's leaders hook the audience with their speech and presentation style. Public speaking is considered skill-based art; you need to be an artist to grab their attention to your words.

The Similarities Between Presentation Skills and Public Speaking

You can experience Presentation skills in an educational institute, company meetings, product launch programs, etc. when a specific message should be generated among the mass. Here, the similarities lie in its way of Presentation. People also watch your body language, way of talking, words, accents, and how you interact with your audience.

In public speaking, you need to make them sit and listen with your attractive power to catch their attention. Your audience, however, notices all your activities, words, body language, way of Presentation, and the use of words.

Therefore, both need skills to grab the audience's attention, educate them with your data, and entertain them with your speaking power. In both cases, you need in-depth knowledge so that none can challenge your information.

The Difference Between Presentation Skills and Public Speaking

Though both need a specific skill set, there's a fine line between them. Generally, presentation skills are necessary for someone working in a company, educational institution, or business owner. In these fields, you need to show the objective of the Presentation along with data (previous and current) to justify your words or establish your point of view. For example, audience members can challenge your data if you present wrong or confusing information.

On the other hand, Public speaking is different; anyone can be a public speaker if they can share something valuable with the masses. In public speaking, generally, people share their personal experiences rather than discuss data and information. For example, if you visit political rallies or religious gatherings, you will notice that the leaders share their opinions on specific topics. In public speaking, you can add your sense of humor and timing while delivering the speech, which is not expected in presentation gatherings.

Public speaking topics can be fun-filled and full of entertainment, while Presentations always address severe issues and discuss them to educate the mass. In a Presentation, light matters cannot welcome, and your body language should be professional, which you do not need in public speaking. In public speaking, you have to draw their attention and compel them to sit with your powerful speech.

In Presentation, people gather to listen to your words with pre mindset, but in public speaking, there's always an opportunity to explore something new as it's an experience-sharing exercise.

Generally, both look similar, but if you understand the value-added perspective, you can easily segregate them.

Skills Required for Presentation

As we've mentioned, the Presentation is for the professional and business world, and specific skills are also accumulated under professional guidelines. The following behavioral aspects are required to become a good presentation professional -

You should have proper knowledge about what you're going to present

Your body language should be professional

You should sound professional with proper enunciations

You should know what to share with your audience and what are the limits

You have to be ready to receive positive and negative comments from the audience

You should be prepared to handle a puzzling question from the audience

You should work on your way of talking to others during the Presentation

You've to be professional and show a professional attitude on the stage

Remember, you represent your company or Institution, so your behavior should earn respect the way people show to your company or institute

Skills Required for Public Speaking

As public speaking is another way to share a personal experience or discuss something valuable with your audience, this also needs a specific skill set. They're -

Your words should be powerful

Your body language should be friendly

Your experience must be for ordinary people so that they can resonate with you

You should sound attractive and clear

Your topic in public speaking must be worthy of discussion

You need to understand the mass and what they want to listen to

Your interaction power can create an association between you and your audience

These are the common interpersonal skills required to become a great and all-time favorite public speaker.

Things to Avoid in Presentation and Public Speaking

Though both deal with mass and interact with them directly, both need to avoid a few aspects. They're -

You should check your behavior even amid a heated argument

Avoid creating any argumentative situation during your speech

Avoid controversial issues discussed in your session

Never show disrespect to others' opinions on similar topics but respect their view as it is common to differ from each other

Don't target any individual in your speech; it can spoil your credibility, and you may lose your audience

Don't forget to greet your audience and show gratitude for attending till the end of the show

A negative attitude doesn't give you positive results, and it's applicable in both cases. So when you're dealing with mass, your temperament should be commendable, and your audience should learn something new and implement it in their life.

Bottom Line

Remember the European and Asian leaders’ speeches that electrified the world audience. They're the people with the born quality and talent to address mass and compel them to follow their words. These qualities create the difference between a commoner and a public speaker. Presentation is also an affair with the mass, but it's a bit different than public speaking. But, at the end of the show, you need to catch their pulse so that they must wait to attend your next session with enthusiasm.

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Important Public Speaking Skills for Workplace Success

What Is Public Speaking?

• Why Employers Value Public Speaking

Top Public Speaking Skills

How to showcase your skills, how to improve your public speaking skills.

Candidates with strong public speaking skills are in demand for the many occupations that require the ability to speak to a group. Dynamic and well-prepared speakers are highly valued by employers, and having this skill set can even help land you leadership positions and important roles. 

Learn more about public speaking, why it's important, and how to improve your public speaking skills.

Public speaking is a  soft skill  that requires excellent communication skills, enthusiasm, and the ability to engage with an audience. Soft skills are interpersonal skills that are less technical and more about how you interact with others.

Public speakers make presentations to a group. Presentations could range from speaking to a small number of employees to presenting to a large audience at a national conference or event. The same skill set and ability to be comfortable speaking in public are required regardless of the size of the group.

Why Employers Value Public Speaking Skills

The art of public speaking comes into play in many places. It's important not only in the delivery of speeches and public talks, but also in professional presentations, training events, and motivational speaking. Consultants, training, managers, clergy, sales representatives, and teachers, for example, all have a reason at times to speak in front of others.

A lackluster speaker can make a solid product or proposal seem less than enticing, while a polished speaker can add allure to an otherwise mediocre proposition. 

Most professional-level roles require some amount of public speaking. It's often necessary to carry out functions like presenting findings, pitching proposals, training staff, and leading meetings.

When you want to highlight your public speaking skills in your cover letter or resume, or during an interview, be sure to go beyond stating that you have "public speaking skills." Go into detail about which aspects of public speaking you are good at, and provide specific examples of your skills and expertise.

Some of the most important skills for successful public speaking include the following.

Clear Articulation

Of course, public speakers must be able to speak well. That includes enunciating, speaking loudly enough, and using proper grammar without a lot of verbal crutches such as "um." It helps to be able to talk well in ordinary conversation, but public speaking is a kind of performance and, as such, requires practice and preparation.

Memorization is not usually necessary, because many people are able to speak in an unscripted way to some degree. However, you must be familiar enough with your material that you don't pause excessively, repeat yourself, or stumble over your words.

You also need to be able to pace yourself so that you finish on time rather than early or late.

Engaging Presentation Style

Presentation style  includes vocal tone, body language, facial expression, and timing. The right style can make a talk that could have been boring become exciting and engaging.

Assessing the Needs of the Audience

Some audiences want a lot of technical detail; others don't. Some will enjoy humor; others won't. There are jokes that work in some crowds but not others. To draft a successful talk and to adopt the appropriate presentation style, you need to be able to assess the needs of your audience.

Before you begin speaking, think about your audience and what they hope to gain from your presentation. That can help you assess their needs, which can help ensure that your presentation is the best possible use of your time and theirs.

PowerPoint Skills

PowerPoint is a popular software used for creating slides. Not all public speakers use them, but slides are so common that doing without them is sometimes called "speaking naked."

It's not only important to understand the technical aspects of using the software, it also helps if you have the artistic ability to create slides that are aesthetically pleasing and easy to understand—or, you should work with a collaborator who can do so. Either way, you must know how to integrate your slides smoothly into the other aspects of your presentations.

Composition Skills

Whether you prepare your talk ahead of time or just go with the flow, you must be able to construct talks that are rational, coherent, and easy to understand, and that cover all the points you want to hit.

Storytelling and humor help, and you must know how to use them. Public speaking is not only a form of performance art; it also requires writing skills.

Other Public Speaking Skills

The skills mentioned above aren't the only ones that are important to public speaking. The following skills and tips can make you an even more effective public speaker:

• Controlling performance anxiety
• Drafting an evaluation form that attendees are likely to complete
• Grabbing the attention of the audience with a powerful opening
• Handing out copies of slides in advance to minimize note-taking demands on the audience
• Maintaining eye contact with the audience and providing an energetic, animated physical presence
• Memorizing enough content so that the speech does not come off as a reading of notes
• Modulating vocal tone to emphasize important points and avoid monotonous presentation
• Organizing a logical flow to a speech
• Preparing examples that are relevant to the experience of the expected audience
• Providing compelling evidence to support themes
• Rehearsing the presentation and revising rough spots
• Researching information about the latest trends in an industry before presenting at a professional seminar
• Restating critical points at the end of a speech to cement key concepts
• Reviewing feedback and modifying the approach for talks in the future
• Summarizing the topics to be covered at the beginning of a lecture to provide context for attendees

Public speaking is a skill in itself, but it is also a collection of skills. Lists like this can help you name some of these skills so you can identify which jobs require the abilities you have. 

Be sure to read job descriptions carefully. Even very similar positions can have different requirements, depending on what the hiring manager is looking for.

Mention Skills in Your Resume and Cover Letter

When you apply, you can use these skills as keywords on your  resume  or other application materials. Hiring managers sometimes scan through applications looking for these keywords to make an initial cut, so it's important to make it clear from the beginning that you have the sought-after qualifications.

Then, use your  cover letter  to highlight some of your most relevant skills.

Share Your Skills During a Job Interview

Be prepared to give examples of specific times when you embodied these skills, because your interviewer is likely to ask. If you've made public presentations or internal company presentations, share the details with the interviewer.

Whether you feel like a public-speaking expert or you're new to it, there are always ways you can improve. You can brush up on your public speaking skills with these tips:

• Take a public speaking class or workshop.
• Practice in front of the mirror.
• Practice in front of friends, family, or colleagues; then, ask for feedback.
• Record yourself giving a presentation, watch the video, and take notes.
• Watch videos of accomplished public speakers you admire.

What is Public Speaking? [Definition, Importance, Tips Etc!]

By: Author Shrot Katewa

If you are an ambitious professional, you will have to engage in some form of public speaking at some point in time in your life! The truth is, it is better to start with public speaking sooner rather than later! However, to better understand the subject, we must start with the definition of public speaking.

Public speaking is the art of conveying a message verbally to an audience of more than one individual. An average public speaker addresses a crowd of over 50 people, while some keynote presenters can expect an audience of a few thousand. With digital public speaking, this can be scaled infinitely.

In this post, you will learn everything you need to know to get started with public speaking, including why it is essential in the modern world, what skills make up the art form, and what you can expect when trying to turn your public speaking skills into a revenue-generating business or career.

Why is Public Speaking Important?

With over 77% of people having some degree of public speaking anxiety, according to Very Well Mind , and some positioning it as a greater fear than that of death itself, you might wonder why one needs to conquer such fear? What could be so essential about public speaking, after all?

Public speaking is critical because it allows you to connect with a group of people and persuade them to see things your way. It is the highest form of scaled influence and has existed as a change-making phenomenon in politics, society, and culture for over 2000 years.

Compare this to any social media platform, CEO-position duration, and professorship, and you’ll see that public speaking has been the most persistent form of influencing across time. In other words, it is transferrable and timeless.

You don’t have to worry about it going out of fashion because it has outlasted the fashion industry itself. Every other position of power relies on some degree of public speaking skills, even if an individual is not actively delivering keynotes.

What Are Public Speaking Skills?

At this point, you might be thinking, “wait, how is public speaking different from public speaking skills?” And I understand that because people often assume public speaking itself is a skill. Public Speaking is a performance art that relies on multiple skills to deliver a cohesive presentation of a singular skill.

Public speaking skills are the pillars that hold up an excellent presentation and include argument construction, audience engagement, stage presence management, timely delivery, and appropriate pacing. You can also improve your public speaking by using humor, rhetorical questions, and analogies.

Argument Construction

The way you position an argument matters more than the argument itself. That’s why in most rhetorical classes, you’re made to pick the “for” or “against” side at random, so you get good at making arguments regardless of the legitimacy of the position.

Usually, an argument follows the “problem,” “potential solution,” “reasons the said solution is the best” model though some constructions include countering general skepticism regarding a proposed solution.

Audience Engagement

This skill will help you lengthen your talk without having to script every second, but that’s not its primary goal. Audience engagement shouldn’t be used as fluff but as a means to retain your public’s attention, especially if a topic is particularly dry or the talk is too long.

Stage Presence Management

This is the aspect of audience engagement that has more to do with yourself. For instance, if you ask a question, you’re getting your audience’s attention by engaging with them.

However, if you strike a particular pose, make an exaggerated gesture, or simply carry yourself in a way that draws attention, you’re managing your stage presence (and increasing your audience’s involvement).

Timely Delivery

Timing is critical in public speaking because, given the fact that speechwriters exist, one can get away without constructing an argument or even writing the words to their talk. However, you cannot get away with bad delivery because if you don’t hold your audience’s attention, you’re only speaking to yourself.

Appropriate Pacing

Pacing your talk is essential because you cannot dump data on your audience without producing a cognitive overload. That’s why you must balance information with rhetoric and pace your presentation to bring your audience along with you.

Importance of Public Speaking Skills for Students

Whether you’re a student thinking of joining a public speaking club or a debating society, or a teacher looking to introduce your students to public speaking, knowing that it is an extracurricular art form that brings the greatest number of long-term benefits to students can be quite comforting.

The importance of public speaking for students lies in its cognitive benefits and social significance. Students who learn public speaking are more confident, can communicate their ideas better, and use speaking as a tool to polish their thoughts. This sets them up for success in public-facing roles.

More importantly, these benefits go hand-in-hand with long-term career success and social satisfaction because, unlike academic skills, public speaking expertise remains beneficial even after students say goodbye to their respective universities.

Benefits of Public Speaking

As mentioned above, the benefits of public speaking often outlast the student life and remain relevant to personal success. Whether you choose a corporate job or want to be a full-time speaker, you will be able to take the skills you build as a speaker and apply them to your life.

Benefits of public speaking include but aren’t limited to higher self-confidence, clarity of thought, personal satisfaction with one’s ability to communicate, a larger network, some degree of organic celebrity status, and higher levels of charisma.

Higher Self-Confidence

Self-confidence, as essential as it is, is a tricky subject because it relies entirely on one’s self-image. And if you don’t view yourself as confident, you aren’t confident.

The best way to improve your confidence is to observe yourself being confident : i.e., get into an activity that requires confidence. Given that oratory is one of the earliest art forms developed by humans, we can safely assume that it is also the one that has more inherent prestige involved.

Clarity of Thought

Public speaking forces one to learn new words and improves how one structures an argument. Since speaking also allows us to think and formulate thoughts into full-fledged concepts, a public speaker is better able to think with clarity.

Improved Ability to Communicate

Building on clarity of thought, one’s ability to communicate is enhanced once they have thought through their positions and arguments. Public speaking helps you communicate better in both the content and delivery of your thoughts.

Better Network

Humans are social animals, and networking is intrinsic to our success. They say that most of life’s significant events aren’t “what” events (as in “what happened?”) but “who” events (as in “who did you connect with?” or “who connected with you?”). Public speaking affords you the confidence to multiply the odds of better “who” events.

Natural Celebrity

We admire those who can do what we can’t. And since public speaking is such a valuable artform regarding which over 77% of people have trouble, it is pretty straightforward to conclude that the one who can pull this off will have higher social status among any group.

Increased Charisma

Finally, building on the previous perk of better social status, with Olivia Fox-Cabane’s definition of charisma as power and empathy, one can see how an organic celebrity status among one’s friend circle can also lead to improved charisma.

That said, not every public speaker is charismatic all the time. And to make sure you make the most of your ability to be charismatic as a public speaker, check out Fox Cabane’s book .

Types of Public Speaking

In the artform’s infancy, public speaking was public speaking. There was nothing else but an individual speaking to fellow city residents in a forum, trying to persuade them to get behind a certain reform or rollback one. Now public speaking has branched into various types.

Types of public speaking are divided across two dimensions: medium and mission .

Digital public speaking, on-stage speeches, and pre-recorded talks are three types differentiated by category. Keynote address, seminar, and debate are three forms differentiated by end-result.

• Division by medium allows us to see the type of speech by the method of delivery. You can conduct keynote, seminar, and debate in the digital type, but a live discussion is very likely off the table when you’re uploading a pre-recorded talk.
• Division by end-result allows us to see how public speaking can differ depending on the content format regardless of delivery. You can give a keynote address on stage or even have it pre-recorded. As long as you get the key point across, you’re doing your job.

Apple’s keynotes are consumed far more often online than they are in-person. So, being clear on the end result allows hybridization across different formats, especially with technology. Still, you should optimize the content and delivery of your talk for the medium you set as the primary one and let the others be optional.

In other words, if you’re conducting a seminar and interaction matters, do not sacrifice live interaction trying to force your seminar into a pre-recorded format.

However, once the seminar has been delivered digitally, or in person, the video can be uploaded as pre-recorded for those who want to follow along or are simply curious about your seminar’s content and might sign up for the next one.

To understand which format or type to set as your primary one, you must know the pros and cons of each kind of public speaking.

Digital public speaking emerged alongside the telethon selling format on cable TV. While the first telethons weren’t entirely digital, the format’s inception lies firmly in this period because TV’s shift to streaming brought about the first boom in digital public speaking.

In 2020, there was yet another shift as Corporate America got thoroughly familiarized with Zoom, a digital conferencing tool.

And once people knew how to use it to participate in meetings, listening to live talks was only a few clicks away. Zoom launched webinar mode, making it even more convenient to start giving talks to a large digital audience.

Still, there are multiple platforms through which you can engage in digital public speaking, including Facebook Live, Youtube Streaming, and even Twitch.

Pros of Digital Public Speaking

• Low overhead – You don’t need to book a conference center; people don’t have to pay to fly.  
• Easy for higher frequency – You can easily deliver more talks in a shorter period, thanks to the lack of traveling involved.

Cons of Digital Public Speaking

• Harder to hold the audience’s attention – Task-switching is the key obstacle in digital public speaking, making it harder to deliver keynotes. However, interactive digital workshops really thrive in this environment.

Pros of on-Stage Public Speaking

• Better translates to other arenas – If you learn to speak from the stage, you can speak to smaller groups, give talks digitally, and hold a confident conversation. This doesn’t always work the other way: Zoom maestros aren’t as equipped to give a talk from a stage.  
• Instant authority – The Lab Coat Effect is one where we automatically infer authority if someone resembles a figure of authority. That’s why stage presentations are important for big ideas. The audience is more receptive when they see you on a stage regardless of your credentials.

Cons of on-Stage Public Speaking

• Limits the ability to interact – Since the format allows monologuing, it can be easy to get carried away giving your talk without bringing the audience along. In some instances, it can be downright tough to engage more personally with people because the crowd is too big.  
• Hard to master – While it can ultimately be an advantage, you must recognize it for the drawback that is initially, as getting on stage is difficult for most people with no prior experience. Even seasoned public speakers admit to being nervous before each talk.

Pros of Pre-Recorded Talks

• Room for error – Since pre-recorded talks are not live, you can get away with making errors, especially if you’re adept at editing. You also don’t have to be in front of a crowd and can talk to the camera as if it were your friend. This allows even the uninitiated to get involved with public speaking without taking extensive training.  
• Simultaneous delivery for multiple talks – While it isn’t important for most people to give multiple tasks at once, it is possible to do so with a set of pre-recorded talks. If you’re a busy executive or a business owner, you can be more productive. If you’re trying to elevate your career as a professional speaker, a few pre-recorded webinars delivered to potential clients for free can help get your foot in the door without too much effort.

Cons of Pre-Recorded Talks

• Can become a crutch – The convenience of these talks is also their greatest drawback. You cannot give pre-recorded talks exclusively because that severely limits your public speaking muscles. Using them in conjunction with other forms of speaking is the ideal balance for skill maintenance and productivity boosting.  
• Lower engagement – Since you are not able to interact live, you’re limited to predetermined engagement tools like asking people to imagine a scenario or posing rhetorical questions. You can pop in live at the end of your talk to take live questions. This hybridization or pre-recorded public speaking with digital public speaking is best for consultants and thought leaders.

Examples of Public Speaking

To be a great public speaker, you must consume great relevant content. That’s why you need to know what type of audio content constitutes public speaking. The following section covers examples of public speaking:

Basic Elements of Public Speaking

Now that you know what kind of content you should consume as a budding public speaker let’s look at the key elements to watch out for. Most well-constructed speeches will include the following:

• Signposting – The beginning portion introduces not just the topic but sections of the talk, including what will be addressed later on. Look at the third paragraph of this post to get an idea of what signposting is.  
• Main argument – This rests in the body of the speech, where the speaker makes the main point. You should never make a point without supporting it with logic, fact, and even a compelling narrative.  
• Supporting the argument – As mentioned above, your argument needs support. Use analogies, metaphors, and of course, data to back up the point you’re making.  
• Recap – The conclusion is the final part where your talk’s recap sits. Here, you tell your audience briefly the main points you have made without taking them down the details lane.

Tips to Become a Better Public Speaker

To become a better public speaker, you must use the observe, internalize, and practice formula. Here’s how you should go about it:

• Observe – Look at the types and examples of public speaking listed in this article and consume different talks that fall into all sorts of categories. Don’t rely too much on one speaker, or you may inadvertently become a knock-off.  
• Internalize – By consuming content without judgment, you’ll start to internalize what you find compelling. You must let go of conscious deconstruction tendencies and simply consume content until it is second nature to you.  
• Practice – Finally, the toughest and the most critical part of becoming a public speaker is simply practicing more often. Find opportunities to give talks. If you don’t find on-stage openings, simply give recorded talks or even stream your keynote. With enough practice, you’ll find your talks rising to the level of great public speakers whose content you so thoroughly consumed.

Credit to cookie_studio (on Freepik) for the featured image of this article (further edited)

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Public Speaking and Presentations

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Public Speaking and Presentations: Tips for Success

This resource includes tips and suggestions for improving your public speaking skills.

Even if you’ve never spoken in front of a large group before, chances are you will encounter public speaking sometime during your life. Whether you’re giving a presentation for your classmates or addressing local politicians at a city council meeting, public speaking allows you to convey your thoughts and feelings in clear ways. Having the right tools can prepare you for successful public speaking and equip you with high-quality communication skills.

Know Your Audience

Different audiences require different modes of public speaking. How you address a room full of preschoolers will vary from how you address a group of professors at an academic conference. Not only will your vocabulary change, but you might alter your pacing and tone as well.

Knowing your audience also helps you decide the content of your speech. For example, if you’re presenting research to a group of scientists, you might not need to define all your scientific language. However, if you present that same research to a group of individuals who are unfamiliar with your scientific field, you may need to define your terms or use simpler language.

Recognizing the extent to which your audience is familiar with your topic helps you center your presentation around the most important elements and avoid wasting time on information your audience either 1) already knows or 2) does not need to know for the purpose of your speech.

Knowing your audience also means tailoring your information to them. Try to keep things straight and to the point; leave out extraneous anecdotes and irrelevant statistics.

Establish Your Ethos and Feel Confident in Your Subject

It’s important to let your audience know what authority you have over your subject matter. If it’s clear you are familiar with your subject and have expertise, your audience is more likely to trust what you say.

Feeling confident in your subject matter will help establish your ethos. Rather than simply memorizing the content on your PowerPoint slides or your note cards, consider yourself a “mini expert” on your topic. Read up on information related to your topic and anticipate questions from the audience. You might want to prepare a few additional examples to use if people ask follow-up questions. Being able to elaborate on your talking points will help you stay calm during a Q & A section of your presentation.

Stick to a Few Main Points

Organizing your information in a logical way not only helps you keep track of what you’re saying, but it helps your audience follow along as well. Try to emphasize a few main points in your presentation and return to them before you conclude. Summarizing your information at the end of your presentation allows your audience to walk away with a clear sense of the most important facts.

For example, if you gave a presentation on the pros and cons of wind energy in Indiana, you would first want to define wind energy to make sure you and your audience are on the same page. You might also want to give a brief history of wind energy to give context before you go into the pros and cons. From there, you could list a few pros and a few cons. Finally, you could speculate on the future of wind energy and whether Indiana could provide adequate land and infrastructure to sustain wind turbines. To conclude, restate a few of the main points (most likely the pros and cons) and end with the most important takeaway you want the audience to remember about wind energy in Indiana.

Don't be Afraid to Show Your Personality

Delivering information without any sort of flourish or style can be boring. Allowing your personality to show through your speaking keeps you feeling relaxed and natural. Even if you’re speaking about something very scientific or serious, look for ways to let your personality come through your speech.

For example, when Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek announced in March of 2019 that he had stage 4 pancreatic cancer, he still let his trademark dignity and professionalism set the tone for his address. He began his announcement by saying “it’s in keeping with my long-time policy of being open and transparent with our Jeopardy! fan base.” Later, he joked that he would need to overcome his illness in order to fulfill his contract, whose terms required him to host the show for three more years. Though the nature of Trebek's announcement could easily have justified a grim, serious tone, the host instead opted to display the charm that has made him a household name for almost thirty-five years. In doing so, he reminded his audience precisely why he is so well-loved.

Use Humor (When Appropriate)

Using humor at appropriate moments can keep your audience engaged and entertained. While not all occasions are appropriate for humor, look for moments where you can lighten the mood and add some humor.

For example, just two months after the assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan, Reagan was in the middle of giving a speech when a balloon loudly popped while he was speaking. Reagan paused his speech to say “missed me,” then immediately continued speaking. This off-the-cuff humor worked because it was appropriate, spontaneous, and did not really distract from his message.

Similarly, at the end of his final White House Correspondents Dinner, Barack Obama concluded his speech by saying “Obama out” and dropping the mic. Once again, the humor did not distract from his message, but it did provide a light-hearted shift in his tone.  

Don't Let Visual Aids Distract From Your Presentation

Visual aids, such as PowerPoints or handouts, often go alongside presentations. When designing visual aids, be sure they do not distract from the content of your speech. Having too many pictures or animations can cause audience members to pay more attention to the visuals rather than what you’re saying.

However, if you present research that relies on tables or figures, having many images may help your audience better visualize the research you discuss. Be aware of the ways different types of presentations demand different types of visual aids.

Be Aware of Your Body Language

When it comes to giving a presentation, nonverbal communication is equally as important as what you’re saying. Having the appropriate posture, gestures, and movement complement the spoken element of your presentation. Below are a few simple strategies to make you appear more confident and professional.

Having confident posture can make or break a presentation. Stand up straight with your shoulders back and your arms at your sides. Slouching or crossing your arms over your chest makes you appear smaller and more insecure. However, be sure you’re not too rigid. Just because you’re standing up tall does not mean you cannot move around.

Eye contact

Making eye contact with your audience not only makes them feel connected to you but it also lets you gauge their response to you. Try to look around the room and connect with different audience members so you’re not staring at the same people the whole time. If you notice your audience starting to nod off, it might be a good time to change your tone or up your energy. 

Avoid distracting or compulsive gestures

While hand gestures can help point out information in a slide or on a poster, large or quick gestures can be distracting. When using gestures, try to make them feel like a normal part of your presentation.

It’s also easy to slip into nervous gestures while presenting. Things like twirling your hair or wringing your hands can be distracting to your audience. If you know you do something like this, try to think hard about not doing it while you’re presenting.

Travel (if possible)

If you are presenting on a stage, walking back and forth can help you stay relaxed and look natural. However, be sure you’re walking slowly and confidently and you’re using an appropriate posture (described above). Try to avoid pacing, which can make you appear nervous or compulsive.

Rehearse (if Possible)

The difference between knowing your subject and rehearsing comes down to how you ultimately present your information. The more you rehearse, the more likely you are to eliminate filler words such as like and um . If possible, try practicing with a friend and have them use count the filler words you use. You can also record yourself and play back the video. The more you rehearse, the more confident you will feel when it comes time to actually speak in front of an audience.

Finally, Relax!

Although public speaking takes time and preparation, perhaps one of the most important points is to relax while you’re speaking. Delivering your information in a stiff way prevents you from appearing natural and letting your personality come through. The more relaxed you feel, the more confident your information will come across.

10 Tips for Improving Your Public Speaking Skills

Few are immune to the fear of public speaking. Marjorie North offers 10 tips for speakers to calm the nerves and deliverable memorable orations.

Marjorie North

Snakes? Fine. Flying? No problem. Public speaking? Yikes! Just thinking about public speaking — routinely described as one of the greatest (and most common) fears — can make your palms sweat. But there are many ways to tackle this anxiety and learn to deliver a memorable speech.

In part one of this series,  Mastering the Basics of Communication , I shared strategies to improve how you communicate. In part two, How to Communicate More Effectively in the Workplace , I examined how to apply these techniques as you interact with colleagues and supervisors in the workplace. For the third and final part of this series, I’m providing you with public speaking tips that will help reduce your anxiety, dispel myths, and improve your performance.

Here Are My 10 Tips for Public Speaking:

1. nervousness is normal. practice and prepare.

All people feel some physiological reactions like pounding hearts and trembling hands. Do not associate these feelings with the sense that you will perform poorly or make a fool of yourself. Some nerves are good. The adrenaline rush that makes you sweat also makes you more alert and ready to give your best performance.

The best way to overcome anxiety is to prepare, prepare, and prepare some more. Take the time to go over your notes several times. Once you have become comfortable with the material, practice — a lot. Videotape yourself, or get a friend to critique your performance.

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2. Know Your Audience. Your Speech Is About Them, Not You.

Before you begin to craft your message, consider who the message is intended for. Learn as much about your listeners as you can. This will help you determine your choice of words, level of information, organization pattern, and motivational statement.

3. Organize Your Material in the Most Effective Manner to Attain Your Purpose.

Create the framework for your speech. Write down the topic, general purpose, specific purpose, central idea, and main points. Make sure to grab the audience’s attention in the first 30 seconds.

4. Watch for Feedback and Adapt to It.

Keep the focus on the audience. Gauge their reactions, adjust your message, and stay flexible. Delivering a canned speech will guarantee that you lose the attention of or confuse even the most devoted listeners.

5. Let Your Personality Come Through.

Be yourself, don’t become a talking head — in any type of communication. You will establish better credibility if your personality shines through, and your audience will trust what you have to say if they can see you as a real person.

6. Use Humor, Tell Stories, and Use Effective Language.

Inject a funny anecdote in your presentation, and you will certainly grab your audience’s attention. Audiences generally like a personal touch in a speech. A story can provide that.

7. Don’t Read Unless You Have to. Work from an Outline.

Reading from a script or slide fractures the interpersonal connection. By maintaining eye contact with the audience, you keep the focus on yourself and your message. A brief outline can serve to jog your memory and keep you on task.

8. Use Your Voice and Hands Effectively. Omit Nervous Gestures.

Nonverbal communication carries most of the message. Good delivery does not call attention to itself, but instead conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly and without distraction.

9. Grab Attention at the Beginning, and Close with a Dynamic End.

Do you enjoy hearing a speech start with “Today I’m going to talk to you about X”? Most people don’t. Instead, use a startling statistic, an interesting anecdote, or concise quotation. Conclude your speech with a summary and a strong statement that your audience is sure to remember.

10. Use Audiovisual Aids Wisely.

Too many can break the direct connection to the audience, so use them sparingly. They should enhance or clarify your content, or capture and maintain your audience’s attention.

Practice Does Not Make Perfect

Good communication is never perfect, and nobody expects you to be perfect. However, putting in the requisite time to prepare will help you deliver a better speech. You may not be able to shake your nerves entirely, but you can learn to minimize them.

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About the Author

North is a consultant for political candidates, physicians, and lawyers, and runs a private practice specializing in public speaking, and executive communication skills. Previously, she was the clinical director in the department of speech and language pathology and audiology at Northeastern University.

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More From Forbes

New survey: 70% say presentation skills are critical for career success.

• For example, 20% of respondents said they would do almost anything to avoid giving a presentation including pretending to be sick or asking a colleague to give the presentation
• In the information age you are only as valuable as the ideas you have to share.
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Seventy percent of employed Americans who give presentations agree that presentation skills are critical to their success at work, according to a new Prezi survey. My first reaction? The other 30% don’t know it yet.

Prezi, the cloud-based presentation platform company, collaborated with Harris to survey employed professionals about their attitudes on presentations. Prezi also asked me to review the survey results. The findings reflect just how important presentations skills are to one’s career, and also reveal the extreme measures people take to get out of giving a presentation. For example, 20% of respondents said they would do almost anything to avoid giving a presentation including pretending to be sick or asking a colleague to give the presentation , even if it means “losing respect” in the workplace.

The fear of presenting is very real among professionals in corporate America today, so much so that that many people are desperate to avoid it. It’s a problem because the survey also reveals that telling a clear and persuasive story through presentations is a fundamental job requirement and a necessary component of career success. In the information age you are only as valuable as the ideas you have to share.  Poor presentation skills mean that leaders fail to inspire their teams, products fail to sell, entrepreneurs fail to attract funding, and careers fail to soar. That seems like a big price to pay for neglecting such a basic skill that anyone can improve upon.

There is hope for anyone who wants to improve at this critical career skill and, according to the Prezi survey, plenty of people want help. Seventy-five percent of those who give presentations say they would like to be better at presenting  and to ‘captivate the audience.’ One way to improve presentation skills is simply to watch great presentations. Thanks to sites like TED.com , anyone with an Internet connection and a computer or mobile device can watch the world’s most awe-inspiring presentations delivered in 18-minutes.

Recently I spoke to author and investigative reporter David Epstein who delivered this TED talk in March that has been viewed more than 1.7 million times. On the 18-minute time limit that all TED talks are required to follow he said, “It forced me to be really sharp with my transitions, and to pick examples that I could explain really succinctly, even if they were not the simplest ideas in the world. With that amount of time, you know you can only make so many points, so you're forced to make them count.” Epstein’s TED experience also taught him the importance of delivering a visually engaging presentation that adds to the narrative, and doesn’t simply mirror the speaker’s words. “The slides should supplement the talk, not give it. The speaker is the performer, and the slides are supporting actors.”

Epstein’s presentation is visually engaging and beautifully designed, a common element in many of the best TED presentations. If you want to improve your presentation skills, here are several other TED talks I would recommend that you watch.

“Why Schools Kill Creativity,” by Sir Ken Robinson (Skillful use of humor and storytelling).

“My Stroke of Insight” by Dr. Jill Bolte-Taylor (Dr. Jill rehearsed this presentation 200 times before delivering it).

“We Need to Talk About an Injustice” by Bryan Stevenson (Stevenson tells three stories to support his theme, accounting for 65% of his content).

The fact is that traditional presentations are often boring. In the Prezi survey, 46% of respondents admit that they’ve been distracted during a co-worker’s presentation. Instead of watching the presentation they often do the following tasks: send text messages, answer email, surf the Internet, check social media, or fall asleep. Creating and delivering a presentation that engages hearts and minds does take work and creativity, but with easy access to some of the best presentations on the planet there are plenty of examples to model.

Carmine Gallo is a communication coach, keynote speaker, and author of several bestselling books including  The Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs and his latest Talk Like TED: The 9 Public Speaking Secrets Of The World’s Top Minds .

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3 Public Speaking and Presentation Skills

• Published: August 2019
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Physicians, throughout their training and careers, are often asked to do a variety of different types of public speaking—from large academic settings and videotaped seminars to informal informational settings or impromptu discussions. Doctors are asked to speak on important clinical topics at hospital grand rounds; discuss preventative health with patients in the community; lecture about their research at a professional conference; respond at a press conference about a controversial issue; conduct a job interview through video broadcast; Skype with a team of academic researchers from around the world; or conduct themselves on camera for a telemedicine interaction with patients and colleagues. Individuals are usually filled with apprehension about speaking in front of a group. More often than not, many people will avoid talking in front of a live audience or a video camera if they possibly can. But opportunities to speak are important to take advantage of, whether self-directed or prompted by a request from a superior or an organization. Professional careers and personal connections can be enhanced by giving an outstanding presentation with excellent skills. Whether the goal is to slightly improve physicians’ presentation and communication skills or to perfect their public speaking performances, this chapter will help them. Today, many careers in medicine and throughout the healthcare profession require not only that physicians make presentations in person to large and small live audiences but also that they are camera-ready and know how to successfully perform in a video presentation or broadcast interview.

We spend a good part of our lives trying desperately to convince ourselves as well as everybody else that we know more than we really do. —Charles Osgood

There are only two types of speakers in the world, the nervous and the liar. —Mark Twain

Introduction

As a former television reporter and a current medical educator and practicing medical internist, I have taught many sessions and seminars on public speaking and presentation skills. I have met physicians, clinical researchers, executives, and other health professionals who know that their skills and training in this area are deficient and are very interested in learning how to improve. The good news is that most people are much better at public speaking than they think they are. However, no matter what your current competence level is, you can always do better. After you learn how to identify and tap into your natural personality, attributes, and communication style, you will begin to feel more comfortable.

At some point during your professional life, someone will ask you to give a presentation. You may be honored and elated. But like many people, including many physicians, you may also be nervous and even terrified. There are few activities other than skydiving, rock climbing, and public speaking that can squeeze your adrenal glands, raise your blood pressure, and cause more of an overwhelming sense of doom than public speaking. In fact, many people will go to great lengths to avoid speaking in front of an audience altogether.

Physicians, throughout their training and careers, are often asked to do a variety of different types of public speaking—from addressing large academic settings and videotaped seminars to speaking in informal informational settings or leading impromptu discussions. Doctors are asked to speak on important clinical topics at hospital grand rounds; discuss preventative health with patients in the community; lecture about their research at a professional conference; talk to medical students or residents at a noon conference; speak to a television reporter about a timely topic; respond at a press conference about a controversial issue; conduct a job interview through video broadcast; Skype with a team of academic researchers from around the world; or conduct themselves on camera for a telemedicine interaction with patients and colleagues.

On September 14, 2018, Dr. Allan Tunkel, Senior Associate Dean for Medical Education at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, gave the White Coat Address at Cooper Medical School of Rowan University. It was one of the highlights of his professional career. He told the personal story of his near-death experience while suffering from septic shock and pneumonia in the intensive care unit (ICU). He shared important take-home lessons about healthcare for the medical students present that day. The twenty-minute talk was brilliant and well-received by the audience despite the fact that Dean Tunkel committed several errors in public speaking that day. Specifically, he read most of his talk word for word, was hidden behind a podium, and only looked up at the audience occasionally. But Dean Tunkel is a natural storyteller, and what made his talk so effective were his honesty, humor, and true emotion. He tapped into his personal communication style to tell a thoughtful message about his experience. 1

Examples of Public Speaking Opportunities for Physicians • Grand rounds lecture • Community talk to patients • Professional medical conference presentation • Noon conference lecture for students or residents • Television interview • Press conference appearance • Video or Skype job interview • Skype with research team members • Telemedicine interaction with patients and colleagues

Whether you are asked to speak in one of these varied venues with different media platforms, to different audiences about different topics, or in another type of setting, many of the essential communication skills are the same. Fortunately, they are skills and can be learned, practiced and even perfected. Whatever presentation you give, your communication skills, or lack thereof, will be readily evident to your audience. But you will reduce your anxiety and heighten your performance if you have an increased awareness of your natural skills, knowledge of the mission of your talk, and thorough preparation and practice. I have heard many common misgivings about public speaking.

“If I could improve one thing about my public speaking, it would be to engage more with my audience. I tend to get very nervous and stick to what I need to say, and I want to get the process over with as quickly as possible. This comes at the cost of not reading the audience or being able to make adjustments and tweaks as needed.”

“Something negative about my public speaking is that if I make one mistake, I struggle to let it go and come back from it. I focus on the mistake that likely nobody else noticed, and it becomes a positive feedback loop of continuing mistakes.”

“Something positive that people have told me is that my pace is good and I seem confident in what I’m saying, which I think is pretty funny because I tend to be nervous in public speaking contexts and not feel confident at all.”

Individuals are usually filled with apprehension about speaking in front of a group because they do not realize how good they can be by making minor adjustments and how easy it really is. More often than not, many people will avoid talking in front of a live audience or a video camera if they possibly can. But opportunities to speak are important to take advantage of, whether self-directed or prompted by a request from a superior or an organization. Professional careers and personal connections can be enhanced by giving an outstanding presentation with excellent skills.

I have heard many stories from individuals about avoiding public speaking, from turning down invitations to talk to audiences of patients, to turning down media interviews and even professional opportunities to speak at important conferences. One therapist whom I know declined to be listed on a popular physician referral site simply because she did not want to talk about herself and her work in front of a video camera.

She wrote to me in an email, “I don’t like the idea of having to do the video, but that’s just me. I am shy.”

Unfortunately, medical school, residency, fellowship, and other medical and science graduate trainings offer little if any specific instruction or formal guidance about the topic of presentation skills. Studying science courses, doing well on multiple-choice exams, and memorizing mountains of basic science data may produce knowledgeable doctors and successful researchers but not individuals who are excellent communicators. Although training in this area is changing and more education is becoming available, on the whole there is still little instruction or guidance for healthcare professionals who want to present themselves and their work in the most optimal way.

Whether your goal is to slightly improve your presentation and communication skills or to perfect your performance so that you can become an engaging or even motivational speaker, the rules are the same. Yes, you can become a top-notch communicator and effective speaker. Yes, you should care because if you cannot communicate to an audience about your work, then your knowledge, advice, insight, and opinions will not be heard. And unfortunately, your work may be lost, and your experience and wisdom may never be acknowledged or remembered. Your mission may never get off the ground. The spotlight will shine on others with excellent speaking skills and their work. Those with better presentation skills are often more likely to be promoted, funded and rewarded.

Communication and presentation skills are critical for a successful career. Today, many careers in medicine and throughout the healthcare profession require not only that you give presentations in person to large and small live audiences but also that you are camera-ready and know how to successfully perform in a video presentation or broadcast interview.

Ninety percent of how well the talk will go is determined before the speaker steps on the platform. —Somers White

Analyze Your Communication Style

So where should you begin? Unfortunately, the first problem comes with thinking about yourself and your individual communication style. It seems that just thinking about how we speak in front of another person or in front of a group of people, camera, or microphone can cause anxiety. Thinking about our communication is a little like thinking about breathing: all of a sudden something so natural that you have done all of your life becomes awkward and foreign when you focus attention on it or try to analyze it. All of your negative self-damning thoughts, your inner and outer critics, and the memory of individuals in your life who may have put you down, or even your own baseline nervousness, can come back to haunt you and limit your performance.

You may envision yourself as a poor speaker with all of your weaknesses present instead of beginning to see yourself as an articulate and compelling presenter. Knowing your material and the reason you are presenting it and recognizing your skills as a natural communicator are the first steps to helping your performance. Realizing that you have many talents and assets from different aspects of your life and applying those experiences and confidence to your presentations can also be helpful. Just like you have done in other areas of your life, you can apply these inherent human communication and life skills to improving your presentations. Remember that your work and your knowledge are both important. Your audience needs to be informed about your work and what you need to say.

Think about the traits and skills you appreciate in a speaker. Do you like when the person is passionate, clear, understandable, succinct, and comfortable? Would you prefer a presenter who connects with the audience, stays on message, and is able to successfully tell a story or use humor?

Do you appreciate a lecturer who appears to be in charge of the lecture from beginning to end? Are you impressed when the lecturer remains calm and in control no matter what comes up, such as a technical problem with the microphone or a difficult question or comment from the audience?

One truism that may help boost your confidence is the following: remember that, the vast majority of the time, when you are presenting, you will know more about the information than anyone else in the room. There may be some very smart people in the audience, who may ask you some tough questions, but no one knows your presentation and all the information it contains as well as you do. While your audience doesn’t know as much as you know about the topic, unfortunately they also may not care as much as you do. Your job is to make them understand the information and make them care about it as much as you do. That is why clear, articulate, engaging, and passionate talks are the most effective and memorable. Make your listeners learn and share your concern and interests. Ensure that the audience hears your message and becomes as passionate and articulate as you are about it.

If you don’t know what you want to achieve in your presentation your audience never will. —Harvey Diamond

Try to imagine your audience in a positive light. Instead of fearing your audience and imagining a group of enemies, envision the audience as open, accepting, and encouraging. Instead of thinking about the worst-case scenario, imagine yourself giving a great presentation and successfully completing your mission to a group of friends and colleagues. Remember, when you are an audience member, you just want to listen and learn from an informative and accessible presentation. You assume it will go well. Your audience expects you to win, and they are planning for you to give an effective and informative talk.

Another lesson to remember is that practice improves performance. Start accepting opportunities to speak. When asked to do a presentation, don’t say no and avoid it. Force yourself to say yes to invitations to give talks. Also, create your own opportunities and talk to your boss or colleagues who might help make these types of opportunities happen for you. The more public speaking you do, to small intimate groups or to large audiences, the better you will become at it. Do not shy away from speaking engagements. Speak more. Each time you present to an audience, it will become easier and you will enjoy it more.

After you have secured a speaking engagement, you will want to do three things: First, remind yourself why you want to speak and create a mission statement for yourself about the goal of your talk. Remember and articulate why you are the best person to give this talk. Second, become an expert about the topic you are speaking on and know your information well. Third, know who your audience is and what they need from you. Realize your inherent worth and, most important, the inherent worth of the knowledge you need to impart in giving an excellent presentation. Transfer your nervousness into productivity; start researching and writing your talk. Also, try to attend a few live lectures or watch some presentations online. Take notes on things you like and don’t like. Figure out what kind of presentation skills you want to emulate, then you can begin to gain the knowledge you need to begin to practice and prepare.

It usually takes me more than three weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech. —Mark Twain

Even though it is not easy, it is only by focusing on our own communication skills and dissecting them in an objective manner that we can analyze our specific and unique assets and deficits. Then we can begin to learn the important tools to improve. First impressions are key—and that includes first impressions by our audiences about our presentations. Most people make up their minds about us in the first few seconds of meeting us or in the first moments of our lecture; that is why our skills from beginning to end are critical to our success.

There are many common problems people have concerning public speaking. For most of them, there are some easy solutions.

  “I’ve been told I speak too quickly, so I would like to improve this and find a comfortable pace.”

When most people are nervous, they speak too quickly. Remind yourself that it is almost impossible to speak too slowly. Take a breath. Look out at the audience. Utilize pauses effectively. You should know that while it is hard to speak too slowly, it is possible (and a common error) to speak without enough energy or enough passion. One of the most common errors is speaking too quickly—the other common error is speaking without enthusiasm. Don’t commit either of these errors. Try to connect and convince your audience that what you are saying is important. Try to be natural, clear, succinct and make a good impression. Look up at your audience after important points. Have a conversation with them.

  “Sometimes I get so nervous when I am speaking that I sort of black out and really lose my self-awareness. I feel like when I am finished, I have no idea how long I have been talking or if I have even effectively gotten my point across.”

Remember it is not about you. It is about the information you are presenting. If what you have to say is important, then think about how important it is to inform and engage your audience with the content of your presentation. Be organized and engaging. Look out at the audience and build a bridge to them. Make sure they are hearing and understanding your important presentation.

  “I don’t know about my body language when I am speaking. I try not to fidget, but I hear mixed things about using hands versus not or walking around on stage or not—this is something that I know I do.”

The more you can focus on your information and the importance of your talk, the more you will be confident and comfortable with your own body language. The more comfortable you are, the more your body language will follow and display confidence. You won’t worry about your hands, your feet, or your body movements; you will use your posture and gestures like you do when you are calm and in control in other situations. (See section on Nonverbal Communication: Our Body Language in Chapter 1 .)

  “I have been given generally good feedback about my public speaking, but I would say that regardless of external feedback, I tend to feel horrendous while doing it. Some strategies for managing nerves during public speaking would be fabulous. The old ‘picture everyone in their underwear’ trick doesn’t quite do it for me.”

Instead of thinking of people in their underwear (which I don’t recommend), imagine yourself sitting in the audience. What are you expecting from the speaker? You are expecting an informative presentation. You may also be thinking about your next meeting, your daughter’s birthday, and maybe even lunch. In other words, the people in the audience are just like you, they have busy lives and just want to hear an interesting and relevant talk—so give them one.

  “I feel like I can do okay with thoroughly rehearsed material, but I can stumble a bit if I have to come up with the words as I go.”

Some people do need to read a script, but instead try to write down bulleted points and know the structure and flow of your talk. You will be able to have a dialogue with your audience instead of reading a script. Just like when you have a conversation with one person, you are not reading a script—think about having a conversation with your audience, only it’s one in which you get to do most of the talking. When we “read a script” we tend to lose all of our natural voice qualities and become monotone and emotionless. You will want to give a presentation that is directed to real people in your audience—tell them a story and talk to them as individuals. If you must use a script, mark it up with notes and highlights so you can remember to ad lib, pause and emphasize where necessary. Try to make it more conversational and you will have more success.

  “I would love to be able to stand in front of others and speak more clearly. I often lose my train of thought and then become roundabout with my word choice.”

Having notes of exact figures or important percentages or other bulleted points in front of you can help you if you lose your train of thought. If you do use a script, you can mark it up so you have notes for yourself. Make your presentation come to life in any way you can. Also, be confident enough that you can easily say, “I think I just got off-track or misspoke; let me back up.” Or, “Is that clear to everyone?” or “Are there any questions?”

  “I wish I could be more succinct and conclude my ideas better rather than trailing off.”

Just like you do when you are speaking to someone else one to one, make your point and then move on to the next point. Put a period at the end of each sentence. Be confident, clear and concise. Each talk should contain between three and six take home lessons. Write these down beforehand. Make sure you discuss all of them and reiterate them before you finish.

  “I would like to eliminate space-filler words during public speaking. I want to deliver a short speech effectively.”

We all use excess words as crutches or filler words such as “uh,” or “yeah” or “do you know what I mean?” and one way to help reduce these is to audio record or video tape yourself. If you hear yourself using unnecessary phrases or filler words as crutches, it will be easier to eliminate them. Catch yourself saying these words in any way you can and work on stopping the use of them.

  “I would like to have more confidence and focus.”

Think of an activity or hobby you are good at and enjoy, such as golf, tennis, playing an instrument, or another hobby. Transfer your confidence, including body language, tone of voice and other confident mannerisms into your public speaking skills. When you walk onto the tennis court, how confident is your posture? When you play the piano, how peaceful and focused are you? When you are talking to your best friend, how happy and engaged are you? When you are talking to your children, how clear and encouraging are you? Try to emulate these gestures and feelings while speaking to your audience.

  “I would like to know how to make eye contact without making it look like I’m intentionally and deliberately trying to make eye contact with people.”

Look at one face at a time in your audience. Smile and look into people’s eyes while you are talking until you see a nod or smile. Pretend the person you see is the only person in the room, then move on to someone else until you gradually build the number of friendly faces you have connected with to as many people as possible in the room. Their facial expressions should calm you down and give you immediate feedback on how you are doing.

  “People tell me my voice doesn’t sound like it’s shaking, but to me it definitely sounds like it’s shaking.”

Take a few slow deep breaths before you begin speaking. This can help calm your nerves and reduce the shaking. You can try to yawn a few times before you walk on stage. Slow yourself, heart rate and ultimately the speed of your talk down. Think of a person, a situation, a geographic location or an activity you love. Close your eyes for a minute and imagine you are in a serene, confident and happy state. Smiling and stretching your body can help as well. Try not to focus on your voice or yourself. Instead focus on the information and how best you are going to engage and teach your audience.

How to Assess Your Public Speaking

If you want to try to assess your own public speaking and presentations, you will need to be open to acknowledging the areas you need to work on. You will also want to listen and learn from others.

  Make a list. Be honest with yourself about your strengths and weaknesses as a communicator and presenter of information, but do not be hypercritical. Write down a list of your perceived strengths in all areas of communication, not just presentation skills and not just when speaking to an audience. Think about your strengths when speaking to a friend or family member or to students, residents, or employees and write these strengths down. Now think about what you would like to improve in your presentation style. You can write down just one word or make a list. Write down any weaknesses you have when communicating or as a presenter. Try to make your strengths a longer list than the list of weaknesses. Next to any weakness, write down the correction you need to make.

  I mumble . I will learn how to improve my articulation and enunciation with specific knowledge, exercises, and practice. (See exercises in this chapter.)

  I speak too quickly . I will learn how to slow down by focusing on serene thoughts and my breathing. I will use pauses and look out at the audience when I speak.

  I speak too softly. I will learn how to breathe properly using a full diaphragm and speak with enough volume, passion, and energy to be heard.

  I am afraid to look at the audience. I will think of other situations where I am confident and can easily make eye contact with others. I will use this tactic as immediate feedback on how I am doing. Reading the facial expressions of my audience is as important as reading the facial expressions while sitting across from someone while having a face-to-face discussion. There is no better and immediate way to realize your audience is confused, bored, or happily engaged, then looking at specific faces in the audience.

  I am worried about my accent . There are excellent, dynamic presenters who speak in every language and have many different types of accents and different types of voices. I will embrace myself and my beautiful unique voice and use it to my advantage. If I need professional evaluation or help, I will consult a voice coach or speech therapist. There is usually no reason to eliminate accents that may be different from the native language of your audience.

  Ask others . If you need help making a list of your present communication style, talk to a supportive friend or colleague or even a professional voice coach, speech therapist, boss, or superior to help evaluate how you are at communicating and how you can improve. Ask for your reviews after you give a presentation—and ask your colleagues to tell you honestly how you can improve. You can also ask family members and peers about your communication and presentation skills. Compare this list with the one you created for yourself.

  Video yourself . Finally, record yourself doing a one- to two-minute presentation about your work or topic of interest to you with your computer or your phone. You can use some notes but try not to read a script verbatim if you can help it. Just talk to the camera like you are talking to a friend or a student about your topic. When you are alone, just open your laptop or smart phone, push record, and look into the camera and talk about something you know and are passionate about such as your work, sports, a hobby, or a recent vacation you took. Watch and listen to the presentation. Be kind to yourself. Give yourself an honest assessment. Write down what you like and what you would like to do better. Most people can smile and soften their features at the very least—which, believe it or not, helps their voice sound more natural. Another method to evaluate your voice is to record yourself talking on the phone to a friend or your mother. Listen and evaluate your natural tone, inflections, speed, and clarity. Most people have wonderful voices when they are talking naturally to friends or family members.

  Read your reviews . When you do give a presentation to a live audience or a videotaped performance for others to watch, welcome any feedback. Look closely at the audience reviews to see where and how you might improve.

  Watch the experts. Watch people you think are good, whether they are professors, politicians, actors, journalists, or even your colleagues. What makes them so good? Try to figure out what it is they are doing that you like. Are they earnest, confident, and making eye-contact? Are they prepared and knowledgeable but also able to handle spontaneous comments or difficult questions? Are their words and their voice clear, pleasant, and understandable?

Best way to conquer stage fright is to know what you’re talking about. —Michael H. Mescon

Improve Your Voice (Your Instrument)

Your voice is literally your instrument. When you give a presentation, how people feel about your voice will be integral to how they perceive your presentation.

Think about how you react to various types of voices when you hear others presenting. Whether their voices are high and screechy or low and mellow may determine how long you can listen before leaving the lecture or before falling asleep. What about when someone talks too softly? Is that frustrating for you? Or what about when someone speaks indistinctly or incoherently or speaks too quickly or talks too loudly? Is that irritating to you? Besides our body language, our voice quality may have more influence on people’s perception of us and understanding of our presentation than any other aspect of our communication skills.

Mistakes People Make with Their Voices • Pitch too high (screechy) • Volume too soft (inaudible) • Energy too low (too mellow or monotone and without passion) • Poor articulation (mumbling, chewing gum, or fingers in front of mouth) • Speaking too quickly (it is hard to speak too slowly) • No pauses (pauses are important and natural)

Do you remember how annoying it can be during a phone conversation with a bad connection or listening to the radio when the signal keeps cutting out? How does it make you feel when the presenter’s microphone volume is too loud or too soft? Often, when you give a presentation, you will be speaking through a microphone. It is okay to ask the audience if everyone can hear you—ask specifically whether the volume is too high or too low. You may be speaking perfectly, but if the volume of the microphone is off, or worse yet, if the audio transmission is scratchy or a speaker is broken, your audience may become upset with the sound of your voice and it has nothing to do with you. If the sound system is broken, take off the microphone and speak in a volume that is audible (and pleasant) for the entire audience. You may have to increase your volume.

Always look to your audience for feedback. If even one audience member is wincing or cupping an ear, you know something is wrong. Your audience members will let you know how you are doing. You just need to look at them to see their facial expressions and body language to measure their comfort and understanding of your presentation.

What type of voice is most easily heard and understood? In an article published in Science Magazine in 2012, Sabine Louet wrote: “A growing body of evidence from multidisciplinary research in acoustics, engineering, linguistics, phonetics, and psychology suggests that an authoritative, expressive voice really can make a big difference.” 2 Someone who speaks slowly with a low voice and a pleasant intonation can be perceived as someone with a commanding influence. According to Louet’s article, a good example of an authoritative voice is the voice on the New York subway that says, “stand clear of the closing doors.” If you listen closely to professional actors and broadcasters, male and female, as well as different speakers during presentations you attend, you will begin to identify voices you like. Try to figure out what type of voice the person has and what is pleasing, or not pleasing, about it. There are many different voices with different pitches and tones as well as speeds and inflections. The common trait that all successful voices have is that they are authentic and true to the personality of the person speaking. That said, the voice still needs to be supported with a full breath, coming from a confident posture. You need to articulate your important message with the correct volume and energy by properly opening and utilizing your vocal instrument.

Of course, perception of a voice is very subjective. Our culture, geography, gender, age, ethnicity, professional norms, and other biases can influence our perceptions about another person’s voice quality. Overall, it seems that low and slow voices from confident male and female speakers using good volume, inflection, and enunciation are often perceived as the most pleasing and commanding.

However, speaking with your natural pitch is just that—it is YOUR pitch produced by not stressing or straining your vocal instrument or trying to imitate someone else. The phrase “speak low” may make some women, and maybe even some men, try to speak lower than their natural pitch. This is a mistake. You should never try to speak higher or lower than your natural pitch. This will strain your body and make your voice sound unnatural, and it can be harmful to your vocal folds. To find your true speaking pitch, say “ho-hummm,” and the pitch of the “humming” sound is usually your natural pitch.

Similar to the way a singer determines whether they are a soprano, alto, tenor, or base, you can find and speak in your proper range and comfortable pitch. If you are a soprano, your voice can sound wonderful and melodic unless you try to pretend you are a tenor. Many women in the early years of news broadcasting used to speak with an artificially low pitch, and some still do. But speaking with your natural voice and with your natural pitch will help your voice sound the best. If your throat hurts after giving a speech or at the end of a long day of talking, you may not be speaking at your natural pitch, or you may have other vocal problems that a speech therapist or vocal coach could easily identify.

Listening to a badly tuned voice is like a badly tuned radio. —Alan Mars, Voice coach

The production of voice, while complex, is still a product of our neuromuscular bodies and can be improved with good instruction and practice. Pitch, volume, timbre, speech rate, and articulation are all essential aspects of our voices and all amenable to training. A speech therapist or vocal coach can help you work on any major problems you may have, such as poor pronunciation, lack of breath control or volume, using the wrong pitch or stuttering. For many people, just practicing a few simple daily exercises and following some specific guidelines when speaking can help improve the quality of their voices. You may also consider taking an acting class, signing up for speech therapy or voice instruction, singing in a chorus, joining a debate club, teaching, coaching, leading groups while hiking or exercise, or engaging in any other pursuits that require you to use your voice regularly, publicly, and effectively.

Almost a decade ago, I joined a chorus. I love music, and I have always wanted to sing. But I also hoped that singing regularly at weekly rehearsals and performing concerts throughout the year would improve my vocal quality and speaking voice so it would remain strong, full, and healthy as I aged. It has worked.

I can prove that regular singing in a group has improved my speaking voice quality by simply watching myself on television or on video. Singing has indeed improved my voice by improving my breathing and use of my diaphragm. The pitch, volume, and modulation of my voice are all more natural now. Just like when you are singing correctly, if you are speaking correctly then your throat should not get tired or sore after giving a talk. When I appear in television presentations now, my voice sounds better at midlife than it did during my twenties when I was reporting regularly on television. Back then, the problems with my voice were numerous. I would run out of air at the end of long sentences. When I was tired, my voice sounded weak, hoarse or artificial. Sometimes my throat would be sore after speaking for long periods of time. But I have learned that relaxing my throat, neck, shoulders, and face and opening my jaw and using my full diaphragm and breath to support my voice (as well as speaking with my natural pitch) have helped eliminate vocal problems.

You may be able to think of many other activities or hobbies, including singing or reciting poetry or storytelling, that require good posture and use of full breaths and vocal muscles to help you regularly produce a pleasant and understandable projection of your best vocal speaking voice. Try to engage in these activities as much as possible. Your voice muscles are like other muscles in your body—you need to use them to keep them in shape. Here are some tips and exercises that can help you improve your voice:

Tips to Improve Your Speaking Voice 1. Speak up and project. 2. Smile when you speak. 3. Slow down and enunciate. 4. Practice deep breathing and controlling your breath on the exhale. 5. Speak naturally and avoid being monotone. 6. Do vocal exercises (listed next). 7. Read aloud in front of a mirror. 8. Record yourself reading and listen to it. 9. Hire a voice coach or see a speech therapist.

Exercises to Improve Your Voice 1.   Good posture . Stand on two feet in a confident and comfortable manner. Make sure your weight is evenly distributed over both feet. Make sure your feet are hip-width apart. Do not lock your knees. Make sure your feet do not appear nailed into the ground or that you are frozen in position. You can take a few steps one way or the other if you want. Arms at your side. Your posture will affect your voice, and your body language will reinforce your image of confidence. Before we sing, we always stand and spend a few minutes making sure our posture is good. Our hips are over our knees. Our chests are lifted, ribs are in, and abdomen is soft. Move your head from side to side and drop one ear to one shoulder and the other ear to the other shoulder to loosen your neck. Do not stand on your heels or lean on one hip. You should be upright, strong, and supple like a dancer. Do not fidget or be rigid or appear frozen. Stand, breathe, and move with confidence. 2.   Breathe. Yawn a few times to open the jaw. Now take a deep full breath in on three counts and exhale out on three counts. Now again on five counts in and five counts out. Do this a few times. Diaphragmatic breathing is easy for some and counterintuitive for others. It took years for it to feel natural to me. Singing helped me the most. Put your hand on your belly. When you expand your belly as you breathe in, fill up slowly until you cannot take any more air in; then as you exhale, contract the belly and slowly but steadily breathe out. You will eventually feel the diaphragm literally pulling down and out to fill your lungs with air and then pushing up and inward as you exhale. The expansion as you inhale can be felt around the circumference of the mid-body including the back and the sides. A strong diaphragm and good breath control will give your voice more power and projection. 3.   Relax. Try to remove any tension from your body, especially from your face, jaw, and neck to your shoulders, back, and legs. Just as tension affects our bodies, it certainly affects our voices. The more at ease you are, the better your voice will sound. You should be alert, engaged, and ready to sing (or give your talk). Do a few shoulder rolls forward and backward. Twist your body gently from side to side. Breathe in and sigh out. 4.   Warm up and strengthen your instrument . Do some lip trills. This is what you may have called “motor boat” when you were young or playing with young children. Use air to vibrate your lips. You can hum notes or hum a song you know (e.g., “Oh, Say Can You See” or “Happy Birthday”). If you have trouble doing this, gently push or pull the sides of your lips together. You can also try to do a few enunciation exercises as outlined later.

My mother was a professional broadcaster and theater actress. As a little girl, I would ride in the car with her and listen as she practiced elocution and breathing exercises on the way to the broadcast station or theater. She would literally be warming up her vocal instrument so that she would be ready to perform. Try a few of these exercises to help warm up and keep your vocal skills sharp:

Exercises to Improve Enunciation and Elocution Say these slowly at first and then increase your speed: • She sells seashells by the seashore. • How now brown cow. • Peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. • Red leather, yellow leather. • Unique New York. Unique New York. • Betty Botter bought a bit of butter. But the bit of butter Betty Botter bought was bitter. So, Betty Botter bought a better bit of butter.

Read one or two of the exercises daily for at least several days before your presentation. Try to increase your speed. Record yourself. If you memorize a few of these, you will be able to use them as part of your warm-up exercises before you give a presentation.

There are many other exercises to help you awaken and strengthen all of the muscles of the face, tongue, throat, and diaphragm that produce your voice. You can certainly find many of these exercises on YouTube and elsewhere. You can also consider scheduling an appointment with a speech therapist and see if you need any professional help. You can hire a voice or singing coach to help you improve your voice or join a community theater or chorus.

Daily Voice Exercises from Voice Training 1.   Yawn five times . Soft palate lifts, brings down the lower jaw, and opens and stretches your instrument from the lips to the throat to the diaphragm. Some problems with voice, including a “nasal” quality or even mumbling, can be due to our tongues not being engaged and our soft palates not being lifted. When the back of our throat is opened (like during a yawn), the voice can sound better. 2.   Lip trills. Awakens and strengthens the muscles around the lips. 3.   Tongue trills. Engage the tongue, say “butter”; then bend tip of tongue up to roof of mouth and vibrate while making a sound. This awakens and strengthens the tongue. 4.   Say “Ho-hummmmmm” then hum a song or a scale. With the lips closed and the jaw, mouth, and back of the throat wide as possible. This will open and soften the throat—as well as help you find your natural pitch. 5.   Stifle a laugh . Keep your lips firmly pressed together. This will activate your jaw, lips, and other face and throat muscles. 6.   Tongue circling in the front of upper and lower teeth . Both directions. Count 4 right, then 4 left, then 3-3, 2-2, and 1-1. This will help strengthen and improve the agility of the tongue for clearer enunciation. 7.   Say or sing a vowel for as long as you can . (A) “ah” (E) “eh” (I) “eye” (O) “oh” (U) “oo.” Use a full breath. Sing or say one vowel at a time. Open your mouth as wide as you can (look in the mirror) and deepen the back of your mouth and expand your diaphragm.

How can we improve the projection of our voice? When we give a presentation, it is very important that we project to an audience with a full and resonant tone. We need a full breath and the ability to control it to produce this sound. According to Jayne Latz, speech pathologist, our power source is our diaphragm and there are many exercises we can learn to strengthen and engage it. 3 , 4

Here are her exercises as well as some I do in singing workshops: Stand or sit up in your chair with your feet firmly planted. (Do not do anything that makes you dizzy or feel sick. If you do feel faint, stop right away.) Make sure you are comfortable. Breathe in and then count loudly as far as you can. “One, two, three, four. . . .” Try it again and see if you can increase the number each time. Make sure during the last few numbers you say that you are still using a strong and full voice. Again, breathe in and then count aloud. Keep adding on to the numbers if you can. Fill your back muscles with air. Count outloud on the outbreath to ten, then to fifteen, and then try to count to twenty loudly and clearly if you can. You can also make a “hissing” sound on the exhale or sing or say a vowel sound (“ah” or “eh”). Look at your watch and time it, and continue to try to make it longer each time. Again, if you feel dizzy or out of breath, stop immediately and sit down.

You can improve your voice by doing these types of exercises daily. After becoming familiar with these types of exercises, you may begin to feel your diaphragm as you take much fuller breaths. Our breath is what produces our voice. The fuller our breath is, and the more we learn to utilize and control it, the better our voices will be. Speaking coaches will work with the specific characteristics of your voice, improving in areas where you may need it the most, from your volume and resonance to enunciation and clarity. There are many tools and techniques that can improve the quality of your voice. But the bottom line is that the better your voice is, the better your presentation will be.

The best thing most speakers can do is optimize their ordinary speaking voice for public performance. Audiences will like you better for it—and you will feel both more natural and more relaxed as a result. —Tina Blake, Voice coach 5

Four Common Mistakes in Presentations

Common Mistakes in Presentations • Letting your nerves get the best of you • Reading every word of a script • Speaking too quickly • Not engaging the audience

After years of leading communication skills training workshops and programs, I have witnessed many different types of problems, but there are some common mistakes I see most people make. Fortunately, there are many relatively quick and easy solutions.

Letting Your Nerves Get the Best of You

There is no doubt that if you let your mind create a stressful environment, then a shower of negative thoughts and anxiety often carried by your stress hormones will cascade over you during the classic fight, flight, or flee response. Once that physiologic mayhem begins to happen, it is hard to give a calm, clear, and concise presentation. Trust me, even the best public speakers get nervous, but they stay in charge of their nerves and emotions by doing the following:

  Realize it is normal to be nervous . Expert speakers realize that being nervous is a normal response. In other words, if you are not nervous, something is wrong. But the level of nervousness and how you handle those nerves will determine your success.

  Channeling nervous energy . You can channel nervous energy into a good performance with tools such as positive thinking, remembering why you wanted to give this talk and how important the information is for the audience. Remember to use your breathing and visualization techniques. If you are in charge of your emotions, you will be in charge of your presentation.

  Think of activities you are good at. What are you really good at? Think of the professional activities (e.g., operating as a surgeon, speaking with patients or medical students, diagnosing illnesses, talking to employees) or personal hobbies or activities (e.g., golf, tennis, skiing, painting, playing a musical instrument, talking to your children). Now, think about the confidence of your speech and your body language when you are doing those activities. Try to emulate your body language and voice from those activities when you give your presentation. Remember how nervous you were when you were a medical student and you interviewed your first patient? Think of how comfortable and confident you are now when you interview patients and know that you can be the same way in your presentations.

  It is not about you . One way I have calmed down many medical students and residents and improved their presentations of patients’ histories and physical exams is to remind them why they are doing the presentation. Presentations on rounds or while handing over care to another doctor are done to ensure that the next doctor or other doctors can take great care of your patient. The presentation is about the patient and not about the student or resident giving the presentation. The same is true for you. Remember, your presentation, regardless of the topic, is about the information you are teaching and message you are imparting. It is about your ultimate goal and overall mission in doing the presentation; it is not about you.

  Visualization and imagery . I often tell people to imagine that the presentation is over and visualize it playing out in the best possible way. Ask yourself a few important positive questions. How did it go? How great was it? How did you want your presentation to go? How did you want your audience to think about you and remember your information? Now, go out and make your presentation that way, just as great as you imagined it.

No one ever complains about a speech being too short. —Ira Hayes, US Marine

There is another strategy called a “premortem” (hypothetical opposite of a postmortem) or “prospective hindsight” that business people often use before a project is launched. A project team imagines that a project or organization has failed and then works backward to determine what potentially could lead to the failure of the project or organization. You could certainly do this before giving your presentation. Think about all that you are worried about. Play out each scenario or even write them down. When you review them one by one, they will not look so bad, and you can think of ways to prevent your worst fears from coming true during your presentation.

According to an article in the Harvard Business Review written by Gary Klein, “unlike a typical critiquing session, in which project team members are asked what might go wrong, the pre-mortem operates on the assumption that the ‘patient’ has died, and so asks what did go wrong. . . . The pre-mortem analysis seeks to identify threats and weaknesses via the hypothetical presumption of near-future failure. But if that presumption is incorrect, then the analysis may be identifying threats/weaknesses that are not in fact real. 6

Here is a sample a pre-mortem you could do before your presentation:

Ask yourself why are you so nervous to give this presentation. Articulate your specific reasons and fears out loud or write them down. Many of your fears may seem ridiculous and somewhat irrational. But you can also begin to create an emergency toolbox if any of your fears begin to come true during the presentation.

  Are you afraid you are going to freeze and forget what to say? Bring your cheat sheet of bulleted points and engaging quotes or phrases and, yes, even a script if you must. Prepare and practice beforehand. Take a deep breath. Look out and find a friendly face and smile. Calm down. Go with the flow. Be kind and supportive of yourself before, during, and after the presentation.

  Are you worried your throat will get dry and you will lose your voice? Bring water and some throat lozenges and keep them handy. Taking periodic sips of water (not a caffeinated beverage) will keep you hydrated and, most important, will give you and your audience a nice break.

  Do you fear you will make a mistake or lose your train of thought? Remember you are human. You might make a mistake. It is okay. Often, your audience will not notice, and even if they do, just apologize and get back on track. Again, bring your specific notes to glance at. Prepare and practice beforehand. Learn to react on your feet. “I am sorry, I think I just misspoke or stated that the wrong way. This is what I meant to say.”

  Are you afraid your audience won’t like you or you will look like a fool in front of your peers? Most audiences want you to succeed, they want to hear and be rewarded with your great presentation. Don’t imagine them in any other way. Look out while you are speaking to get immediate feedback from their expressions (and comments or questions) and then adjust as needed.

  Are you worried you will speak too quickly or in a monotone voice or not be understandable or look too stern? Videotape yourself practicing the talk. Watch and listen to it, and you will immediately see what you need to fix. Do you need to slow down or smile more or take a few pauses at important points? You may be your worst critic, so you may want to ask a friend to look at the video with you. Once you see yourself, you will likely know how to sound and look better.

  Think you may faint? Remember to sit down immediately if you are feeling faint or ill in any way. Tell your audience or others on the panel if you think this very rare event might be occurring.

  What will you do if you are asked tough questions? You should always try to predict the questions and comments you might receive from your audience and write down the answers beforehand. Prepare a list of responses such as, “that is a very good question but it is outside of the scope of my talk” or, “that is an interesting and important comment, I am happy to talk to you afterward.” Or you can always repeat the question back to them. Ask them to clarify the question and give you more specifics. “That is a good question—why do you ask or what do you think the right answer is?” Answer the question the best you can or simply say, “I am not sure of the answer to that.” Many people who ask tough questions just want to be heard and are not attacking you or your work. Even if they are challenging you, it is always best not to react emotionally or become defensive. Remain calm, confident, logical, in charge, and credible. The audience knows you have just received a tough question and, many times, they are just watching to see how you handle yourself and whether you can give an answer. Remember that your audience is not your enemy—they are your students and they are there to learn from you. But you are also there to learn from them, and like any conversation, it is okay to have a good give and take session. Ask them questions. Learn from them and what they have to say. Maybe someone in the audience knows the answer to the tough question someone else asked—listen to the answer, congratulate them and move on. Create and keep a collegial and supportive environment during your presentation.

  Could the computer or audio/video equipment fail? Think about all the possibilities of how technical equipment might fail, assume that it will, and have a backup thumb drive or alternative source of power or microphone or other important backup equipment. Know who and how you can call for assistance and how you might finish your presentation even if the equipment fails.

  Might the audience boo you or throw tomatoes at you? Keep a hooded rain jacket handy.

While you should consider the possibility of some of your worst fears happening, generally they will never occur. After you have examined your worst fears about public speaking, begin to focus on the positive aspects of yourself and imagine your presentation being a success. Just like in sports or in theater, visualizing a positive performance while you are preparing your presentation and before you begin are key to an optimal performance.

It takes one hour of preparation for each minute of presentation time. —Wayne Burgraff, American philosopher

One major reason that we become so nervous speaking in front of an audience is our fear of being evaluated, assessed, and rejected. Trust me, people are already evaluating, assessing, and, yes, even rejecting you at times, and there is very little you can do about any of it. So, during your talk just be who you are every day. Just prepare and know what you want to say, then practice your presentation, smile, be calm and confident, and remember to imagine and rehearse giving a great talk beforehand.

Visualization versus Premortem

Personally, I like to imagine myself giving a great talk in the exact setting I will be speaking in. I like to close my eyes for a few minutes and actually watch a movie of my performance, similar to what athletes do before they compete. I may even try to visit the location or simulate it in my office. I may record myself with audio or video so that I can watch myself and see if I sound and look okay. The minute I hear and see my recording, I can see things I can improve on. Am I speaking clearly and with enthusiasm? Or am I speaking too slowly or sternly? Am I smiling? Am I pausing and using natural infections? Am I sounding hesitant or unknowing? Am I slowing down and using important pauses when I say something really important? Do I sound natural? Are there any words, names, or data that I am worried about stumbling over? I focus and rehearse and sometimes record these beforehand just to make sure I reduce the risk for error.

Athletes and actors use visualization all of the time. Writing more than two thousand years ago, the famous philosopher and scientist, Aristotle, described the process this way:

First, have a definite, clear, practical ideal; a goal, an objective. Second, have the necessary means to achieve your ends: wisdom, money, materials, and methods. Third, adjust all your means to that end. —Aristotle

Creating the mental image of how you want your presentation to go can help you achieve your desired outcome. If you can see it before you perform it, then you can lower the chances of your nervous energy getting the best of you before you speak—and improve your odds of giving a great talk. We must see it before we can believe it. Before we can believe in a goal, our brains and our bodies have to know what it is going to look and feel like.

Reading Every Word of a Script

There are very few people who can read a speech word for word and make it engaging and effective. Usually, it will sound flat, perfunctory, and unnatural. Most of the people who can read a scripted presentation and sound engaging are actors or professional broadcasters.

But instead of using a script, you should have an outline with prepared bulleted points, data, and conclusions. If you are using slides, this can always help you stay focused and organized. But you still want to include your own impromptu comments, personal stories, or maybe even some light humor. You want to have a conversation with your audience about your key points. If you have a conversation (and don’t read a script), you will use natural pauses, modulation, and inflections; you will speak in your normal voice. You will use natural body language and facial expressions. You want to interact and react with your audience. You will not be frozen in a monotone voice or appear like a “deer in the headlights” in front of your audience. The key is to sound like you are having a discussion with your audience. Each audience is different so each time you give your talk it should be slightly different.

If You Must Read a Script

If you must read a script, and sometimes you will, then you need a well-written (and well rehearsed) script in a conversational tone. Use shorter sentences. Write creative, engaging and memorable phrases. Think about cadence and word choice and even poetry or free verse. Mark up your script while rehearsing it. Find the areas where you need to slow down or to pause. Your words need to be powerful, unforgettable, and well-selected. Think about political speeches and remember there is a reason that speech writing is a professional career. When you have a well-written script, you will need plenty of practice to use your natural speaking voice and make your message indelible. Remember to look up and out to your audience as often as possible. You can use your finger or a pen to keep track of where you are so when you look back down you know where to begin again. Professional broadcasters and actors are very good at this because they literally make physical or mental notes about when to look up at the audience and when to pause. (And they rehearse!) It takes practice reading from your notes or a teleprompter to appear natural. If you are using a teleprompter, ask for help beforehand and try to rehearse with the device as many times as you can. If you must read a script, you will have to practice looking relaxed, acknowledging individual faces in your audience, and speaking with varied tone, pitch, and breathing to emphasize important points. You need to allow your audience to listen and enjoy your words. Making notes in the margins of your script to remember to smile, breathe, and make eye contact can be helpful and important. Underlining or highlighting statistics or important phrases can be critical.

Speaking Too Quickly

Many people speak too fast. Most people do not speak too slowly. Again, in reality, for most people it is almost impossible to speak too slowly. The biggest problem with reading or memorizing a script (or being nervous) is that you may tend to speak even more quickly. Reading a script (or memorizing a script) may make you speak too quickly, but even when not reading a script, many people will speak with too much speed. Unfortunately, if you do speak too fast, people will not be able to understand you. Imagine if you spoke a foreign language to your audience. They would not understand, much less remember a thing you said, right? If you speak too quickly, you might as well speak in a foreign language because your audience will not understand you.

By slowing down a speeded-up presentation and using passion and natural inflections and rhythms of your own voice (and making eye contact with your audience), you will be seen, heard, and remembered. Speaking in a flat monotone voice without any energy is not the same as speaking too slowly. In all my years of teaching communication skills, I have seen very few people speak too slowly.

Not Engaging Your Audience

One of the most common problems for many speakers is not smiling, making eye contact, or using natural facial expressions. You need to make eye contact with the audience as much as possible, and avoid a “deer in the headlights” appearance. Smile more and use natural expressions. If you are speaking about a very serious subject, and smiling would be inappropriate, you can soften your facial features and avoid looking stern or nervous by appearing earnest, solemn, calm and encouraging or using other emotional expressions suitable to your topic. Before you begin speaking, take a full breath and look out to your audience. Find at least one friendly face and connect with them. Throughout your presentation, continue to find another friendly face to connect with. If you do this, you will receive three major benefits: First, you will appear calm and confident. People will trust you and look right back in your eyes. Second, you will receive immediate feedback on how you are doing. If your audience is looking perplexed, you are not being clear or believable. If your audience is looking bored or distracted, you are not being conversational, enthusiastic, or engaging. Third, in looking up and out, you will pause, and your speed and delivery will be more natural.

Know Your Mission, Audience, Content, and Yourself

As I mentioned earlier, I developed a lesson to help people improve their public speaking presentations and other communication endeavors. I call it, “MACY” for mission, audience, content, and you. These are the four important aspects to think about before and during your presentation. Before you begin to plan and practice your presentation, try to answer these questions:

  M—Mission : What is my mission? Why am I speaking? What is the purpose of this talk? What is my ultimate goal? If I could accomplish one goal with this talk what would it be? State your mission in one sentence.

  A—Audience : Who are they? What do they need from me? What do they already know? (You may need to ask them directly.) What do the members of the audience want to know? What will they learn from my talk? How can I be most responsive to their needs?

  C—Content : Make sure it is organized and informative. Use words and phrases that make your message concise, relevant, and engaging. Tell a story if you can. Overall, make sure your talk has a beginning, a middle, and an end. Be prepared with specific points you want to make but also be prepared to improvise. Have a conversation with your audience about your important points. Do not read every word from a prepared lecture.

  Y—You : Be prepared, organized, and rested. Be calm, clear, and confident. Rehearse the entire talk at least twice in the week leading up to the talk. Know why you are the best person to give this talk on this day. And remember, it is not about you—it is about the information you are presenting.

I am convinced that most people have all the tools they need to be a great communicator. To help you improve, it usually requires identifying and tapping into your natural communication skills and then using them in an unnatural setting. It also requires identifying and eliminating obstacles or habits that may be getting in your way of giving a great presentation.

How can you identify and tap into your natural communication style and skills? Think about when you are with friends, trusted colleagues, or beloved family members. Stop and listen to yourself when you are talking to a friend or doing an activity that you are good at. Most likely you are clear and confident. You know you have something to say and something to do, and you go about doing just that in a natural way. Your body language and posture, as well as your facial expressions and your voice, tell everyone you know what you are doing. That character and persona is what you need to tap into to transfer these attributes to your presentation skills. But how do you translate being poised, eloquent, fluent, effective, persuasive, lucid, expressive, intelligible, comprehensible, and understandable into another setting—particularly at a podium in front of a large audience or in front of a video camera in a television studio?

First, we need to tap into the basics of what makes a good communicator. Again we can turn to Aristotle and the 3 critical elements of a great communicator he identified. Ethos is our character, credibility, reputation, trustworthiness, tone and style. Pathos is our emotional imaginative impact—the stories we tell to make a personal connection. Logos is the reasoning, arguments, facts, figures and case studies we use—the logic and the actual words we speak.

We do all of these naturally when we are engaging in an activity we are good at. Do you remember the first time you played the piano, examined a patient, performed surgery, or followed a recipe? My guess is that you were not as confident and capable as you are now doing those activities, right? How did you gain that confidence?

Yes, with knowledge, expertise and practice, but also focusing not on yourself but on the task at hand. You need to play the music on the piano keys, not think about yourself playing each note. You need to examine that patient and present your findings to your team and not focus on your words or pauses or posture. You need to swing that golf club or tennis racquet for a successful game and not think about how nervous you are trying to perfectly connect with the ball.

You need to focus on the task at hand. You need to play the concerto and win the point. You need to give a great presentation. The information you are presenting needs to be communicated. The audience wants to hear your message and learn from you. Communicate with confidence and by using your natural abilities and talents.

Observe Natural Communicators—including Yourself

Try to study people who are natural communicators. When you are listening to a live lecture or watching a TED talk or a news broadcaster on television, think about what qualities you appreciate in a speaker. What makes them effective at communicating? What is their body language? What are their facial expressions? How lively and interesting is their voice? How are they connecting with the audience or the camera? How do they make you feel as if they are talking directly to you? Do you think they are nervous? Trust me, they are, but they are letting their message be more important than their nerves.

Most important, you need to observe and study yourself. Again, what do you sound and look like when you are with your best friends or family? When you are talking to your children or sailing your boat or riding your bike? When you are engaging in familiar activities in familiar settings, what does your voice sound like? You can transfer this confidence, conversational speaking style, calmness, and clarity to your public speaking.

Imagine that Your Audience (or the Camera) Is Your Best Friend

Think of someone who makes you feel both calm and confident—someone who believes in you. Bring that person to mind and really see and hear them. They are looking and listening to you, and they want not only to hear what you have to say but also for you to do a good job. Whether this is your best friend, a trusted colleague, or a family member, imagine this person is in the audience (or in the camera) and then speak directly to him or her.

One Skill You Would Like to Improve

If you could improve one aspect of your presentation skills, what would it be? Most people usually know where they need to improve their communication capabilities.

Do you speak too quickly? Do you try to memorize and end up sounding like a machine speaking in a monotone voice? Are you too nervous to make eye contact with the audience? Are you so uptight that you do not blink or smile or use your natural facial expressions? Do you forget to take a big breath and calm yourself beforehand? Can you be calm and focused and just have a conversation so that you incorporate pauses and natural inflections in your speech? Can you improvise or react when you get a tough question or something goes wrong with the equipment? Write down your important points and answers to tough questions you may be asked before you begin.

Again, the most important tip I can give is to be yourself and have a conversation with your audience.

Avoid the Standard Format if You Can

Many medical talks, like published abstracts, academic writing, research articles, and patient notes (e.g., histories and physical exams) often follow a standard format. Most medical presentations use or misuse slide programs such as PowerPoint. But that doesn’t mean you have to—especially when speaking to a nonacademic audience. Even in an academic setting, think about ways to break the mold and be more effective and informative, and your audience will thank you.

How can you improve your clinical talk, academic research, or other important presentation to your peers?

Why should you avoid jargon even when speaking to your peers? In every profession, including medicine, we use jargon and acronyms assuming everyone in the audience understands us. The problem is that it is not always true. Often, using professional jargon, buzz words or acronyms becomes a bad habit and a crutch that limits the discussion instead of broadening it. Many times, you and your peers have either never known or have forgotten what the real meaning is. And even if that is not true, there is nothing that makes a talk flat and uninspiring as one that is riddled with idioms and professional vernacular. Challenge yourself, with your writing and your speaking, to avoid the use of jargon, abstruse professional terminology, and acronyms. Try to stop using words like “stakeholders” “big data” “population health management” and “innovative care strategies” and just use words to explain exactly what you are talking about. Pretend you are talking to someone outside of health care. Use plain English. If you must use acronyms (and medicine is filled with them), at least say the whole phrase or name—at least once say endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancratography instead of ERCP or lateral collateral ligament instead of LCL. You will not only broaden your audience (not everyone always knows the professional jargon you may use), but your audience will listen more closely and maybe even learn and or remember something they had forgotten.

Do you and your audience really know the meaning of all the acronyms you use? Even if you and they do, what is the harm in saying the full meaning once in your talk? Words are powerful and informative. Acronyms are slang crutches and shortcuts that can become outdated or misleading. They can clutter our presentations, preventing us from fully engaging our brains. I challenge you to avoid any use of acronyms the next time you give a presentation.

Slide Presentations: PowerPoint and Others

The vast majority of presentations today still utilize Microsoft PowerPoint, but there are certainly other slide presentation programs now available, including Google Slides, Prezi, Visme, Haiku Deck, Emaze, Keynote, Projeqt, Slidedog, Slidebean, and Zoho Show. Slide-building software programs are invaluable tools to help illustrate and illuminate your information. Unfortunately, many people make major errors in using the programs. First, most people use too many words on each slide. Many speakers fill each slide with text or even write out their entire talk on each slide. Then they proceed to read whole paragraphs and even sections of chapters or expect their audience to read large sections of text from each slide. This is not only inefficient but also boring and frustrating.

You want to use PowerPoint or another slide program to elucidate and augment your talk not as a crutch or a distraction. Illustrations, graphs, photographs, formulas, data points, life cycles, and other simple but efficacious graphics should bring your presentation to life. They should be simple and easily understood. You should use as little text as possible. You also should not overwhelm your audience with moving graphics or too many bells and whistles. You are giving a lecture, not putting on a circus of multimedia examples. Think of yourself as an audience member. You want to be informed and enlightened, not befuddled and bombarded with special effects.

The slides should speak for themselves. You should not have to “read” your slides to your audience. You can refer to them or let them illustrate what you are saying but do not read them outloud. You want to make eye contact as much as possible while talking to your audience. You are having a conversation with your audience and making important points. Slides should illustrate information clearly and memorably than your spoken words. Again, do not write out your talk on your slides to use as a crutch. Know your talk well from your rehearsals and then illustrate the important points with graphic slides.

[S]cientists look toward the projected slides a lot when they present. As a result, they fail to maintain eye contact with the audience, which is a very important part of a good presentation. In my study I found that, during a 20-minute presentation, speakers turn toward the projection an average of 3 times per minute. —Brigitte Hertz, PhD, Wageningen University, Netherlands 7

Best Practices for Slide Presentations • Write the outline of your talk before making any slides. • Limit the number of words on each slide. • Slides should augment your information (not distract). • Use graphs, illustrations, formulas, and pictures. • Important visual message on each slide should speak for itself. • Use 10 relevant slides for twenty-minute talk (or 20 slides for forty-minute talk). • Slides should communicate something you cannot say in words.

Informal Audiences: Patients and the Public

If you have the opportunity to speak to a group of patients or members of the public or others in a community or academic setting, by all means do it. Some physicians are more intimidated talking to a group of nonphysicians than they are speaking to peers, but they shouldn’t be.

Talking to a group of patients or members of the public is no different than talking to patients one to one or members of the public one to one. True, these are not medical colleagues, and you may need to speak in simpler terms and explain technical points or complex medical information, but you should be doing that regardless of your audience. With a nonmedical audience, you should think about talking to individual members of the audience, not a large group of faceless audience members. Think about talking to specific family members and friends who are do not work in medicine. You can still be informative and engaging even without using scientific, academic or professional words or jargon.

Fred Sullivan Jr. is a professional actor who teaches public speaking. He teaches his students to imagine they are throwing a ball to the audience when they are speaking, and the audience has to catch it and throw it back. This image illustrates the dialogue you have to have with your audience—you need to make sure they are hearing and understanding you. Take your cues from their facial expressions, ask them questions, and encourage their questions to make sure you are throwing the ball (your information and message) and they are catching it (understanding your message and responding to your information).

Tips for Excellent Presentations • Make eye contact with specific audience members. • Relax—be comfortable and confident. • Tell a story (beginning, middle, and end). • Use humor (but be appropriate and be cautious not to offend). • Ask the audience questions. • Poll your audience by asking for a “show of hands.” • Encourage the audience to ask you questions.

The most precious things in speech are the pauses. —Sir Ralph Richardson, actor

In 1986, I read The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat by the brilliant Dr. Oliver Sacks. I learned that he was speaking at the Harvard Graduate School of Education that fall and I could not wait to attend. I arrived early and noticed Dr. Sacks in the hallway outside the classroom by himself. I approached him with my pen and my copy of his book in hand. But when he noticed me, he snapped at me with a menacing look. I don’t remember exactly what he said, but I quickly went into the classroom and took my seat near the front. Throughout his lecture, I noticed he was sweating profusely. Many of his slides (shown through an old carousel slide projector) were out of order. He seemed frustrated. Even though his lecture was not as smooth as I thought it could be, it was still interesting. But I was embarrassed and nervous myself about approaching him again. The minute Dr. Sacks finished, and once the applause and cordial exchanges ended, he came directly over to me and apologized. He explained how nervous he was about public speaking. He asked to sign my book. I still have the book and cherish his autograph to this day. But it was an early lesson that even some of the finest minds (and writers) among us are not always naturally great lecturers.

Of course, in the decades that followed, Dr. Sacks became a public figure and gave many interviews and talks and often appeared on television. He clearly became more comfortable speaking to groups, and perhaps he received some professional communications training along the way. But he certainly improved his skills and hopefully reduced his anxiety.

Don’t Be Afraid to Ask the Audience Questions

Peggy Noonan, author and political speech writer for President Ronald Reagan, spoke at Harvard Kennedy School in the late 1980s. I squeezed into the standing-room-only auditorium packed with students, faculty, and others. After being introduced, the accomplished and brilliant Noonan went up to the microphone and looked out over the audience. The room was silent. No one could wait to hear from the person who wrote some of the best political speeches of our time, including President Reagan’s “Boys of Pointe du Hoc” speech on the 40th anniversary of D-Day and his address to the nation after the Challenger explosion, and Vice President George H. W. Bush’s famous phrases “a kinder, gentler nation” and “a thousand points of light.”

She stood at the microphone, looked out over the audience, and said, “tell me what questions you have.” My heart sank, when I realized this phenomenal speech writer had not prepared her own speech for us. I was a little taken aback. But then Noonan proceeded to take an hour of questions from the audience and gave the most eloquent, thorough, and informative answers you can imagine. She gave the audience exactly what they had come for—a chance to ask their specific questions. There was a standing ovation from the audience at the end of her talk.

While I don’t recommend you doing what Noonan did for your presentations, I do think the take-home lesson is to try to give the audience what they want and need from you. Know your audience. Know what they already know and what they need from you. Keep looking directly at their faces during your talk to see how you are doing. Encourage comments and feedback. Leave time for questions either throughout the talk or at the end.

What is difficult about speaking to a group of nonpeers is that you may not know what they already know and what they hope to learn from you. Whether you are speaking to a group of patients at the community library or legislators at the state capitol, here are some tips that can help you “read” your audience:

  Ask the audience questions. Start out by asking a few questions that would help you understand their level of understanding. “Does anyone know the year AIDS was first described?” “Can anyone tell me what country has higher overall vaccination rates—Cuba or the United States?” Asking a question is a great way to begin your talk—and your conversation with your audience. Of course, you should also try to figure out what burning questions your audience hopes you will answer in your talk. Go ahead and ask them a few open-end questions before you start. You can answer their questions right then or better yet write them down and tell them you will make sure you address those questions in your talk. Some audience members will just want to make a comment and not have a specific question. You can always respond to comments and expand on them. “That is a very good point and here is some more information about that topic” or “I will talk more about that later in my talk” or simply “That is interesting” and then move on.

  Introductions . Ask for a few volunteers from the audience to introduce themselves and tell you what they are hoping to learn from your talk. If there is time, and it is a small audience, you can certainly have everyone introduce themselves.

  Encourage comments . Before you begin, tell your audience that you welcome questions and comments either throughout your talk or at the end. It will help you and your audience warm up and get to know each other if you take questions early on. After you begin your presentation, you can decide whether you want to be interrupted during your talk. I usually prefer to be interrupted throughout my talk because then my presentation becomes more of a conversation with the audience. But you can also tell your audience that you will leave enough time for questions, answers, and discussion at the end of your talk, which may help you keep from getting off point or running out of time. If you do this, then encourage your audience to write down any questions and make sure to ask them when you are finished with your talk.

But what if your audience is a camera? Here are some lessons about giving a presentation on a television broadcast or via a recorded video.

Video Skills: On-Camera Presentations

If you are speaking to a camera, first of all you need to do two things: (1) forget the camera is a camera, and (2) imagine the lens is your best friend. Again, imagine that someone who helps you feel calm and confident (a family member, colleague, or a friend) is literally sitting inside the lens. Talk to that person.

If you can actually imagine that your best friend, beloved family member, or trusted colleague is inside that lens, then you will lean into the camera and talk to them directly. Your body and your voice will be more natural. Of course, there is no one looking back at you giving you immediate feedback, as with a live audience, but imaging that someone you admire is listening to you will help you look into the lens and be a sincere, effectual and natural communicator. Your eyes should not be reading a script or darting around the room. You should be smiling and pausing and using your natural compelling and useful facial expressions. Everyone looks better when they smile, breathe, and let their body and their breath follow their thoughts and the mission of communicating important information.

Like an actor, if your mind can think of a person you trust and like (or even love) and who helps make you feel comfortable and confident, then your body, face, and voice will ease, and you will be on your way to using your own best style to communicate authentically.

If you are speaking to a camera, you need to make “natural” eye contact with the lens. This can be intimidating at first. But if you can imagine that the lens is the actual face of your best friend or trusted colleague, you will look and speak naturally. If you can imagine that a family member or friend is literally inside the lens, you won’t appear stone faced or have a “deer in the headlights” look. You don’t want to grimace, squint, or think about how much or how little you blink or if your smile is okay. You don’t want your eyes to look like they are reading a script or darting around the room and making you look shifty. If you can look straight into the camera and just truly imagine talking to the friendly person you have identified, then you will loosen up and appear less formal. You will be on your way to using your own best style to communicate authentically, even when speaking to a camera.

Writing for Video

When you write down the actual message and information you would like to say to the audience (through the camera), the information needs to be clear, concise, and conversational. Usually, you will want to state your name and your title first. Just like you would in person, introduce yourself and tell the audience the title of your talk. You should tell them what they are about to hear and why they should listen. Introduce yourself and grab their attention. You will want to tell a story to keep your audience engaged. Use short sentences. Use meaningful memorable phrases. Do not use jargon or professional buzzwords. Make sure you have written down five important points you want to make. Write down any statistics or data you need to cite, but present all of this information as a story and in a conversational style. Make the words sound as if you are talking to your best friend. Make it passionate and informative.

Name It and Give It a Title

You will also want to give your talk a brief, memorable, and descriptive title. After the audience hears a title, they are ready to grasp the details and explanation. When we give something a name or a title, we give it meaning so that we can make it tangible and memorable. We help our audience know what to expect with a title.

Be yourself. It is not about you. It is about the information. Breathe. Smile. Look the person (or the camera) directly in the eye. Watch others and see what works—but more important, watch yourself when you are talking to your friend or family member about something you are excited about. Slow down in important sections. Pause after an important point. Don’t speed up or throw away lines (your name, title, project). Sit up or stand. Be enthusiastic and passionate. Make them care about what you are saying.

Framing . Try to make sure that your head, shoulders, and upper torso fill two thirds of the video screen. Try to make sure there are no windows or mirrors or ceilings in the picture. Sometimes you will see a very nice interview done in front of a window—but usually the lighting is perfect, and there are trees, sunshine, and a pretty landscape seen through the window. This is difficult to make look professional and usually requires professional photographers and lighting specialists.

Lighting . Most video cameras, even those in our computer screens or phones, make automatic adjustments as needed for lighting. You usually do not have to worry about doing any special lighting yourself. Usually the best lighting is natural lighting from windows nearby (but the windows should not be seen in the frame). If you must use the lights in the room (or on the camera), make sure that when you take a sample video, your face is not too dark and the overall lighting of the room is pleasing and not distracting by being too bright or too dark.

Clean office and neat background . Make sure your office, desk, bookshelves, and room seen in the video are clean and neat. You do not want a distracted or cluttered background. You want the exam room, office, or desk area to appear organized and professional. It should not be obtrusive. You can first take a still frame shot of yourself as you will appear in the video and then look at it and make sure it looks as good as it can before you begin videotaping. Make sure there is not an overflowing trash can or several piles of paper or clutter nearby.

Your appearance. Dressing in professional business attire is usually recommended. You want to be comfortable but make sure that what you wear is conveying the image you want to project. You should wear whatever you would wear in person to speak to the audience for whom you are videotaping. Follow whatever is the professional norm in your environment. Remember that it is usually better to be slightly overdressed than underdressed. Your clothes and your appearance are your image.

Clothes for On-Camera Appearance • Professional business attire is usually best. • Wear something that fits and is comfortable while standing or sitting. • Avoid wearing black or very dark clothing. • Avoid all white (usually includes a doctor’s white coat); white doesn’t look good on camera. • Avoid busy, loud, or small prints. • Avoid large jewelry because it can cause noise. • Have a suit, shirt, or dress lapel or collar to clip a microphone on. • Do not wear hats or large earrings. • Wear dress shoes (assume your legs and feet will be seen). • For men, navy blue suits with light shirt and tie look best on camera. • Women can usually wear pastels or bright solid colors. • Bring a backup suit or dress in another color in case you need to change.

In preparation for your presentation, think about the following: Your words. Your voice. Your body language. Your authenticity. Remember to just try to have a conversation with your audience. Do not read your speech or use a teleprompter. Smile. Breathe. Focus. Educate and engage your audience and they will remember you and the information you taught them.

Tips to Improve Vocal Skills and Presentations • Do more presentations and public speaking (not fewer). • Watch and study the experts, TED talks, lectures, political speeches, and other presentations. • Practice and record yourself giving a talk (find others to join you). • Listen (or watch) your recording and see what you need to change. Do you need to speak slower or pick up the pace? Be more animated? Smile more? Be more relaxed? • Take an acting class or public speaking seminar. • Find a voice coach or public speaking teacher. • Consult a speech therapist. • Join a chorus (singing can improve breathing and voice quality).

Practice, Practice, Practice

Always practice. Do a run through with another person if possible. But at the very least, read it out loud at least once. Time yourself. Try to videotape yourself. This can be very helpful.

Advice for Video Presentations • Your head, shoulders, and upper torso should fill up two thirds of the video screen. You should be the largest object in the picture. • The background should not be distracting. It should be clean and professional. Take a still picture first with you in it just the way you will be sitting when you talk to the camera, before you start. Make sure you and your background look the way you want them to. • Make sure you are eye to eye with the lens. You do not want to be looking down at or up into the lens. • Do not sit in front of a window or a mirror when videotaping yourself. • Make sure a lamp, plant, or other object does not appear to be growing out of your head. Background objects should be to the side of you generally. • You should be well-lit and well-framed. • Have a conversation with the lens as if your best friend were sitting inside the camera. • Think about standing because it will give your voice and body more energy. • If you sit, sit up comfortably with good posture. • Do not look frozen or assume a “deer in the headlights” look. • Soften your features and smile more. • Be confident that you know the information you are presenting. • Don’t think it has to be perfect. Speak naturally. Just talk and have a conversation with the lens. Talk like you do in your everyday life. It is okay to have a few filler words and not speak in complete sentences. • Make it a great video presentation!

Advice for Live Presentations • Relax, lean into the microphone or podium, and first say hello and introduce yourself. • Make sure you have water nearby. • Remember to ask the audience questions about their background and their experiences, including whether they are comfortable with the room audio, visuals, lighting, and temperature. • Talk to the audience like it is an audience of close colleagues and friends. • Speak in your natural voice with inflections and enthusiasm. • Wear professional attire that you are comfortable wearing while sitting or standing—and that projects your desired image. • Make sure there is a place on your clothing to attach a microphone if necessary (suit jacket or collar lapel). • Do not read a script. Memorize or write down the important points you want to make and the flow of your talk, then just have a conversation about your topic. • Create a catchy and memorable title for your project. • Know your opening and closing lines and make them memorable. • Use pauses effectively before or after you state important points. • Uses pauses to look out at your audience. • Speak slowly and clearly but with good energy and passion. • Do not look frozen or fearful. • Soften your features and smile more. • Think about standing because it will give your voice and body more energy. • If you sit, sit up comfortably with good posture. • Have a great presentation!

Further Reading

Matt Abrahams , “A Big Data Approach to Public Speaking,” Stanford Business , April 4, 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/big-data-approach-public-speaking .

Dorie Clark , “A Checklist for More Persuasive Presentations,” Harvard Business Review, October 11, 2016. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2016/10/a-checklist-for-more-persuasive-presentations .

Peggy Noonan , On Speaking Well: How to Give a Speech with Style, Substance and Clarity (New York: Regan Books, 1999 ).

Google Scholar

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Steve Olenski , “Five Communications Skills that Make Good Leaders Great,” Forbes, March 29, 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveolenski/2016/03/29/five-communication-skills-that-make-good-leaders-great/#48bbe0457ae9 .

Charles Osgood , Osgood on Speaking: How to Think on Your Feet without Falling on Your Face (New York: William Morrow, 1988 ).

William Safire , Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History, Updated and expanded edition (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004 ).

Rebecca Shambaugh , “To Sound Like a Leader, Think about What You Say and How and When You Say It,” Harvard Business Review, October 31, 2017. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2017/10/to-sound-like-a-leader-think-about-what-you-say-and-how-and-when-you-say-it .

Allison Shapira , “Breathing Is the Key to Persuasive Public Speaking,” Harvard Business Review, June 30, 2015. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2015/06/breathing-is-the-key-to-persuasive-public-speaking .

1.   A. Tunkel , “White Coat Address at Cooper Medical School of Rowan University,” September 14, 2018. Retrieved from: http://cmsru.rowan.edu/students/whitecoat/ .

2.   S. Louet , “Your Voice: Your Passport to Authority,” Science , January 27, 2012. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2012/01/your-voice-your-passport-authority .

3.   J. Latz , Communicating Up the Corporate Ladder (Oceanside, CA: Indie Books International, 2016 ).

4.   J. Latz , “Be Clear, Concise and Confident with Corporate Speech Solutions,” YouTube , January 30, 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rQiqC6q5gUJayneLatz ; https://www.corporatespeechsolutions.com .

5.   T. Blake . Retrieved from: http://www.tinablake.com/category/voice/ .

6.   G. Klein , “Performing a Project Premortem,” Harvard Business Review, September 2007. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2007/09/performing-a-project-premortem .

7.   Hertz, B. , Kerkhof, P. , and van Woerkum, C. “ PowerPoint Slides as Speaking Notes: The Influence of Speaking Anxiety on the Use of Text on Slides,”   Business and Professional Communication Quarterly,   2016 ;79(3):348–359, doi: 10.1177/2329490615620416. 10.1177/2329490615620416

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How to Present to an Audience That Knows More Than You

• Deborah Grayson Riegel

Lean into being a facilitator — not an expert.

What happens when you have to give a presentation to an audience that might have some professionals who have more expertise on the topic than you do? While it can be intimidating, it can also be an opportunity to leverage their deep and diverse expertise in service of the group’s learning. And it’s an opportunity to exercise some intellectual humility, which includes having respect for other viewpoints, not being intellectually overconfident, separating your ego from your intellect, and being willing to revise your own viewpoint — especially in the face of new information. This article offers several tips for how you might approach a roomful of experts, including how to invite them into the discussion without allowing them to completely take over, as well as how to pivot on the proposed topic when necessary.

I was five years into my executive coaching practice when I was invited to lead a workshop on “Coaching Skills for Human Resource Leaders” at a global conference. As the room filled up with participants, I identified a few colleagues who had already been coaching professionally for more than a decade. I felt self-doubt start to kick in: Why were they even here? What did they come to learn? Why do they want to hear from me?

• Deborah Grayson Riegel is a professional speaker and facilitator, as well as a communication and presentation skills coach. She teaches leadership communication at Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business and has taught for Wharton Business School, Columbia Business School’s Women in Leadership Program, and Peking University’s International MBA Program. She is the author of Overcoming Overthinking: 36 Ways to Tame Anxiety for Work, School, and Life and the best-selling Go To Help: 31 Strategies to Offer, Ask for, and Accept Help .

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The Benefits of Public Speaking and Debating Skills for Academic Success

What are Public Speaking and Debating Skills?

Public speaking and debating skills refer to the ability to effectively communicate ideas, opinions, and arguments in a public setting. It involves the use of verbal and non-verbal techniques to convey messages clearly and persuasively. Public speaking focuses on delivering speeches or presentations to inform, inspire, or entertain an audience, while debating skills involve engaging in structured arguments with others to support or refute a particular position.

These skills are essential for academic success as they enhance critical thinking, research abilities, and the ability to articulate thoughts and ideas coherently. Moreover, they also boost self-confidence, improve communication skills, and foster leadership qualities, which are valuable in various academic and professional settings.

Why are public speaking and debating skills important?

Public speaking and debating skills play a crucial role in academic success. These skills not only enhance students' communication abilities but also boost their confidence and self-esteem. By participating in public speaking and debating competitions, students learn how to articulate their thoughts effectively, think critically, and present their ideas persuasively. Moreover, these skills help students develop strong research and analytical skills, as they need to gather evidence and construct logical arguments to support their viewpoints.

Additionally, public speaking and debating skills enable students to become better listeners, as they learn to engage with different perspectives and respond thoughtfully to counterarguments. Overall, the importance of public speaking and debating skills cannot be overstated, as they empower students to excel academically and succeed in various professional endeavors.

Overall - How do public speaking and debating skills help students in their academic success?

Public speaking and debating skills are essential for academic success. These skills not only help in improving communication and presentation abilities but also enhance critical thinking and problem-solving skills. By participating in public speaking and debating activities, students learn how to express their ideas clearly, think on their feet, and construct persuasive arguments.

Moreover, these skills provide students with the confidence and self-assurance needed to excel in academic settings. Overall, the development of public speaking and debating skills is crucial for students to succeed academically and thrive in their future careers.

Enhancement of Communication Skills

Improvement in verbal communication.

Improvement in verbal communication is one of the primary benefits of developing public speaking and debating skills. Through regular practice and participation in public speaking and debating activities, individuals can enhance their ability to express their thoughts and ideas clearly and effectively. They learn to articulate their opinions, present logical arguments, and engage in constructive discussions.

This improvement in verbal communication not only helps in academic settings but also in various professional and personal situations. Effective communication is a vital skill that can lead to better academic performance, improved relationships, and increased self-confidence.

Development of non-verbal communication

The development of non-verbal communication is a crucial aspect of acquiring public speaking and debating skills. Non-verbal communication includes body language, facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice, all of which play a significant role in conveying messages effectively. By honing their non-verbal communication skills, individuals can enhance their ability to express ideas, engage with an audience, and establish credibility.

Moreover, understanding and utilizing non-verbal cues can help speakers and debaters connect with their listeners on a deeper level, fostering a sense of trust and rapport. Overall, the development of non-verbal communication is essential for academic success as it enables individuals to effectively communicate their thoughts and ideas, captivate an audience, and make a lasting impact.

Enhancement of listening skills

Enhancement of listening skills is one of the key benefits of developing public speaking and debating skills. Engaging in public speaking and debating requires active listening to understand the arguments and perspectives of others. This practice helps individuals become more attentive and focused listeners, as they learn to analyze and respond to different viewpoints.

Moreover, actively listening to others during debates and speeches helps improve comprehension and critical thinking abilities. By honing their listening skills through public speaking and debating, individuals can not only become better communicators, but also enhance their overall academic success.

Boost in Critical Thinking

Analytical thinking and problem-solving.

Analytical thinking and problem-solving are two crucial skills that are greatly enhanced through public speaking and debating. When engaging in these activities, individuals are required to critically analyze information, evaluate different perspectives, and come up with logical arguments and solutions.

This process not only sharpens their ability to think critically but also enhances their problem-solving skills by encouraging them to think outside the box and consider alternative solutions. Moreover, public speaking and debating provide a platform for individuals to practice and refine their analytical thinking and problem-solving skills, which can greatly contribute to their academic success.

Effective decision-making

Effective decision-making is a crucial skill that can greatly contribute to academic success. Public speaking and debating skills play a significant role in developing this skill. By engaging in public speaking and debating activities, students are exposed to various perspectives and learn how to critically analyze information. This enables them to make informed decisions based on logical reasoning and evidence.

Moreover, the ability to effectively communicate their decisions is essential in academic settings, where students are often required to present their ideas and defend their positions. Therefore, honing public speaking and debating skills not only enhances academic performance but also equips students with the tools necessary for making sound decisions throughout their academic journey.

Development of logical reasoning

The development of logical reasoning is one of the key benefits of acquiring public speaking and debating skills. Engaging in public speaking and debates requires individuals to think critically and analytically, as they need to construct well-structured arguments and counterarguments.

This process enhances their ability to evaluate information, identify logical fallacies, and make sound judgments based on evidence. Additionally, honing logical reasoning skills through public speaking and debating can have a positive impact on academic success. Students who excel in these areas often demonstrate improved problem-solving abilities, better comprehension of complex concepts, and enhanced decision-making skills.

Confidence Building

Overcoming stage fright.

Overcoming stage fright is a crucial step in developing public speaking and debating skills for academic success. Many individuals experience anxiety and nervousness when faced with speaking in front of a large audience. However, by facing this fear head-on and practicing regularly, one can gradually build confidence and overcome stage fright.

The ability to speak confidently and effectively in public not only enhances academic performance but also prepares individuals for future professional endeavors. By conquering stage fright, students can improve their communication skills, develop self-assurance, and become more persuasive speakers.

Building self-esteem

Building self-esteem is one of the key benefits of developing public speaking and debating skills. When individuals engage in these activities, they are required to present their ideas and opinions in front of an audience. This not only helps them overcome their fear of public speaking but also boosts their confidence. By expressing their thoughts effectively and receiving positive feedback, individuals develop a sense of self-assurance and belief in their abilities.

Furthermore, the constructive criticism received during debates and public speaking exercises allows individuals to grow and improve, leading to a stronger sense of self-esteem. Overall, building self-esteem through public speaking and debating skills can have a significant impact on academic success and personal growth.

Effective self-expression

Effective self-expression is a crucial skill that can greatly contribute to academic success. Public speaking and debating skills provide individuals with the ability to articulate their thoughts and ideas confidently and coherently. This skill not only enhances communication but also fosters critical thinking and analytical abilities.

Students who possess effective self-expression skills are better equipped to participate in class discussions, present their research findings, and engage in debates. Furthermore, mastering this skill can boost self-confidence, which is essential for academic achievements. Overall, developing effective self-expression through public speaking and debating skills can significantly benefit students in their academic journey.

Academic Performance

Improved research and presentation skills.

Improved research and presentation skills are among the key benefits of developing public speaking and debating skills. Engaging in public speaking and debating requires extensive research on various topics, which helps individuals develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter. This research not only enhances their knowledge but also improves their ability to gather and analyze information effectively.

Additionally, public speaking and debating require individuals to present their ideas and arguments in a clear and concise manner. By practicing these skills, individuals develop strong presentation skills, enabling them to communicate their thoughts and ideas confidently and persuasively. These improved research and presentation skills are invaluable for academic success as they contribute to better performance in assignments, presentations, and class discussions.

Enhanced academic writing abilities

Enhanced academic writing abilities are one of the key benefits of developing public speaking and debating skills. When students engage in public speaking and debate activities, they are required to research and gather relevant information on various topics. This process helps them improve their research skills and develop a deeper understanding of different subjects.

Additionally, participating in debates and public speaking events enhances their critical thinking and analytical skills, which are essential for effective academic writing. By learning how to structure arguments, present evidence, and communicate their ideas persuasively, students can significantly enhance their ability to write well-organized and coherent academic papers. Moreover, the experience gained from public speaking and debating can also improve students' confidence in expressing their thoughts and ideas in writing, leading to more impactful and persuasive academic writing.

Effective participation in class discussions

Effective participation in class discussions is a crucial skill that can greatly contribute to academic success. By actively engaging in classroom conversations, students have the opportunity to share their thoughts, ask questions, and gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

This not only helps in building confidence and communication skills but also enhances critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. Additionally, participating in class discussions allows students to learn from their peers, exchange ideas, and explore different perspectives. Overall, effective participation in class discussions fosters a collaborative learning environment and empowers students to become active learners.

Career Advancement

Effective communication in professional settings.

Effective communication in professional settings is crucial for achieving success in one's academic pursuits. Public speaking and debating skills play a significant role in developing this essential skill set. Being able to articulate thoughts and ideas clearly and confidently is highly valued in various professional environments. Effective communication allows individuals to express themselves with clarity, engage with others in meaningful discussions, and present their ideas persuasively.

Furthermore, it enables individuals to build strong professional relationships, collaborate effectively with colleagues, and navigate complex work situations. Therefore, honing public speaking and debating skills not only enhances academic success but also prepares individuals for future professional endeavors.

Leadership and management skills

Public speaking and debating skills not only enhance academic success but also develop leadership and management skills. By participating in public speaking and debating activities, students learn how to effectively communicate their ideas, persuade others, and think critically. These skills are essential for becoming effective leaders and managers in various fields. Public speaking and debating also help students develop confidence, self-esteem, and the ability to handle pressure, which are crucial qualities for leadership positions.

Additionally, these skills enable students to effectively manage conflicts, negotiate, and make informed decisions. Overall, mastering public speaking and debating skills can greatly contribute to the development of strong leadership and management abilities, paving the way for academic and professional success.

Increased employability

Public speaking and debating skills not only contribute to academic success but also significantly enhance employability. The ability to effectively communicate ideas, persuade others, and engage in critical thinking are highly sought-after skills in the professional world. Employers value individuals who can confidently present their ideas, engage in constructive discussions, and think critically to solve problems.

By developing public speaking and debating skills, individuals can demonstrate their ability to communicate effectively, think analytically, and present themselves professionally, making them more competitive in the job market. Moreover, these skills also contribute to personal growth, as they build confidence, enhance self-expression, and improve overall communication skills. Therefore, investing time and effort in developing public speaking and debating skills can have long-term benefits for academic success and future career prospects.

Now that you understand the numerous benefits of developing public speaking and debating skills for academic success, it's time to take the next step towards enhancing your abilities. Whether you are a student looking to improve your communication skills or an educator seeking to empower your students, consider joining a debate club or public speaking training organization today!

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10 Tips for a Persuasive Presentation

Powerful presentation is persuasion. here's how to elevate your impact..

Posted May 11, 2024 | Reviewed by Ray Parker

• Presentations aim to effect change. It's essential to be clear about what change you want to see.
• Powerful presenters embrace and extend empathy to seek first to understand their audience.
• Substance and style both matter to create an audience-informed communication experience.
• Persuasive presentations are relevant, reasoned, real, and resonant.

How many of us realize that giving a presentation or making a speech is all about persuasion , influence, and emotional intelligence ? Impactful presenters understand the power of empathy to understand and engage their audience, the efficiency and kindness of having a clear objective and message, and the importance of substance and style—all as a way to connect in a way that engages and inspires.

Much has been written on the power and behavioral science of persuasion, not least by expert Robert Cialdini. His bestselling book Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion explains seven research-based universal principles of influence .

From my experience as a leadership coach working with thousands of people worldwide, I have compiled a list of ten essentials to elevate our presentation.

1. Maintain an "other" focus. What do you know about your audience and how can you find out more? Ask yourself what kind of a speaker will appeal to your audience, what arguments are likely to resonate with them, and what feelings you want to inspire so the audience will positively respond to your ask. If your audience is predominantly data-driven, you may want to use more evidence-based arguments. If the audience is mixed, a combination of data, authority, and storytelling may be more appropriate. Extend Daniel Goleman’s three types of empathy to gather intelligence , understand your audience, and tailor your intervention to connect more profoundly.

2. Determine a specific objective: Presentations aim to effect change in some way. What change do you want to see in your audience? Every presentation aims to change the audience in some way. For instance, gaining their approval for a certain investment, soliciting their buy-in for a change, or creating a sense of enthusiasm for an idea or initiative. The purpose of a presentation is to bring about change so make sure you are clear on what kind of change you want to bring about.

3. Design a grabber: Our attention spans have shrunk as we have more and more competing demands on our attention . If you want to get someone’s attention you need to grab it at the outset and try and hold on. You can do this in a number of different ways. Throw out a question that demands a response from the audience. Give a surprising fact or statistic, or quote from a well-known figure. Tell a story or an anecdote. A good grabber captures the attention of everyone there, and makes them focus on what you have to say.

4. Crystalize your message and construct your arguments : Your message is the heart of your speech. Craft a brief phrase that clearly defines your proposal in 10-12 words. For example, “This post is about crafting presentations that inspire and engage others to elevate their presentations.” Make it memorable by choosing inspiring words, symbols, catchy expressions, something that will remain in the audience's mind. As Brené Brown says: “Clear is kind,” and a clear message provides a path to develop your ideas.

When you have a clear and concise message, it helps you formulate your arguments. Think of developing your arguments using the rule of three —three compelling arguments to convince but not overwhelm your audience.

5. Prepare a call to action: Remember, we want to change our audience in some way, so we need to make our ask in a clear and concrete manner.

Consider your call to action in terms of what you want your audience to think/feel/do:

• Think—“I want you to think about how you can improve your presentations.”
• Feel—“I want you to feel enthusiastic and motivated so that you can elevate your power to persuade.”
• Do—“I want you to try out some of these tips and tools for yourself.”

6. Craft a memorable closing: Close the speech in an elegant and memorable way. We need people to remember what we've told them, so prepare it well. This is not the time to improvise. Try to connect your closing to your opening grabber, which makes the presentation more memorable. Good preparation means preparing everything to the very end—finish well.

7. Plan your delivery: A dynamic speaker draws listeners in by using vocal variety (tone, intonation, speed, volume, pace, pauses, silence) and body language (posture, gestures, expression, and movement) to highlight important points and hold the audience’s attention. Be intentional: How will you use your voice and your body to emphasize a thought or idea? Think about it: If you increased the time you spent on style or delivery by 20 percent, what would it mean for the impact you make?

8. Think about how you will engage your audience : You want the audience to feel considered throughout. Include pauses so they can process what’s being said; connect with individuals throughout the room and make deliberate eye contact while speaking, especially when delivering key points. Read and respond to the audience by changing how you deliver as you go based on the audience’s nonverbal communication .

9. Rehearse and Practice: Practice is one of the most crucial elements of presenting—and probably the most neglected one. If this is new to you start by reading your presentation in front of a mirror to get comfortable speaking your presentation. Next, video yourself and watch out for nervous or distracting habits to eliminate them and identify any areas where you can improve your delivery. If you are feeling brave, practice in front of an audience and ask for feedback.

10. Prepare your success rituals and mantra: Public speaking and/or stage fright can feel debilitating for some. Have your calm-down ritual prepared and ready to go before you start your presentation. This might be a certain gesture, a power pose, breathwork, or a mantra. Try this tip: Identify three adjectives to describe how you would like to show up during this presentation. This sets an intention and helps focus our cognitive and emotional resources on success.

Powerful presenters embrace and extend empathy to seek first to understand their audience. They use this intelligence to carefully make choices about substance and style to create an audience-informed communication experience that feels relevant, reasoned, real, and resonant and creates a pathway for change.

Palena Neale, Ph.D. , is a women’s leadership coach, lecturer, and founder of unabridged, a boutique leadership development practice.

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The Differences Between Public Speaking And Conversation

Public speaking and conversation may seem similar on the surface, but there are some key differences between the two. In public speaking, you are typically addressing a group of people who have gathered to hear you speak. In conversation, however, you are casually talking with one or more other people spontaneously.

Let’s dig deeper into the topic and explore some of the key differences between public speaking and conversation.

What Is Public Speaking?

What is conversation, delivery method, content structure, preparation, final thoughts.

Public speaking is the act of delivering a speech or presentation to an audience. It can be done formally, such as in a work setting, or informally, such as at a wedding or graduation. The goal of public speaking is to share information or persuade the audience to see your point of view.

Conversation is a spontaneous exchange of ideas between two or more people. It’s usually informal and often happens in everyday situations, such as at the grocery store or while waiting in line. The goal of conversation is typically to build relationships or to simply interact and exchange information.

Key Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation

Now that we’ve defined each term, let’s take a look at some of the key differences between public speaking and conversation:

Off-the-cuff conversations are more typical than rehearsed speeches. Although some people can speak about a topic without any external aids, this does not mean that they are extemporaneous speaking.

In conversation, you typically have a back-and-forth exchange with the other person or people. In public speaking, however, you are typically delivering a one-way message to the audience.

Public speaking is a formal, structured type of communication, while conversation is more informal. In public speaking, the speaker usually has a specific message they want to deliver to their audience, while in conversation people typically just talk about whatever is on their mind.

Public speaking is often more structured, with a specific introduction, body, and conclusion, while conversation can be more random.

Public speaking also usually involves preparing and rehearsing what you want to say ahead of time, while conversation is more spontaneous. Although both can be used to communicate, they each have different ways of going about it.

Another key difference is the audience. When you are having a conversation, typically both people involved are on the same level and are talking to each other. However, in public speaking, there is usually a hierarchy, with the speaker being at a higher level than the audience. The audience is also usually much larger when giving a speech.

Public speaking and conversation both have their own unique purposes. While they can be used to communicate, they each serve different functions. Public speaking is usually more formal and structured, while conversation is more spontaneous and informal. It’s important to know the difference so you can use the right communication style for the situation.

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