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Ph.D in Economics: Admission 2024, Eligibility, Syllabus, Duration, Fees, Scope

PhD in Economics is a three- to five-year doctoral programme in economics. Candidates must have completed a postgraduate course in Economics or hold a bachelor's degree in Economics from a recognised university to be eligible for the course. The average salary of an Economist in India is Rs. 16.1 LPA.

Highlights: Ph.D in Economics

Eligibility criteria for ph.d economics, admission process for ph.d economics, top ph.d economics entrance exams, cutoff for top colleges, skills required for ph.d economics, syllabus of ph.d economics, fee structure for ph.d in economics, scope for a ph.d in economics, career options after ph.d. in economics, benefits of studying ph.d in economics, salary after ph.d in economics, list of top 10 ph.d economics colleges in india with fees, top private ph.d economics colleges in india with fees, top government ph.d. economics colleges in india with fees.

Economics is primarily concerned with combining cutting-edge economic principles with thorough data analysis in order to solve issues. Some of the popular degrees in Economics before doing a Phd are BA, BE, B.Sc. in Economics, MA, M.com and M.Sc. Some of the popular career options are Professor, Economist, Statistician, and Equity Research Analyst.

The top colleges offering Ph.D Economics courses are IBS Hyderabad, BITS Goa, and IIFT Kolkata. Students aspiring to pursue Ph.D Economics courses must clear the relevant entrance examinations, such as UGC NET, and CSIR UGC NET, depending on their college and specialisation.

Most educational institutions have similar eligibility requirements for a Ph.D. in Economics students who have completed their Master’s degree in Economics are eligible to pursue Ph.D in Economics.Applicants will be evaluated on statistics and maths in the first part. The second half will assess candidates' knowledge of microeconomics, macroeconomics, and econometrics.

Students must hold a master's degree in Economics (MA Economics) from a recognised institution.
A master's degree with a minimum of 50 percent marks is required.
Candidates must pass a written exam and a personal interview, as well as meet the institute's basic standards.

Admission requirements for the PhD in Economics vary by institution. Depending on their admission exam and master's degree results, students are admitted to various colleges. Some universities will accept students based on their entrance exam results while some institutes conduct personal interviews or other tests to screen the applicants.

Applicants can apply for PhD in Economics admission directly at the university by going there, filling out the admission form, presenting the required documents, and submitting the application form.
Candidates can also apply by browsing the college's website, filling out the online PhD in Economics degree application, and uploading all required credentials.
They can also directly apply for exams such as UGC NET or CSIR UGC NET depending on their specialisation and meet the cutoff score.
Once clearing the exam choosing their institutes students are advised to pay the course fees and submit the required documents as per the requirement of the institute.

UGC NET: University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test popularly known as UGC NET is a national-level entrance examination for many courses related to lectureship and doctorate. The examination is conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) twice a year. The exam is conducted in various languages and is conducted in online mode.

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CSIR NET : CSIR UGC Test for JRF and Eligibility for Lectureship or CSIR UGC NET is a national-level entrance examination administered by National Testing Agency (NTA) for admission to various courses in the Lectureship such as Life Sciences, Chemical Sciences, and Mathematical Sciences, the exam is conducted in Online mode in English and Hindi languages.

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A cut-off for a PhD in Economics is a set of criteria used to assess a candidate's eligibility or entrance exam scores. The cutoff for a Ph.D in Economics differs by college and is determined by the number of students who clear the entrance examination, difficulty level of the entrance examination and status and prestige of the institute.

Candidates need certain skills in order to fully benefit from the course, candidates wishing to apply for the Ph.D Economics course need both practical as well as theoretical knowledge to be successful in their academics and future careers in the field of Economics. Listed below are the skills required to pursue Ph.D Economics course:

Good Communication Skills
Critical Thinking
Decision-Making skills
Interest and Aptitude for Economics

The syllabus of Ph.D Economics include subjects such as Research work in Economics, Database research for Economics, Quantitative Methods and Computer Applications. In the table below we have mentioned the syllabus of Banaras Hindu University for their Ph.D in Economics syllabus.

The fee details of the Ph.D in Economics course can be found on the official website of the institute or students can visit the college personally to get all the necessary details about the course. Fee depends on the type of institute, its location and the course chosen by the institute. Generally the fee for a Ph.D Economics course ranges from Rs. 36,000 to Rs. 1.84 Lakhs.

The Ph.D. in Economics programme is designed to enable students not only to get a basic understanding of domain-specific concepts but also to strengthen their overall interpersonal and teaching abilities. Because of the global economy, Ph.D. in Economics is in increasing demand in India for both academic and employment prospects, and the demand for a well-trained economist is also constantly rising.

Many Indian businesses hire economists with a PhD degree. Academic qualities and abilities determine the work and positions of PhD in Economics graduates. They are hired by various companies and universities for the jobs and profiles listed below. We have listed some of the well-known career options after PhD in Economics degree.

Professor: A professor teaches individuals in a certain field of study at a university or college level. In most cases, a professor is an expert in the topic that he teaches at the university level. Professors who are knowledgeable and experienced in their fields are qualified to conduct research and publish articles in their fields.

Economist : An economist examines resource growth, investment, and distribution in order to bring what they've learned into practice and impact current social dynamics. In today's context, economists must research, analyse, forecast, and assess business and revenue patterns in every industry.

Statistician : Individuals who have studied business and have chosen a career that requires data analysis and analytical skills are known as statisticians. To collect data, statisticians design surveys, trials, and opinion polls. They're in charge of overseeing how many and what kind of groups or samples will be employed in the research or poll.

Equity Research Analyst : In the financial sector, equity research analysts operate for both buy and sell-side firms. They generate industry and stock research reports, estimates, and suggestions. To keep their research up to date, equity research analysts analyse market data and news reports as well as consult with individuals in the firms and industries they research daily.

Top Recruiters:

Ernst & Young

Students will have the opportunity to focus on the research areas that they are most passionate about. After completing a Ph.D in Economics, students can get a job as a professor in India. Students will get a better insight into how the social environment operates, which will assist them to evaluate problems and solutions.

Students after completing Ph.D in Economics course can apply for various career options, the salary for these courses depends on the location of the company, its status, job profile opted by the candidates, and the skills and experiences of the candidates. The salary after a Ph.D in Economics is mentioned below.

Source: AmbitionBox

Many private and government institutes offer Ph.D in Economics courses in India, the admission to these institutes is based either on entrance examination or direct admission based on merit score. Mentioned below are the top 10 Ph.D Economics colleges in India along with their respective fees.

Ph.D in Economics courses are offered by many private institutes in India, students are advised to check the admission process of these colleges carefully and follow the eligibility criteria. Mentioned below are the top private Ph.D Economics colleges in India with Fees.

Government institutes are slightly cheaper as compared to a private institutes and also offer quality education. Students can check the course and fee details on the official website of the college. In the table below, we have mentioned the top government colleges offering Ph.D. Economics degree programmes along with their respective fees.

Ph.D Economics course teaches the students advanced skills and knowledge in the field of Economics. Economics is a very diverse and broad field including many areas of research. Students pursuing Ph.D in Economics courses learn about various topics which will help them in their careers as academicians or working professionals.

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

PhD in Economics is among the most attractive degree programs: if you perform well, you'll have a good chance of securing a high-level research position in academia or government sectors. Academic economics, in particular, is among the best methods to perform and strengthen international economic research.

A PhD is challenging in any discipline, not just economics since it is a research training exercise.

PhD in Economics course prices range from Rs. 36,000 to Rs. 1.84 Lakhs on average, depending on the type of college.

For a PhD in Economics, students must complete a master’s degree in Economics from a recognised university.

The PhD in Economics is a three to five-year-long programme.

Communication skills, Critical thinking, Organising skills, Leadership, Decision-making skills, Patience, Attention to detail, Numerical ability, Active learning are some of the skills required for a PhD in Economics.

Some of the top colleges which offer Ph.D. in Economics degrees are IBS Hyderabad, BITS Goa, JD Patil Sangludkar Mahavidyalaya, Daryapur, SGRR P.G College, Saraswathi Narayanan College, Madurai, Jagat Taran Girls Degree College, Allahabad, Government Arts College Kota, School of Postgraduate Studies Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

There are various career options after a PhD in Economics degree. Some of the careers are Professor, Economist, Statistician, Equity Research Analyst.

Deloitte, Google, Boeing, TCS, Cognizant, Ernst & Young, Delhi University, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Axis Bank, Accenture, Intel, Qualcomm are some of the leading organisations that hire PhD in Economics graduates.

Students who have completed an MA, MSc, MCom, or BTech degree can apply for a PhD programme.

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PhD in Economics

The department offers a PhD program in seven academic disciplines (Economics, Literature, Linguistics, Philosophy, Policy, Psychology, and Sociology). The PhD program consists of both full time and part-time students.

Who can apply?

Eligibility: M.A./M.Sc (2 years)/M.Com/M.B.A/M.Phil or B.Tech/BE/B.Sc Engg. (4 years) or M.Tech/ME/MS Research (2-3 years)/M.D/ D.M./M.S/M.DS

Minimum qualifications: 60% marks or 6.00 CGPA on a 10-point scale and qualified GATE/ CSIR/ UGC-NET or JRF/ICAR/ICMR/ DST - INSPIRE Fellowship (check the prospectus of the current admission cycle for details about the exemptions and clarifications.)

Application process: Eligible candidates can apply for the programme at PG Admission Portal .

PhD under UQ-IITD Academy of Research (UQIDAR)

The University of Queensland (UQ), a top 50 global university, and the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), an Institute of Eminence, have joined forces to create a joint PhD program that will allow scholars to deliver global impact.

All successful UQIDAR PhD applicants will be offered a scholarship to enable students to focus on their research.

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The Economics Area engages in research, teaching, external engagements, and media and policy outreach in a wide range of fields. These include Behavioral Economics, Development Economics, Game Theory, Industrial Organization, International Trade, Labour Economics, Monetary Economics and Public Economics.

Research Overview

IIM Bangalore's PhD program in Economics is widely recognized for its academic excellence. As a part of the PhD program, the Economics area offers a wide range of courses that are of international standards, helping students build a strong foundation in research and teaching.

Research Spotlight

I am Muneer Kalliyil. My research interests include the Economics of Education and Development Economics in general. My current research investigates some crucial and topical issues in education economics. Currently, I am working on various factors affecting the establishment and positioning of new private schools in India. Through this project, I am trying to answer various questions such as how the private schooling market responds to existing government schools and private schools, and whether the timing of private school entry is linked to that of big infrastructure development projects

I am a doctoral student in the Economics area. My research interests lie at the intersection of behavioural and development economics, with a special focus on education outcomes. I am currently working on how civil conflicts affect education outcomes and how post-conflict reconciliatory pogrammes can address the negative impacts of conflict

I study the decision to invest in human capital. I take the case of organisations and propose a flexible approach to measure the inefficiency in one of the human capital assets of an organization, which is its management

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Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Program

With an ever-increasing emphasis on a technology-driven economy, interdisciplinary economic research has become the key to global economic prosperity. IIT Kanpur’s Department of Economic Sciences – the first among all IITs – is a pioneer in economic research, teaching and outreach activities. With its rigorously trained and proficient faculty, the department is fast emerging as a prominent center for India's economic research.

The Ph.D. program in Economic Sciences was introduced at IIT Kanpur in 1974, in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Kanpur. Students in our program do research in various economics areas, including microeconomics, macroeconomics, econometrics, development economics, health economics, and financial economics. Our department provides intense training both in theoretical economics and in applied and empirical economics. The Ph.D. program is primarily designed for students interested in pursuing a career in teaching and research within academia. It is also useful for students interested in certain positions within governments, research organizations, or private businesses.

Course Structure:

Five-years program, with a set of courses and high-quality research opportunities.
The first year consists of two-semester coursework, followed by a comprehensive examination.
After the first year, students devote most of their time to their own research under the supervision of faculty advisors.

The two-semester Ph. D. coursework will consist of compulsory courses in the following fields:

Advanced Microeconomics.
Advanced Macroeconomics.
Quantitative Methods.
Econometrics.

Moreover, the students will be asked to choose a set of elective courses. In recent years, the following elective courses have been offered:

Applied Econometrics
Bayesian Econometrics
Contract Theory
Development Economics
Efficiency and Productivity Analysis
Financial Econometrics
Foundations of Finance
Game Theory
Labour Economics
Law and Economics
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Home > News & Articles > PhD in Economics: Courses, Syllabus, Top Colleges, Scope & Salary 2023

Imtikokba Jamir

Updated on 18th August, 2023 , 8 min read

PhD in Economics: Courses, Syllabus, Top Colleges, Scope & Salary 2023

The full form of PhD in Economics is Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. It is a 3–6 year doctoral course. A PhD in Economics typically focuses on developing expertise in economic theory, quantitative methods, research skills, and the ability to contribute original knowledge to the field through a doctoral dissertation.

The admission into this course is done after students clear an entrance exam, followed by a group discussion and personal interview. PhD in Economics entrance exam includes GATE, UGC NET, GRE, and JCECE.

The eligibility into PhD in Economics i s that a student must have earned at least 55% on their master's in economics or a related field from a recognized university.

PhD in Economics fees is INR 80,000 – 6 Lakhs. Some of the top PhD in Economics colleges are Banaras Hindu University , University of Delhi , Aligarh Muslim University and Amity University among others.

PhD in Economics syllabus includes topics on Agricultural Economics, Financial Economics, International Economics, and more.

PhD in Economics jobs include University Professor, Research Economist, Policy Analyst, Economic Consultant, Financial Economist, International Economist, Environmental Economist and Development Economist. PhD in Economics salary ranges from INR 8 – 20 LPA.

Some of the top recruiters for this course are Google, Microsoft, TATA, Infosys, Wipro, IBM, Amazon , Apple etc.

PhD in Economics: Course Highlights

Why pursue phd in economics.

Pursuing a PhD in Economics can be a rewarding and intellectual pursuit for many reasons:

Economics Competence: By earning a PhD in Economics, one can become proficient and knowledgeable in economic theory, quantitative methods, and empirical analysis.
Knowledge Contribution : PhD in Economics candidates can contribute new perspectives and information to the field of economics as each dissertation is on a new topic.
Research-Oriented Careers: A PhD is frequently required for positions in academia as university professors or researchers. It enables people to instruct and guide the upcoming generation of economists, as well as open doors to important organizations.

Why Should pursue PhD in Economics?

PhD in Economics is the perfect course for people who are passionate about economics and research. However, it might be a good fit for the following potential candidates:

Dedicated to Economics: People are more likely to succeed in a Ph.D. program if they truly love economics, its theory, and its practical applications.
People Who Are Research-Oriented: This field is best suited for those who take pleasure in studying, developing theories, and investigating economic issues through quantitative approaches.
Long-Term Commitment: Earning a Ph.D. in Economics requires endurance and dedication over the course of several years. Candidates should be ready to put in the time and overcome the difficulties associated with conducting original research and writing a dissertation.

PhD in Economics: Course Duration

A PhD in Economics is a prestigious and advanced academic program that offers in-depth exploration and expertise in various aspects of economics, business, and related fields. This program is designed for individuals who aspire to make significant contributions to the field through original research, critical analysis, and scholarly inquiry. The course duration for a PhD in Economics in India typically ranges from 3 to 6 years, during which students engage in a comprehensive journey of learning, discovery, and intellectual growth.

PhD in Economics : Fees

PhD in Economics in India normally costs anywhere between INR 80,000 – 6 Lakhs . Depending on the university, college, and region, different PhD in Economics programs may have different costs. Given below is an overview of the fees for this course.

Government Colleges/Universities: In comparison to private colleges, the cost of a PhD in Economics at government institutions is significantly lower. The annual fees for students in the general category might be anywhere from INR 50,000 – 2.5 Lakhs per year.
Private Colleges/Universities: The fee in a private institution is generally higher and can also vary depending on the college's standing and location. The costs typically range from INR 80,000 - 40 Lakhs or more.

Note: Students in the reserved categories (SC/ST/OBC/EWS) may pay less in tuition or be eligible for fee exemptions or grants in both government and private institutions.

PhD in Economics : Top Colleges

Given below is a list of the top colleges that offer PhD in Economics in India along with their fees:

PhD in Economics: Admission Process

It is highly recommended that aspirants score well in their postgraduate examinations and prepare well for the entrance exam. Given below is an overview of the admission process for PhD in Economics:

An aspirant should score more than 50-55% marks in their postgraduate examinations to be applicable for PhD in Commerce.
Apply to the desired college through their official website or by physically visiting the institution and filling out the application form.
Make sure to check the eligibility criteria and have all the required documents (10th and 12th Certificates, Undergraduate degree, Aadhar Card, Photographs, etc.) in hand.
Once the form is complete, the candidate will be asked to pay a minimal amount of application fee.
The University may conduct NET, DET, MAT, DAT CSIR-UGC NET, UGC NET, or any state/national level entrance exam that the candidate must clear.
It is advised to check the website regularly for updates on the admit card, entrance exam, and entrance exam syllabus.
Admit cards will be issued to all the eligible students which will have important information such as the date of the examination, examination center, and timings.
The college/university will then publish lists according to their cutoff and seat availability.
Some Universities may conduct a Group Discussion followed by a Personal Interview to filter potential students.
If selected, a candidate should pay the course fee as soon as possible and attend the orientation/counseling organized by the college for further information.

PhD in Economics: Eligibility

Candidates must have completed a postgraduate degree in Economics or a related degree from a recognized university listed under the UGC/AIU with a minimum aggregate of 55 percent and above.
It is advantageous to the program if you have 4 years of relevant professional experience in either teaching or administration.
Group Discussions and Personal Interviews will also be held at some reputable institutions and universities.

PhD in Economics: Entrance Exams

IIM Ph.D. test
JCECE (Jharkhand Combined Entrance Competitive Exam)

PhD in Economics: Entrance Exams Syllabus

PhD in Economics entrance exam syllabus may vary slightly depending on the college or university. However, here are some common topics that are usually included in the syllabus:

PhD in Economics: Subjects

A PhD in Economics program typically offers a range of subjects and areas of specialization that can vary based on the university, faculty expertise, and research. Here are some common subjects and areas of specialization that one might find in a PhD in Economics program:

PhD in Economics: Syllabus

PhD in Economics syllabus will vary from college to college; however, given below is an overview of the topics in each semester and year:

PhD in Economics: Recommended Books

Given below are the names of some recognised books along with their authors in the field of Economics that a candidate must read to gain further knowledge in the course:

PhD in Economics: Jobs

A PhD in Economics opens a wide range of job opportunities in business and related fields. Given below is an overview of some of the key job roles that PhD in Economics graduates can explore:

PhD in Economics: Salary

PhD in Economics salary ranges from INR 8 – 20 LPA. This can vary widely based on factors such as job role, years of experience, geographical location, company size, and industry sector. Below is a general salary overview for some key job roles in holding a PhD in Economics:

PhD in Economics: Top Recruiters

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)
Ministry of Finance
Ernst & Young
Google
Infosys

PhD in Economics: Scope

A PhD in Economics offers a wide range of opportunities across academia, research, government, international organizations, and various industries. With expertise in economic theory, data analysis, and policy evaluation, PhD economists play a crucial role in shaping economic policies, influencing business strategies, and addressing societal challenges on local and global scales.

A PhD in Economics also provides a strong foundation for further education and advanced research. Graduates can pursue postdoctoral positions to delve deeper into specific research areas, collaborate with renowned economists, and publish groundbreaking research papers. Additionally, a PhD serves as a stepping stone for those interested in interdisciplinary studies, allowing them to explore fields such as public policy, social sciences, environmental economics, and more.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is a ph.d. in economics.

The highest academic degree available in economics is a Ph.D., which emphasizes advanced study and specialized understanding in economic theory, policy analysis, and empirical research.

How long does it take to complete a Ph.D. in Economics?

A Ph.D. in Economics normally takes between three and five years to complete, depending on the university and the student's progress.

What are the eligibility criteria for a Ph.D. in Economics?

Candidates often require a master's degree in economics or a closely related discipline, as well as a strong academic record. Additionally, exceptional applicants with a bachelor's degree might be accepted by some colleges.

What entrance exams are required for Ph.D. in Economics admissions?

Common entrance exams include the UGC NET in Economics, GATE (Economics), JNU Entrance Exam, and the ISI Admission Test.

What is the scope of a Ph.D. in Economics?

A Ph.D. in Economics can lead to employment in academia, research facilities, economic consulting firms, governmental organizations, and international organizations, among other professional pathways.

Can international students apply for Ph.D. in Economics programs in India?

Yes, a lot of Indian institutes accept applications from students from other countries. They might also need you to take tests like the TOEFL or IELTS to prove your English competence.

What is the average stipend or financial support for Ph.D. students in Economics?

Universities offer different financial assistance and stipends. To help Ph.D. students in their studies, several schools provide research assistantships, scholarships, or teaching assistantships.

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Ph.D Economics

PhD Economics is a doctorate course that deals with the study of applied microeconomics, economic theory, game theory, energy economics, labor economics, and theoretical and applied econometrics. The PhD in Economics duration is 3-5 years. A Doctorate degree in Economics in India prepares students to pursue a variety of rewarding careers including Auditor, Stock Broker, Media Analyst, Actuarial, Lecturer or Professor, Banker, Economists, Geographer, Econometricians, Public Relations Officer.

Ph.D Economics Course Details

About phd economics course.

PhD Economics full form is Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. PhD in Economics course durations 3-5 years long. According to Wikipedia, “The study of Economics is the study of how people interact with value, particularly the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economic theory is the study of economic behavior and interactions, as well as the functioning of economies.”

The specialization falls under the umbrella of Ph.D. Students taking PhD Economics courses learn about micro and macroeconomics, international trade, international finance, corporate finance, development and growth theory, economic issues and policy, consumer demand theory, theory of production and cost, problems in data collection, and financial derivatives. Information about PhD in Economics course is available on the official websites of universities and colleges that offer the courses.

In addition to an entrance exam, the curriculum in the PhD in Economics program is semester-based with an annual exam. In the PhD program in Economics, students learn both the theory and the practical aspects of consumer demand theory and the theory of production and cost.

Table of Contents:

PhD Economics Eligibility Criteria
PhD Economics Admission Process
Popular PhD Economics Entrance Exams
Top PhD Economics Colleges
Why choose the PhD Economics?
PhD Economics Fees Structure
PhD Economics Syllabus and Subjects
Preparation Tips for PhD Economics
PhD Economics Salary
PhD Economics Career Options
Skills to Excel

Eligibility Criteria for PhD Economics Course

For admission into the course, students must meet the PhD in Economics eligibility requirements set by the university/college offering the course in order to be admitted to the course. There is no age limit for those interested in a PhD in Economics course. Students applying to the PhD Economics program are required to take an entrance exam, and some colleges also administer tests. Additionally, students must pass an entrance exam at the college level or at the national level in order to apply for the course.

How to Get Admission in a PhD Economics Course?

PhD Economics admission requirements vary among colleges and universities. To earn a Doctorate degree in Economics, students must meet the PhD Economics eligibility requirements. Admissions can be applied for online or offline. Students who study at universities that offer a PhD Economics degree can earn this degree. Generally, the admission process includes the following components:

How to Apply for a PhD Economics Course?

Students can find more information about the PhD Economics course on the college’s website, as well as how to apply. The college’s website provides online applications for PhD Economics courses. Students are encouraged to regularly check the websites of universities and colleges since their admission process differs from each other. Students may also submit their applications online or in person. Students who wish to apply offline must complete a brochure, an application form, and a visit to campus. Online application forms must be completed, including the attachment of scanned documents. The course fee must be paid after the online application has been submitted.

Selection Process

A candidate’s final grade determines whether or not they are admitted. Students can apply to colleges only if they are eligible and meet the minimum cutoff score. Students who have been selected to join the PhD Economics program can learn more about their program online at their university or college website. Students receive their final results via email or the college website.

Popular Entrance Exams for PhD Economics

The PhD Economics degree is offered by a few colleges and universities, depending on their admission requirements. PhD Economics courses are offered by top universities and colleges in India that require entrance exams. By studying the test pattern, students can also succeed at the doctoral program entrance examination. Exams at the state, national, or college level are required for enrollment in the PhD Economics course. Various universities and colleges may have different cutoff marks. Here are some of the most popular PhD Economics entrance exams:

A Quick Glance at the PhD Economics Entrance Exams

Exam pattern and syllabus for PhD Economics should be familiarized before students take the entrance exam. The entrance exams will be easier to pass for students. The format of an entrance exam is usually as follows:

There are 50 questions on paper I and 100 questions on paper II.
Multiple Choice Questions [MCQs] are the type of questions.
Examinants have 3 hours to complete the test.
English and Hindi is the language of the question paper.
The questions will be divided into two papers.
In the paper, I include common general knowledge questions for all students.
Paper II includes specific subject-based questions.
Paper I carries a total of 100 points and Paper II has a total mark of 200.
Correct answers will be rewarded +2 marks.
There is no negative marking for incorrect answers.

Top 10 PhD Economics Course Colleges in India

PhD in Economics duration in India is 3-5 years. PhD Economics colleges all over the country offer these courses. In the PhD Economics course, students learn both the practical aspects of consumer demand theory and the theory of production and cost. PhD Economics colleges in India prepare students for success in their fields. The following are the top colleges for PhD in Economics in India:

Fee Structure for PhD Economics

PhD Economics duration and fees differ from other Economics courses available to Indian students. The Doctor of Philosophy in Economics is in high demand compared to other fields. PhD Economics fees in India are quite high when compared to overseas courses. Fees for PhD Economics colleges in India that offer this course are as follows:

Syllabus and Subjects for PhD Economics Course

PhD Economics full form is Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. PhD Economics duration is three to five years. The PhD Economics syllabus is divided into semesters with a yearly exam.

Students can choose between core and elective subjects that include advanced economic theory, data collection and organization, probability distribution and testing of hypotheses, econometric methods, topics in mathematical economics, advanced econometrics, advanced microeconomic theory, and advanced macroeconomics theory. Students in PhD Economics courses will learn techniques that will help them in the economic industry. The following topics will be covered in the course:

Advanced Economic Theory
International Trade and Finance
Economics of Planning
Public Finance
Theory of Economic Growth and Technical Progress

Read More On PhD Economics Syllabus & Subjects

Why Choose the PhD Economics Course?

Before choosing a PhD Economics program, many students wonder about the details of the program. A common question students have when choosing a career is, “What is the PhD course?” and “Why choose the PhD Economics course?.” We have summarized the following three pointers to answer this question:

What PhD Economics Course is All About?

PhD Economics full form is Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. The duration of PhD in Economics is between three to five years. The PhD Economics course type is designed for students seeking a deeper understanding of economics through classroom study and practical application. PhD Economics course details are intended for individuals who wish to enter the world of economics, aspire to be self-employed, and wish to contribute to the socioeconomic of India.

A PhD in Economics prepares students for careers in coaching centers, economics consultancies, economics departments, home tuitions, museums, private tuitions, publishing houses, research and development agencies, and schools.

What Does a PhD Economics Graduate Do?

Graduate students in PhD Economics are able to choose between a variety of jobs in the public and private sectors. Students studying PhD Economics can use the knowledge they gain from their education to perform better at their jobs. Some of the fields where graduates can pursue their careers are accounting, banking and finance, insurance investment, marketing, management, manufacturing, advertising, communication, and actuarial.

Auditor : An auditor is an official who ensures that financial records are accurate and that companies are in compliance with the laws regarding taxation. Accounting and auditing jobs can have a high salary since their main purpose is to protect businesses from fraud and detect discrepancies in accounting practices.

Reasons Why PhD Economics Course Can Fetch You a Rewarding Career?

PhD graduates in Economics in India advance in an array of careers in coaching centers, economics consultancies, economics departments, home tuitions, museums, private tuitions, publishing houses, research and development agencies, and schools. Academic institutions and economic consultancies are eager to hire PhD with Economics degrees. Graduates of PhD Economics programs are employed in both the public and private sectors. Some of the fields where graduates can pursue their careers are accounting, banking and finance, insurance investment.

Career Scope and Options: Graduates of the PhD Economics program will likely work in research and development, specializing in rapidly evolving fields of economics and finance. As technology advances, a broader range of skills becomes more valuable. Additionally, students can work at Bank of India, Bharat Forge, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, BSNL, Cognizant, Ericsson India, Flipkart, Future Group.

Preparation Tips for PhD Economics Course

Students interested in pursuing a PhD Economics course should prepare well. For students interested in pursuing a PhD in Economics, here are some tips:

Planning a Study Course: Students can use a study course plan to help them balance their study and their lives.

Exam Paper Pattern and Syllabus Knowledge : Having knowledge of the exam patterns and syllabus is essential for students to do well in the exams.

Engage Fellow Students : Help them reduce their stress during the exam period by exchanging knowledge with other students.

Interact with Professors: Professor interactions are a great way to gain insight into course topics.

Practice makes Perfect : To acquire a deeper understanding of programming and development, students must practice a great deal.

Journals : The course involves a lot of research-based studies so students can subscribe to weekly journals to keep informed.

PhD Economics Courses salary in India

Graduates of PhD Economics can expect to earn INR 3-10 LPA (Source: PayScale). In addition to their skills and experience, students of PhD Economics' starting salary is paid according to their progress. Because of technology, PhD in Economics are in greater demand. Comparatively, Economics is a relatively high-paying field.

Career Options After PhD Economics Course

Students who complete the PhD program in Economics can pursue a variety of careers. PhD students in Economics gain practical and theoretical skills that can be applied to their careers. PhD Economics graduates are able to find employment in top economics consultancies after obtaining a PhD degree.

The PhD in Economics provides them with additional qualifications that enhance their employability. Graduates of the PhD program in Economics can work as Auditor, Stock Broker, Media Analyst, Actuarial, Lecturer or Professor, Banker, Economists, Geographer, Econometricians, Public Relations Officer, and many more. Doctoral degree holders in Economics may pursue the following careers:

Political Scientists
Financial Consultant
Senior Research Scientist
Assistant Professor
Head of the Educational Department
Senior Economist
Senior Market Analyst
Director of Research and Development

Skills That Make You The Best PhD Economics Graduate

Graduates of PhD in Economics courses should be capable of being passionate and logical. Good Communication skills that align with the student's interests can also influence their career. In order to advance in their careers, students must develop certain skills without taking an interest in learning. It is crucial for economics students to analyze the economics and finance new approaches. Students who graduate from the doctoral program in economics should have the following skills:

Dedicated Skills
Studious Skills
Reasonable Skills
Avid Reader Skills
Enthusiastic Skills
Assertive Skills
Decisive Skills
Strong Minded Skills
Passionate Skills
Interested Skills
Logical Skills
Good Communication Skills
Eager Skills
Confident Skills
Strong-Willed Skills
Determined Skills

What is the duration of the PhD Economics Course?

-The course duration isn’t fixed and varies based upon the curriculum that the university is following. Generally, this course can be done in 3-5 years of time.

What is the difficulty level of PhD Economics course?

-Since Ph.D. is the highest and most prestigious degree, the difficulty level of this course is known to be harder than the postgraduate course. This degree tests the research knowledge of the candidates and their thesis efficiency in making an impact on the economical structure of a selective group.

What are the current job scopes for graduates of Ph.D. Economics?

-Graduates are entitled to receive several jobs offers from private economic analysis companies and business analytics and development conglomerates in a higher role and also from several data analytics and print media companies as senior analysts or data science engineers role. They’re also hired in central government and state financial and commercial operations in a senior role with gradually increasing payscale.

What is the average salary offered for a graduate of this course?

-The average salary offered for a graduate of this course depends upon his/her job role and the company he/she is hired in. On average, the graduates of this course are entitled to receive an average salary of INR 3 LPA -10 LPA.

What are the minimum requirements for Ph.D. Economics?

-The graduates are expected to have a minimum of 50% in their post-graduate studies in economic science background. Along with that, their post-graduate projects will be evaluated along with their entrance exam scores, for further admission process.

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PhD program

Ph.D. students can avail of generous research fellowships offered by the ISI. Students who will do field work to collect their own data or have other needs for research funds can get funding from the PPRU (Planning and Policy Research Unit), an endowment given to the Economics and Planning Unit by the Planning Commission. A congenial and stimulating environment for research includes the active seminar series , the annual conference on growth and development , (one of the world’s major conferences in development economics, and the largest in India), and the opportunity to interact with internationally established empirical researchers through the International Growth Centre -ISI conferences . There are ample opportunities to go to national and international conferences and present research. Doctoral students typically get funded for one international conference a year, subject to the availability of funding. The presence of a very strong Statistics and Mathematics Unit at the ISI, Delhi, means that Ph.D. students interested in applied work or econometrics have additional intellectual resources to draw upon.

Past PhD Students

Below are a set of FAQs that we regularly encounter from prospective students.

How do I apply to ISI’s Ph.D. program?

There are two ways of becoming a PhD student at the Economics and Planning Unit, depending on whether you want to avail of a Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) from the ISI, or not.

If you want a JRF , you must pass a nation-wide written selection test which has two papers: one in Mathematics (called RE 1) and one in Economics (called RE 2). The exam is typically held in the second week of May of each year. After passing the written selection test, you will be invited for an interview which is held in the first or second week of July. Successful clearing of the interview leads to the award of a Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and enrollment in the PhD program. The average intake over the past few years is roughly five students.

The syllabus and sample exam are available here .

If you do not want a JRF fellowship, write to the Chairman of the Research Fellows Advisory Committee (cghate [at] isid.ac.in) with your CV. If you are eligible, you will be interviewed by a committee, and admitted to the PhD program if you pass the interview. Within two years of your admission, you must pass the written Selection Test for JRF’s. Please note that students entering through this route have outstanding academic backgrounds.

How is the program structured?

On entry to the program, based on preliminary research interests, each student is assigned to a faculty advisor. Based on the prior academic record of the entering student, the advisor recommends a sequence of courses for the student to take offered by the faculty. Most students spend their first year, or first three semesters taking a variety of regular and reading courses (mainly in the Economics and Planning Unit, but also in the Stat-Math unit). Strong course work is an essential ingredient in writing a good thesis. These courses are taken for a grade and are rigorous and demanding. After two years, the candidate is promoted to SRF (Senior Research Fellow) assuming successful completion of their second year.

What happens after the second year?

All doctoral students are required to present a 5th semester paper to the faculty. This paper constitutes major work done by the student, whether it is empirical, or theoretical, on a first paper, or first chapter of the student’s thesis. Each annual promotion after the second year (third year and beyond) requires approval from both the RFAC (Research Fellow Advisory Committee) as well as the student’s thesis committee.

How long does it take to finish a Ph.D.?

The median is about 6 years, although many students submit their thesis in 5 and a 1/2 years. This is the same amount of time it takes in top doctoral programs in the US and Europe. Funding is currently provided for the first five years. Under the current rules, students register their Ph.D’s after the first two years.

Can I do my Ph.D. part time?

While nothing in the rules prevent this, our strong recommendation is a no. If you are employed, it is better to take study leave.

Suppose my background is in engineering or physics, or some other field, should I still take the Selection Test?

If you don’t have formal training in economics as part of your education, we strongly encourage you to contact us, or take the Selection Test. We have had several students in the past who have successfully completed our doctoral program (and passed the Selection Test) who didn’t have economics as a first line of study.

If I choose to work, do I have to give up my JRF/SRF Funding?

Yes, under the current rules, you cannot be paid by two sources.

What about hostel accommodation?

This is provided to all Ph.D. students who wish to avail of it.

Why should I do my Ph.D. at the ISI?

Because it is a world-class doctoral program in economics, with top faculty in many fields. We find there is huge value added to our students compared to when they enter. They are able to think on their feet when they are done, and become outstanding faculty members in other universities.

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BITS Pilani is a Deemed to be University, offering on-campus programs to more than 18,500 students across its campuses in Pilani, Goa, Hyderabad, Mumbai and Dubai.It has been recognized as an Institute of Eminence by the Ministry of Education, Government of India in 2020.

QS World University Subject Rankings 2024 has ranked BITS Pilani globally at

101-150 in Pharmacy and Pharmacology
301-350 in 4 subjects namely, EEE, Computer Science, Mechanical and Chemical Engineering
451-500 in 3 subjects, namely, Mathematics, Business & management Studies and Physics & Astronomy
501-550 in Chemistry

In ǪS Asia University Rankings 2024, BITS has been ranked 215th in Asia and at 22nd in India. Further, BITS Pilani has been ranked among the top 300 in ǪS World University Graduate Employability Rankings 2022 and within top 6 in India.

Having pioneered several curricular and pedagogic attributes, BITS Pilani has a vision to be amongst the top research-led Institutes in the country. The qualities of innovation, enterprise, commitment to excellence, adherence to merit, and transparency, have characterized the Institute during its inexorable march to eminence.

The Institute has secured over Rs 398 crores as external research funding in the last 5 years. State of the art facilities have been developed to support cutting edge research, led by students and about 930 faculty members, leading to a Scopus h-index of 156, with 221 patents filed so far, and 41 patents granted. Currently, there are 14 BITSian Unicorns and 1 Decacorn. There are over 7500 BITSian founders and co-founders of enterprises.

Doctoral Programme (Ph.D.)

List of Candidates shortlisted for Ph.D. Admission Test and/or Interview is now available

Admissions portal open 01st march 2024.

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List of Candidates shortlisted for Ph.D. Admission Test and/or Interview is now available.

CLICK HERE to know the Result.

Department preference with regard to the full-time and part-time Ph.D student admission is given in the table below.

Yes – A Department intends to admit students under the specified mode. No – A Department does not intend to admit students under the specified mode.

Minimum Eligibility Qualifications

ME / MTech / MPharm / MBA / MPhil (minimum of 60% aggregate)* MSc/BE/BPharm or an equivalent degree (minimum of 60% aggregate)* For admission into Humanities and Social Sciences, MA degree (minimum of 55% aggregate)* For part-time applicants, a minimum of one-year experience in the related field of study is required

[*In the Qualifying Degree examination]

In addition, Departments may set specific admission criteria for shortlisting. Meeting the minimum eligibility qualifications does not guarantee admission into the PhD program. Shortlisted candidates will have to appear for an admission test, which may comprise a written exam and/or interview. Information on specific Departments and related research activities is available on the Department homepage of respective campuses.

Full-time students

Preferably individuals who would like to pursue PhD in-house, residing on campus.

Part-time students

Preferably individuals who are working in organizations providing basic facilities and an environment for research.

Financial Assistance

Full-time PhD students admitted into the PhD program are eligible to be considered for an Institute fellowship of Rs. 34,000 or Rs. 37,000 per month in the first year based on their qualifications at the time of admission. Students admitted with M.E./M.Tech./M.Pharm./MBA/M.Phil. or an equivalent Degree are eligible to receive an Institute fellowship of Rs. 37,000/-. Students admitted with M.Sc./B.E./B.Pharm. or an equivalent degree are eligible to receive an Institute fellowship of Rs. 34,000/-. These students on successful completion of coursework will receive Rs. 37,000/- from the Semester following the one in which the course work was completed Higher fellowship may be made available in subsequent years. Consideration for Institute fellowship will be as per Institute norms. It will be obligatory on the part of every admitted full time student to undertake 8 hours (per week) of work as assigned to him/her by the institute.

Important Dates

The Institute reserves the right to change the above deadlines. Candidates will be informed in advance should there be such a change.

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Home » Ph.D in Development Studies

Ph.D in Development Studies

The Ph.D. programme is designed to create academic researchers as well as professionals who are capable of conducting policy analysis, relating to national and global economic and development issues, from a quantitative and inter-disciplinary perspective. While an interdisciplinary approach is encouraged, the programme lays somewhat larger emphasis on economics to provide an integrated framework within which various development issues can be addressed. Ph.D. students are expected to submit their dissertations within four years of joining the Institute. Ph.D. programmes involve successful completion of course work as well as submission of dissertation. M.Sc., stream students who would like to register for a Ph.D. degree need to pass the oral comprehensive examination in the form of proposal cum evaluation seminar and fulfil prescribed course and minimum grade requirements.

Admission Eligibility

Minimum qualification for admission to the Ph.D. programme include one of the following degrees or their equivalents :

M.A./M.Sc. in Economics/M.Stat./M.Sc. (Physics or Mathematics or Environmental Science or Operations Research)/M.B.A./M.Tech./M.E./B.Tech./B.E. with at least 55% aggregate marks for Economics discipline and 60% aggregate marks for other disciplines. The applicant must have studied mathematics at the higher secondary or higher level.

Course Structure and Duration

Ph.D. students are required to take fourteen courses (four compulsory and ten optional), which they are expected to complete in two years, students are required to take the course on Research Methodology and the course on Seminar Series.

The compulsory courses for Ph.D. students are Microeconomics-I, Macroeconomics-I,Econometrics-I, Energy and Environment-I.Ph.D. students have to choose their optional courses such that they include (i) any two courses from Microeconomics – II, Macroeconomics – II, Econometrics – II and Energy and Environment – II, (ii) one Major Field of Specialisation consisting of four optional courses in a related field, (iii) one Minor Field of Specialisation consisting of two optional courses in a related field, and (iv) two other optional courses that may be from un-related fields. The optional courses /fields of specialisation offered by the Institute are similar to those listed under the M.Sc. programme.

For continuation in the Ph.D. programme, the student has to pass an Oral Comprehensive Examination in the form of a Proposal cum Evaluation Seminar and is expected to write a Ph.D. dissertation within the stipulated time frame and fulfil prescribed course and minimum grade requirements.

Ph.D. students need to pay a tuition fee of Rs.16,000/- per semester and a hostel fee, which is 8% of their fellowship amount per month, plus water and electricity charges as per actual. The tuition fee may be revised from time to time.

Financial Assistance

Ph.D. students will receive a monthly stipend of Rs.31,000/- in the first two years. Those students, who fulfill the terms and conditions for Ph.D. registration, will receive a monthly stipend of Rs.43,750/- after Ph. D. registration in the third year. Students are required to provide part time research or teaching assistantship from their second year onwards.

In the past, Ph.D students from IGIDR have been placed in the corporate sector – a selected list of companies is provided in the section on past recruiters. Some of our students pursue their doctorates, either at IGIDR or abroad. In the last five years, our students have got admission with financial support from renowned universities abroad like Iowa State University, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, and University of California, Irvine.

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ANNOUNCEMENT

The application for the PhD program 2023 is now closed. The in person written test (if applicable) and the online interview dates are 25th and 26th May, 2023. The shortlisted candidates will only be informed via email by the phd office ( [email protected] ) and are requested to mark this email id as safe and so that the intimation does not go to your spam folder.

Eligibility for Full time or Part time Ph.D. Program :

(i) M.A/M.Sc or M.Phil Degree in Economics from UGC/AICTE/approved institutions including institutions of national and state importance.

(ii) At least 55% marks in aggregate (or equivalent grade to percentage) at Master’s degree; A relaxation of 5% of marks (i.e., 55% to 50%, or equivalent grade) may be allowed for SC/ST/MBC/OBC/Differently-Abled candidates.

(iii) Applicants with valid qualifying tests scores in any one of the following tests is preferred:

UGC-JRF; UGC-NET; GATE-Economics; State level SET in Economics; Any other test approved by Nation Testing Agency for PhD admissions in Economics to an Indian University/Institution.

(iv) Those who do not have any of these test scores should write entrance test conducted by MSE a day before the interview.

(iv) Part-time candidate should provide employment letter and no objection letter from the employer at the time of written test/interview.

Research Areas : Preference will be given to candidates interested in research areas of Development Economics, Environmental Economics, Public Economics, Macro, Industrial Organization, International Trade, Corporate Finance, Financial Markets, Behavioural Finance, Asset Pricing.

Research Fellowship : (i) Meritorious candidates (excluding those with UGC JRF) in the Economics program may be considered for Dr. Devaki Muthiah & Dr. A.C. Muthiah Research Scholarship (4 numbers) and Institutional fellowship (2 numbers) for a period of three years from the date of joining and extendable to one more year based on their performance.

How to Apply: Eligible candidates can submit an online application form with basic details and upload a few supporting documents in digital form. The list of documents is given in the application form.

Admission Procedures:

(i) Only shortlisted applicants will be called for the admission test.

(ii) Shortlisted applicants with valid scores mentioned in Eligibility (iii) have to appear only for a (personal) interview through online mode. All other shortlisted applicants will appear for both written test and personal interview (in person).

(iii) The shortlisted applicants will be considered for final selection to the PhD program on the basis of (a) 30% from the last qualified degree exam as per eligibility, (b) 40% from one of the scores mentioned in Eligibility (iii) or the written part of entrance test and (c) 30% from personal interview.

(iv) Candidates with overall cumulative of at least 50% in the total score and a minimum of 50% in the interview will only be considered for final selection.

(v) At the time of joining, the selected candidates will submit the hard copy of the filled in application form along with a photocopy of the listed documents.

Note: Decision of the selection committee will be final and candidates will be selected as per supervisor availability in the area of their research interest. All supporting documents will be verified with the originals at the time of joining and in case of is any discrepancy, the admission shall be cancelled.

Written Test and Interview Procedure:

(i) The written test will be for a maximum of 45 minutes and candidates must answer two questions of 20 marks each.

(ii) Candidates will have to answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B. There will be 4 questions in each section to choose from.

(iii) Section A will be on Quantitative Methods; Section B will have questions from Economics. All sections will include post-graduate level syllabus commonly followed in India.

(v) Section A on Quantitative Methods will include topics in Mathematical Methods, Operations Research, Statistics and Econometrics.

(vi) Section B on Economics will include topics listed in the UGC-NET syllabus with emphasis on Microeconomics, Macroeconomics and topics on Indian Economy.

(vii) The personal interview will cover topics listed in the written test and also on the research interest mentioned in the statement of purpose.

(viii) Personal interview will be conducted by a panel of faculty from MSE. The interview will online for all candidates except for those candidates who will appear for the written test at MSE and hence will have in person interview.

Award of Degree : Awarded by the Madras School of Economics under its degree granting power as per MSE Act 2020.

Rules and Regulations : The guidelines and rules for full-time and part-time PhD program are available in Ordinance 3 (in MSE website)

Faculty and Ph.D. Scholar Profiles: Please visit the profiles of faculty members: https://www.mse.ac.in/faculty/ ; PhD Research Scholars: https://www.mse.ac.in/mse-students/ and PhD Alumni: https://www.mse.ac.in/phd/

Important dates

Ph.D. Admission – Notification

For queries, contact :.

[email protected]

Enquire now

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Home PhD in Economics

Below you will find PhD in Economics in India Admission 2022-23, Part Time, Distance Learning with Eligibility Criteria. Ph. D. in Economics – The degree is the Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. It is a 4 year course, however, the final duration depends on the time taken for the submission of the final thesis. The main subjects of the course are macro and micro economics, Development and Growth theory, Public Finance, International Finance, Indian Economic Policy and Corporate Finance. Ph. D. in Economics – Minimum Educational Qualification:- The candidate must have completed the Graduation followed by Post graduation of 2 years. The admission criteria of different colleges are different. However, the marks of national level exams are also used by some of the colleges to grant the admissions. Ph. D. in Economics – Admissions Process:- The admissions are conducted after short listing the candidates’ applications for the course. These applications will be short listed as per the scores in the exams at UG level, PG level and other national exams. The work experience, another research based work which is counted for the admissions can also be counted depending on the admission criteria of various colleges and Universities. Pay Scale: As per the level of the job profile, the pay scale varies. Therefore, the pay of assistant level jobs is lesser than the higher level jobs. The recruitment is announced by various Government and Private Institutes which conduct the admissions on the yearly basis. Ph. D. in Economics – Notable Colleges in India: • IBS Hyderabad • Delhi School of Economics • BITS Pilani • Madras School of Economics • CITD • DTU • Dibrugarh University • IIT Gandhinagar • IIT Indore • Kurukshetra University • LPU PhD in Economics is not only restricted to academic research alone but is applicable to almost all streams of working. The regulations and requirements for admission differ from college to college. PhD in Economics through distance mode is also fast gaining acceptance among aspirants. Following is a list of Colleges and universities offering Phd in Economics in India. Christ University PhD in Economics Eligibility:- Candidates with 55% marks in Post graduation and 50% marks in MPhil in the relevant subject from any recognized university can apply. Candidates who have completed JRF are exempted from MPhil requirement. A research proposal (Maximum 1500 words) has to be submitted along with the application. Delhi School of Economics PhD in Economics Eligibility and Admission Procedures: Eligibility for admission to the Ph.D program requires either 50% or higher in the M.Phil programme or 55% or higher in a masters’ program in Delhi University or any other recognized University. Mumbai University PhD in Economics Eligibility:- Masters degree from a recognized university with minimum aggregate of 55 percent marks. Admission Procedure: - Admission through Entrance Test conducted by the University. Lovely Professional University PhD in Economics Eligibility: Master’s degree in a relevant discipline with 55% marks in aggregate. Admission Criteria: - Written test and/or Interview.

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Ph.D. in India: Cost, Duration, and Eligibility for Admission

Complete guide to ph.d. in india: duration, costs, eligibility, and recent updates.

Embarking on a Ph.D. journey in India is a significant academic and professional pursuit. Aspiring research scholars often have questions regarding the duration of a Ph.D., the associated costs, eligibility criteria, and recent developments in the field. In this comprehensive guide, ilovephd aims to address these queries and shed light on the essentials of pursuing a Ph.D. in India.

How many years is a Ph.D. in India?

A Ph.D. program in India typically takes around 3 to 5 years to complete, depending on various factors such as the discipline, research area, individual progress, and university regulations.

The duration may vary, but it is important to be prepared for a substantial commitment of time and effort.

How much does a Ph.D. cost in India?

The cost of pursuing a Ph.D. in India varies across institutions. Generally, public universities offer Ph.D. programs with minimal or subsidized tuition fees. Private universities may have higher fees.

It’s advisable to explore funding options such as scholarships, fellowships, or research grants provided by government bodies, funding agencies , or individual institutions to support your Ph.D. journey.

What qualifications are required for a Ph.D. in India?

To pursue a Ph.D. in India, a candidate typically needs a postgraduate degree (Master’s or equivalent) in a relevant field. It is important to note that specific eligibility criteria may vary between universities and disciplines.

Additionally, universities often require candidates to clear entrance exams or interviews and meet minimum academic standards to be considered for admission.

What is the age limit for a Ph.D. in India? Is 25 too old to start a Ph.D.?

In most cases, there is no strict age limit for pursuing a Ph.D. in India. As long as you meet the eligibility criteria and demonstrate the necessary academic qualifications, you can pursue a Ph.D. at any age.

Therefore, 25 is certainly not too old to start a Ph.D. Many scholars begin their doctoral studies later in life, bringing valuable experiences and perspectives to their research.

Can I do a Ph.D. without the National Eligibility Test (NET)?

While the National Eligibility Test (NET) is a common requirement for lectureships and research fellowships in India , it is not mandatory for all Ph.D. programs. Some universities may have their own entrance exams or selection processes.

It is important to check the specific requirements of the university or institution where you plan to pursue your Ph.D.

Who is eligible for direct Ph.D. admission?

Direct Ph.D. admission is a pathway for exceptional candidates who have completed their undergraduate studies and wish to pursue a Ph.D. without a Master’s degree.

However, this option is typically available to a limited number of candidates, and universities may have specific criteria and guidelines for direct Ph.D. admissions. It is advisable to consult with individual institutions to understand their policies regarding direct Ph.D. admissions.

Is it okay to do a Ph.D. without a Master’s degree?

While a Master’s degree is generally the standard qualification for pursuing a Ph.D., some universities in India offer integrated Ph.D. programs that allow students to directly enter the Ph.D. track after completing their undergraduate studies.

However, this option may be limited to certain disciplines or institutions. It’s important to research and identify institutions that offer such programs if you wish to pursue a Ph.D. without a Master’s degree.

What are the recent rules for Ph.D. admissions in India?

The rules and regulations for Ph.D. admissions in India are subject to change and can vary between universities and disciplines.

It is advisable to stay updated with the guidelines provided by individual universities and regulatory bodies such as the University Grants Commission (UGC) or the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) to ensure compliance with the latest requirements.

25 Tips to Join PhD in India

25 tips to help you join a Ph.D. program in India:

Research your field of interest thoroughly to identify potential research areas and topics.
Explore various universities and research institutes in India that offer Ph.D. programs in your chosen field.
Check the eligibility criteria and admission requirements of each institution you are interested in.
Take note of application deadlines and ensure you submit your application well in advance.
Prepare a strong statement of purpose (SOP) that highlights your research interests, goals, and why you are interested in pursuing a Ph.D.
Contact potential supervisors or faculty members whose research aligns with your interests to discuss your research proposal.
Prepare for entrance exams that may be required for admission, such as the UGC-NET, GATE, or university-specific entrance exams.
Enhance your academic profile by participating in research projects, publishing papers, or presenting at conferences.
Build a strong recommendation letter portfolio by reaching out to professors or mentors who can attest to your academic abilities and research potential.
Seek out scholarships, fellowships, or research grants offered by government bodies, universities, or funding agencies to fund your Ph.D.
Familiarize yourself with the research facilities, laboratories, and resources available at the institutions you are considering.
Attend research seminars, workshops, and conferences related to your field to stay updated with the latest developments and network with researchers.
Develop good communication and writing skills, as they are essential for presenting research findings and publishing papers.
Create a well-structured and feasible research proposal that clearly outlines your research objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.
Be prepared for interviews or presentations as part of the selection process, where you may need to defend your research proposal or discuss your academic background.
Gain teaching experience by assisting professors or taking up teaching assignments to enhance your profile for future academic positions.
Connect with current Ph.D. students or alumni of the institutions you are interested in to gain insights into the program and research environment.
Stay updated with any changes in the rules, regulations, or policies related to Ph.D. admissions in India.
Develop a strong work ethic and time management skills, as Ph.D. programs require dedication, self-discipline, and long hours of research.
Consider the location and infrastructure of the institution, ensuring it suits your research needs and provides a conducive environment for learning.
Explore interdisciplinary opportunities and collaborations to broaden your research scope and gain different perspectives.
Discuss funding options and financial support with the institutions you are applying to, and be prepared to seek external funding if necessary.
Keep track of your research progress and maintain regular communication with your supervisor or mentor.
Attend preparatory courses or workshops on research methodology or academic writing to enhance your research skills.
Finally, be passionate, persistent, and proactive in pursuing your Ph.D. dream. Embrace the challenges, stay motivated, and enjoy the journey of knowledge creation.

Remember, each institution may have its own specific requirements and procedures, so it’s crucial to carefully review their official websites or contact the admissions offices for accurate and up-to-date information.

10 steps to join Ph.D. in India

Here are 10 steps to join a Ph.D. program in India:

Research your field: Explore different research areas and identify your specific field of interest for pursuing a Ph.D. in India.
Shortlist institutions: Identify universities or research institutes in India that offer Ph.D. programs in your chosen field.
Review eligibility criteria : Check the eligibility requirements of the institutions you are interested in, including minimum educational qualifications and entrance exam scores.
Prepare application documents: Gather the necessary documents, such as academic transcripts, recommendation letters, statement of purpose (SOP), and research proposal.
Prepare for entrance exams: If required, prepare for entrance exams like UGC-NET, GATE, or university-specific exams. Familiarize yourself with the syllabus and exam pattern.
Apply to institutions: Submit your applications to the shortlisted institutions within the specified deadlines. Pay attention to the required application fees and submission procedures.
Attend interviews (if applicable): Some institutions may conduct interviews or presentations to assess your research aptitude and fit for the program. Prepare well for these interactions.
Secure funding: Explore funding opportunities such as scholarships, fellowships, or research grants. Check if the institutions offer any financial support or external funding options.
Accept an offer : Once you receive acceptance letters from the institutions you applied to, carefully evaluate and select the most suitable offer based on research facilities, faculty expertise, funding, and overall fit.
Complete admission formalities: After accepting an offer, complete the necessary admission formalities as specified by the institution. This may include submitting additional documents, paying fees, and fulfilling any other requirements.

It’s important to note that the specific steps and procedures may vary between institutions. Therefore, always refer to the official websites and admission guidelines of the institutions you are applying to for accurate and up-to-date information.

Pursuing a Ph.D. in India is a rewarding and intellectually stimulating endeavor. Understanding the duration, costs, eligibility criteria, and recent developments is crucial to navigating the process effectively.

By considering these factors and conducting thorough research, aspiring Ph.D. scholars can embark on their academic journey with confidence and clarity.

Remember to reach out to universities or institutions directly for specific information and seek guidance from mentors or faculty members who can provide valuable insights into the Ph.D. application process in your chosen field. Good luck with your Ph.D. pursuit!

Also Read: Best 100 Institutions to Study PhD in India – 2023

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Indian Universities /

(DTU) Delhi Technological University Courses and Fees: UG, PG and PhD

Updated on
May 11, 2024

DTU has released its fee structure for the upcoming academic year 2024. Undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD programmes across various disciplines are offered by DTU including engineering, management, humanities and many others. The main courses offered for undergraduate students are B.Tech , B.E., B.A. and BBA whereas M.Tech, M.E. and M.A courses are available for postgraduate students.

Table of Contents

1 B.Tech – DTU Course Fees
2 B.Des – DTU Course Fee
3 B.A.Economics (Hons) – DTU Course Fees
4.1 For Full-Time
4.2 For Part-Time
5 DTU Course Fees – M.A.Economics
6 DTU Course Fees – MBA
7 DTU Course Fees – M.Sc
8.1 For Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff of DTU
8.2 For Full-Time
9 Application Fees For DTU – 2024
10 How to Apply for Admissions at DTU?
11 Documents Required for the Admission Process at DTU

B.Tech – DTU Course Fees

One of the most famous DTU programmes is B.Tech for which admissions are based on JEE Main Score, followed by JAC Delhi Counselling or lateral entry. It is a four-year UG programme that specialises in 15 different courses. Below is the fee structure mentioned for the B.Tech. program –

Source: Internet

Whereas, for B.Tech lateral entry the fees go to INR 7,12,400.

B.Des – DTU Course Fee

B.Des is a three-year course for which UCEED exam numbers are taken into consideration for admission. Total fees for B.des. goes around INR 7,12,400, whose breakdown is mentioned below-

B.A.Economics (Hons) – DTU Course Fees

DTU offers a B.A. (H.) in Economics as a 3-year UG programme. One can get admission in this course through CUET UG scores.

M.Tech – DTU Course Fees

M.Tech is a 2-year programme offered in two modes- Full Time and Part Time. GATE score is considered for admission to DTU. In a few cases, merit also works. The fees of the M.Tech Programme at DTU are mentioned in the table below-

For Full-Time

For part-time.

Also Read: Delhi Technological University: Ranking, Admissions, Courses

DTU Course Fees – M.A.Economics

It is a 2-year programme where a CUET PG score is considered for admission. The fee structure is mentioned below for your reference-

DTU Course Fees – MBA

Offered by DTU, it is a two-year programme. CAT / MAT exams are considered for admission to this programme. Below is the fee structure mentioned for this course-

DTU Course Fees – M.Sc

M.Sc is a two-year programme at DTU. For admission to this programme, CUET PG marks are considered. Check out the fee structure below-

DTU Course Fees – PhD Programmes

DTU offers PhD as a full-time programme, along with teaching and non-teaching staff. The fee structure for both is mentioned below-

For Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff of DTU

Application Fees For DTU – 2024

DTU requires a certain amount of application fees for the admission process. There are different application fee structures for different courses. The fees for the general category vary from those for the reserved category. Below is the table where one can find the application fee structure for the DTU Courses.

How to Apply for Admissions at DTU?

For the 2024 session, the admission process will start in June 2024, followed by the entrance exams in July 2024. The admissions process at DTU is completely online and the student can track the status of the admissions process through the university portal. For the admission process, follow-

Click on the link: http://www.dtu.ac.in/ to fill out the admission form.
Upload the required documents asked for while filling out the application form.
Click on the payment gateway and proceed to pay the application fees.
Proceed further to submit the application and finish the admissions form procedure.

Documents Required for the Admission Process at DTU

For admission at DTU, a student should keep these documents handy while applying for any course at DTU. If the student fails to upload the required documents, the application process may not proceed further. Here is a list of documents required for admission at DTU-

DTU application form copy
Marksheets of 10th and 12th
Certificate: 10+2
Photographs (Passport size)
Migration Certificate (If applicable)
Transfer Certificate
Income certificate (if applicable)
Relevant scorecard of entrance exam (if applicable)

At DTU, for most of the courses, the admission criteria range between 50% to 60%.

+91-11-27871018 is the helpline number for DTU.

JEE Main is considered for admission to the B.Tech. program, followed by JAC Counselling. Therefore, it is suggested that students clear JEE Main with good scores for admission.

No, DTU accepts admissions only through entrance exams like JEE Main, UCEED, CAT, MAT, UGC NET, etc.

A minimum of 55% is required in master’s programme for admission in the PhD.

What are the DTU Course Fees for B.Tech lateral entry?

For B.Tech lateral entry, fees can go up to INR 7,12,400.

What courses are available at DTU?

Undergraduate, Postgraduate, and Phd courses are available. Some of them are- B.Tech, B.Des, B.A in Economics, M.tech, MBA, M.Sc., PhD Programmes, etc.

This was all about the “ Delhi Technological University ( DTU ) Courses and Fees ”. For more such informative blogs, check out our Indian University page.

Parul Aggarwal

Parul Aggarwal is a skilled content writer with a focus on creative writing. She has a strong understanding of her subject matter and a genuine enthusiasm for it. Parul is known for crafting informative and captivating content that simplifies intricate topics, establishing her as a reliable expert in her field. She dedicates a significant portion of her time to thorough research and honing her writing abilities.

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By Russ Buettner and Paul Kiel

This article was published in partnership with ProPublica. Russ Buettner of The New York Times has spent years reporting on the former president’s finances, including decades of his tax returns. Paul Kiel of ProPublica has reported on the I.R.S. and the ways the ultrawealthy avoid taxes since 2018.

Published May 11, 2024 Updated May 13, 2024

Former President Donald J. Trump used a dubious accounting maneuver to claim improper tax breaks from his troubled Chicago tower, according to an Internal Revenue Service inquiry uncovered by The New York Times and ProPublica. Losing a yearslong audit battle over the claim could mean a tax bill of more than $100 million.

Listen to this article, read by Eric Jason Martin

The 92-story, glass-sheathed skyscraper along the Chicago River is the tallest and, at least for now, the last major construction project by Mr. Trump. Through a combination of cost overruns and the bad luck of opening in the teeth of the Great Recession, it was also a vast money loser.

But when Mr. Trump sought to reap tax benefits from his losses, the I.R.S. has argued, he went too far and in effect wrote off the same losses twice.

The first write-off came on Mr. Trump’s tax return for 2008. With sales lagging far behind projections, he claimed that his investment in the condo-hotel tower met the tax code definition of “worthless,” because his debt on the project meant he would never see a profit. That move resulted in Mr. Trump reporting losses as high as $651 million for the year, The Times and ProPublica found.

There is no indication the I.R.S. challenged that initial claim, though that lack of scrutiny surprised tax experts consulted for this article. But in 2010, Mr. Trump and his tax advisers sought to extract further benefits from the Chicago project, executing a maneuver that would draw years of inquiry from the I.R.S. First, he shifted the company that owned the tower into a new partnership. Because he controlled both companies, it was like moving coins from one pocket to another. Then he used the shift as justification to declare $168 million in additional losses over the next decade.

The issues around Mr. Trump’s case were novel enough that, during his presidency, the I.R.S. undertook a high-level legal review before pursuing it. The Times and ProPublica, in consultation with tax experts, calculated that the revision sought by the I.R.S. would create a new tax bill of more than $100 million, plus interest and potential penalties.

Mr. Trump’s tax records have been a matter of intense speculation since the 2016 presidential campaign, when he defied decades of precedent and refused to release his returns, citing a long-running audit. A first, partial revelation of the substance of the audit came in 2020, when The Times reported that the I.R.S. was disputing a $72.9 million tax refund that Mr. Trump had claimed starting in 2010. That refund, which appeared to be based on Mr. Trump’s reporting of vast losses from his long-failing casinos, equaled every dollar of federal income tax he had paid during his first flush of television riches, from 2005 through 2008, plus interest.

Donald Trump stands outdoors, speaking at a podium emblazoned with “Trump International Hotel & Tower Chicago,” with his children Eric, Ivanka and Donald Jr. looking on.

The reporting by The Times and ProPublica about the Chicago tower reveals a second component of Mr. Trump’s quarrel with the I.R.S. This account was pieced together from a collection of public documents, including filings from the New York attorney general’s suit against Mr. Trump in 2022, a passing reference to the audit in a congressional report that same year and an obscure 2019 I.R.S. memorandum that explored the legitimacy of the accounting maneuver. The memorandum did not identify Mr. Trump, but the documents, along with tax records previously obtained by The Times and additional reporting, indicated that the former president was the focus of the inquiry.

It is unclear how the audit battle has progressed since December 2022, when it was mentioned in the congressional report. Audits often drag on for years, and taxpayers have a right to appeal the I.R.S.’s conclusions. The case would typically become public only if Mr. Trump chose to challenge a ruling in court.

In response to questions for this article, Mr. Trump’s son Eric, executive vice president of the Trump Organization, said: “This matter was settled years ago, only to be brought back to life once my father ran for office. We are confident in our position, which is supported by opinion letters from various tax experts, including the former general counsel of the I.R.S.”

An I.R.S. spokesman said federal law prohibited the agency from discussing private taxpayer information.

The outcome of Mr. Trump’s dispute could set a precedent for wealthy people seeking tax benefits from the laws governing partnerships. Those laws are notoriously complex, riddled with uncertainty and under constant assault by lawyers pushing boundaries for their clients. The I.R.S. has inadvertently further invited aggressive positions by rarely auditing partnership tax returns.

The audit represents yet another potential financial threat — albeit a more distant one — for Mr. Trump, the Republicans’ presumptive 2024 presidential nominee. In recent months, he has been ordered to pay $83.3 million in a defamation case and another $454 million in a civil fraud case brought by the New York attorney general, Letitia James. Mr. Trump has appealed both judgments. (He is also in the midst of a criminal trial in Manhattan, where he is accused of covering up a hush-money payment to a porn star in the weeks before the 2016 election.)

Beyond the two episodes under audit, reporting by The Times in recent years has found that, across his business career, Mr. Trump has often used what experts described as highly aggressive — and at times, legally suspect — accounting maneuvers to avoid paying taxes. To the six tax experts consulted for this article, Mr. Trump’s Chicago accounting maneuvers appeared to be questionable and unlikely to withstand scrutiny.

“I think he ripped off the tax system,” said Walter Schwidetzky , a law professor at the University of Baltimore and an expert on partnership taxation.

From ‘$1.2 Billion’ to ‘Worthless’

Mr. Trump struck a deal in 2001 to acquire land and a building that was then home to the Chicago Sun-Times newspaper. Two years later, after publicly toying with the idea of constructing the world’s tallest building there, he unveiled plans for a more modest tower, with 486 residences and 339 “hotel condominiums” that buyers could use for short stays and allow Mr. Trump’s company to rent out. He initially estimated that construction would last until 2007 and cost $650 million.

Mr. Trump placed the project at the center of the first season of “The Apprentice” in 2004 , offering the winner a top job there under his tutelage. “It’ll be a mind-boggling job to manage,” Mr. Trump said during the season finale. “When it’s finished in 2007, the Trump International Hotel and Tower, Chicago, could have a value of $1.2 billion and will raise the standards of architectural excellence throughout the world.”

As his cost estimates increased, Mr. Trump arranged to borrow as much as $770 million for the project — $640 million from Deutsche Bank and $130 million from Fortress Investment Group, a hedge fund and private equity company. He personally guaranteed $40 million of the Deutsche loan. Both Deutsche and Fortress then sold off pieces of the loans to other institutions, spreading the risk and potential gain.

Mr. Trump planned to sell enough of the 825 units to pay off his loans when they came due in May 2008. But when that date came, he had sold only 133. At that point, he projected that construction would not be completed until mid-2009, at a revised cost of $859 million.

He asked his lenders for a six-month extension. A briefing document prepared for the lenders, obtained by The Times and ProPublica, said Mr. Trump would contribute $89 million of his own money, $25 million more than his initial plan. The lenders agreed.

But sales did not pick up that summer, with the nation plunged into the financial crisis that would become the Great Recession. When Mr. Trump asked for another extension in September, his lenders refused.

Two months later, Mr. Trump defaulted on his loans and sued his lenders, characterizing the financial crisis as the kind of catastrophe, like a flood or hurricane, covered by the “force majeure” clause of his loan agreement with Deutsche Bank. That, he said, entitled him to an indefinite delay in repaying his loans. Mr. Trump went so far as to blame the bank and its peers for “creating the current financial crisis.” He demanded $3 billion in damages.

At the time, Mr. Trump had paid down his loans with $99 million in sales but still needed more money to complete construction. At some point that year, he concluded that his investment in the tower was worthless, at least as the term is defined in partnership tax law.

Mr. Trump’s worthlessness claim meant only that his stake in 401 Mezz Venture, the L.L.C. that held the tower, was without value because he expected that sales would never produce enough cash to pay off the mortgages, let alone turn a profit.

When he filed his 2008 tax return, he declared business losses of $697 million. Tax records do not fully show which businesses generated that figure. But working with tax experts, The Times and ProPublica calculated that the Chicago worthlessness deduction could have been as high as $651 million, the value of Mr. Trump’s stake in the partnership — about $94 million he had invested and the $557 million loan balance reported on his tax returns that year.

When business owners report losses greater than their income in any given year, they can retain the leftover negative amount as a credit to reduce their taxable income in future years. As it turned out, that tax-reducing power would be of increasing value to Mr. Trump. While many of his businesses continued to lose money, income from “The Apprentice” and licensing and endorsement agreements poured in: $33.3 million in 2009, $44.6 million in 2010 and $51.3 million in 2011.

Mr. Trump’s advisers girded for a potential audit of the worthlessness deduction from the moment they claimed it, according to the filings from the New York attorney general’s lawsuit. Starting in 2009 Mr. Trump’s team excluded the Chicago tower from the frothy annual “statements of financial condition” that Mr. Trump used to boast of his wealth, out of concern that assigning value to the building would conflict with its declared worthlessness, according to the attorney general’s filing. (Those omissions came even as Mr. Trump fraudulently inflated his net worth to qualify for low-interest loans, according to the ruling in the attorney general’s lawsuit.)

Mr. Trump had good reason to fear an audit of the deduction, according to the tax experts consulted for this article. They believe that Mr. Trump’s tax advisers pushed beyond what was defensible.

The worthlessness deduction serves as a way for a taxpayer to benefit from an expected total loss on an investment long before the final results are known. It occupies a fuzzy and counterintuitive slice of tax law. Three decades ago, a federal appeals court ruled that the judgment of a company’s worthlessness could be based in part on the opinion of its owner. After taking the deduction, the owner can keep the “worthless” company and its assets. Subsequent court decisions have only partly clarified the rules. Absent prescribed parameters, tax lawyers have been left to handicap the chances that a worthlessness deduction will withstand an I.R.S. challenge.

There are several categories, with a declining likelihood of success, of money taxpayers can claim to have lost.

The tax experts consulted for this article universally assigned the highest level of certainty to cash spent to acquire an asset. The roughly $94 million that Mr. Trump’s tax returns show he invested in Chicago fell into this category.

Some gave a lower, though still probable, chance of a taxpayer prevailing in declaring a loss based on loans that a lender agreed to forgive. That’s because forgiven debt generally must be declared as income, which can offset that portion of the worthlessness deduction in the same year. A large portion of Mr. Trump’s worthlessness deduction fell in this category, though he did not begin reporting forgiven debt income until two years later, a delay that would have further reduced his chances of prevailing in an audit.

The tax experts gave the weakest chance of surviving a challenge for a worthlessness deduction based on borrowed money for which the outcome was not clear. It reflects a doubly irrational claim — that the taxpayer deserves a tax benefit for losing someone else’s money even before the money has been lost, and that those anticipated future losses can be used to offset real income from other sources. Most of the debt included in Mr. Trump’s worthlessness deduction was based on that risky position.

Including that debt in the deduction was “just not right,” said Monte Jackel , a veteran of the I.R.S. and major accounting firms who often publishes analyses of partnership tax issues.

A Second Bite at the Apple

Mr. Trump continued to sell units at the Chicago Tower, but still below his costs. Had he done nothing, his 2008 worthlessness deduction would have prevented him from claiming that shortfall as losses again. But in 2010, his lawyers attempted an end-run by merging the entity through which he owned the Chicago tower into another partnership, DJT Holdings L.L.C. In the following years, they piled other businesses, including several of his golf courses, into DJT Holdings.

Those changes had no apparent business purpose. But Mr. Trump’s tax advisers took the position that pooling the Chicago tower’s finances with other businesses entitled him to declare even more tax-reducing losses from his Chicago investment.

His financial problems there continued. More than 100 of the hotel condominiums never sold. Sales of all units totaled only $727 million, far below Mr. Trump’s budgeted costs of $859 million. And some 70,000 square feet of retail space remained vacant because it had been designed without access to foot or vehicle traffic. From 2011 through 2020, Mr. Trump reported $168 million in additional losses from the project.

Those additional write-offs helped Mr. Trump avoid tax liability for his continuing entertainment riches, as well as his unpaid debt from the tower. Starting in 2010, his lenders agreed to forgive about $270 million of those debts. But he was able to delay declaring most of that income until 2014 and spread it out over five years of tax returns, thanks to a provision in the Obama administration’s stimulus bill responding to the Great Recession. In 2018, Mr. Trump reported positive income for the first time in 11 years. But his income tax bill still amounted to only $1.9 million, even as he reported a $25 million gain from the sale of his late father's assets.

It’s unclear when the I.R.S. began to question the 2010 merger transaction, but the conflict escalated during Mr. Trump’s presidency.

The I.R.S. explained its position in a Technical Advice Memorandum , released in 2019, that identified Mr. Trump only as “A.” Such memos, reserved for cases where the law is unclear, are rare and involve extensive review by senior I.R.S. lawyers. The agency produced only two other such memos that year.

The memos are required to be publicly released with the taxpayer’s information removed, and this one was more heavily redacted than usual. Some partnership specialists wrote papers exploring its meaning and importance to other taxpayers, but none identified taxpayer “A” as the then-sitting president of the United States. The Times and ProPublica matched the facts of the memo to information from Mr. Trump’s tax returns and elsewhere.

The 20-page document is dense with footnotes, calculations and references to various statutes, but the core of the I.R.S.’s position is that Mr. Trump’s 2010 merger violated a law meant to prevent double dipping on tax-reducing losses. If done properly, the merger would have accounted for the fact that Mr. Trump had already written off the full cost of the tower’s construction with his worthlessness deduction.

In the I.R.S. memo, Mr. Trump’s lawyers vigorously disagreed with the agency’s conclusions, saying he had followed the law.

If the I.R.S. prevails, Mr. Trump’s tax returns would look very different, especially those from 2011 to 2017. During those years, he reported $184 million in income from “The Apprentice” and agreements to license his name, along with $219 million from canceled debts. But he paid only $643,431 in income taxes thanks to huge losses on his businesses, including the Chicago tower. The revisions sought by the I.R.S. would require amending his tax returns to remove $146 million in losses and add as much as $218 million in income from condominium sales. That shift of up to $364 million could swing those years out of the red and well into positive territory, creating a tax bill that could easily exceed $100 million.

The only public sign of the Chicago audit came in December 2022, when a congressional Joint Committee on Taxation report on I.R.S. efforts to audit Mr. Trump made an unexplained reference to the section of tax law at issue in the Chicago case. It confirmed that the audit was still underway and could affect Mr. Trump’s tax returns from several years.

That the I.R.S. did not initiate an audit of the 2008 worthlessness deduction puzzled the experts in partnership taxation. Many assumed the understaffed I.R.S. simply had not realized what Mr. Trump had done until the deadline to investigate it had passed.

“I think the government recognized that they screwed up,” and then audited the merger transaction to make up for it, Mr. Jackel said.

The agency’s difficulty in keeping up with Mr. Trump’s maneuvers, experts said, showed that this gray area of tax law was too easy to exploit.

“Congress needs to radically change the rules for the worthlessness deduction,” Professor Schwidetzky said.

Susanne Craig contributed reporting.

Read by Eric Jason Martin

Narration produced by Anna Diamond and Krish Seenivasan

Engineered by Steven Szczesniak

Russ Buettner is an investigative reporter. Since 2016, his reporting has focused on the finances of Donald. J. Trump, including articles that revealed tax avoidance schemes evidenced on several decades of his tax returns. In 2019, he shared a Pulitzer Prize for work that revealed the vast inheritance Mr. Trump had received from his father. More about Russ Buettner

The Economic Times daily newspaper is available online now.

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