literature review on coconut

Review of Cocos nucifera L. testa-derived phytonutrients with special reference to phenolics and its potential for encapsulation

• Review Article
• Published: 12 November 2021
• Volume 60 , pages 1–10, ( 2023 )

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• S. V. Ramesh   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2107-360X 1 ,
• R. Pandiselvam 1 ,
• P. P. Shameena Beegum 1 ,
• R. M. Saravana Kumar 2 ,
• M. R. Manikantan 1 &
• K. B Hebbar 1  

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Coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.) and its value-added products are rich in medium chain triglycerides, polyphenols and flavonoids with a significant anti-oxidant potential. However, coconut and its products are underutilized for the development of nutraceuticals. Coconut testa is a brown cover of the endosperm, which is characterized with the considerable amount of phytonutrients, especially phenolics and flavonoids. The nutrient rich coconut testa is generally diverted for the production of animal feed or abandoned. Around 10–15% of the coconut kernel is removed as testa while preparing coconut desiccated powder. The coconut testa from the virgin coconut oil (VCO) industry also remains underutilized. Nevertheless, biochemical characterization of coconut testa has revealed its enormous anti-oxidant and nutraceutical potential. On the other hand there are reports describing the suitable encapsulation techniques to develop nutraceuticals from the plant-derived bioactives. In this context this review explores the prospect of utilizing the coconut testa-derived phytonutrients in developing a nutraceutical product.

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Bioactive Phytochemicals from Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Oil-Processing By-Products

Bioactive Phytochemicals from Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Oil Processing By-products

Cocoa extract with high content of flavan 3-ols, procyanidins and methylxanthines

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All data is available within the manuscript.

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Acknowledgements

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding for this study from Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) (ICAR-CPCRI Project No: 1000766014)

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) (ICAR-CPCRI Project No: 1000766014).

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S. V. Ramesh, R. Pandiselvam, P. P. Shameena Beegum, M. R. Manikantan & K. B Hebbar

Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India

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Study design and conceptualization: SVR; drafting of various sections of the manuscript: SVR, RP, PPS, RMS, MRM, and KBH; Read and approved the final version of the manuscript: All authors.

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Ramesh, S.V., Pandiselvam, R., Shameena Beegum, P.P. et al. Review of Cocos nucifera L. testa-derived phytonutrients with special reference to phenolics and its potential for encapsulation. J Food Sci Technol 60 , 1–10 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-05310-2

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Revised : 25 October 2021

Accepted : 26 October 2021

Published : 12 November 2021

Issue Date : January 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-05310-2

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Coconut oil intake and its effects on the cardiometabolic profile - A structured literature review

Affiliations.

• 1 School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: [email protected].
• 2 Tier 1 Health and Wellness, Center for Research, Chattanooga, TN, United States.
• 3 Texas A&M University, Health and Kinesiology, College Station, TX, United States.
• 4 CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
• PMID: 31707063
• DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.11.001

In recent years, health professionals and laypersons have disseminated misinformation regarding the consumption of coconut oil. Those encouraging the supplementation of coconut oil argue that it provides health benefits and protective cardiovascular effects. Our article examines the effects of coconut oil intake on the cardiometabolic profile by exploring various lipid indices, as well as potential non-lipid effects, such as weight loss. The majority of randomized controlled trials show that coconut oil intake or its supplementation increases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and total cholesterol when compared with other vegetable oils. Lauric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid and the main constituent of coconut oil, increases LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations, since it plays a main role as a substrate for apolipoprotein (apo)A1 and apoB synthesis, which are the key molecules in HDL-C and LDL-C particles, respectively.Despite some findings demonstrating an increase in HDL-C, definitive long-term clinical trials are imperative to ascertain whether this effect is clinically relevant. In addition, coconut oil intake has failed as a weight loss strategy and should not be considered as a supplementation strategy to increase satiety and/or thermogenesis.If one desires to include coconut oil in the diet, then we suggest that it should be limited and encompassed within the current recommendations of SFA intake, which are up to 10% of total caloric intake.

Keywords: Coconut oil; Cocos nucifera; HDL; Lauric acid; Lipids.

Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Publication types

• Cardiovascular Diseases / epidemiology
• Cardiovascular Diseases / prevention & control
• Coconut Oil / administration & dosage*
• Coconut Oil / adverse effects
• Diet, Healthy*
• Dietary Fats / administration & dosage*
• Dietary Fats / adverse effects
• Dietary Fats / blood
• Energy Intake
• Nutritive Value*
• Obesity / diet therapy
• Obesity / epidemiology
• Obesity / physiopathology
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
• Recommended Dietary Allowances
• Risk Factors
• Weight Loss
• Dietary Fats
• Coconut Oil