essay on christianity in english

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Christianity Beliefs and Practices: Exploring The Christian Worldview

• Categories: Christian Worldview Religious Beliefs

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Words: 600 |

Updated: 29 March, 2024

Words: 600 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Support and Solace in Christianity

Should follow an “upside down” triangle format, meaning, the writer should start off broad and introduce the text and author or topic being discussed, and then get more specific to the thesis statement.

Provides a foundational overview, outlining the historical context and introducing key information that will be further explored in the essay, setting the stage for the argument to follow.

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

The topic sentence serves as the main point or focus of a paragraph in an essay, summarizing the key idea that will be discussed in that paragraph.

The body of each paragraph builds an argument in support of the topic sentence, citing information from sources as evidence.

After each piece of evidence is provided, the author should explain HOW and WHY the evidence supports the claim.

Should follow a right side up triangle format, meaning, specifics should be mentioned first such as restating the thesis, and then get more broad about the topic at hand. Lastly, leave the reader with something to think about and ponder once they are done reading.

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Essay on Christianity

Students are often asked to write an essay on Christianity in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Christianity

Introduction.

Christianity is a global religion that started over two thousand years ago in the Middle East. It’s based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. Over time, it has grown to have billions of followers worldwide.

Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the Savior of humanity. They follow the teachings in the Holy Bible, which is divided into two parts: the Old and New Testament.

Christians worship in churches, read the Bible, and participate in sacraments like baptism and communion. They celebrate holidays like Easter and Christmas.

Denominations

Christianity has many branches, including Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Each has unique beliefs and practices, but all follow Jesus Christ.

250 Words Essay on Christianity

Origins of christianity.

Christianity, a monotheistic religion, began in the 1st century AD as a Jewish sect in the Levant region. It emerged from the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who Christians believe to be the Son of God and the Messiah. The religion rapidly spread across the Roman Empire, transcending geographical and cultural boundaries.

Theological Beliefs

Central to Christianity is the belief in Jesus Christ’s sacrificial death and resurrection, which offers salvation and eternal life to believers. The Holy Trinity, comprising God the Father, Jesus the Son, and the Holy Spirit, is another fundamental doctrine. The Bible, divided into the Old and New Testaments, serves as the authoritative text.

Denominations and Practices

Christianity encompasses diverse traditions, interpretations, and practices, leading to the formation of various denominations such as Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Despite differences, common practices include prayer, Bible study, and sacraments like baptism and the Eucharist.

Christianity’s Impact

Christianity has significantly influenced Western civilization, shaping its art, culture, philosophy, and law. It continues to play a vital role in societal issues, ethical debates, and global humanitarian efforts.

Contemporary Challenges

Today, Christianity faces challenges like secularization, religious pluralism, and ethical dilemmas posed by scientific advancements. However, it continues to adapt, demonstrating its resilience and relevance in the modern world.

500 Words Essay on Christianity

Introduction to christianity.

Christianity, one of the world’s major religions, traces its roots to the teachings of Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. With over two billion followers, it’s a belief system that has profoundly influenced the course of human history and culture.

The Teachings of Jesus Christ

Central to Christianity is Jesus Christ, a figure believed by Christians to be the Son of God. His teachings, as documented in the New Testament of the Bible, form the foundation of Christian doctrine. Jesus preached a message of love, forgiveness, and redemption, emphasizing the importance of compassion and ethical conduct. His teachings were radical for their time, challenging societal norms and religious traditions, and they continue to inspire and guide millions today.

Christian Denominations

Christianity is not a monolithic religion but rather a complex tapestry of denominations, each with its unique interpretation of Christian doctrine. These include the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, and the Protestant Churches. Despite their differences in liturgy, hierarchy, and theology, all Christian denominations share a common belief in Jesus Christ as the Messiah and the concept of salvation through faith.

The Bible: A Central Text

The Bible, comprising the Old and New Testaments, is the central text of Christianity. The Old Testament, also known as the Hebrew Bible, contains religious texts and stories shared with Judaism. The New Testament, on the other hand, records the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, as well as the early Christian community’s experiences and teachings.

Christianity and Society

Christianity has had a profound impact on society, shaping laws, moral codes, arts, and culture. It has been a force for both unity and division, inspiring great works of charity and compassion, but also causing religious conflicts and wars. The Christian Church has been a significant institution, wielding considerable power and influence throughout history.

Contemporary Christianity

In the modern world, Christianity continues to evolve, grappling with issues such as gender equality, homosexuality, and the relationship between science and religion. It faces challenges from secularism and religious pluralism, yet remains a vital force in many societies. The future of Christianity will likely be shaped by how it responds to these challenges and adapts to the changing world.

In conclusion, Christianity, with its rich history and diverse interpretations, is a complex and multifaceted religion. Its teachings have influenced countless lives and continue to shape the world in profound ways. As we delve deeper into its doctrines and history, we uncover a fascinating narrative of faith, struggle, and transformation.

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6 (page 89) p. 89 Christianity in the modern world

• Published: September 2014
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During the modern period, Christianity has changed in rapid and unprecedented ways. Church, Biblical, and Mystical Christianity can still be discerned, but they flow together in new combinations, taking shape not in new churches and denominations, but in movements that flow through them and mould their agendas—most importantly Christian liberalism, evangelicalism and fundamentalism, Pentecostalism, and Charismatic revival. ‘Christianity in the modern world’ describes these movements and concludes that the late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen the ties between Christianity and the west loosening and secularism and ‘non-religion’ growing. The most vital and fast-growing forms of Christianity have flourished outside the west, taking the religion’s agenda in many new directions.

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Home > Christian Resources > How to Quote a Bible Verse in an Essay

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How to Quote a Bible Verse in an Essay

Published: April 23, 2024

Learn the proper way to cite Bible verses in academic essays, ensuring accurate and respectful integration of scripture into your writing.

(Many of the links in this article redirect to a specific reviewed product. Your purchase of these products through affiliate links helps to generate commission for Christian.net, at no extra cost. Learn more )

Table of Contents

Choosing the right translation, determining the citation style, in-text citations, introducing bible verses, quoting longer passages, citing the bible in references/works cited, ethical considerations, additional tips.

Quoting Bible verses in an essay is a common practice, especially in religious studies, theology, or literature classes. However, it’s essential to do it correctly to maintain academic integrity and avoid unintentional plagiarism. In this comprehensive guide from Academized.com , I’ll walk you through the steps to quote Bible verses properly, ensuring your essay is well-structured and follows academic conventions.

The first step is to choose the right translation. The Bible has been translated into numerous languages and versions, each with slight variations in wording and phrasing. When quoting a Bible verse, it’s crucial to use a reputable and widely accepted translation that aligns with your specific academic or research purposes.

Some popular translations include the King James Version (KJV), New International Version (NIV), and English Standard Version (ESV). The KJV is known for its literary quality and poetic language, while the NIV and ESV are more modern translations aimed at preserving the original meaning while using contemporary language.

If you’re writing for a religious studies or theology course, it’s generally recommended to use a translation approved by the religious institution or denomination you’re studying, as discussed in this Academized review on https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/academized-review-2023-actually-good-mary-walton . For literature or general academic purposes, any widely accepted translation should suffice.

Read more : Christian Blogs To Follow Before Writing a Religious Essay

Next, you’ll need to determine the appropriate citation style. Different academic disciplines and institutions may have their own preferred citation styles. The most common citation styles for quoting Bible verses are:

• MLA (Modern Language Association) style: Commonly used in literature, arts, and humanities. 
• APA (American Psychological Association) style: Frequently used in social sciences, education, and psychology. 
• Chicago/Turabian style: Often used in history, religion, and some humanities fields.

Before you start writing, check with your instructor or consult the style guide to ensure you’re using the correct citation format. Adhering to the proper citation style is crucial for maintaining academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism.

When quoting a Bible verse within the body of your essay, you’ll need to include an in-text citation. The format for in-text citations varies depending on the citation style you’re using.

In MLA style, the in-text citation for a Bible verse should include the book name (abbreviated), chapter number, and verse number(s). For example: “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life” (John 3.16).

In APA style, the in-text citation for a Bible verse should include the book name (not abbreviated), chapter number, and verse number(s), separated by colons. For instance: “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life” (John 3:16).

In Chicago/Turabian style, the in-text citation for a Bible verse should include the book name (abbreviated), chapter number, and verse number(s), separated by periods, like this: “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life” (John 3.16).

It’s also important to introduce Bible verses properly within the context of your essay. You can provide context by explaining the situation or context in which the verse is being used or referenced. Alternatively, you can use a signal phrase to indicate that you’re quoting a Bible verse, such as “As stated in the Gospel of John,” or “The Bible says.”

Introducing the verse with context or a signal phrase helps to smoothly integrate the quotation into your writing and clarifies the source for the reader.

If you’re quoting a longer passage from the Bible that spans multiple verses, you’ll need to format it differently. In MLA style, for example, longer quotations (four or more lines) should be indented one inch from the left margin and double-spaced. Here’s an example:

As the Apostle Paul writes in his letter to the Ephesians:

For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: Not of works, lest any man should boast. For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them. (Eph. 2.8-10)

Note the indentation and the use of a signal phrase to introduce the quotation. This format helps to visually separate the longer quotation from your own writing and makes it easier for the reader to follow.

Read more : 26 Life-Changing Bible Verses For Graduation

In addition to in-text citations, you’ll need to include a full citation for the Bible in your references or works cited list at the end of your essay. The format for this citation varies depending on the citation style you’re using.

• MLA Style: In MLA style, the Bible citation should appear as: The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.
• APA Style: In APA style, the Bible citation should appear as: Bible. (Year of publication). (Version/Translation). (Publisher details). For example: Bible. (2011). New International Version. Biblica.
• Chicago/Turabian Style: In Chicago/Turabian style, the Bible citation should appear as: Bible. Translated by [Translation/Version]. [Publisher details]. For example: Bible. Translated by New International Version. Biblica, 2011.

Including a full citation in your reference list ensures that readers can easily locate the specific version of the Bible you’ve used in your research.

When quoting from the Bible, it’s important to consider ethical implications and potential biases. The Bible is a sacred text for many religions, and quotes should be handled with respect and sensitivity.

Avoid taking verses out of context or using them to promote harmful or discriminatory viewpoints. Be mindful of the historical and cultural contexts in which the verses were written, and strive for a balanced, objective analysis.

If you’re writing about controversial or sensitive topics related to the Bible, it’s advisable to consult with experts or religious authorities to ensure your interpretations are accurate and respectful.

While quoting Bible verses is important, you should also include your own analysis and interpretation, avoiding excessive quotation. Use quotations judiciously, only quoting verses that are directly relevant to your argument or analysis.

Provide context by explaining the significance of the quoted verse and how it relates to your essay’s main points. Don’t assume that the reader has the same level of familiarity with the Bible or the specific context of the verse.

When interpreting or analyzing Bible verses, be sure to back up your claims with evidence from reliable sources, such as scholarly works or authoritative religious texts.

By following these guidelines, you’ll be able to effectively quote Bible verses In your essay while maintaining academic integrity, adhering to citation conventions, and demonstrating a nuanced understanding of the material. Remember, quoting Bible verses is not just about including the text; it’s also about providing context, analysis, and demonstrating your knowledge of the subject matter.

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Essay on Christianity

Long and short essay on christianity in english for children and students.

Many religions are in vogue in the world. Every country has its own religion. Different religions were born in different parts of Asia. It is a matter of course that every religion taught human beings the lesson of brotherhood and humanity.

Jesus Christ is considered as the God of Christianity. Christianity started by Christ has become the largest religion in the world today. The Christian scripture describes the name Jesus Christ in the Bible. Christmas is the biggest festival in the Christian community and perhaps is the only festival among all festivals, which is celebrated with full enthusiasm and gaiety on the same day in every corner of the world.

Long and Short Essay on Christianity in English

We have created below Essay on Christianity in various word limits for the perusal of readers.

These essays will provide you the detail information of this religion that is followed by millions of people all around the world.

After going through these Christianity essays, you will know who founded this religion, what are the rites and rituals, how they people worship, where do they go for prayers and the prevalence of this religion in India.

The Essay on Christianity will also help students to know about this religion and they may add these essays in their academic writings as well as it also help them in competitive examinations.

Christianity Essay – 1 (100 Words)

Christianity is a monotheistic religion derived from ancient Jewish tradition. This religion is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. There are mainly three communities among Christians Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox, and their scripture is the Bible. The religious place of Christians is called a church. Most people in the world believe in Christianity.

Christians are monotheists, but they perceive God as a trinity – God the Father, his son Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. Christians believe that the Supreme Father is the creator of this world and its ruler. The Holy Spirit is the third personality of the Trinity God, under whose influence a person realizes God within himself. He directs the church and followers of Jesus.

Christianity Essay – 2 (150 Words)

Christianity is one of the major religions of the world, whose followers are called Christians. Disciples of Christianity follow the teachings of Jesus Christ. The founder of Christianity, Jesus Christ, was born in Bethlehem. According to the followers of Christianity, Jesus Christ is the son of God.

Christianity was founded by Jesus Christ. The main scripture of Christianity is ‘Bible’, which is divided into two sections Old Testament and New Testament.

There are many communities among Christians such as Catholics, Protestants and Orthodox etc. Christmas is celebrated on 25th December every year to commemorate the birthday of Jesus Christ. The most sacred sign of Christianity is the Cross. Christians believe in monotheism. But the Father, his son Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit also consider him as a trinity.

Christianity was propagated in India by Saint Thomas, one of the main disciples of Jesus Christ, in Chennai in the first century. Christian people gather in Churches for group prayer on every Sunday.

Christianity Essay – 3 (200 Words)

Christianity is a religion like other religions of the world. The followers of Christianity are known as Christians. This religion is spread all over the world. Christians pray to Jesus Christ and follow the cults and teachings of Jesus Christ.

The holy book of Christians is the Bible and the people worship in Churches. Christmas, Good Friday, Easter etc. are their main festivals which are celebrated in almost all the countries of the world by the followers.

Christians have good faith in Jesus Christ and they consider him the true idol of God. This is why people believe in Jesus being the Messiah. People have to be baptized to accept Christianity. They have to take a bath in holy water.

The great thing about the Christians is that they serve poor and helpless people without any selfishness. Christian people have spread in countries like Asia Minor, Syria, Macedonia, Greece, Rome, Egypt etc.

Christian people go to the Church every Sunday. There they participate in group prayers. Some of them also keep fast on Wednesday and Friday. On the day of Christmas every Christian wear new dresses and celebrates the festival according to the rituals with great joy and zeal. Pope is the greatest religious leader of Christians who live in Vatican City.

Christianity Essay – 4 (250 Words)

It is said that Saint Tomas propagated Christianity in India in Chennai in the first century. According to legends, St. Thomas, one of the twelve major Disciples of Christ, arrived in 52 CE. It is said that he first Christianized some Brahmins in that period. He then converted the tribals.

After this, Christianity spread widely in India when Mother Teresa came to India and gave her services. Apart from this, the rule of the British was also responsible for the widespread of Christianity in India.

By 100 CE, Christian communities existed in all the adjacent countries and cities of the Mediterranean Sea, especially in Asia Minor and North Africa. By the end of the third century Christianity had spread to all the cities of the vast Roman Empire; at the same time many people in Persia and South Russia also became Christians.

There are many reasons for this success. One, there were strong religious practices among the people at that time, secondly, Christianity taught the importance of every human being, whether he was a slave or a woman. Apart from this, people could not live without being influenced by the spirit of Christianity at that time.

After the Second World War, the movement for the unity of the Church in the Christian world began to be given more importance. Consequently, in an effort to determine the true form of the church based on the elements existing in the Bible, excluding rebuttal, the emphasis was on the fact that the church is the spiritual body of Jesus. Jesus is its head and true Christians are part of that body.

Christianity Essay – 5 (300 Words)

Introduction

Christianity is one of the world-famous religions. This religion comes after Judaism. The originator of this religion is Jesus Christ. Followers of Christianity follow the teachings of Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ established this religion to show the right path to the people wandering for peace and salvation. Jesus Christ has given many teachings to the people.

Jesus Christ and His Teachings

Addressing the people, Jesus Christ said that man should understand the feelings of others, understand the sufferings of others and there should be a sense of compassion in the heart. The same person can attain God. Jesus Christ has revealed some values ​​that reflect humanity.

Jesus Christ has said that there should be stability, concentration in man because they are part of God. In the Christian religion, special importance is given to charity and it is also mentioned in the Bible that charity is not an object to show.

According to the Bible, prayer should also be done in secret. Prayer should not reach the people but God. According to the Bible, fasting should be kept with a clean heart and there should be no sadness on the face. Fasting should be done with full devotion.

Jesus Christ said that God sent me. Those who hate the people of this world, they also hate me. Do not hate any people in the world. That person will never get peace by hating. Apart from all these people should have a sense of service, should be happy in the progress of others, and should also have qualities of patience.

The holy book of this religion is the Bible. The first part of it is the Jewish scripture and the second part is the New Testament.

Jesus Christ was born on this earth to benefit the people. The purpose of this religion is to love human beings, that is, all. In fact, this religion gives the message of humanity.

Christianity Essay – 6 (350 Words)

The founding father of ‘Christianity’ was Jesus Christ, who was born in 6 BC in a place called Nazareth of Galilee province of the Roman Empire. His father Joseph was a carpenter and mother was Mary. They were both Jews. According to Christian beliefs, Mary was a virgin at the time of Christ’s arrival in Mary’s womb.

At the time of the birth of Christ, the Jewish people were under the Roman Empire and were anxious for salvation from it. At the same time a saint named John the Baptist predicted in the Jordan Valley that God would soon send a Messiah for the salvation of the Jews.

After several years of solitude, he was infused with some special powers and by his touch; the blind began to restore their vision, the speechless and the dead got life. As a result, Jesus began to gain fame all around. He preached love and service to the afflicted.

Due to his arrival in Jerusalem and the increasing popularity, the aristocratic priest and ruling class became suspicious and tried to trap him on false accusations. The synagogue of the Jews accused him of claiming himself to be the son of God and the Messiah, and was eventually sentenced to death by hanging on the cross.

Even on the cross, he prayed to God for the conspirators against him to forgive them, because they do not know what they are doing. Christians believe that Christ rose again on the third day of death.

The disciples of Jesus Christ first propagated the path he taught, i.e. Christianity in Palestine, from where it spread to Rome and then all parts of Europe. Currently, it is the world’s most followed religion.

The Holy Book of Christianity is the Bible, which has two parts, the Old Testament and the New Testament. Christians believe that the Bible was composed 2000–2500 years ago by various individuals.

Actually, this book is a compilation of 73 series of articles written between the 9 th  century and the 1 st  century AD, of which 46 are compiled in the Old Testament and 27 in the New Testament. While the Old Testament describes the history and beliefs of the Jews, the New Testament describes the teachings and life of Jesus Christ.

Christianity Essay – 7 (400 Words)

The founder of Christianity is Jesus Christ, who was born in Bethlehem. This religion also spread its influence in India with time. At present, the numbers of Christians in India are around 27.7 million.

Arrival of Christian Preacher St. Thomas

Christianity in India is believed to have originated in the coastal city of Kranganore in Kerala where, according to legends, St. Thomas, one of the twelve major Disciples of Christ, arrived in 52 CE. It is said that he first Christianized some Brahmins in that period. He then converted the tribals. The Syrian Christian Church in South India signals the arrival of St. Thomas.

Christian Evangelist St. Francis Xavier

After this, Roman Catholicism was established in India with the arrival of St. Francis Xavier in 1542. He started Christianity by going to poor Hindu and tribal areas of India to teach people Christianity. Some people have been accusing him of converting innocent people to Christianity under the guise of service.

Christian Preaching in the Muslim Period

In the 16 th  century, St. Francis Xavier came into contact with the Pope’s Catholic Church through the Roman Catholic missionaries who came with the Portuguese. But some Christians in India rejected the power of the Pope and established the ‘Jacobite’ Church.

In North India, the Jesuit Fathers were present for discussion in the Sarva Dharma Sabha at Akbar’s court. He also established a church in Agra. Protestant religion arrived in India in 1706. B. Jigenbalg established the Lutheran Church at Trunkbar in Tamil Nadu and William Carey at Serampore near Calcutta.

Propaganda in the British Period

When British rule started in India, Christianity was widely publicized. During the British era, millions of evangelists of Christianity spread this religion apart from South India, West Bengal and the Northeast. During that time, people would get many concessions from the rule of Christianity.

Christian Preacher Mother Teresa

It is widely publicized that after India’s independence, ‘Mother Teresa’ Christianized the poor people largely under the guise of service. In 1948, she volunteered to take Indian citizenship and became widely engaged in the service of Christianity.

India currently has a large number of Christian evangelists in each state, who are basically active in rural and tribal areas. It is possible to infer how Christian evangelists are active in Indian states. Christianity is spreading rapidly in India with the help of healing and wealth. They people convince the poor and needy to convert their religion into Christianity offering them money and other benefits.

Christianity Essay – 8 (500 Words)

Christianity is a major religion of the world. The followers of Christianity are found all over the world. Jesus Christ is believed to be the founder of Christianity. The people of this religion always wear a Cross that is the emblem of this religion. They go to church to offer prayers and follow the instructions of Pope. The priest of the church is known as  Father  who does the religious rituals for the people. The followers of Christianity are divided into three major sects- Catholic, Protestants and Orthodox.

Religiosity

There are some religious rites or rituals with slight differences in various denominations of Christians, which are considered visible symbols by the invisible imperceptible the grace of the Lord. Seven such religious rites are –

• Thanks, Giving (Eucharist) –  Eating bread and wine during the prayer of the Church which aims to become part of the body of Christ. It is believed that Jesus broke a piece of bread and a little wine with each of his disciples at a feast given by the Jews on the night before his arrest, saying that it was part of my body and blood. By the use of them, all the disciples have become one mind, one soul, one body form and are sympathetic.
• Baptism –  Entering a person as a member of a church by spraying water on the person or by immersing the child in holy water.
• Confirmation –  Rubbing oil and balm in the hands of a person who has accepted Christianity, the purpose of which is to reaffirm his Christianity.
• Atonement (Confession)   –  According to this arrangement prevalent in the Christian religions, especially in the Roman Catholic, a person made to atone at a place specially built in the church at the time of enthronement to the clergy and at least once every year detailing their sins. It is believed that the Lord forgives him through the clergy.
• Consecration –  In the eyes, ears, nostrils, lips, hands, feet, and men’s thighs of the person lying on the bed of death, the pastor greets or rubs the oil and prays to the Lord to forgive his sins.
• Marriage –  Marriage is a sacred rite among Christians, which is performed with the blessing and proclamation of the clergy in the church.
• Priests and Ordination –  In the Roman Catholicism, a very well organized system of priests is visible, which they call ‘Holy Orders’. There is a system of priests in other communities too. There are two classes of priests — the eldest and the junior. The junior class consists of learner clergy, scripture storytellers, etc. At the same time, the elders include bishops, clergy, deacons, archbishops, etc. The Pope is the supreme religious leader of the Roman Catholic denomination. In Roman Catholic, the ordinance for a junior priest to enter the eldest class is called ‘ordination’.

Christianity is a major religion in the world. India has also many Christians who live with other communities with peace and brotherhood. Many prominent personalities of this religion have contributed a lot to the well being of the nation and the people residing in India.

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Opinion We have a radical democracy. Will Trump voters destroy it?

For some time, it was possible to believe that many voters could not see the threat Donald Trump poses to America’s liberal democracy, and many still profess not to see it. But now, a little more than six months from Election Day, it’s hard to believe they don’t. The warning signs are clear enough. Trump himself offers a new reason for concern almost every day. People may choose to ignore the warnings or persuade themselves not to worry, but they can see what we all see, and that should be enough.

Adapted from “Rebellion: How Antiliberalism is Tearing America Apart — Again” by Robert Kagan. Copyright © 2024 by Robert Kagan. Reprinted by permission of Penguin Random House. All Rights Reserved.

How to explain their willingness to support Trump despite the risk he poses to our system of government? The answer is not rapidly changing technology, widening inequality, unsuccessful foreign policies or unrest on university campuses but something much deeper and more fundamental. It is what the Founders worried about and Abraham Lincoln warned about: a decline in what they called public virtue. They feared it would be hard to sustain popular support for the revolutionary liberal principles of the Declaration of Independence, and they worried that the virtuous love of liberty and equality would in time give way to narrow, selfish interest. Although James Madison and his colleagues hoped to establish a government on the solid foundation of self-interest, even Madison acknowledged that no government by the people could be sustained if the people themselves did not have sufficient dedication to the liberal ideals of the Declaration. The people had to love liberty, not just for themselves but as an abstract ideal for all humans.

Americans are going down this route today because too many no longer care enough whether the system the Founders created survives and are ceding the ground to those, led by Trump, who actively seek to overthrow what so many of them call “the regime.” This “regime” they are referring to is the unique political system established by the Founders based on the principles of universal equality and natural rights. That, plain and simple, is what this election is about. “A republic if you can keep it,” Benjamin Franklin allegedly said of the government created by the Constitutional Convention in 1787. This is the year we may choose not to keep it.

A healthy republic would not be debating whether Trump and his followers seek the overthrow of the Founders’ system of liberal democracy. What more do people need to see than his well-documented attempt to prevent the peaceful transfer of power with the storming of the U.S. Capitol, the elaborate scheme to create false electoral slates in key states, the clear evidence that he bullied officials in some states to “find” more votes, and to persuade Vice President Mike Pence not to certify the legitimate results? What more do they need to know than that Trump continues to insist he won that election and celebrates as heroes and “patriots” the people who invaded the U.S. Capitol and smashed policemen’s faces with the stated aim of forcing Congress to negate the election results? As one 56-year-old Michigan woman present at the Capitol on Jan. 6 , 2021, explained: “We weren’t there to steal things. We weren’t there to do damage. We were just there to overthrow the government .”

Trump not only acknowledges his goals, past and present; he promises to do it again if he loses this year. For the third straight election, he is claiming that if he loses, then the vote will have been fraudulent. He has warned of uprisings, of “bedlam” and a “bloodbath,” and he has made clear that he will again be the promoter of this violence, just as he was on Jan. 6. Trump explicitly warned in 2020 that he would not accept the election results if he lost, and he didn’t. This year he is saying it again. Were there no other charges against him, no other reason to be concerned about his return to the presidency, this alone would be sufficient to oppose him. He does not respect and has never pledged to abide by the democratic processes established by the Constitution. On the contrary, he has explicitly promised to violate the Constitution when he deems it necessary. That by itself makes him a unique candidate in American history and should be disqualifying.

This kind of open challenge to our democracy was never meant to be addressed by the courts. As the Founders well understood, you don’t serve a subpoena to a would-be tyrant and tell him to lawyer up. Nor was it meant to be addressed by the normal processes of democratic elections. They knew, and feared, that a demagogue could capture the allegiance of enough voters to overthrow the system. That was why they gave Congress, and particularly the Senate, supposedly more immune from popular pressures, the power to impeach and remove presidents and to deny them the opportunity to run again — and not simply because they violated some law but because they posed a clear and present danger to the republic. After Trump’s attempt to overthrow the government in 2020, Congress had a chance to use the method prescribed by the Founders in precisely the circumstances they envisioned. But Senate Republicans, out of a combination of ambition and cowardice, refused to play the vital role the Founders envisioned for them. The result is that the nightmare feared by the Founders is one election away from becoming reality.

The problem with Trump is not that he has some carefully thought-out plan for seizing power, much less an elaborate ideological justification for doing so. (Others do have such plans and such justifications, including many of those who will populate his administration — more on that in a moment.) With Trump, everything is about him and his immediate needs. He will run roughshod over the laws and Constitution simply to get what he wants for himself, his family and his business interests. Americans know that if he is elected, he would abuse the justice system to go after his opponents. They know this because he says so. “I am your retribution!” he declares, and by “your” he means “my.” Americans know he would use his power as president to try to solve his financial problems. He did it as president and is doing it now as a presidential candidate . They know he would not respect the results of fair elections if he loses, which is the very definition of a tyrant.

So, why will so many vote for him anyway? For a significant segment of the Republican electorate, the white-hot core of the Trump movement, it is because they want to see the system overthrown. This should not come as a shock, for it is not a new phenomenon. On the contrary, it is as old as the republic. Historians have written about the “liberal tradition” in America, but there has from the beginning also been an anti-liberal tradition: large numbers of Americans determined to preserve preliberal traditions, hierarchies and beliefs against the secular liberal principles of the Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights. The Founders based the republic on a radical set of principles and assertions about government: that all human beings were created equal in their possession of certain “natural rights” that government was bound to respect and to safeguard. These rights did not derive from religious belief but were “self-evident.” They were not granted by the Christian God, by the crown or even by the Constitution. They were inherent in what it meant to be human.

This is the central tenet of liberalism. Before the American Revolution no government had ever been founded on liberal principles, and the vast majority of human beings had never believed in these natural rights — certainly not the Christian church in either its Protestant or Roman Catholic versions nor Islam nor Judaism nor Hinduism nor Buddhism. People might be equal in the eyes of their god, but no government or religious institution had ever been based on the principle of equal rights. Not even the English system was based on this principle but rather on monarchy, a ruling aristocracy, and a contract between crown and subjects that was modified over the centuries but was not based on the principle of universal “natural” rights.

The Founders knew these ideas were radical, that they were inaugurating, in their own words, a novus ordo seclorum — a new order of the ages — that required a new way of thinking and acting. They knew, as well, that their own practices and those of 18th-century American society did not conform to their new revolutionary doctrines. They knew that slavery was contrary to the Declaration’s principles, though they permitted slavery to continue, hoping it would die a natural death. They knew that established churches were contrary to those principles because they impinged on that most important of rights, “freedom of conscience,” which was vital to the preservation of liberty, yet a number of states in the 18th and 19th centuries retained all kinds of religious tests for office. In short, they knew that a great many Americans did not in fact believe in the liberal principles of the Revolution. As Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, put it, “We have changed our forms of government, but it remains yet to effect a revolution in our principles, opinions and manners so as to accommodate them to the forms of government we have adopted.” They did not insist that citizens believe in those principles. One could be an American citizen whether one believed in the Declaration or not.

And a great many did not. Leaders of the slaveholding South called the Declaration “a most pernicious falsehood.” South Carolina’s John C. Calhoun called the very idea of equal rights a “false doctrine.” They believed in democracy, but only if it was an exclusively White democracy. When democracy turned against them in 1860, they rebelled and sought an exit from the system. That rebellion never ended. It has been weakened, suppressed — sometimes by force — and driven underground, but it has never gone away. Although the South was militarily defeated and deprived of its special advantages in the Constitution, its hostility to the Founders’ liberalism did not abate. As Southern writer W.J. Cash observed in 1941, if the war had “smashed the southern world,” it had nevertheless “left the essential southern mind and will … entirely unshaken” and Southerners themselves determined “to hold fast to their own, to maintain their divergences, to remain what they had been and were.” In 1956, almost a century after the Civil War, a fifth of Congress, almost all Democrats — signed the “Southern Manifesto” calling on states to refuse to obey the Supreme Court’s 1954 decision to end segregation in public schools. Nothing had changed. Are we so surprised that for many Americans, nothing has changed even today?

Nor has anti-liberalism only been about race. For more than a century after the Revolution, many if not most White Anglo-Saxon Protestants insisted that America was a Protestant nation. They did not believe Catholics possessed equal rights or should be treated as equals. The influential “second” Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was anti-Catholic and anti-Jewish as well as anti-Black, which was why, unlike the original Klan, it flourished outside the South. Many regard today’s Christian nationalism as a fringe movement, but it has been a powerful and often dominant force throughout America’s history.

For two centuries, many White Americans have felt under siege by the Founders’ liberalism. They have been defeated in war and suppressed by threats of force, but more than that, they have been continually oppressed by a system designed by the Founders to preserve and strengthen liberalism against competing beliefs and hierarchies. Since World War II, the courts and the political system have pursued the Founders’ liberal goals with greater and greater fidelity, ending official segregation, driving religion from public schools, recognizing and defending the rights of women and minorities hitherto deprived of their “natural rights” because of religious, racial and ethnic discrimination. The hegemony of liberalism has expanded, just as Lincoln hoped it would, “constantly spreading and deepening its influence, and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people of colors everywhere.” Anti-liberal political scientist Patrick Deneen calls it “liberal totalitarianism,” and, apart from the hyperbole, he is right that liberalism has been steadily deepening and expanding under presidents of both parties since the 1940s.

The fury on the anti-liberal right against what is today called “wokeness” is nothing new. Anti-liberal movements in America, whether in defense of the White race or Christianity, and more often both together, have always claimed to be suffering under the expanding hegemony of liberalism. They have always claimed that a liberal government and society were depriving them of their “freedom” to live a life according to Christian teachings and were favoring various minority groups, especially Black people, at their expense. In the 1970s, influential theologian R.J. Rushdoony complained that the Christian in America had “no right to his identity” but was forced to recognize “all others and their ‘rights.’” And he was correct if a Christian’s “rights” included the right not only to lead a Christian life oneself but to impose that life on the entire society, or if a White person’s “freedom” included the freedom to preserve white primacy in society. In the 19th century, enslavers insisted they were deprived of their “freedom” to hold human beings as property; Southerners in the post-Reconstruction era insisted on their “freedom” to oppress Black citizens in their states.

Today, anti-liberals in American society are indeed deprived of their “freedom” to impose their religious and racial views on society, on public schools, on the public square and on the laws of the nation. What Christian nationalists call “liberal totalitarianism,” the Founders called “freedom of conscience.”

Six decades ago, people like Rushdoony were responding not to “woke” corporations or Black Lives Matter but to civil rights legislation. Today, anti-liberal conservatives complain about school curriculums that acknowledge the racism that has shaped America’s history, but even five decades ago, before the invention of “critical race theory,” anti-liberal White people such as Rushdoony insisted that the “white man” was being “systematically indoctrinated into believing he is guilty of enslaving and abusing the Negro.” Nor is it new that many White people feel that the demands of minority groups for both rights and respect have “gone too far” and it is they, the White people of America, who are suffering the worst discrimination. In the 1960s, surveys taken by the New York Times showed that majorities of White people believed even then that the civil rights movement had “gone too far,” that Blacks were receiving “everything on a silver platter” and the government was practicing “reverse discrimination” against White people. Liberalism is always going too far for many Americans — and certainly for anti-liberals. Anti-liberals these days complain about wokeness, therefore, but it is the liberal system of government bequeathed by the Founders, and the accompanying egalitarian spirit, that they are really objecting to, just as anti-liberals have since the founding of the nation. Many of Trump’s core supporters insist they are patriots, but whether they realize it or not, their allegiance is not to the Founders’ America but to an ethnoreligious definition of the nation that the Founders explicitly rejected.

Some do realize it. The smartest and most honest of them know that if people truly want a “Christian America,” it can only come through “regime change,” by which they mean the “regime” created by the Founders. The Founders’ legacy is a “dead end,” writes Glenn Ellmers, a scholar at the Claremont Institute. The Constitution is a “Potemkin village.” According to Deneen and Harvard Law School’s Adrian Vermeule, the system established by the Founders to protect individual rights needs to be replaced with an alternative form of government. What they have in mind is a Christian commonwealth: a “culture that preserves and encourages order and continuity, and support for religious belief and institutions,” with legislation to “promote public morality, and forbid its intentional corruption,” a “forthright acknowledgment and renewal of the Christian roots of our civilization,” “public opportunities for prayers,” and a “revitalization of our public spaces to reflect a deeper belief that we are called to erect imitations of the beauty that awaits us in another Kingdom.”

These anti-liberal conservatives know that bringing such a commonwealth into being means jettisoning the Founders’ obsession with individual rights. The influential advocate of “conservative nationalism,” Yoram Hazony, wants Americans to abandon the Declaration in favor of a nationhood built on Protestantism and the Bible. America is a “ revolutionary nation ,” Sen. Josh Hawley (R-Mo.) insists, not because of the principles of the Declaration and not even because of the American Revolution itself, but “because we are the heirs of the revolution of the Bible” that began with “the founding of the nation of Israel.” There could hardly be a statement more at odds with the American Founders’ liberal, ecumenical vision.

Expressing a belief in God is no threat to the Founders’ system, but reshaping society in accord with Christian teachings is. To build the nation Hawley and Hazony imagine would require jettisoning not only the Declaration but also the Constitution, which was designed to protect the Declaration’s principles. The Christian commonwealth would not and could not be a democracy because the majority of people can’t be trusted to choose correctly. According to the Claremont Institute’s Ellmers, “most people living in the United States today — certainly more than half — are not Americans in any meaningful sense of the term.” They are a “zombie” or “human rodent” who lives “a shadow-life of timid conformity.” Only “the 75 million people who voted in the last election” for Trump are true Americans. Instead of trying to compete with Democrats in elections that don’t reflect the will of the people, Ellmers writes, “Why not just cut to the chase and skip the empty, meaningless process?” The “only road forward” is “overturning the existing post-American order.”

For these intellectuals, Trump is an imperfect if essential vehicle for the counterrevolution. A “deeply flawed narcissist” suffering from a “bombastic vanity,” as Deneen and Ellmers note, he has “lacked the discipline to target his creative/destructive tendencies effectively.” But this can be remedied. If Trump failed to accomplish the desired overthrow in his first term, Deneen argues, it was because he lacked “a capable leadership class.” Things will be different in his next term. What is needed, according to Deneen, is a “self-conscious aristoi,” a class of thinkers who understand “both the disease afflicting the nation, and the revolutionary medicine required for the cure,” who know how to turn populist “resentments into sustained policy.” Members of Deneen’s would-be new elite will, like Vladimir Lenin, place themselves at the vanguard of a populist revolution, acting “on behalf of the broad working class” while raising the consciousness of the “untutored” masses. Indeed, according to Harvard’s Vermeule, it will be necessary to impose the common good even against the people’s “own perceptions of what is best for them” — a most Leninist concept indeed.

The Christian commonwealth, then, would require a powerful executive freed from the Constitution’s liberal and democratic constraints. The new state, Vermeule wrote, with its “robust executive,” would “sear the liberal faith with hot irons,” wielding the “authority to curb the social and economic pretensions of the urban-gentry liberals.” The whiff of violence and oppression in such statements is intentional. The anti-liberal intellectuals understand that changing the liberal system will require far more than an election and a few legislative reforms.

Deneen and Vermeule are often dismissed as mere intellectual provocateurs, but their writings stand out because they have the courage to acknowledge that what they seek is incompatible with the Founders’ liberal system. While others conceal their views under a phony fidelity to American liberal principles or claim that what they want accords with the Founders’ true intent, Deneen, Vermeule and other anti-liberals acknowledge that the country they want, a country subservient to the Christian God, a country whose laws are based on the Bible, cannot be created absent the overthrow of the Founders’ liberal and defiantly secular system. Even a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Neil M. Gorsuch, speaks of the “so-called separation of church and state.” Anti-liberalism at the Supreme Court is nothing new, either.

And the anti-liberals know as well that this year may be their last chance to effect their counterrevolution. The percentage of the population made up of White people (let alone White Protestants) is steadily shrinking. Just as the anti-liberal conservatives of the pre-World War II years closed the immigration gates too late and were overwhelmed by a tide of non-Nordic peoples from Southern and Eastern Europe, so the immigration wave of largely non-White people since 1965 has brought the nation to the cusp of a non-White majority. The anti-liberals thus face the task of engineering the revolution with only a minority of the electorate committed to “regime change.”

Trump’s takeover of the Republican Party makes this possible. Trump is not a unique figure in American history. In each generation, anti-liberal forces have turned to the same breed of demagogue, the flouter of norms, the boorish trampler of liberal nostrums. William Buckley noted that the very “uncouthness” of George Wallace seemed to “account for his general popularity.” James Burnham marveled at how Joseph McCarthy’s “inept acts and ignorant words” had a “charismatic” quality that well expressed the fears and angers of his devoted followers.

What their critics saw as boorishness and malevolence, however, their followers saw as strength and defiance against a liberal system stacked against them. They were rebellious opponents of the system, “wreckers,” unabashedly anti-liberal in both thought and manner, and that is precisely what made them popular among a broad swath of White Americans who felt themselves losing ground in the culture and society — to Black people, Catholics, Jews and immigrants from non-Nordic countries. Today, exactly a century after the most overtly racist immigration restriction in American history, Trump once again calls for more immigrants from “nice” European countries, such as Denmark, Switzerland and Norway.

Trump did not just stumble into leadership of this movement of White rebellion. He summoned it. He made his debut as presidential aspirant on an unabashed white supremacist platform, championing the birther conspiracy that America’s first Black president was not in fact an American. Riding that issue alone, he catapulted to the front of the Republican pack, according to polls in 2011, before bowing out to continue his hit show, “The Apprentice.” Whether his debut as a white supremacist was opportunism or sprang from conviction hardly matters — it certainly has not mattered to his followers. The fact is, white supremacy has been his calling card, and millions have responded to it to the point where white nationalists have become the core of his movement. Many Christian nationalists already see him as a suffering Christ, and in this bizarre sense it is true that the prosecutions have “helped” him: The more adversity he faces, the more court battles he must wage, the more allegations that are slung at him, the more devoted they are to him.

No other group can be counted on for such absolute loyalty. While some Republicans wobble when asked if they would support Trump if convicted of a crime, White Christian Evangelicals overwhelmingly say they will support him no matter what. Trump needs that unshakable loyalty because he is fighting for his life. The thought that he might end up in jail has given him every reason to hew as closely as possible to the people who will stick with him even if he is convicted. These are also the people he will need to back him unconditionally in challenging the results of the election should he lose. If he wins, he will need them in what are sure to be titanic fights with Democrats and the legal system and to keep the Republican Party in line.

This is one reason Trump has so far shown no inclination to reach out beyond his base, to Nikki Haley voters, to more moderate suburban Republicans, to those who are made uncomfortable by his statements and actions. He may show flexibility on the important issue of abortion to secure his own election, but since clinching the nomination, he has only hardened his Christian nationalist message. His “poisoning the blood” campaign, his “dictator-for-a-day” comments, his release of the Trump Bible, his claim that, upon taking office, he will create “a new federal task force” to fight “anti-Christian bias to be led by a fully reformed Department of Justice,” are all aimed directly at his white Christian nationalist base without much concern for how millions of other Republican voters feel about it. Christians are “under siege,” he claims in hawking his Bible. “We must make America pray again.”

Besides, his hard tack toward white supremacy and Christian nationalism has cost him little among the broader Republican electorate.

Why not? Why is there so little resistance to Trump even as he commits ever more deeply to a Christian nationalist program for undoing the Founders’ liberal project?

For many, the answer is simply narrow self-interest, either a positive interest in supporting him or a negative interest in not opposing him or being seen to oppose him. This seems to be the answer for corporate America. Having first followed marketing data to appeal to the broadest cross-section of Americans by embracing communities only recently enjoying more of the full panoply of rights, businesses learned the hard way that Trump and his movement will not tolerate this and have mostly retreated to silence and neutrality. But they have also gone further, making clear as much as possible that they will not be a problem for him — either before he is elected or after.

This was the message JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon sent, from Davos, Switzerland, of all places, early this year when he declared that Trump was “kind of right about NATO, kind of right about immigration,” that he “grew the economy quite well.” There is no reason to doubt that he spoke for many of the richest Americans and for other corporate leaders. There was no outcry among them that anyone could hear. The truth is, they have no financial reason to oppose Trump. They know that Trump’s White working-class followers don’t have to be paid off economically because most care chiefly about the culture wars. Trump can still cut taxes and reduce federal regulations and other obstacles to corporate profit. The rich and powerful will always have some purchase in a Trump administration if only because he needs and respects money and will want to make deals for himself and his family, as he did in a first term. Whatever moral or political qualms business leaders may have about Trump, the bottom line dictates that they get along with him, and if that means turning a blind eye to his unconstitutional actions — Dimon’s favorable recounting of Trump’s first term notably ignored his attempt to overthrow the government — then so be it.

We already know that little or no opposition will come from the Republican Party ecosystem. Among elected officials, the few willing to stand up to Trump have either been driven out of the party or are retiring so fast that they cannot even bear to finish out their terms. Those who remain have accepted Trump’s iron rule and therefore now have an interest in his success.

But what about the average Republican voter, the “normal” Republicans who happily voted for George W. Bush, John McCain and Mitt Romney? Do they not see the difference between those Republicans and Trump — or do they not care? They, too, may feel their narrow interests are served by a Trump victory, and although they may not be Christian nationalists themselves, their views as White Americans make them sympathetic to the complaints of the anti-liberals. They, too, may feel they — or their children — are at a disadvantage in a system dedicated to diversity and wokeness. Their annoyance with a liberalism that has “gone too far” makes them susceptible to Trump’s appeal, and, more importantly, unconcerned about the threat he poses. Left to their own devices, they would not be interested in overthrowing the regime. But neither are they inclined to stand in the way of those who are.

Are these voters and GOP power players right to believe that they, like Dimon, will be just fine in a system no longer faithful to the Founders’ liberal ideals? Perhaps so. They will not be the first to suffer from a shift back toward a 1920s America. White Americans tolerated the systematic oppression of Black people for a century after the Civil War. They tolerated violence in the South, injustice in the courtrooms, a Supreme Court that refused to recognize the equal rights of Black people, women and various minorities. Will they rise up against a second Trump term infused by Christian and white nationalism, or will they acquiesce in the gradual dismantling of the liberal gains of the past eight decades?

The shame is that many White people today seem to have conveniently forgotten how much they and their forebears have depended on the Founders’ liberalism to gain their present status as fully equal members of American society and to enjoy the freedoms that they take for granted.

Most White Republicans, after all, do not have the “legacy European” lineage that Tucker Carlson praises. They do not have ancestors who stepped off the Mayflower or fought in the Revolution. The ancestors of the great majority of “White” Americans today were not considered “White” when they first set foot on American shores. Irish Americans may no longer remember that the Thomas Nast cartoons of the late 19th century depicted the Irish as apelike creatures. Many Italian Americans may not recall that a riot made up of “New Orleans’ finest” lynched and murdered 11 Sicilian immigrants and were never charged.

Many Catholics seem to have forgotten that they were once the most despised group in America, such that one of the Founders, John Jay, wanted them excluded from citizenship altogether. Most White Americans were at one time members of despised immigrant groups. They were the victims of the very anti-liberalism they are now voting back into power. They climbed to equality using liberalism as their ladder, and now that they have reached their destination they would pull away the ladder and abandon liberalism. Having obtained their equality using the laws and institutions of liberalism, their passion for liberalism has faded.

The Founders understood, and feared, that the fervor for rights and liberalism that animated the Revolution might not last. Writing in 1781, two years before the end of the war, Thomas Jefferson predicted that once the war ended, “we shall be going down hill.” The people would return to their quotidian lives, forgetting their passionate concern for rights, intent only on “making money.” They might never again come together “to effect a due respect for their rights,” and so their government would stop being solicitous of their rights. Over a half-century later, Lincoln, in his famous Lyceum address, lamented that the original spirit of the Revolution had dissipated with time, leaving Americans with only the normal selfishness of human beings. The original “pillars of the temple of liberty” had “crumbled away.” A little over two decades later, the nation fell into civil war.

If the American system of government fails this year, it will not be because the institutions established by the Founders failed. It will not be because of new technologies or flaws in the Constitution. No system of government can protect against a determined tyrant. Only the people can. This year we will learn if they will.

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Excessive use of words like ‘commendable’ and ‘meticulous’ suggests ChatGPT has been used in thousands of scientific studies

A london librarian has analyzed millions of articles in search of uncommon terms abused by artificial intelligence programs.

Librarian Andrew Gray has made a “very surprising” discovery. He analyzed five million scientific studies published last year and detected a sudden rise in the use of certain words, such as meticulously (up 137%), intricate (117%), commendable (83%) and meticulous (59%). The librarian from the University College London can only find one explanation for this rise: tens of thousands of researchers are using ChatGPT — or other similar Large Language Model tools with artificial intelligence — to write their studies or at least “polish” them.

There are blatant examples. A team of Chinese scientists published a study on lithium batteries on February 17. The work — published in a specialized magazine from the Elsevier publishing house — begins like this: “Certainly, here is a possible introduction for your topic:Lithium-metal batteries are promising candidates for….” The authors apparently asked ChatGPT for an introduction and accidentally copied it as is. A separate article in a different Elsevier journal, published by Israeli researchers on March 8, includes the text: “In summary, the management of bilateral iatrogenic I’m very sorry, but I don’t have access to real-time information or patient-specific data, as I am an AI language model.” And, a couple of months ago, three Chinese scientists published a crazy drawing of a rat with a kind of giant penis, an image generated with artificial intelligence for a study on sperm precursor cells.

Andrew Gray estimates that at least 60,000 scientific studies (more than 1% of those analyzed in 2023) were written with the help of ChatGPT — a tool launched at the end of 2022 — or similar. “I think extreme cases of someone writing an entire study with ChatGPT are rare,” says Gray, a 41-year-old Scottish librarian. In his opinion, in most cases artificial intelligence is used appropriately to “polish” the text — identify typos or facilitate translation into English — but there is a large gray area, in which some scientists take the assistance of ChatGPT even further, without verifying the results. “Right now it is impossible to know how big this gray area is, because scientific journals do not require authors to declare the use of ChatGPT, there is very little transparency,” he laments.

Artificial intelligence language models use certain words disproportionately, as demonstrated by James Zou’s team at Stanford University. These tend to be terms with positive connotations, such as commendable, meticulous, intricate, innovative and versatile. Zou and his colleagues warned in March that the reviewers of scientific studies themselves are using these programs to write their evaluations, prior to the publication of the works. The Stanford group analyzed peer reviews of studies presented at two international artificial intelligence conferences and found that the probability of the word meticulous appearing had increased by 35-fold.

Zou’s team, on the other hand, did not detect significant traces of ChatGPT in the corrections made in the prestigious journals of the Nature group. The use of ChatGPT was associated with lower quality peer reviews. “I find it really worrying,” explains Gray. “If we know that using these tools to write reviews produces lower quality results, we must reflect on how they are being used to write studies and what that implies,” says the librarian at University College London. A year after the launch of ChatGPT, one in three scientists acknowledged that they used the tool to write their studies, according to a survey in the journal Nature .

Gray’s analysis shows that the word “intricate” appeared in 109,000 studies in 2023, more than double the average of 50,000 in previous years. The term “meticulously” went from appearing in about 12,300 studies in 2022 to more than 28,000 in 2023. While instances of “commendable“ rose from 6,500 to almost 12,000. The researcher jokes that his colleagues have congratulated him on the meticulousness of his report, still a draft pending publication in a specialized journal.

Very few studies report if they have used artificial intelligence. Gray warns of the danger of “a vicious circle,” in which subsequent versions of ChatGPT are trained with scientific articles written by the old versions, giving rise to increasingly commendable, intricate, meticulous and, above all, insubstantial studies.

Documentation professor Ángel María Delgado Vázquez highlights that the new analysis is focused on English-language studies. “Researchers who do not speak native English are using ChatGPT a lot, as an aid to writing and to improve the English language,” says Delgado Vázquez, a researcher from the Pablo de Olavide University, in Seville, Spain. “In my environment, people are using ChatGPT mainly for a first translation, or even to keep that translation directly,” he says. The Spanish professor says he would like to see an analysis on the origin of the authors who use the unusual terms.

Another one of AI’s favorite words is “delve.” Researcher Jeremy Nguyen, from the Swinburne University of Technology (Australia), has calculated that “delve” appears in more than 0.5% of medical studies , where before ChatGPT it was less than 0.04 %. Thousands of researchers are suddenly delving.

Librarian Andrew Gray warns there is a risk of broader society becoming infected with this meticulously artificial new language. Nguyen himself admitted on the social network X that it happens to him: “I actually find myself using “delve” lately in my own language—probably because I spend so much time talking to GPT.” On April 8, the official ChatGPT account on X chimed in : “I just love delving what can I say?”

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Marc Serramià: ‘If we all trust tools like ChatGPT, human knowledge will disappear’

For the first time, the journal ‘Nature’ has chosen a non-human being — ChatGPT — as one of its scientists of the year

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Christianity in Medieval Civilization Essay

Introduction.

Society is made up of people who have a common origin and are governed by common rules and share common beliefs. The society’s affairs are often influenced by numerous factors such as politics, religion, culture, and ideas among many others.

Many of these factors have such an influence on the peoples’ minds, that they may change the turn of events and literally create “a new society”. The term ‘western society’ is used to determine the societies of Europe, a concept that originated in Greco-Roman civilization in Europe. Handel asserts that “medieval society in Western Europe developed out of the ruins of the Roman Empire” (31).

Western society has benefited a lot from the above factors and was greatly influenced by religion, precisely Christianity. This paper, therefore, aims at viewing the western society and how it has been influenced by Europe, it also views the extent to which religion serves as a progressive and stabilizing force in the society and the way Christianity gave energy and direction to medieval civilization.

During the medieval period, the church was very influential; that influence was felt across the whole western society and every date-to-day affairs were judged by Christian measurement. According to Bredero “medieval society, in which the church occupied an important position and also obtained great and direct authority in politico-economic affairs…” (Ix). It therefore means that the church influenced every human and societal aspect.

Christianity literally shaped the western society to what it is today. Europe is civilized today because Christianity was their major inspirer. The church responded to the fundamental call for the well being of humanity; it taught a more sophisticated way of doing things than the epoch before it. For example, the monks introduced new methods of farming which improved the people’s production hence changing their lifestyle.

Great thinkers of the medieval period rose from the church and during this period, the church was trying to extend its authorities in many ways. One of the means used by the church was provision of education. Noonan claims that “cathedrals which served as evident of this Golden Age developed into the new first universities” (20).

In their schools, they taught faith, including morality which changed and shaped the peoples’ perceptions, and as a result the morality of the society improved. People began to see the meaning of respecting the rule of law and other basic human rights; the fact that brought order to the society.

During that time, the church was concerned with the health of the people, for example, Pope Innocent III constructed hospitals and decreed that others be built in Europe (Porter 123). There were so many researches carried and precisely in the medical field. Many diseases that had no cure before could be cured with improved medicine. This, in general, improved peoples’ lifestyle immensely which means they had time to focus on the more essential issues related to the building of the society.

Impelled by hope that the church offered by improving the society’s state of affairs, medieval Europe was more ready to face its threatening adversaries. The western society became more stable and its progress was felt in the world.

In conclusion, discoveries made by the church and its activities during the medieval period may be considered to be the backbone of the civilization we see in Europe. In its turn, Christianity, factually, is the force behind the stability and progress that western society is enjoying today.

Works Cited

Bredero, H. Adriaan. Christendom and Christianity in middle Ages: The Relation between Religion, Church, and Society, 1 st Ed. 1994. Michigan: Wm.B. Eerdmans Publisher. Print.

Handel, Gerald. Social Welfare in Western Society , New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publisher, 2009. Print.

Noonan, T. Theresa. Document – Bases Assessment Activities for Global History Classes, UK: Waich Publishing, 1999. Print.

Porter, Dorothy. Health, Civilization, and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient, USA: Routledge, 1999. Print.

• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, February 23). Christianity in Medieval Civilization. https://ivypanda.com/essays/christianity-in-medieval-civilization/

"Christianity in Medieval Civilization." IvyPanda , 23 Feb. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/christianity-in-medieval-civilization/.

IvyPanda . (2024) 'Christianity in Medieval Civilization'. 23 February.

IvyPanda . 2024. "Christianity in Medieval Civilization." February 23, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/christianity-in-medieval-civilization/.

1. IvyPanda . "Christianity in Medieval Civilization." February 23, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/christianity-in-medieval-civilization/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Christianity in Medieval Civilization." February 23, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/christianity-in-medieval-civilization/.

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