dubai tourism case study geography

Visitors peer over Dubai from an observation deck at the Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest skyscraper at 2,717 feet (828 meters). Dubai aims for superlatives: It's now racing to become one of the planet’s most sustainable cities. The emirate will showcase its efforts as host of Expo 2020, also known as the world’s fair, a six-month exhibition with sustainability as one of its themes.

The World's Most Improbable Green City

A decade ago Dubai had one of the largest ecological footprints of any city in the world. By 2050 it wants to have the smallest. Can it get there?

To plunge headlong into the audacity of Dubai —the sprawling efflorescence of concrete, glass, and steel that has sprung up over the past three decades on the scorched sands of Arabia—you could start by going skiing. Smack in the middle of the flat city, the slope looks like a silver spaceship impaled in the ground floor of the Mall of the Emirates. Inside, you can window-shop at Prada, Dior, and Alexander McQueen before pushing through the glass doors of Ski Dubai . Passing a mural of the Alps, you zip up your parka, pull on your gloves. You begin to marvel then at what air-conditioning can do, when pushed to its limits.

The souvenir T-shirt I bought bears a cartoon of a Celsius thermometer. “I went from +50 to -8,” it said. It didn’t feel quite as cold as minus eight (14°F) on the slope, but the temperature outside can get close to 50 (122°F) in summer. The humidity is stifling then, because of the proximity of the sea. Yet it rarely rains; Dubai gets less than four inches a year. There are no permanent rivers. There is next to no soil suitable for growing crops.

What kind of human settlement makes sense in such a place? For centuries Dubai was a fishing village and trading port, small and poor. Then oil and a wild real estate boom transformed it into a city that sports the world’s tallest building, one of its densest collections of skyscrapers, and its third busiest airport. “From the point of view of sustainability you probably wouldn’t have done it here,” says Janus Rostock , a prominent architect transplanted from Copenhagen.

Ski Dubai is the Middle East’s only indoor ski park, and often viewed as an emblem of the city's resource footprint. Emiratis typically learn the sport on one its five runs, which vary in difficulty, before heading to alpine resorts abroad. An even larger slope will open in 2020.

And yet a sustainable city is precisely what Dubai’s government says it aims to create.

Sustainable? Dubai? When camels fly, you might say. The boom years made the city a poster child for the excess that results when cheap energy meets environmental indifference. Indoor skiing is just a symbol: Dubai burns far more fossil fuel to air-condition its towers of glass. To keep the taps running in all those buildings, it essentially boils hundreds of Olympic pools worth of seawater every day. And to create more beachfront for more luxury hotels and villas, it buried coral reefs under immense artificial islands.

In 2006 the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) declared the United Arab Emirates the country with the largest ecological footprint, per capita , largely because of its carbon emissions. The shoe certainly fit Dubai, the most conspicuous consumer among the seven emirates. In the decade since, the city’s population has doubled, to more than 2.8 million. The number of cars on its roads has more than doubled. A surprising number are Bentleys, Lamborghinis, and other gorgeous gas hogs.

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And yet, something else has happened since 2006: Dubai has started to change.

Even CSAs have made inroads in the desert city, which imports 80 percent of its food. Ripe Market hosts a weekly stand at Zabeel Park to serve the rising tide of consumers seeking organic produce from local farms. Food banks have made inroads too, providing an outlet for tackling Dubai's leftovers: About 38 percent of the food prepared each day is wasted, which jumps to 60 percent during Ramadan.

On one of Zabeel's 117 acres, yoga classes draw the city’s expats—90 percent of its population. Parks come at a premium, but Dubai is expanding its green space. The 350-acre DubaiLand, under way, features 55 playgrounds and paths for walking, running, and cycling.

Gleaming driverless metro trains now run the length of the linear city, alongside Sheikh Zayed Road, carrying about as many people, and often faster, as the cars on that clogged 12-lane artery. On Dubai’s southern outskirts, a new housing development has opened—called Sustainable City —that recycles its water and waste and produces more energy than it consumes. Further out in the desert, Dubai is building a giant solar power plant that will soon be producing some of the cheapest and cleanest electricity on Earth.

“The leadership has recognized that the growth of the economy is not sustainable without taking action on emissions,” says Tanzeed Alam, climate director for the Emirates Wildlife Society , WWF’s local partner.

In Dubai, the “leadership” is His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the 67-year-old hereditary emir, aka the Ruler. Sheikh Mohammed took over in 2006. He has decreed that his city will get 75 percent of its energy from clean sources by 2050. He wants it to have the smallest carbon footprint in the world. Many people I met on a recent visit to Dubai, including Rostock and Alam, believe the city might actually pull that off.

And if it can happen here, they say, it can happen anywhere.

Echoes of Old Dubai linger around the Creek, the harbor where the city was born. The atmospheric area houses the offices of the emirate’s ruling sheikh and dozens of foreign consulates. Dhows still ply its waters for tourism and trade.

Survival Instincts

Two places on Dubai’s 40-mile-long coast frame its astonishing trajectory.

The first is Jebel Ali, home to a busy man-made port as well as an enormous industrial plant belonging to Dubai Electric and Water Authority (DEWA). It produces most of the city’s electricity and drinking water in the same process: Natural gas, mainly from Abu Dhabi and Qatar, is burned to generate electricity, and the leftover heat is used to distill seawater and remove the salt. As Dubai has grown, the plant has kept adding new modules, and it’s now a mile-long line of candy-striped smokestacks and evaporator tanks. It can produce nearly 10 gigawatts of electricity and half a billion gallons of desalinated water a day.

The second place is in what’s left of Old Dubai, on what’s called the Creek — actually a saltwater inlet. One of the few natural harbors on this coast, the Creek is why Dubai exists at all. Beat-up wooden dhows from another century still line up to be loaded with refrigerators and air-conditioners from South Korea, which they will deliver across the Gulf to Iran. Near the mouth of the Creek is the house where Sheikh Mohammed spent his childhood.

The house belonged to his grandfather, who was then the Ruler. (The Al Maktoums have ruled Dubai since 1833.) Though large, it was hardly a palace. It had neither running water nor electricity. Dubai didn’t get electricity, or its first paved road, until 1961. Running water arrived a few years later. Mohammed grew up by lamplight, in a place where water was delivered by donkey cart, in barrels filled at one of the village’s wells.

In a single generation, Dubai exploded from humble port to metropolis. Electricity and paved roads arrived in 1961. Oil funded expansion in the 1970s. The building boom—including artificial islands—accelerated in the 2000s. The pace has slowed since the 2008 financial crisis, but Dubai continues to rise up and out.

His father, Rashid, had grown up in the same house. In the 1930s he saw people in Dubai starve; the global depression and the invention of artificial pearls had destroyed the market for pearl diving, which was then Dubai’s main enterprise. It was Rashid who began to modernize—and diversify—Dubai, after he took over as ruler in 1958, and especially after the proceeds of oil began to materialize in the late 1960s. He built roads, schools, an airport, and in 1979, a 39-story World Trade Centre, at the time the tallest building in the Middle East.

“It was built in the middle of nowhere, on the edge of the city,” says Neil Walmsley, a British engineer who has been in Dubai since 2005 and is director of urban planning for Arup , a consulting firm. “It was a vote of confidence. The city responded by growing towards it”—and then well past it. Dubai was not a center of world trade when Rashid built his centre, but it is now. When he dug a giant new port at Jebel Ali, having already dredged the Creek, even his sons were baffled by his optimism. Now that port is one of the world’s busiest.

The pearl business hadn’t lasted forever, and Rashid knew he couldn’t count on the oil. Dubai had never had more than a small fraction of what Abu Dhabi had. There’s a saying attributed to Rashid: His father and grandfather rode camels, while he himself drove a Mercedes, and his son, a Land Rover. His grandson would drive a Land Rover too—but his great grandson might ride a camel again.

Unless, that is, the Al Maktoums played their cards right. In Dubai, that’s the first meaning of “sustainability”: finding a way to wring a good living from a hard place, ideally without having to rely on camels again. Worrying about your footprint comes later.

Tourism fuels Dubai’s economy, and many of its 15 million annual visitors flock to the Burj Khalifa for a bird’s-eye view, here from the 125 th floor. The building is home to an Armani-designed hotel, 900 apartments, office space, restaurants—and to more energy-efficient systems. Solar panels heat its water supply; condensate from air-conditioning is reclaimed to cool potable water and to keep the tower’s landscaping green—about 15 million gallons a year are collected.

Toward a New Golden Age?

The Burj Al Arab , or Tower of the Arabs, was one of the first of many Dubai landmarks that Sheikh Mohammed commissioned, even before he was Ruler, in the 1990s. It’s a luxury hotel built on an artificial island. As Jim Krane tells the story in Dubai: The Story of the World’s Fastest City , the hotel could have been built on the mainland, but Mohammed and the architect decided it would make a more memorable addition to the skyline if it stood just offshore. And they were right: Shaped like a three-cornered sail rising off the sea, it’s now an icon.

Arab merchants pioneered the use of the three-cornered lateen sail more than a millennium ago. As Sheikh Mohammed tells that story in his own book, My Vision, the new sail helped Arab dhows outdistance their square-sailed competitors. It symbolizes his aspiration for Dubai: to be the first, the best, the smartest, the fastest—to win the race against its global competitors, not just for its own sake but for the whole Arab world. He wants to make Arabs pioneers again, the way they were in the Middle Ages .

Dubai has no income tax or sales tax, and that has long made it attractive to foreigners. But in the early 2000s, it began for the first time to allow them to own property. Waves of cash flooded into Dubai real estate from Russia, from Iran, from the Arab world—from investors anywhere who were looking for a safe haven. Combined with a law that grants each Emirati citizen a plot for his own villa, it led to a surge in development. Four large developers, three of them controlled by the state, were granted great plots of land. Workers streamed in from South Asia to build new skyscrapers for the affluent. They themselves lived in camps that were often squalid, in conditions that some said resembled indentured servitude. ( Read an in-depth report on Dubai’s guest workers .)

Dubai’s dozen golf courses rely on precious water resources. To keep fairways—and its practices—green, the Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club, which features an island tee box, began irrigating with treated sewage effluent in 2010.

About 30 miles outside Dubai, man-made Al Qudra Lake draws recreational riders, picnicking families, and migratory birds—more than 175 species have been recorded. But popularity has left a trace: Trash is routinely tossed in the lake. The municipality has responded with more bins and an anti-litter campaign.

The city exploded down the coast. The Dubai Marina , a dense forest of more than a hundred 40-story apartment buildings, sprung up out of nothing, to be inhabited only by expats, some of them for only part of the year. The city also pushed inland into the desert, with new villa developments for Emiratis and foreigners.

“When you look at how Dubai has been growing, it’s just been this obsession with building outward into the desert,” says Yasser Elsheshtawy , an Egyptian architect who has taught at the university in Al Ain for 20 years. “There were no limitations. Energy was cheap. You had cars. So why not?”

The more compelling question is why Dubai would ever change. What could prompt a Ruler with a deep drive for economic growth—who had ordered up not only a sail-shaped tower but also a skyscraper as tall as the Sears Tower with the Eiffel on top, and not only three palm-shaped artificial peninsulas jutting miles into the sea but also an archipelago of 300 islands shaped like countries and arranged in a map of the world—to develop an interest in photovoltaic panels, low-flow faucets, and walkable neighborhoods?

Mediterranean-themed Mercato Mall competes with three megamalls, and more are planned. But even Dubai may have reached its limit: A new report suggests the once booming retail market may be approaching saturation.

Crisis: “The Best Thing To Happen”

In 2008 and 2009, with the global economy on the edge of collapse, tourism plummeted in Dubai. Real estate prices fell 50 percent, oil even more. Dubai had to be bailed out of debt by Abu Dhabi. But it also got a chance to take stock.

“The economic crisis was the best thing that happened to us—a blessing in disguise,” says Habiba al Marashi, founder of the Emirates Environmental Group , an organization that attempts, through education and recycling, to promote environmental responsibility. ““It slowed down the crazy pace of construction.”

As the city drew its breath, three factors combined to pave the way for a new focus on sustainability, says Dubai-based energy consultant Robin Mills. The first was Masdar City , a project launched in neighboring Abu Dhabi in 2006. Billed as the world’s first zero-carbon city and designed by the firm of star British architect Norman Foster , it was intended to be car free—driverless pods would ferry residents around—and to produce all its electricity with solar power.

Though the financial crisis put a crimp in Masdar City’s ambitions too, it's now expanding around its compact urban core, with a new apartment complex nearing completion and plans for 5,000 homes. And the international publicity the project received from the start helped break the resistance to green ideas throughout the UAE. When Masdar began, “it was really tough,” recalls CEO Mohamed Jameel Al Ramahi. “People didn’t want to talk about it. They said, ‘It’s too expensive! Who likes it? What’s the need?’”

On the outskirts of Abu Dhabi, about 75 miles south of Dubai, "low-carbon" Masdar City is growing, with residential developments being added to its active research center. It's also home to the International Renewable Energy Agency. The city draws on elements of traditional Arab architecture—such as a 148-foot wind tower that pushes a cooling breeze through narrow, shaded streets—but its goal is to create a more sustainable model of urban life in the region. "We're not going to be Ye Olde Arabian Town," says planning director Anthony Mallows. "We're modern. We're the future."

And yet Dubai, says Mills, was starting to feel a strong need to reduce its dependence on imported natural gas. Just before the financial crisis, when the city was at the peak of its growth, oil and gas prices were soaring. Mills, who had once been a geologist for Shell, was working on energy at Dubai Holding, a major developer in which Sheikh Mohammed holds a majority stake. “One of the issues was how Dubai was going to source the energy to power all these enormous real estate developments,” Mills says.

Meanwhile a new alternative—the third factor—was emerging. Solar power was booming in places like Germany and Spain, and prices were falling fast. In 2012 Mills wrote a report saying that solar power had become cost-competitive in the Middle East, at 12 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. By 2015 DEWA signed a contract for 200 megawatts worth of solar panels that would deliver power at 5.6 cents per kilowatt-hour—a world record-low. At that price, it was making a profit on solar.

“For the utility, that was a eureka moment,” says Saeed al Abbar, head of the Emirates Green Building Council . It was founded in 2006, when the boom was at its height.

At the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park, in the desert south of Dubai, it usually rains only two days a year. Millions of thin-film solar panels spread over nearly two square miles produce 200 megawatts of electricity. The next 800 megawatts, to be installed by 2020, will deliver electricity for 2.99 U.S. cents a kilowatt-hour—a world record.

Endless Sun

By the time I visit the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park at the beginning of February, DEWA has shattered that record: Masdar’s parent company—the largest exporter of renewable energy in the Middle East—has agreed to furnish the next 800 megawatts of power at 2.99 cents a kilowatt-hour . “Solar is clearly by far the cheapest form of electricity,” Mills says.

The site, about 30 miles southeast of the city, was chosen for its insolation, a DEWA engineer says. We climb out of the shade of a transformer building onto its roof to gaze out over the field of solar panels, slanted toward the sun. They already cover well over a square mile and produce 200 megawatts, two percent of DEWA’s total generating capacity, but there’s room for a lot more—a thousand megawatts will be here by 2020, 5,000 megawatts by 2030, DEWA says. And unlike some utilities in the United States, which see solar power as unwelcome competition, it’s also actively encouraging citizens to put solar panels on roofs.

“The solar potential is so great here,” Mills says. “Millions of acres of empty desert, and plenty of roof space. Electricity generation—for me it’s almost ‘problem solved.’”

DEWA, however, is afraid to count on any one solution, however limitless. So by 2030 it plans to get seven percent of its electricity from four nuclear power plants that Abu Dhabi is building; the first is expected to switch on this year. More troubling, DEWA is constructing a plant that will burn coal. It’ll have to be imported, probably from Australia or Indonesia. The electricity will cost 40 percent more than solar power. It makes neither environmental nor economic sense—other than as a hedge against Dubai’s nightmare, an energy shortage that might limit the growth of the city.

The compact streets of the Sustainable City (center) contrast with the adjacent neighborhood’s larger lanes, lots, and homes. The 114-acre development—inspired by Davis, California’s West Village, a net-zero energy community—is grouped into five clusters holding 500 villas, each outfitted with solar panels. About half are now occupied.

Building orientation was a critical design choice at the Sustainable City, where homes face north and shade each other. By limiting direct sun exposure, air-conditioning units are 40 percent smaller.

Building Greener

After the profligate boom years, Dubai is also attempting to restrain demand for electricity and water. Prices used to be heavily subsidized, but DEWA raised them substantially, and introduced a progressive scale that rises with consumption. Dubai residents now pay roughly as much for electricity as I pay in Washington, D.C., and about 50 percent more for water—unless they happen to belong to the 10 percent of the population who are citizens of the UAE. Citizens pay less.

New buildings in Dubai aren’t built as if energy and water are limitless, says Al Abbar. Old buildings from before the boom weren’t either: Sheikh Mohammed’s boyhood home featured thick walls, small windows, and wind towers that caught the breeze and funneled it into the shaded courtyard where he played ball. Even the World Trade Centre had deep-set windows and white walls to reflect the heat. But if you stand on its 31 st floor today, in the offices of Sheikh Mohammed’s educational foundation, you look out over a city of glass towers.

“There is an expectation from the tenants—they want to see floor-to-ceiling glass,” Al Abbar says. Developers can’t necessarily fight their clients’ desire for spectacular views, he adds; an unoccupied building is an unsustainable one.

Visitors find a lost world at the Green Planet, a biodome that shelters rain forest habitat and more than 3,000 species of plants and animals, including sloths, snakes, and exotic birds. Walkways traverse four levels. The structure itself is green, one of the city’s rising number of LEED-certified buildings.

Since the economic crisis, Dubai has tightened its green building regulations, as part of a strategy to reduce energy demand by 30 percent. New buildings must have solar water heaters, as well as operational systems that lower lights and thermostats when people are absent. To reach the city’s goal of retrofitting 30,000 older buildings, regulations allow third-party contractors to renovate buildings and take their profits from a portion of the energy savings. “What I’ve seen is a huge change,” Al Abbar says.

The city government is not just imposing rules on building owners, says the municipality’s director general, Hussain Nasser Lootah, an engineer by training. It’s also collaborating with manufacturers on rolling out efficient products for the Dubai market. Philips is making a one-watt LED bulb that will soon be in buildings across the city, Lootah says. And a new Scandinavian low-flow faucet will be installed in all the local mosques this year, inshallah . Observant Muslims practice ritual ablutions before prayer five times a day, washing face, hands, and feet. “They use too much water!” Lootah says. The new faucet delivers 40 percent of the water with 100 percent of the noise, reassuring the faithful that they’re being adequately cleansed.

Faris Saeed, developer of the Sustainable City, which stands (for now) on the edge of the sprawling and less sustainable one, traces the origin of his own project to the financial crisis. A Jordanian engineer who has lived in the UAE since 1995, Saeed runs Diamond Developers. At the height of the boom, he built six towers containing 1,300 apartments in the Dubai Marina. Those days are gone now. “We took a decision as a company that we could never go back to business as usual,” he says.

More than two million people depend on the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority plant at Jebel Ali, where natural gas is burned to produce electricity and to desalinate seawater for drinking. Much of the gas is imported. Solar energy could increase Dubai’s security—and its sustainability.

Some desalination at Jebel Ali is done by reverse osmosis: Pumps drive seawater through salt-capturing membranes inside stacked white pipes. The process is cheaper and more efficient than using heat from burning gas, and it can be powered by solar electricity. DEWA plans to scale up on that effort.

Saeed’s new development, which will eventually include a school, hotel, an “innovation center,” and a riding stable, currently consists of 500 villas on a compact 114-acre site. The L-shaped houses stand close together on narrow, verdant streets, facing north, such that they shade each other—sun falls onto the windowed facades only in the early morning and late afternoon.

That simple design choice, Saeed says, allows the air-conditioning units to be 40 percent smaller. Extra insulation, reflective windows and paint, and LED lights further cut energy consumption to around half what would be expected for a 3,000 to 4,000 square foot villa in Dubai. “It’s a myth that sustainable has to be more expensive,” Saeed says.

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The Sustainable City produces more electricity than it consumes, thanks to solar panels that shade roof terraces and parking lots. Each roof also has a solar water heater. All waste is recycled—the organic stuff is composted and used in a series of dome-shaped greenhouses that occupy a “farm” at the center of the development. “We’re self-sufficient in herbs,” a public relations person says. For other food, residents can walk to the grocery store, just off a central plaza that will be lined with restaurants. On summer evenings they can sit and watch their children play in small squares cooled by wind towers , like the ones at Sheikh Mohammed’s boyhood home, but augmented by fans.

For this sustainable idyll, Saeed says, residents will pay no more than they would at one of the other developments nearby. He’ll even throw in a $10,000 subsidy for an electric car, which leads to the one apparent flaw of Sustainable City: It’s a longish drive from any of the multiple centers of Dubai.

At Jumeirah Beach, which faces the iconic Burj Al Arab, a solar-powered, 21-foot “Smart Palm” provides shade and much more—Wi-Fi, charging station, lamppost, bulletin board, security camera, emergency call button. Over a hundred will be installed at city beaches and parks. Wind-powered poles that will floodlight the sea—and inaugurate nighttime swimming—are coming next.

The Curse of the Grandchildren

On a wall in Lootah’s office, a framed series of aerial pictures shows how Dubai has evolved since 1935, when it was an impoverished fishing village huddled around the Creek. At the center is a visualization of the future: It shows a coast even more clogged with artificial islands and peninsulas than it is today. This city has no intention of slowing down. It lives off its expanding footprint: Nearly a quarter of the population works in construction.

Less than a decade ago, tanker trucks were pulling up to modern apartment buildings to pick up sewage, some of which was dumped illegally in the desert. Now nearly all parts of the city—all but the industrial areas and the labor camps, Lootah says—are connected by pipes to two modern sewage treatment plants. A third plant is about to open, and Lootah expects to build several more to keep up with growth. Dubai sees its population doubling, to more than 5 million, by 2030.

“When I was in the States,” Lootah says—in the late 1970s he studied in Pittsburgh, and after that proved too cold, Arizona—“people asked where you come from. ‘Emirates? Where is this? Where is Dubai?’ Now, you ask anybody: They say they love to come to Dubai!”

Lootah credits the Ruler with putting the city on the map. A large portrait of Sheikh Mohammed hangs behind Lootah’s desk, as it does in most Dubai offices. A two-story-high portrait hangs on the façade of the municipality building, alongside that of the Emir of Abu Dhabi, who is president of the UAE. (Sheikh Mohammed is vice president.)

Passengers savor a driver's-seat view on a fully automated (driverless) Dubai Metro train. A monorail, tram, hybrid trolley line, and buses round out the network in the city, where mass transit use is steadily growing. Dubai spurred others in the region—Doha (Qatar) and Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) now have metro lines under construction.

All over Dubai, from Emiratis and expats alike, I heard testimonials to the decisive leadership of Sheikh Mohammed. “We don’t have a lot of formalities,” Lootah says. “Here projects take days to be done, elsewhere years.” It’s not just the lack of red tape that speeds things up—it’s the lack of democratic institutions. Without a free press, political parties, or free elections, there’s little chance of public opposition to projects endorsed by the Ruler.

Planners of Washington, D.C.’s Metro system started sketching a Silver Line to Dulles Airport in the late 1960s; it’s still not finished. Dubai’s Red Line, of comparable length, was planned and built in less than a decade, and its first stretch opened in 2009, at the height of the financial crisis. Even sustainability mavens, aware of how much needs to change, find a lot to cheer in the can-do spirit that trickles down from the Ruler.

“This country has developed so quickly,” says Tanzeed Alam of WWF. “It can change quickly too—because the leadership gets behind it.”

Dubai’s glittering landmarks outpaced infrastructure. Until recently, tankers had to individually drain buildings and ferry sewage out of town, some of it dumped illegally in the desert. Now most of the city is connected by pipes to two modern treatment plants. More are in the works to keep up with population growth.

“As long as they’re making decisions that are good and make sense,” the lack of democracy “is not that big an issue,” says Janus Rostock, chief architect in the Dubai office of Atkins, the firm that designed the Metro, the Burj Al Arab, and most recently, the Dubai Opera , which is shaped like a dhow and opened last year.

Between 2011 and 2016, while the population of Dubai grew by 35 percent, water and electricity consumption grew a bit slower—in other words, per capita consumption is falling, a sign that city efforts are bearing fruit. Per capita carbon emissions have fallen dramatically since the UAE’s world-champion days, according to Dubai Carbon , a government think tank. They’re now comparable to those of the United States, at less than 18 tons per year. “Dubai is pursuing carbon-neutral growth,” says Ivano Iannelli, who heads Dubai Carbon. “The idea is not to increase emissions” as the population grows. But for the foreseeable future, total emissions will keep rising.

Dubai residents may emit no more carbon than average Americans, but they emit nearly three times as much as the average residents of New York City. That’s in part because of Dubai’s legacy of heedless expansion—it’s a sprawling, car-centered city built to be taken in at 75 miles per hour, Rostock says.

Aviation has soared with the city’s growth, accounting for a third of its GDP and employing 30 percent of its workers. More than 83 million passengers transited through Dubai International Airport in 2016, making it the third busiest, behind Atlanta and Beijing. A second airport—optimistically called World Central— is being expanded to meet forecasts and cement its status as a superhub.

He and others are trying to change that. Rostock has led an effort to transform the area around the Burj Khalifa (“a fortress,” he says) and the new opera into a district of ground-floor shops and restaurants that invites people to stroll. And near the Mall of the Emirates, Sheikh Mohammed’s own Dubai Holding has master-planned a mile-long development, called Jumeirah Central, where hundreds of apartment and office buildings are to be laid out on small, walkable blocks. They’ll be linked by trams and gondolas to the Mall and its Metro stop.

Hereditary rulers, it’s sometimes said, can take a longer view than democratically elected ones. Habiba al Marashi tells me about another saying attributed to Sheik Rashid: Humans need to live in harmony with nature, she says, paraphrasing the father of modern Dubai, “so we have the blessings of our grandchildren and avoid being cursed by future generations.”

But Rashid also didn’t want his descendants to have to ride camels again, and if Dubai succeeds in its current shift toward sustainability, it will be for reasons of hard-headed economics. Dubai is pivoting now, says Rostock, because it has to—because it’s competing with other global cities for business and people, and sustainability is in.

“What we have is a willingness and a push to change Dubai and how it’s perceived by the world,” Rostock says. “Dubai is unique in its dependence on the surrounding world. Dubai doesn’t have the oil. It has to be attractive to two billion people within a four-hour flight.”

Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai’s main artery, glows at dusk. The city designed for cars is now focused on creating smaller, walkable blocks as well as districts of ground-floor shops and restaurants that invite strolling, including the area around the Burj Khalifa, where this image was taken.

People in Glass Houses

On my last evening in Dubai, I finally went skiing. It’s a peculiar experience: You’re in a giant fishbowl, being watched through tall windows by people in the mall. But it’s real skiing, with real snow. As my legs fell into the familiar rhythm, I felt the old familiar pleasure. In a former life, I had spent many winter holidays in the French Alps, and this reminded me of the bunny slopes where my children had learned to ski. To be sure, the only Alps here were painted ones—but there were plenty of real and happy children, playing in the snow and cutting in front of me in the lift line. They seemed blissfully unaware of the unsustainability of their activity, though I admit I didn’t ask.

Once we’ve converted to solar energy, we won’t have to worry about carbon emissions from air conditioning, even on ski slopes. Dubai and the UAE could easily pioneer that transition. By the time the whole world makes it, however, it may get very hot along the Persian Gulf. In Dubai at the height of summer, people already go outside as little as possible. By 2100, according to one recent study, there may be days so hot and humid that going outside could kill you.

Water may become a choke point even sooner. At the National Center of Meteorology & Seismology in Abu Dhabi, meteorologists monitor every cloud that passes over the UAE; if a cloud looks promising, the pilot of one of six planes on standby 24/7 is guided to the right spot to seed it with salt crystals . Researchers say they can tease a few extra millimeters of rain out the atmosphere each year, which helps a bit to recharge the country’s depleted and polluted aquifers.

But those are drops in the bucket; Dubai will always depend on desalination for its drinking water. The problem is not so much the tremendous energy it takes—that will eventually come from the sun—but the hot brine that’s left over and discharged into the Gulf. A shallow, almost closed sea, the Gulf is already 20 percent saltier than the ocean, and it’s getting saltier: In addition to the hypersaline brine pouring into it, dams in Turkey and Iraq are diverting fresh water and climate change is increasing evaporation. In time the Gulf could become too salty to desalinate economically or to support much in the way of marine life. “We still feel we can cope,” says Lootah. With technology, “everything is possible.”

Emiratis take in the new Dubai Canal—a two-mile-long waterway leading to the sea—the culmination of a plan first envisioned in 1959 by Sheikh Rashid, Dubai's modernizing ruler. The project increases the city’s waterfront space, which will be used for retail, parks, housing, marinas, and a ferry service.

Should this city even be here? I put the question to Tanzeed Alam. We’re sitting in the Sustainable City—where the Emirates Wildlife Society is about to move into new offices “to walk the walk,” he says—but I’m asking about Dubai.

“That’s the wrong question,” Alam says. “It’s more about accepting where we are today, and how do we make that better. It’s a question of the right to develop, and of human beings’ right for a better future. How do we make cities better?”

At Ski Dubai, I don’t stop at the wooden chalet in the middle of the slope, where you can sip hot chocolate in front of an open fire. I’m in a hurry to get on my 14-hour flight back to Washington, where the traffic is among the worst in the U.S.; where the Metro system is on the edge of collapse; where, because of my apartment’s antique heating system, I must leave the windows open in winter to keep the temperature inside below 80 degrees; and where the new administration has promised to dismantle government efforts to address climate change.

As I drive to the airport, a light, tentative rain begins to spatter the taxi’s windshield. I take it as a hopeful sign.

This article is part of our Urban Expeditions series, an initiative made possible by a grant from United Technologies to the National Geographic Society.

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Shopping Tourism and Destination Development: Dubai as a Case Study

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Naeema Alhosani , Esmat Zaidan; Shopping Tourism and Destination Development: Dubai as a Case Study. The Arab World Geographer 1 January 2014; 17 (1): 66–81. doi: https://doi.org/10.5555/arwg.17.1.el87425406685123

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Tourism has been and continues to be an important source of income for many countries in the world. This study explores the concept of shopping in Dubai tourism and identifies the perceived important characteristics of Dubai as a shopping destination, as well as tracing the factors or the competitive advantages of Dubai as a shopping destination for Saudis tourists, who represent Dubai's main source of tourism. Shopping patterns among Saudi tourists are identified based on their frequency of shopping. A survey was used to obtain primary data that included a sample of 1 111 Saudis tourists visiting different shopping places in Dubai. The results show that Saudi tourists define Dubai as their top shopping destination because they perceive it as offering significant advantages: a wide range of impressive retail services, high-quality shopping malls, a wide variety of products and shopping venues, substantial shopping promotions and bargains, unique annual shopping festivals, the creativity of combining the shopping experience with a cluster of entertainment and leisure opportunities, and strategic location and political stability. The implications of these findings for Dubai marketing are discussed.

Le tourisme a été et continue d’être une source importante de revenus pour de nombreux pays dans le monde. Cet article examine le concept de « shopping » dans le cadre du tourisme à Dubaï. Il identifie les caractéristiques qui sont perçues comme importantes pour Dubaï comme destination pour le « shopping », ainsi que les facteurs ou les avantages concurrentiels de ce pays comme destination pour les Saoudiens, qui représentent le groupe principal de touristes à Dubaï. Les habitudes de ces touristes sont identifiées en fonction de leur fréquence de « shopping ». Une enquête a été menée auprès d’un échantillon de 1111 touristes saoudiens visitant différents centres commerciaux à Dubaï afin d’obtenir des données primaires. Les résultats montrent que les touristes saoudiens définissent Dubaï comme une destination principale, car ils la perçoivent comme offrant des avantages significatifs : une gamme importante de services de détail, des centres commerciaux de haute qualité et une grande variété de de magasins et de produits. À cette liste s’ajoutent la mention de promotions commerciales importantes, de bonnes affaires, de grands festivals commerciaux annuels, de la créativité dans la rencontre entre l’expérience de « shopping » avec d’autres possibilités de divertissement et de loisirs, un emplacement stratégique et une stabilité politique. L’article analyse les implications de ces résultats pour le marketing de Dubaï.

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Teaching about Dubai - GCSE

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The Growth of Dubai

Geographical Location of Dubai         

Map Showing UAE and the Arabian Peninsular         

Map Showing Dubai and the UAE – see attached map         

Historical Background of Dubai         

Map Showing the Original Settlement         

The Growth of Dubai         

Graph Showing Population from 1900-2000 - see attached graph         

Pattern of Growth and Reasons         

Map Showing the Growth of Built-up Areas         

Foreign Workers in Dubai         

Table of Immigrant Workers         

Bar Graph to follow on from table         

World Map Showing Worker Origins – see attached map         

Dubai Time-line         

Dubai’s Economy         

Dubai Main Economic Indicators         

Dubai’s Economic Functions         

Pie Chart Showing Key Economic Sectors         

Geographical Location of Dubai

Dubai is situated in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where it is the second largest emirate with an area of 3,885 square kilometres.

The UAE is situated along the south-eastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula between 22.5° and 26° N and between 51° and 56.25° E.

Qatar lies to the west and north-west, Saudi Arabia to the west and south and Oman to the north, east and south-east.

The total area of the UAE is about 83,600 square kilometres, much of it in Abu Dhabi emirate.

Map Showing the Arabian Peninsular and the Middle East

Map showing uae and the arabian peninsular, map showing dubai and the uae – see attached map.

The major part of Dubai consists of rolling sand dunes along the foothills of the Hajar Mountains in the east. The city of Dubai is situated on the banks of the Dubai Creek, a natural inlet from the Gulf which divides the city into the Deira district to its north, and Bur Dubai on its south. The city ranks as the UAE's most important port and commercial centre.

Historical Background of Dubai

Dubai’s origins go back into the distant past. The town’s museum has a collection of objects found in graves at nearby Al-Qusais dating from before 1000BC, while a caravan station from about 600 AD has been excavated in Jumeirah. Until a few decades ago, the surrounding sand dunes were inhabited by nomadic Bedouin roaming with their flocks and herds. Today the nomads have mostly settled in villages in the few fertile oases or valleys, or else in the city.

The village really began to grow in the early 19th century, when some 800 members of the Bani Yas tribe, the Al Bu Falasah , moved north in 1833 and settled in Dubai at the mouth of the creek. Dubai lacked the fertile surroundings of Abu Dhabi, and so its inhabitants were committed to life on the coast, and looked to the sea for their living. The creek was a natural harbour and Dubai soon became a centre for the fishing, pearling and sea trade.  

This is a preview of the whole essay

These settlers were led by the Maktoum Family, and under their leadership Dubai has prospered and it is now the business and tourism hub for a region that stretches around the globe.

Dubai’s Rulers

Dubai city has grown from an 18th century fishing village and small trading port inhabited by the Bani Yas tribe. Modern Dubai is the product of 30 years of rapid development.

Map Showing the Original Settlement

By the turn of the 20th century Dubai was a sufficiently prosperous port to attract settlers from Iran, India and Persia. The Deira souk on was thought to be the largest on the coast, with some 350 shops and trade and free enterprise made Dubai a natural haven for merchants.

A flourishing Indian population settled in Dubai and was particularly active in the shops and alleys of the souk. The cosmopolitan atmosphere and air of tolerance began to attract other foreigners too and by the 1930s, nearly a quarter of the 20,000 population was foreign.  Some years later the British also made it their centre on the coast, establishing a political agency in 1954.

Al-Fahidi Fort in Dubai (1951). Dubai Museum now.

Graph Showing Population from 1900-2000 - see attached graph

Pattern of growth and reasons.

International trade was the basis of Dubai’s prosperity. This gave the city an early start in development before the beginning of oil production in the 1960s. Like the other towns along the coast, Dubai was affected by the decline of the pearl industry, due to competition in the 1930s from Japanese cultured pearls, and by the drop in trade in the Second World War, but Dubai survived through its merchant skills and the ability to profit from trading with Persia and India after WWII. Also the two long rules of H.H. Shaikh Saeed Bin Maktoum from 1912 to 1958, and his son, H.H. Shaikh Rashid Bin Saeed al-Maktoum, and their business and political foresight helped to stabilise the economy. In the 1950s the creek began to silt up and H.H. Sheikh Rashid decided to have the waterway dredged. It was an ambitious and costly project but it strengthened Dubai's position as a major trading and export port. Sheikh Rashid realized what was necessary to transform Dubai into the cosmopolitan, prosperous city it is today. Sheikh Rashid along with Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan is recognized as playing a key role in establishing the federation of the United Arab Emirates.

The discovery of oil in the 1960s helped this development, but Dubai oil revenues have never been as big as those in Abu Dhabi, so Dubai’s growth has always depended partly on business skill. When oil was discovered in 1966, Sheikh Rashid used the oil revenues to encourage development in Dubai, schools, hospitals, roads, a modern telecommunications network, a new port and terminal building were built at Dubai International Airport, and  largest man-made harbour in the world was constructed at Jebel Ali, and a free zone was created around the port. Dubai's formula for development was becoming evident to everyone – visionary leadership, high-quality infrastructure, an expatriate-friendly environment, zero tax on personal and corporate income and low import duties. The result was that Dubai quickly became a business and tourism hub for a region. In the 1990s with oil production decreasing, Dubai took a decision to become a major international tourism destination. Tourism has paid off; in 2000 Dubai had over 3 million visitors, much more than the 850,000 population of Dubai.

Map Showing the Growth of Built-up Areas

Early growth was centred around dubai creek, foreign workers in dubai.

Dubai’s growth and development has depended on its ability to attract settlers and workers from both the nearby regions and from further away. Immigrant workers of many levels and from many countries make up a large percentage of the population.

The biggest numbers of workers come from the nearby countries of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Next the neighbouring Arab countries like Iran and Jordan attract a sizable number of immigrants as do the Philippines and Northern Arab countries like Lebanon and Egypt. Finally European and other immigrants from countries such as the UK, South Africa also makes up a part of the immigrant population.

Table of Immigrant Workers

Many workers are from South Asia and the Philippines

Bar Graph to follow on from table

World map showing worker origins – see attached map, dubai time-line, dubai’s economy.

Dubai has changed dramatically over the last three decades, becoming a major business centre with a more dynamic and diversified economy.

Dubai enjoys a strategic location and serves as the biggest re-exporting centre in the Middle East.

Dubai's formula for development has been visionary leadership, high-quality infrastructure, an expatriate-friendly environment, zero tax on personal and corporate income and low import duties. The result was that Dubai has quickly become a business and tourism hub.

Its low logistical and operational costs and excellent infrastructure, international outlook and liberal government policies are attracting investors in a big way. Activities such as trade, transport, tourism, industry and finance have shown steady growth and helped the economy to achieve a high degree of expansion and diversification.

Dubai Main Economic Indicators

Source: Dept Economic Development 2001

* GDP Gross Domestic Product

Dubai’s Economic Functions

Dubai has a number of Functions. The table below shows the percentage of the population employed in the various “Economic Sectors”.

Pie Chart Showing Key Economic Sectors

Dubai economic structure 2001.

Document Details

• Word Count 1915
• Page Count 15
• Level AS and A Level
• Subject Geography

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GCSE Geography Revision

• Unit 1: The Restless Earth
• Unit 1: Water on the Land
• Unit 1: The Coastal Zone
• Exam skills
• Unit 2: Population Change
• Unit 2: The Development Gap

Unit 2: Tourism

• Exam Studio
• Useful links

• Culture (galleries, museums)
• Entertainment (theater, bars, restaurants)

• sight seeing
• skiing and snowboarding

• water sports
• scuba diving

• People have more spare money
• People now have more paid holidays
• People have smaller families (so cheaper)
• People are living for longer (grey pound)
• Package holidays made it easier for people to book holidays
• The internet has made it easier to find cheap holidays
• Improvements in transport has made it easier to get to places quicker
• The tourist industry has become more important to the economies of countries therefore there is better infrastructure and are better at marketing making more people want to visit

• Exploration - Small number of visitors are attracted by something particular, e.g. attractive landscapes
• Involvement - The local population see the opportunities and starts to provide facilities such as accommodation, transport.
• Development - The host country starts to advertise the area. Large companies start to build hotels and leisure complexes and produce package holidays. The numbers of visitors rise dramatically. This creates jobs for the local people.
• Consolidation - The tourist industry is well established part of the economy. The area continues to attract tourists to the area but perhaps not as rapidly increasing as in development stage. With more tourists the jobs in the tourist industry become more secure. Sometimes conflicts start to arise with locals due to for example drunkenness of holiday makers. Older hotels start to decline  and some of the type of tourists change.
• Stagnation - The resort becomes unfashionable and the numbers of visitors start to decline.
• Decline or Rejuvenation - The resort may go into decline the image of the area often suffers and less tourists visit the area. People more often come to the area for day trips rather than a holiday. People will lose their jobs. Some resorts will invest money into the area to help modernise it and make it more attractive to for visitors. This is known as rejuvenation.

•   Exploration - Spa tourism in the 1800's at attracted rich people to cure diseases with a dip in the cold sea and to see the7 mile beach.
• Involvement - As industrial workers started to get more paid holidays in the 19th Century tourism started to take off and services such as the Central Pier opened.
• Development- Blackpool started producing advertisements to attract people to the Pleasure Beach and Blackpool Tower was opened. The number of tourists increased dramatically with the introduction of the railway.
• Consolidation  - Between 1900 and 1950 Blackpool boomed as one of the most popular coastal destinations in Europe.
• Stagnation - By the 1960s people started to have more spare cash and tour operators began developing package holidays which encouraged tourists to try places with better climate abroad such as Benidorm. The number of tourists started to decline.
• Decline - Blackpool became popular with day trippers and stag parties. Jobs were lost in the tourist industry.
• Rejuvenation - In 2000 a £300 million pound rejuvenation scheme began. One approach  taken was to apply to the government for the first ever supercasino, a huge leisure and entertainment complex. This would have created many jobs and investment in the area. However, the supercasiono was lost to Manchester as not everyone agreed with the plan. Millions has been spent improving hotels, refurbishing the winter gardens, pedestrianised St Paul's and the shopping area has been updated with a new Debenhams.

• 10mph speed limit on Lake Windermere in 2005  to reduce the impact on reed beds, to reduce the noise to help others enjoy the lake and to reduce shore erosion.
• Car parks have been expanded and restricts put on parking areas, and verges fenced off.
• Educating the population with tourist leaflets and on the National Parks website on how to protect the fragile habitats
• The 'Upland Path Landscape Restoration Project (2002-2011)' resulted in the repair of 145 paths which involved in the repair of 145 paths which involved the creating steps, surfaces (stone pitching) and replanting native plants in areas of erosion.
• Litter bins are provided at popular sites
• Areas such as Ambleside has developed integrated transport hubs.
• Dual carriage ways have been built around the Lake District to get people in and out of the park as quickly as possible
• Farmers have diversified (gone into different businesses such as quad biking and paintballing.

• Tourism contributes 15% to the GNP of Kenya and provides 80% of foreign income.
• It is a major employer with around 220,000 people working in the industry. Tourism can offer people a way out of poverty.
• Money from tourism can be used to help build schools and infrastructure
• Money from tourism can be reinvested into the the protection of the environment
• Tourism resulted in the creation of 23 National Parks which protect the environment.
• The culture and customs of the native Maasai Marra Tribe are preserved through people paying money to view these
• planted Casuarina trees (able to grow in the harsh conditions)
• added thousands of red millipedes to break down the large number of fallen leaves.
• planted indigenous grasses
• added worms
• added insects birds and herbivores
• They like the element of risk
• Some wildlife can only be seen in certain extreme climates e.g. Polar bears in the Artic
• To see scenery that not many other people have seen before like ice bergs
• To see locations which may not exist soon due to global warming
• It has become easier to get to these locations due to improvements in transport.  
• Animals such as penguins are disturbed
• Accidents where ships have crashed into uncharted rocks has damaged the wildlife and ecosystems e.g. MS Explorer, 2007 which had a fuel spill.
• Tourists can trample planets
• Tourists drop litter
• There are fears of invasion species (those that are introduced by accident from the ships) will lead to the extinction of local species.

• Local people are encouraged to look after the environment to attract tourists for example it is better to look after the animals for tourism than to poach them.
• the projects often try to use renewable energy  and the projects use local food which reduces transportation costs and the amount of fossil fuels being burnt. Burning fossil fuels can lead to global warming.
• creates jobs for local people who can then spend the money in the local economy
• the money from the ecotourism can be used to build schools, hospitals and other infrastructure which is beneficial to the community.
• People have a more stable income than from farming  

• What is stewardship? (1 mark) 
• Outline the reasons why a city attracts tourists. (2 marks) 
• Give two features of the Development stage of the Butler's model. (2 marks) 
• For a tourist area in the UK identify which stage of the Butler's model. Give reasons for your answer. (4 marks )
• Describe the negative effects of mass tourism. (4 marks) 
• Describe the positive effects of mass tourism on a tropical area. (4 marks)
• Describe how eco-tourism can benefit future generations. (4 marks)
• Use a case study to explain the tropics attracts a large number of tourists. (8 marks) 
• Explain how either a National Park or UK tourist resort has maintained the tourist industry. (8 marks)
• Describe the impacts of tourism on an extreme environment. (8 marks)
• Describe how a named extreme environment copes with an increasing number of tourists. (8 marks)  

3 comments:

Love this blog!!

Tourism is an important part of the economy in many wealthy countries, especially in Western Europe and North America.Use a case study of a tropical holiday destination to explain mass tourism, the positive and negative effects of tourism on people and the environment . The USA earns more than any other country from tourism, and has the second largest visitors. Europeans see a trip to the US as more of a luxury and tend to spend more money. The USA do not relay heavily on tourism as they have a varied economy…. http://onedaytop.com/studio3-wireless-new-beats-headphones-cancel-noise/

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