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Class 12 Physical Education: Chapter 1 Notes - Management of Sporting Events | CBSE - 2023-24

Management of sporting events.

Functions of Sports Events Management

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Meaning of Planning Planning is a process of organizing every thought together according to the desired goals. In the field of physical education, there are various types of planning. Planning is used in organizing various sports tournaments and in sports training.

Objectives of Planning

• It helps to  enhance sports performance .
• Proper planning improves and   increases creativity  among officials, coaches, or physical education teachers.
• Planning  reduces the unnecessary pressure  of immediacy.
• Planning and control are connected with each other. If tournaments or any competition are organized with proper planning,  control over all activities  in that tournament will be easier.
• A proper plan will ensure  proper coordination.
• Planning  Reduces the Chance of mistakes  and oversights.
• Planning  increases the efficiency  of sports officials in conducting tournaments/events.

Overall, effective sports events management requires a comprehensive approach that integrates all of these functions to ensure a successful and memorable event for all participants and attendees.

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Various committees and their responsibilities.

• Publicity Committee-   Main responsibility of this committee is to advertise events. The committee publically announce the event date and the venue.
• Transportation Committee- Responsible for managing the transportation of athletes, officials, and other participants to and from the venue. They coordinate with transport providers, plan transport routes, and ensure that the transport arrangements are efficient and safe.
• Boarding and lodging committee-   Responsible for arranging accommodation and meals for the athletes, officials, and other participants in the event.
• Grounds and equipment committee-  Responsible for preparing and maintaining the playing surface and equipment for the event. They ensure that the grounds are safe and suitable for the sport and that the equipment is in good condition.
• Decoration and ceremony committee- Responsible for decoration of sports arena or stadium. They create a festive atmosphere for the event and manage the opening, victory, and closing ceremonies. Also, the committee make arrangements for trophies, medals and certificates.
• Committee for refreshments and entertainment- supplying food and beverages to everyone and responsible for providing entertainment for the participants and spectators during the event.
• Reception Committee-  Responsible for welcoming the athletes, officials, Chief Guests, and other participants to the event. They manage the reception area and ensure that the participants receive a warm welcome.
• Committee on Entries and Programs-  Responsible for managing the registration process for the participants and preparing the event programs. it also organizes games, makes fixtures of teams participating in the tournaments
• Committee for officials- this committee selects various officials like referees, judges, etc. and trains them for the event. They ensure that the officials are knowledgeable about the sport and the rules and regulations of the event.
• First aid committee-  Responsible for providing medical support to the participants during the event. The committee is headed by well-equipped doctors.  They manage the first aid stations and ensure that the medical personnel are available in case of emergencies.
• Finance Committee- Responsible for managing the budget of the event. They prepare the budget, allocate funds to different areas of the event, and ensure that the expenses are within the budget. 
• Announcement committee- responsible for making various announcements during sports meet or games. They manage the public address system and ensure that the participants and spectators receive important information about the event.

Pre, During and Post-tournament - Responsibilities of the committee

Pre tournament responsibilities.

• To prepare the proper budget for the tournament/event. 
• To prepare the schedule and programs for the tournament
• To form various committees for various tasks
• To send information to various teams about the date and venue of the tournament.
• To make arrangements regarding boarding and lodging of the players during the tournament.
• To decide and arrange the prize, certificates, and medals for winners
• Prepare the ground/tracks for the sports tournament and arrange the equipment required.
• To send the entry forms timely.

During Tournament Responsibilities

• To ensure proper arrangements regarding the inauguration of the sports tournament
• Make sure sports grounds/tracks are in order.
• Maintain discipline
• Ensure that tournament is being organized according to the schedule
• Make necessary announcements regarding the process of the tournament
• Impart first aid to injured
• Prepare proper scorecard
• Update information on the media channels
• Arrange refreshments for the players and officials.

Post Tournament Responsibilities

• Provide detailed results to media
• To give prizes to the winners
• Present mementoes to the chief guest and other special guests
• Return the security fund to the teams 
• Collect all records related to the tournament
• Make payments to every official and pay other charges
• Make a Report on expenses.

Human beings have been competing with each other since the Stone Age. Competing is a natural tendency of humans. Tournaments are conducted to provide a platform for players to show their skills and capabilities. Tournaments are also a source of entertainment for many people.

Importance of Tournaments

• Improves performance of a players 
• Helps in selecting players for higher Tournaments
• A great source of entertainment
• Promotes national integrity and international  unity
• Gives players a platform to show their skills to the world.
• Competitive feeling

Method of Preparing Fixture in Knock-out Tournament (Bye and Seeding)

Essential points for a knock-out tournament.

• The total no. of teams participating in the tournament.
• Total no. of matches.
• The total no. of rounds.
• The no. of teams in each half or quarter.
• The total number of byes.
• The no. of byes in each half.

Seeding Method  

The procedure of Fixtures in the League Tournament

Intramural is derived from the Latin words 'Intra' meaning 'within' and 'Muralis' meaning 'walls'.

The activities that are performed within the campus of an institution are intramural activities.

The objectives of intramurals are as follows

1. To provide incentives, motivation, and opportunities to learn various skills.

2. To develop sportsman spirit among students.

3. To help in the recreation of the students.

4. To improve social interaction among the students.

The significance of intramurals is as follows

1. It improves the sense of citizenship and adult living.

2. It helps in the selection of teams for participation in extramural tournaments.

3. It brings out the hidden talent of the students.

4. It develops leadership qualities in students.

5. It creates a recreational atmosphere among the teachers and students.

Extramural is derived from the Latin words 'Extra' meaning 'outside' and 'Muralis' meaning 'walls'.

The activities that are performed outside the campus of an institution are Extramural activities. These are also called inter-school competitions.

The objectives of extramural are 1. To improve the standard of sports. 2. To provide experience to students. 3. To develop sportsmanship and fraternity. 4. To broaden the base of sports. 5. To provide knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques.

The significance of extramural is as follows 1. They provide recreational opportunities for the campus community. 2. They give positive experiences, regardless of race, nationality, age, and gender. 3. They provide an opportunity to develop motor skills which will be beneficial throughout life. 4. They develop important values and skills such as self-esteem, social skills, sportsmanship, and self-motivation. 5. They allow relaxation from strenuous schoolwork and the rapid pace of modern living.

Community sports program

MCQ Questions for Physical Education Class 12 

Notes of Physical Education - Class 12 - Latest Syllabus

Chapter 1 - management of sporting events chapter 2 - children and women in sports chapter 3 - yoga as preventive measure for lifestyle disease chapter 4 - physical education & sports for cwsn (children with special needs - divyang) chapter 5 - sports & nutrition chapter 6 - test & measurement in sports chapter 7 - physiology & injuries in sports chapter 8-  biomechanics & sports chapter 9 - psychology & sports  chapter 10- training in sports, contact form.

Management of Sporting Events Class 12 Notes

Teachers and Examiners ( CBSESkillEduction ) collaborated to create the Management of Sporting Events Class 12 Notes . All the important Information are taken from the NCERT Textbook Physical Education (048) class 1 2.

What is Sports Events Management?

Sport event managers deal with a wide range of problems associated with planning, organizing, staffing, directing & controlling, and executing sporting events.

Managers of sporting events are in charge of organizing and carrying out every detail. They work hard at every level to make sure that every event runs smoothly and that viewers are interested, from neighborhood fundraisers and school sports to the top leagues and international contests.

Functions of Management –

Planning – Planning is the process of creating a strategy to accomplish goals, address issues, and enable action. Even some impossible tasks can be accomplished in the world of games and sports with the aid of effective preparation.

Organizing – Organizing role includes making arrangements for hospitality management, including lodging, food and drink, hostesses, etc. and contacting sponsors. Simply said, organisation is carrying out the event within the parameters established by planning.

Staffing – The process of selecting qualified candidates for managing the particular event is known as staffing. Staffing refers to the process of hiring new employees after assessing their qualifications and assigning them specific job tasks in accordance.

Directing – Directing personnel is a leadership quality, and includes letting staff know what needs to be done, and also by when. It includes supervision of personnel while simultaneously motivating them.

Controlling – Control is a management function that aids in error detection and the implementation of corrective measures. This is done to reduce departure from standards and make that the organization’s stated goals are met in the desired way.

Formation of Committees

Numerous committees are formed to organize any sporting event to ensure a methodical and organized process. The creation of committees must be based on the top, medium, and lower levels of management. People are selected for the appropriate committees based on the sport’s level or location.

Organization Committee

The organizing committee, sometimes known as the “OC,” is the group of individuals designated to manage and carry out the competition and all events leading up to it. This group may also include any additional authorized individuals.

Various Committees & their Responsibilities

There are 4 committees under an organization committee.

Technical Committee

This committee handles the technical aspects of the events, such as requests for the purchase of sporting goods and the timely completion of matches by officials who have been chosen for their different games and sports (referees, umpires, judges, timekeepers, etc.).

a. Pre-sports event/ tournament – Before the event, it is the responsibility of the Technical Committee to present a request for equipment purchases, an invitation and confirmation from officials to conduct a sporting event.

b. During sports event/ tournament – The Technical Committee is in charge of organizing matches, hosting the jury, maintaining the fields’ cleanliness and layout, gathering score sheets and other pertinent paperwork from officials.

c. Post sports event/ tournament – The Technical Committee makes arrangements for the fields’ maintenance, cleaning, and layout once the event is done, as well as for the return of all equipment to storage.

Finance Committee

The Finance Committee’s primary responsibility is to oversee the event’s finances. The committee’s main areas of attention are finalizing sponsorship, monitoring money coming in and going out, buying equipment and other necessities for running the event, and paying officials.

a. Pre sports event/ tournament – The Finance Committee is in charge of establishing the budget, buying sports equipment, stationery, medals, certificates, and other requirements as requested by the other committees before the event.

b. During sports event/ tournament – The Finance Committee monitors the inflow and outflow of funds, as well as the payment and compensation of officials, throughout the course of the event.

c. Post sports event/ tournament – Once the event is over, the Finance Committee examines all records related to settlement of the bills and accounts, and prepares the financial report.

Marketing Committee

The Marketing Committee creates plans and strategies to market the event with the aim of attracting sponsorships and media attention. Publicity can be carried out using a variety of platforms, including social media, print media, television, email, etc.

a. Pre sports event/ tournament – The Marketing Committee develops a plan for recruiting sponsors, promoting the event, setting up meetings or making calls to potential sponsors, creating memorandums of understanding for potential sponsors, etc.

b. During sports event/ tournament – The Marketing Committee makes arrangements for the event to be televised, produces press releases, works with the media, administers communication channels, and fulfils sponsor needs as per MoUs.

c. Post sports event/ tournament – Once the event is over, the Committee issues a press release, and may arrange for a re-telecast of the event.

Logistics Committee

This committee’s duties are more varied and include everything from providing transportation, boarding, and accommodation to providing refreshments, decorating the venue, and overseeing the event’s ceremonies.

a. Pre sports event/ tournament – The Logistics Committee is responsible for organizing the placement, arrangement, and ordering of stationery, chairs, tables, souvenirs, light and sound equipment, bouquets, invitations to stakeholders.

b. During sports event/ tournament – While the event is in progress, the Logistics Committee is responsible for the conduct of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, checking registration, distribution of refreshment, management of spectators, handing over of medals and certificates.

c. Post sports event/ tournament – After the event, the Logistics Committee supervises cleaning of the venue, and placing of the items back in their appointed places.

The programme detailing which team will play whom, where, and when is referred to as a fixture. ‘Fixture is a process of arrangement the team in systematic order in various groups for competitive fights for physical activity’.

Knock-Out (Bye & Seeding)

Knock-Out tournaments helps to manage the team, In knock-Out the losing team will be automatically eliminated from the competition. This type of tournament winners team will continue in the competition and losing team will be eliminated from the tournament. Teams may be awarded a “bye” or be seeded if the number of competitors or competing teams is not a multiple of 2 (i.e., 4, 8, 16, etc.).

Bye – A bye in sports refers to the preferred standing of a player or team who advances without having to face an opponent in the first round of a tournament. Teams are typically given a bye by the organizing committee if they are unable to play a round for one of the following reasons –

• Uneven distribution of teams in tournament
• Separate pooling of previous winners in same group to create even competition.
• To avoid one team from playing more matches on a single day than the other

Seeding – The process of seeding involves placing strong teams in games so that they do not play against each other at the tournament’s opening.

League Tournament or Round Robin Fixture

In League or Round Robin Tournament each team has to play once with all the remaining teams of the tournament. The league tournament is known as round robin tournament. Regardless matter whether they win or lose, each team competes in its own zone. One team wins the inter-zonal or group tournament after all the zonal winning teams rematch in league play.

Here, we will study two types of methods to fix the team in league tournament namely Cyclic Method and Stair Case Method:

Cyclic Method

In the circular method, one team will be fixed in place while the other is rotated to finish the cycle. If teams are even-numbered, the first scenario may occur; if teams are odd-numbered, the second scenario may occur. Let’s examine the proper fixture placement in these two scenarios.

Even number of teams in tournament does not require giving of any bye to any team and to find out number of rounds, formula will be number of teams – 1. Total number of teams= 6 Total number of rounds = 6–1 = 5

In order to draw fixture for odd number of teams one bye will be given to one team in one round and in next round another team will get a bye. Rounds in the tournament will remain the same. Total number of teams = 7 Total number of rounds = 7

Staircase Method

In the staircase method, one team will be put on the top step and will compete against all the other teams in the tournament. The next team down will be fixed to compete against the other remaining teams, and so on.

Here, we’ll look at the Cyclic Method and the Stair Case Method, two different ways to fix a team for a league tournament:

Cyclic Method – In the circular method, one team will be fixed in place while the other is rotated to finish the cycle. If teams are even-numbered, the first scenario may occur; if teams are odd-numbered, the second scenario may occur. Let’s examine the proper fixture placement in these two scenarios.

Staircase Method – In the staircase method, one team will be put on the top step and will compete against all the other teams in the tournament. The next team down will be fixed to compete against the other remaining teams, and so on.

Physical Education Class 12 Notes and Syllabus

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CBSE NCERT Notes Class 12 Physical Education Chapter 1 Management of Sporting Events

1. Management of Sporting Events

Introduction:

The management of sporting events plays a crucial role in ensuring their success and smooth execution. It involves various tasks and responsibilities, ranging from planning and organizing to implementation and evaluation. In this chapter, we will explore the key components and processes involved in the management of sporting events.

I. Understanding Sporting Events:

A. Definition of Sporting Events:

– This section defines sporting events and highlights their significance in promoting sportsmanship, competition, and community engagement. It explains the various types of sporting events, including local, national, and international competitions.

B. Importance of Effective Management:

– Here, we discuss the importance of effective management in sporting events, emphasizing the need for meticulous planning, efficient organization, and seamless coordination to create a memorable experience for participants and spectators.

II. Pre-Event Planning:

A. Defining Objectives and Goals:

– This subsection focuses on the initial step of event planning, which involves defining clear objectives and goals for the sporting event. It discusses the importance of setting realistic and measurable goals to guide the planning and execution process.

B. Budgeting and Resource Allocation:

– Here, we delve into the financial aspect of event planning, including budgeting and resource allocation. It explains the importance of estimating costs, securing funding or sponsorships, and allocating resources effectively to ensure a well-managed event.

C. Venue Selection and Logistics:

– This section covers the process of selecting an appropriate venue for the sporting event, considering factors such as capacity, accessibility, amenities, and suitability for the specific sport. It also explores logistics planning, including transportation, accommodation, and facilities management.

III. Event Organization and Execution:

A. Event Promotion and Marketing:

– This subsection discusses strategies for promoting and marketing the sporting event to attract participants and spectators. It explores various channels, such as social media, traditional advertising, and collaborations with media partners, to generate awareness and excitement.

B. Participant Registration and Management:

– Here, we focus on the registration process for participants, including online registration platforms, documentation requirements, and participant management systems. It highlights the importance of ensuring a smooth and efficient registration process to enhance the participant experience.

C. Event Staffing and Volunteer Management:

– This section addresses the recruitment and management of event staff and volunteers. It emphasizes the significance of training, assigning roles and responsibilities, and providing necessary support to ensure a competent and motivated team.

D. Event Operations and Logistics:

– Here, we delve into the operational aspects of the sporting event, including scheduling, equipment procurement and maintenance, safety measures, and medical support. It emphasizes the need for effective coordination and contingency planning to address any unforeseen circumstances.

IV. Post-Event Evaluation and Analysis:

A. Evaluation of Event Success:

– This subsection focuses on evaluating the success of the sporting event by assessing key performance indicators, participant feedback, and financial outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of gathering data and feedback to identify areas of improvement and celebrate achievements.

B. Documentation and Reporting:

– Here, we discuss the importance of documenting the event’s outcomes, financial reports, and other relevant documentation for future reference and reporting purposes. It highlights the significance of maintaining accurate records and transparent reporting.

Conclusion:

Effective management is vital for the success of sporting events. By understanding the key components of event management, including pre-event planning, organization and execution, and post-event evaluation, event organizers can ensure a seamless and memorable experience for participants and spectators. The careful planning, coordination, and evaluation of sporting events contribute to the growth of sports, community engagement, and the overall development of athletes.

CBSE NCERT Class 12 Physical Education Chapter 1 Management of Sporting Events Chapter Notes, Revision Notes, Chapter Summary, Notes PDF, CBSE, NCERT.

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Latest Class 12 Physical Education Notes 2023

Class 12 physical education notes.

We have provided here class 12 physical education notes, cbse class 12 Physical education notes, taught in school focuses on developing physical fitness and the ability to perform and enjoy day-to-day physical activities with ease. 

Click Below To Learn All Chapter Notes

• Class 12 Physical Education Syllabus 
• Chapter 1: Management of Sporting Events
• Chapter 2: Children and women in sports
• Chapter 3: Yoga and lifestyle 
• Chapter 4: Physical Education and sports for CWSN
• Chapter 5: Sports & Nutrition
• Chapter 6: Test and measurement in sports
• Chapter 7: Physiology and Injuries in sports
• Chapter 8: Biomechanics and sports
• Chapter 9: Psychology and sports 
• Chapter 10: Training in Sports

Students develop skills that are necessary to participate in a wide range of activities http://www.examlabs.com/ , such as soccer, basketball, or swimming. 

PE classes prepare students to be physically and mentally active, fit, and healthy. An effective physical program must include engaging lessons, trained P.E. teachers, adequate instructional periods, and student evaluation.

In this article, we have provided class 12 physical education notes. This physical education class 12 notes will help all CBSE students who have opted for PE as the main subject or an additional subject.

Students will also get physical education class 12 notes pdf from which they can study anytime even without internet connection.

This class 12 physical education notes have been made by expert PE teachers who are well versed about the whole CBSE class 12 PE syllabus

We have written all physical education class 12 notes Chapter wise for Revision. This class 12 Revision notes will definitely help students to get good marks in their exams.

All notes are written in English from the latest edition of ncert book. Before exams, most of the students are stressed about their board exams. That’s why we have provided the best PE class 12 notes for the benefit of class 12 students.

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CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Notes

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Management of Sporting Event -Physical Education(048) CBSE Class 12 notes

1. Functions of Sports Events Management (Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing & Controlling)

In sports, planning is essential since it provides insight into future strategies. A plan must be precise, rational, adaptable, comprehensive, and help manage future events in order to be effective. A strategy needs to take into account all the other management duties, such as staffing, organizing, directing, and managing, in order to meet the pre-established objectives.

When it comes to sports and sporting events, preparation is crucial to a successful, conflict-free outcome. A precise definition of the event’s aims, goals, and objectives is necessary for effective planning. It should also use straightforward language to describe the process or strategy for achieving the goal.

After planning, comes organizing. It’s the process of carrying out the plan.This entails allocating resources and setting up staff in order to meet the objectives decided upon during the planning phase. The organizing step establishes the kinds of tasks and accountability needed to meet planned goals. At this point, an organization chart should be created with the various positions and reporting lines highlighted.

In order to accomplish the goals and objectives of a business, it is important to identify critical staff positions and make sure that the right talent is performing that particular job duty. Qualified employees are selected and recruited during this procedure. This stage also includes orientation, training, and professional development after employing staff. In order to keep new hires aware of the objectives of the organization, orientation introduces them about the nature, purposes, and policies of events. At this point, a variety of training programs are run to give the staff professional training. At sporting events, hiring workers should be done in accordance with the needs of the organization. Example, the apex post may be for Director of the event, in second line Deputy Director and then Assistant Director of Sports event may be created.

One aspect of good leadership is being able to direct others, which includes communicating to employees what has to be done, by whom, and by when. It involves encouraging and supervising staff members at the same time. Planning or organizing is useless without direction. Its purpose is to lead, motivate, and teach others to achieve the objectives of the organization.

Controlling

Any procedure that managers design to keep an eye on performance is referred to as controlling. It entails setting performance benchmarks, gauging real performance, and comparing the results to look for anomalies. Controlling is a crucial managerial role that entails giving instructions to staff members and making sure those instructions are followed. Any sports event must be successfully organized by following the guidelines provided to committee members in order to achieve the shared objective of, in this case, organizing a sports event. To guarantee the effective and efficient use of resources, higher order management personnel exercise control over lower order personnel.

Various Committees & their Responsibilities (pre; during & post)

Committees are formed to ensure the orderly and seamless organization of any sporting event. As we’ve already covered, expert planning and preparation are essential for organizing sporting events. Three layers of management should serve as the foundation for committee formation: upper, middle, and lower levels. Appropriate individuals are selected for various committee staffing roles based on the level or nature of the sporting event. For instance, in an intramural event, the Principal or members of the governing body will continue to be in charge, but in an extramural event, the state/zone supervisor, director, or deputy director may have that position. They prepare the sports event’s policies, goals, and objectives. Department heads, physical education teachers, and other staff members make up the middle level of management, which is responsible for carrying out policies and achieving goals. The members of the lower management tier are the financial officers, teachers, and administrators etc. They carry out the highest level’s orders and directions.

Technical Committee

This committee handles the technical aspects of the events, such as placing orders for sporting goods and assigning officials (referees, umpires, judges, timekeepers, etc.) to games and sports to ensure that matches are played on time.

Pre-sports event/tournament: The Technical Committee is responsible for submitting a request for equipment purchase, inviting and obtaining confirmation from officials to hold a sports event, cleaning and organizing the fields, setting up equipment and stationary, organizing the fixtures, and creating the rules and regulations for the sports event prior to the event.

During a sporting event or competition: The Technical Committee is in charge of running the matches, having the jury present, setting up the fields, collecting score sheets and other pertinent paperwork from officials, creating the merit list, and other tasks.

Post event/tournament: Following the completion of the competition, the Technical Committee makes plans for field care, cleaning, and equipment storage.

Finance Committee

The Finance Committee’s main responsibility is to oversee the event’s finances. It is involved in all financial aspects of the sporting event, including scheduling, bookkeeping, making decisions, etc. The committee’s main priorities include concluding sponsorship, monitoring financial input and outflow, buying equipment and other supplies needed to run the event, and paying officials. It is the foundation of the athletic competition. It makes proposals to various businesses in an effort to get them to sponsor the event.

Pre-sports event/tournament: The Finance Committee is in charge of creating the budget, buying sports gear, stationery, medals, certificates, and any other items requested by the other committees, as well as drafting and completing the Memorandum of Understanding with sponsors.

During -Sports event/tournament: The Finance Committee monitors the influx and outflow of funds, as well as the payment and compensation of officials, throughout the event.

Post- sporting event or competition: The Finance Committee creates the financial report and reviews all documentation pertaining to the accounts and bill payment.

Marketing Committee

In order to place the event in the market and attract sponsorships and media attention, the Marketing Committee creates plans and tactics. Publicity can be distributed via a variety of platforms, including social media, print media, television, email, and so on. Sponsorship can be earned in-kind or financially by forming relationships with media outlets, restaurants, and beverage companies, among other businesses, by cold calling and other means. The marketing committee also plans event-related initiatives.

Pre sporting event or competition, the marketing committee creates a plan for securing sponsorships, publicizing the occasion, setting up meetings or approaching potential sponsors, drafting memorandums of understanding for sponsorships, etc.

During a sporting event or competition, the marketing committee makes arrangements for the event to be televised, works with the media, controls communication channels, satisfies sponsor needs in accordance with memorandums of understanding, and produces press releases.

Post sporting event or competition, the Committee may plan for a re-telecast of the event in addition to issuing a press statement.

Logistics Committee

This committee’s duties cover a wider range of tasks, such as organizing transportation, boarding, and accommodation as well as providing refreshments, decorating, and leading ceremony for the event. Depending on what’s needed, this committee may have multiple subcommittees. The Logistics Committee handles the Opening Ceremony, hires a photographer or cameraman, and plans the Victory Ceremony and Closing Ceremony, including food, decorations, entertainment, lighting, sound, and medical aspects, among other things.

Pre sporting event or competition, the Logistics Committee is responsible for overseeing the placement, arrangement, and procurement of stationery, seats, tables, gifts, light and sound equipment, bouquets, sending out invitations to stakeholders, such as other schools and institutions and VIP visitors, ordering the purchase of certificates and medications, setting up refreshments, booking boarding and lodging, choosing volunteers, assembling a first aid kit, and setting up medical facilities.

During a sporting event or competition: The Logistics Committee is in charge of organizing the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, verifying registration, serving refreshments, supervising spectators, awarding medals and certificates, and transporting players and participants from their lodging to the field and back.

Post-sports event/tournament: Following the competition, the Logistics Committee is in charge of tidying up the area and returning everything to its proper locations.

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What is sports management in physical education class 12?

Sports management in physical education class 12 introduces management concepts and principles as they relate to sports and physical education in the 12th-grade curriculum, aiming to provide students with a foundational understanding of managing sports activities in an educational context.

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Planning in Sports class 12 Notes Physical Education

Meaning and objectives of planning:.

Planning is an intellectual process of thinking in advance about setting of goals and developing strategies which are requires to attain the goals efficiently.

Meaning and objectives of planning:  “Planning is a way to systematize, direct and organize the events or competitions and extract the advantage and benefit of the available resources.”

“Planning is the process of making a sequence of work for a future line of action”

The success of Physical education programs depends upon efficient staffing, food, direction, proper control, well super vision, good co-ordination and minimize the chances of lapses.

Objectives of planning:

a. To keep control over all activities which suggests that planning & control are connected with each other.

b. it also helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.

c. b. Reduce the chances of mistake

d. It suggests programmes can be conducted with proper coordination with least mistakes rather focusing on success.

e. To promote innovative ideas.

f. To provide direction towards the goal

g. To reduce undue pressure

h.To provide proper co-ordination among the committees.

i.To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve efficiency.

k.To reduce the chances of mistakes.

l.To increase the creativity.

m.To enhance the sports performance.

n.To protect existing facilities.

o.Provide new facilities to meet demand.

p.Helps in decision making.

Various committees and responsibilities:

Different committees work together for the smooth conduct of the sports events.The various committees are:

(ì) Technical Committee: This committee is responsible for the technical conduct or the Emmis. This committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, starters, umpires, time keepers etc.

(ii) Transport Committee;This committee is responsible for providing the facilities regarding transportation of various teams If the venue of sports events.

(ììì) Reception Committee: The members of this committee are responsible to welcome the Chief Guest and spectators at opening and closing ceremonies.

(ìv) Boarding and Lodging Committee: This committee is responsible for making necessary arrangements for providing accommodation and serving meals to the sportspersons Abel other officials,

(v) Ground and Equipment Committee :This committee males necessary arrangements of equipment related to events.

(vi) Medical and First Aid Committee: This committee i5 Formed to provide medical assistance. e to participants round the clock

(vii) Protest Committee :it’s protest against a judgment, the members of this committee decide about it.

(viii) Publicity Committee: All the press releases and press conferences are conflicted by Who’s committee.

(ix) Finance Committee: This committee is assigned to make the budget for the event and handle the expenses.

(x) Refreshment Committee :This committee is formed to profile refreshment to the participants.

Tournaments:

A tournament is a competition involving relatively large number of competitors, all participating in a sports or game. It is a series of contests with several rounds in which many contestants compete, individually or as a team to decide the winner. In other words, tournament is a series of contests in which a number of contestants compete and the one that prevails through the final round or that finishes with the best record is declared the winner.

1.3 Tournament: A series of sports competitions, in which, a team finally wins and rest of the participating teams lose the matches. It depends on various factors i.e… – No. of participating teams, availability of grounds and equipment, No. of days and funds.

Importance of tournaments are –

Source of Recreation; A large number of people go to watch various games and sports for getting recreation. Sports tournaments provide ample recreation to the spectators. Development of Social Qualities: Social qualities such as cooperation, tolerance, sympathy, group cohesion, brotherhood and discipline are developed among participants through sports tournaments.

Importance of tournament

• The sportsman learns the discipline by playing tournaments.
• The sportsman meets other sportsman at a single platform.
• He learns ethical values such as honesty, fair play, respect for others.
• Tournaments provides recreation to all, i.e… organizers, spectators, students.

Type of tournament:

• Knock out: In this type of tournament, the team once defeated, gets eliminated from the tournament. Only the winning teams contest in the next rounds. Opportunities are given to the winning players/teams.
• League: In single league tournament all participating teams compete once, with each other, where as in double league, each team plays with every as in double league, each team plays with every other team twice, without any consideration of victory or defeat.
• Combination Tournaments: Combination tournaments are organized in group or zonal matches. Whenever there is a large number of teams, combination tournaments facilitate the Physical Education Teachers, job. It gives them elbow room to try out new experiments.
• There are mainly four types of combination tournaments:

1. Knock out cum Knock out

2. League cum league

3. Knock out cum league

4. League cum Knock out

• Challenge Tournament : This type of tournament comes handy when there are one to one contests or there are two players on each side. One player challenges the other and the other player accepts the challenge. Games in which such tournaments are held are – Boxing, Tennis, Table Tennis, Badminton etc

Fixtures in such tournaments are decided according to :

1. Ladder Method

2. Physical Method

3. Cobweb Method

Various types of tournaments are

(í) Knock-out tournament

(ii)League tournament

(iii) Combination tournament

(iv) Challenge tournament

Knock out tournaments:

In knock out tournaments, the teams which gets eliminated gets automatically eliminated from the tournament.

In this type of tournament, if a team is defeated once, it gets eliminated. Only the winners continue in the competition. It is the fastest method to know about the winner team in the tournament.

Seeding a Team:- The sorting of the teams and fitting them in the fixtures so that the stronger teams do not meet each other in earlier rounds is known as Seeding. This method is good if we know the real strong teams. The organizers should find out the real strong teams from the previous tournaments or old records figure starting a new tournament.

Bye is a privilege given to a team, genre by drawing lots, exempting it from plays first   round.Planning in Sports class 12 Notes Physical Education

Bye:- The advantage given to a team usually by drawing a lot, and exempting it from paying a match in the first round is known as Bye. These are given to a specific number of teams in the first round. The number of byes are decided by subtracting the number of teams from the next higher number which is in power of two’s.

The procedure of giving byes is as follows:

• The first bye is given to last team of lower half.
• The second bye is given to first team of upper half.
• The third bye is given to first team of lower half
• The fourth bye if given to last team of upper half.
• The next bye or byes will be given in the same order as described above.

Advantages of knock out tournament:

• These are less expensive.
• Helpful in enhancing standard of sports.
• It requires less time to complete the tournament.
• Minimum no. of officials are required.

Disadvantages of knock out tournament:

• There are many chances of elimination of good teams in preliminary rounds.
• There are many chances of weak teams to enter in the final round.
• Spectators may not have enough interest in the final round.

Methods of Preparing Fixtures for Knock-out Tournaments:-

1 . Total number of teams participating in the tournament 2. Total number of matches to be played in the tournament Formula for calculating number of matches=n-1,where n is the total number of teams participating in the tournament.

3. Total number of rounds played in the tournament depends upon two things:-

4 . Method of determining the number of teams in upper half and lower half:- a . If he number of teams is even, then equal number of teams will be divided in both halves i.e…- n/2,where n is the total number of teams. b. If the number of teams is odd, the following method is applied: Number of teams in upper half=(n+1)/2,where n=number of teams. Number of teams in lower half=(n-1)/2,where n=number of teams

5 . The number of byes is a knock-out tournament are decided by subtracting total number of teams from the next higher nearest number in power of two’s

Draw a knock out fixture of 17 teams?

No. of teams = 17,

Total No. of matches = N-1 = 17-1 = 16

No. of teams in upper half N+1/2 = 17+ 1 = 9

No. of teams in lower half N-1/2 = 17 – 1 = 8

Total no. of byes = 32- 17 =15 byes,

No. of byes in upper half = NB-1/2 = 15 – 1 = 7

No. of byes in lower half = NB + 1/2 = 15 + 1 = 8

Total rounds = 4

League tournament:

In this type each team plays with every otgher team once if it is a single league tournament and each team plays with every other team twice if it is a double league tournament.

Cyclic method:

In cyclic method, If the number of teams is in even number, the team number 1 is fixed on the top of right-hand side and then other team numbers in ascending order consecutively downward and then upward on the left-hand side and then from the next round teams will rotate in clockwise direction. If the number of teams is odd then the bye is fixed on the top of right hand side and rest of the procedure will remain same. If the number of team is even number than number of rounds will be (N-1).  If the number of teams is odd number then number of rounds will be equal to number of teams.

Fixture- No of matches=n(n-1)/2 = 8(8-1)/2 =28

No. of rounds=N-1= 8-1=7

Fixture- Cyclic method

( b ) Cyclic Method : In cyclic method, if the number of teams is even, the team number 1 is fixed on the top of right-hand side and other teams in ascending order consecutively downward and then upward on the left side and rotate them clockwise. If the number of teams is odd, then bye is fixed on top right side and the rest procedure remains same. The number of rounds in case of even number of teams will be n -1, where n = number of teams. The number of rounds in case of odd number of teams will be n, where n = number of teams.

Example 1. Draw a fixture of 6 teams on league basis according to cyclic method.

Solution : Total number of teams = 6

1.4 B. Method for draw of fixture in league tournament:-

( a ) Stair-case Method : In stair-case method, the fixtures are made just like a ladder or a stair- case. In this method, no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of even or odd number of teams.

Example : Draw a fixture of 9 teams on league basis according to stair-case method.

Combination tournaments are conducted when the matches are to be played on group basis or zonal basis. These tournaments depend on the suitability of the activity, the number of participating teams and the areas and distance from which they come to participate. Depending upon the number of teams in each zone and the availability of time, he tournament can be organized on the basis of knockout or league and after that national level tournament can also be conducted either on knockout or league basis.

1.5 A INTRAMURAL AND EXTRAMURAL: MEANING, OBJECTIVES AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Meaning of Intramural:-

Intramural is derived from the Latin word’ Intra” and “muralist’.”Intra” means “within” and “Muralist” means ‘Waif .So we can say that the activities, which are performed within the walls or within the campus of an institution ,are called ‘Intramural”.

The intramural sports means competitions within the walls or within the school, i.e. being or occurring within the limits usually of a community, organization, or institution. This programme offers the school community the opportunity to participate in organized sports competition. The rules of the games/ sports are modified accordingly, if needed.

Objectives of Intramural:-

• To provide opportunity to every student to participate in Games and Sports
• To develop Leadership Qualities among students
• To develop Feeling of Cooperation
• To provide Recreation
• To develop the Feeling of Sportsmanship
• To provide opportunity to learn a variety of games and Skills
• To provide opportunity to get Experience of Organization of Competitions
• To find out talented Sport persons
• To provide opportunity to Develop personality

Extramurals:

Extramural sports satisfy the need for structured sports activities between students from various schools, organizations, or institutions. Extramural means competitions outside walls or boundaries, as of a city or town or a university. These tournaments will be organized on a zonal, regional, state or national basis.eg. CBSE tournaments, SGFI tournaments etc.

B. EXTRAMURAL:-

Extramural is derived from the Latin words “Extra” and “Waif”. So, we can say that the activities which are performed outside the walls of an institution or school, are known as “extramural”.

Objectives of extramural:

• To provide Experience to Students
• To improve the Standard of Sports
• To broaden the Base of Sports
• To develop Sportsmanship and Fraternity
• To provide knowledge of New Rules and Advanced Techniques

Significance of intramurals and extramurals:

• Helps in providing the ways and means for the development self esteem, citizenship, responsibility, sportsmanship, and skills in co-operative behavior.
• Helps in providing take part in activities that encourages active participation, enjoyment, and fun without external pressure or reward.
• Helps in providing to reinforce the concept that winning is less important than preparing to win. Losing should not be the same as failure, nor success the same as winning.
• Helps in providing to determine participation by interest rather than skill, not limiting activities to the gifted or early maturing athlete.
• Helps in providing opportunities for students and expose them to a wide variety of sports, skills and activities so that the may refine interest and make choices to suit their personal abilities and needs.
• Helps in providing opportunities for students, faculty, and staff to actively engage in activities involving sports, recreation, and play while providing structure for an experimental education.

1.6 SPECIFIC SPORTS PROGRAM MME

Sports and games programs are arranged in the world as well as in our country to promote the games and sports for a specific cause. Every country in the world has some or other cause for promoting specific sports programs. The programs motivate and create the feeling to take part in these sports programs. People become health-conscious and try to remain fit and stay healthy for as long as possible. These specific sports programs are usually organized by the federations, state government, NGO etc. to create health consciousness among the people and take part in health-related sports programs. More and more people of all age groups should take part in such sports programs. Specific sports programmes are such programmes of sports which are not usually related to competitions. These programmes have various objectives such as creating awareness among peoples regarding unity, health & diseases etc.

The various important specific programs are:-

l. SPORTS DAY– A. School–Annual Sports Day B. NATIONAL SPORTS DAY

2. HEALTH RUN: these are organised by health departments to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along with raising funds for charity. 3. RUN FOR FUN: It is also organised to spread the message among masses to remain healthy and fit. It may be organised to motivate the people to remain fit. 4. RUN FOR UNITY: It is organised to show unity and peace among the people of different religions. Its purpose may be national and international integration and brotherhood. 5. RUN FOR SPECIFIC CAUSE: This is the run related to specific or noble cause. Most of the social non- profit organisations organises these runs for creating awareness about AIDS, Educating the girl child, Cancer, etc. Mumbai and Chennai Marathons are organised for such noble purpose.

CBSE Class 12 Revision Notes Download – in PDF 

Planning in Sports class 12 Notes Physical Education CBSE quick revision note for class-12 Physical Education, Chemistry, Math’s, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.

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10 thoughts on “Planning in Sports Class 12 Notes Physical Education”

nice and very helpful.

You need describe conclusion after ending the chapter.

Help for study. Little bit smell mistake and please correct it .

help for study

Good notes.THANKS!

where i can get them in hindi?

It is very helpful for us and this is amazing thank u so much for providing this notes

It was nice. But could plz you update it according to. new syllabus

it was cool but make it according to new syllabus plzzzz

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physical Education

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physical Education term wise split up of syllabus in PDF file format updated for academic session 2024-25, Important notes on Physical Education Class 12 (+2) and Important questions with answers in English Medium & Hindi Medium. Chapter wise Class 12 Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1. Planning in Sports Chapter 2. Sports and Nutrition Chapter 3. Yoga and Lifestyle Chapter 4. Physical Education and Sports for CWSN Chapter 5. Children and Women in Sports Chapter 6. Test and Measurement in Sports Chapter 7. Physiology and Injuries in Sports Chapter 8. Biomechanics and Sports Chapter 9. Psychology and Sports Chapter 10. Training in Sports Questions from CBSE previous year papers with 1 mark, 3 marks and 5 marks with answers according to latest CBSE Syllabus of NCERT / CBSE & Board papers solutions are now available to study online.

Class 12 Physical Education Chapters for First Term Exam 2024-25

Chapter 1: Planning in Sports

Chapter 2: Sports and Nutrition

Chapter 5: Children and Women in Sports

Chapter 6: Test and Measurement in Sports

Chapter 8: Biomechanics and Sports

Class 12 Physical Education Chapters for Second Term Exam 2024-25

Chapter 3: Yoga and Lifestyle

• Chapter 4: Physical Education and Sports for CWSN

Chapter 7: Physiology and Injuries in Sports

Chapter 9: Psychology and Sports

Chapter 10: Training in Sports

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physical Education with notes and important questions in PDF file format to free download are given below for new academic year 2024-25. Download NCERT Books and CBSE Class 12 Solutions apps based on new CBSE Syllabus. Ask your doubts related to NIOS board or CBSE, through Discussion Forum and reply to your friends and other users.

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Chapter 1 Planning in Sports Notes Class 12 Physical Education

Please refer to Chapter 1 Planning in Sports Notes Class 12 Physical Education and questions with solutions below. These revision notes and important examination questions have been prepared based on the latest Physical Education books for Class 12. You can go through the questions and solutions below which will help you to get better marks in your examinations. You can refer to Class 12 Physical Education Notes provided by us for all chapters in your NCERT Book for Class 12 Physical Education.

Class 12 Physical Education Notes Chapter 1 Planning in Sports

Meaning and Objectives of Planning:

Planning is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning comprises the process of setting goals, developing strategies and outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish the goals. According to Mitchell , “Planning is usually interpreted as a process to develop a strategy to achieve desired objectives, to solve problems and to facilitate action”. According to Allen , “A plan is a trap laid to capture the future”.

Objectives of Planning

• To reduce unnecessary pressure of immediacy
• To keep good control over all the activities
• To reduce the chances of mistakes
• To enhance the sports performance
• To increase the creativity
• Arranging Resource
• To make proper coordination
• To increase the efficiency

Various Committees and its Responsibilities (Pre; during & post)

Pre competition

• Organizing committee
• Publicity committee
• Accommodation committee
• Refreshment committee
• Official committee
• Entertainment committee
• Reception committee
• Transport committee
• Medical committee
• Committee for Entries and Programme

During competition

• Technical committee
• Prize committee
• Ceremony committee

Post competition

• Keeping of Record
• Finance and Record
• A brief report regarding entire championship

Tournament – Knock-Out, League or Round Robin and Combination Tournaments are a series of sports events in which a team finally wins and rest of the teams lose the matches.

Importance of Tournament

• Promote entertainment
• Development of sports skills
• Promotes integration at national and international levels
• Helpful in selection of deserving players
• Development of social qualities
• Promotion of sports

Types of tournaments There are four types of tournaments which are mentioned below.

• Knock-Out Tournament.
• Combination Tournament.
• League or Round Robin League Tournament.
• Challenge tournament.
• Knock out Tournament In a knock out tournament any team which looses out of an opponent is automatically eliminated from the tournament. Hence, the defeated team does not get a second chance to compete in the tournament. Only the winning teams continue to compete and get opportunities for further competition.

Advantages of knock-out tournament:

• The knock-out tournament is less expensive because the team, which gets defeated, is eliminated from the competition.
• The knock-out tournament is helpful in enhancing the standard of sports, because each team tries to present the best performance to avoid the defeat.
• Owing to less number of matches, it requires less time to complete the tournament.
• Minimum numbers of officials are required in organizing such type of tournaments.

Disadvantages of knock-out tournament:

• There may be many chances of elimination of good teams in first or second round. So, good teams may not reach into the final rounds.
• There are maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final rounds.
• Spectators may not have enough interest in the final match.
• League or Round Robin Tournament: League tournament is also called ‘round robin’ tournament. Mr. Burger was the first person, who imagined about the league tournament and owing to that, it is also called ‘Burger System’. According to this tournament, every team playswith every other team once, if it is a single league tournament. If it is a double league tournament, each team plays with every other team twice.

Types of league tournament:

• Single League tournament 2. Double League tournament

Advantages of league tournament:

• Only strong or deserving teams get victory in the tournament.
• Every team gets full opportunity to show its efficiency or performance.
• Sports and games can be made more popular through league tournament owing to maximum number of matches.
• In such type of tournament the sports official do not face any difficulty while selecting the appropriate player of team. They have enough time to watch the efficiency of a player.
• Appropriate opportunities are available to the players to improve their performance.
• The spectators also get good opportunity to watch many games.

Disadvantages of league tournament:

• It requires more time.
• It costs more.
• The teams coming from far and wide generally face more problems because such tournaments waste their time and money.
• It requires more arrangements for sports official and teams.
• Most of the teams become psychologically down due to their defeat again and again. In such situation, these teams become unable to show good performance. That is why; the spectators do not get proper recreation.

3. Combination Tournament:

• Knock-out cum Knock-out:
• League cum League:
• Knock-out cum League:
• League cum Knock-out Tournament:

Procedure to draw Fixture – Knock-out (Bye and Seeding) and League (staircase and Cyclic)

Knock out Tournament Fixtures The schedule fixed for the matches to be played, their times, place, court or ground number and date etc. are called fixture. A fixture is a detailed programme made by the organizers before few days of the competition.

Essential points for knock-out tournament: To prepare the fixtures for knock out tournament is really very significant part. The following points must be taken into consideration while preparing fixtures.

• Number of participating teams in the competitions.
• Number of teams to be put in each half or quarter.
• Number of byes to be given in each quarter of each half.
• Total number of rounds.
• Total number of matches.

Method of preparing fixture in knock-out tournament : In knock-out tournament the total number of matches can be calculated by subtracting one from the total number of teams. For example if 8 teams are participating in the tournament then the number of total matches will be, 8-1=7. It means there will be only 7 matches in the tournament. These teams, i.e. 8 teams should be divided into two halves. It is possible only, if the total number of teams is the power of 2, such as 2,4,8,16,32 etc. It is very easy to draw the fixture in such case. The total number of teams is divided into equal halves and then matches are decided by draw of lots. If the total number of teams is not the power of 2 such as 3,5,6,7,9,10 etc. then byes are given. The teams, which are given byes, do not play in the first round. Byes are given in the first round by which the number of teams playing in the later rounds is reduced to a power of 2. In fact, a bye refers to a dummy team that does not play in the first round but participates in the second round. The number of byes in a fixture is the actual difference between the number of teams participating in the tournament and the next highest number which is the power of 2.

To calculate the number of teams in each half: If the number of teams is in the power of 2, it Becomes easy to divide the teams in two halves. But if the number of teams is not the power of two the following procedure is applied.

Upper half = Total number of teams + 1 /2 It means (N+1)/2, where ‘N’ is the total number of teams. Lower half = Total number of teams -1/2 Bye: The advantage given to a team usually by drawing a lot, exempting the team from playing a match in the 1st round is called bye.

Method of fixing byes: The byes are fixed in upper and lower halves in the following order:

• The first bye is given to the last teams of lower half.
• The second bye is given to the first team of upper half.
• The third bye is given to the first team of lower half
• The forth bye is given to the last team of upper half.
• The next bye or byes will be given in the same order as described above.

Number of matches in knock- out tournament: The number of matches in the knock- out tournament is (N-1), where ‘N’ denotes for number of teams participating in a tournament. For example, if 11 teams are participating in knock- out tournament, the number of matches will be N-1 – 11-1= 10 matches

Number of rounds in knock out tournament: If the number of participating teams is the power of 2, (in case of 16 teams), the number of rounds will be 2x2x2x2= 4 rounds. If the number of participating teams is not the power of 2, the number of rounds will be based on the next highest power of 2. Suppose, there are 10 teams, the next highest power of 2 is 16. The number of round will be 2x2x2x2=4 rounds. If the number of teams is 19, the number of rounds will be 2x2x2x2x2= 5 rounds, because the next highest power of 2 is 32.

Number of teams in each quarter: If the number of teams is less, the teams are divided into upper and lower halves only. On the other hand, if number of teams is more, teams are divided into upper and lower halves and these halves are further divided into two parts. It means that the upper half has two quarters, i.e. I st quarter and II nd quarter and the lower half has III rd quarter and IV th quarter. For determining the number of teams in each quarter, the total number of teams is divided by 4. If the remainder remains zero, there will be 4 quarters with equal number of teams. If remainder remains the following method will be applied.

Consolation Tournament In knock-out tournament, the team once defeated is eliminated or it can be said that such team does not get second opportunity to play after losing a match. In knock-out tournament, a good team can be eliminated if by chance it plays with another good team in the first round. It may be a setback to that team. Therefore, consolation tournament is organized. In consolation tournament one additional chance is given to the defeated teams. In this tournament, the winner is declared

First type: In this type of consolation tournament, each team gets two opportunities to play the matches. The teams which are defeated in the first match get the opportunity to play in this type of tournament.

Second type: In this type of consolation tournament, the teams defeated in all the rounds, are given an additional opportunity to take part in competition.

Seeding: The sorting of the teams and fitting them in the fixtures so that the stronger teams do not meet each other in earlier rounds is called seeding.

Simple Seeding method: there is always a possibility in knock-out tournament that strong teams may be paired with weak teams or all strong teams might have been grouped in upper or lower half. In this way, some strong teams have the possibilities to be eliminated in the preliminary round. To avoid such a situation seeding method is used. In this method, the strong teams are selected to keep them at appropriate place in a fixture. For the selection of strong teams, the organizer must be well-aware regarding the previous performance of teams. If two teams are to be seeded, then winner of the previous tournament will be placed at the bottom of lower half and the loser on the top of upper half. If four teams are to be seeded, the first two teams will be kept at the places maintained above. The third seeded team will be kept on the top of lower half and the fourth seeded team will be kept at the lowest place in the upper half. All the teams except seeded teams are kept in the fixtures by lots.

Special seeding: In special seeding, the seeded players participate directly in quarter final or semi final. They need not wait for longer duration.

Procedure of fixture in league tournament: The following methods are used for fixtures in league tournaments:

• Cyclic Method
• Staircase Method
• Tubular or Graphical Method

Cyclic Method: in cycle method, if the number of teams is even, the team number 1 is fixed on the top of right hand side and then other team numbers in ascending order consecutively downward and then upward on the left side. If the number of teams is in odd. the bye is fixed on the top of the right side. The rest of the procedure remains the same. Teams are rotated in clockwise direction. If number of teams is even, the number of rounds will be (N-l). On the other hand, if the number of teams is odd, the number of rounds will remain the same.

Staircase Method: In staircase method fixtures are made just like a ladder or a staircase. This method is the easiest method because no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of odd and even number to teams.

Methods of deciding the winner in League Tournament: If a team gets maximum points in a tournament- it is declared the winner of the tournament. The following way is used to give the points: Winner of the match = 2 Points Loser of the match = 0 point Draw or equal match = 1 point The following table is used to calculate the final points scored by each team.

If the points are equal in case of two reams, their match is held again. But if it remains draw, the team that win the maximum number of matches is declared the winner. If the tie still remains, the team that scores maximum number of goals is declared as the winner. If the tie still remains, a match is held again between these two teams. If there is a draw again, the winner is declared by a toss. Other methods that can be applied to declare the winner are:

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