coronavirus essay in sanskrit language

Essay On Corona In Sanskrit - कोरोना पर अनुछेद

संस्कृत में कोरोना पर निबंध - कोरोना पर अनुछेद, sanskrit essay on corona - corona par anuched, कोरोना - corona.

कोरोना नामकम् इदं संक्रमणं चीन देशस्य वुहान नगरात् सर्वस्मिन् विश्वे व्याप्तम् इति समाचार पत्र द्वारा अवगन्तुं शक्यते। एतत् संक्रमणं शीघ्रमेव एकस्मात् नरात् अपरं नरं प्रतिगच्छति “विश्वस्वास्थ्य संघटनं कोरोना इति आख्यं रोगं “महामारी” इति नाम्ना उद्घोषितवान्। कोरोना समक्रमणात् आत्मरक्षार्थं “ गज द्वय परिनितं दूरं, अनिवार्यं मुखावरणं धारणं” इयं उक्तिः भारत सर्वकारेण सर्वदा सर्वत्र च वयं बोधिताः भवामः। अस्य वचनस्य परिपालनम् उत्तमनागरिकैः अवश्यं कर्तव्यम्। भारतस्य प्रधानमंत्रीनां कुशल नेतृत्वे भारतीय चिकित्सकाः अस्मात् संक्रमणात् रक्षणाय रोधकौषधी (टीकाम) निर्मित्तवन्तः। कोरोना संकटत्रानणार्थं स्वच्छता, मुखावरणं (मास्क )धारनीयं, हस्तौ फेलिनेन पुनः-पुनः प्रक्षालनीयौ आवश्यकं वर्तते। एतत् संक्रमण जन्याः अन्यापि रोगाः उत्पद्यन्ते। कोरोना विषयणी इयं खलु वैश्विक महामारी रूपा समस्या अस्ति। अतः अस्माभिः सर्वेरपि जागरूकै भवितव्यम्। हिन्दी अनुवाद : कोरोना कोरोना नामक वायरस चीन देश के वुहान नगर से पूरे विश्व में फैला यह समाचार पत्र द्वारा जान सकते हैं। यह संक्रमण बहुत ही जल्दी एक लोग से दूसरे लोगों में फैलता है। विश्वस्वास्थ्य सगठन कोरोना नामक इस रोग को महामारी नाम दिया। कोरोना संक्रमण से अपनी रक्षा के लिए “ दो गज दूरी मास्क है जरूरी” इस बात को भारत सरकार ने हम सभी को जानने के लिए बताया। वचन का परिपालन करना नागरिक का कर्तव्य है। भारत के प्रधानमंत्री के कुशल नेतृत्व में भारतीय चिकित्सक इस संक्रमण से रक्षा के लिए टीका का निर्माण किया। कोरोना संकट से बचने के लिए स्वच्छता, मास्क पहनना, दोनों हाथों को बार-बार धोना इत्यादि आवश्यक है। इस संक्रमण से संबंधित दूसरे रोग भी उत्पन्न हुए हैं। कोरोना विषय संबंधित यह रोग विश्व महामारी के रूप मे समस्या है। अतः हम सभी को जागरूक होना चाहिए।

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सार: कोरोनाविषाणू हा विषाणूंचा एक मोठा गट आहे. त्यांच्यामुळे साध्या सर्दी-पडशापासून ते मिडल ईस्ट रेस्पिरेटरी सिंड्रोम (MERS) आणि सिव्हिअर अॅक्युट रेस्पिरेटरी सिंड्रोम (SARS) अशा अधिक गंभीर स्वरूपाचे अनेक आजार होऊ शकतात.

२०१९ साली चीनमधील वुहान प्रांतामध्ये एक नवीन प्रकारचा कोरोना विषाणू (कोविड-१९) सापडला गेला. हा नवीन प्रकारचा विषाणू याआधी कधीही माणसांमध्ये आढळला नव्हता.

हा कोर्स कोविड-१९ आणि श्वसन संबंधात उद्भवणाऱ्या इतर विषाणूंविषयी सर्वसाधारण माहिती पुरवतो आणि याचा हेतू सार्वजनिक आरोग्य संबंधित व्यावसायिक, घटना व्यवस्थापक आणि संयुक्त राष्ट्रे, आंतरराष्ट्रीय संघटना आणि एनजीओ संघटना यांच्यासाठी काम करणाऱ्या कर्मचाऱ्यांना माहिती देणे असा आहे.

या आजाराचे अधिकृत नाव काही संशोधन केल्यानंतर ठरवले गेले असल्याने कुठेही nCoV असा उल्लेख आढळल्यास त्याचा अर्थ कोविड-१९, म्हणजे अलीकडेच शोध लागलेल्या कोरोनाविषाणूंमुळे होणारा संसर्गजन्य आजार असे समजावे .

कृपया लक्षात घ्या की या कोर्सची सामग्री सध्या सर्वात अलीकडील मार्गदर्शन प्रतिबिंबित करण्यासाठी सुधारित केली जात आहे. खालील कोर्सेसमध्ये तुम्हाला विशिष्ट COVID-19-संबंधित विषयांवर अपडेट केलेली माहिती मिळू शकते: लसीकरण: COVID-19 लस चॅनल IPC उपाय: IPC साठी COVID-19 प्रतिजन जलद निदान चाचणी: 1) SARS-CoV-2 प्रतिजन जलद निदान चाचणी ; 2) SARS-CoV-2 प्रतिजन आरडीटी अंमलबजावणीसाठी मुख्य विचार

कृपया लक्षात ठेवा: हे साहित्य शेवटचे 16/12/2020 रोजी अपडेट केले गेले.

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मॉड्युल १: कोविड-१९ समवेत श्वसन संबंधात उद्भवणाऱ्या विषाणूंविषयी प्रस्तावना :, मॉड्युल २: कोविड-१९ समवेत श्वसन संबंधात उद्भवणाऱ्या विषाणूंची तपासणी: पाळत आणि प्रयोगशाळेतील तपासणी:, मॉड्युल ३: प्रयोगशाळेतील तपास:, मॉड्युल ४: जोखीम संवाद आणि सामाजिक सहभाग:, मॉड्युल ५: सामाजिक सहभाग:, मॉड्युल ६: कोविड -१९ श्वसन संबंधात उद्भवणाऱ्या विषाणूंचा प्रतिबंध आणि त्यांना प्रतिसाद:, enroll me for this course, certificate requirements.

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Unaffected by COVID-19, this Sanskrit magazine has been thriving for more than 70 years

Sanskrit language. (Representational image: Wikimedia Commons)

Jaipur: At a time when many magazines, journals and other media publications have fallen victim to the uncertainty triggered by the global COVID-19 pandemic, a 26-32 page monthly magazine published in Sanskrit from Rajasthan has created a record of sorts. The magazine has been circulated without hiccups across the country for the last 70 years, reflecting the love for the ancient language among scholars and aficionados.

The Sanskrit language found a lot of emphasis in the National Education Policy (NEP) announced recently. However, Rajasthan has always accorded due emphasis to this ancient language since many scholars and learned poets have been contributing to this magazine and reading it over the years, says NL Suman, who has been a senior contributor to the magazine.

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The magazine, ‘Bharati’ is read by those who want to learn the ancient language as well as scholars of Sanskrit, informs Suman. A few years ago, the magazine was reaching out to every school in which Sanskrit was being taught, adds Suman.

Speaking to IANS, Suman said, “The magazine has a total circulation of 3,000 copies which are sent to different parts of the country. It started in the year 1950 and since then, there has been a continuous series which has been going to far-fetched regions of the nation. The magazine has poems, research articles and news, all written in Sanskrit language. However, there are two different columns on women and Ayurveda which are translated in Hindi.”

The magazine also accommodates stories on ancient literature, seminars and convocations being held at different places in the country.

Dadabhai Girija Shastri launched ‘Bharati’ in 1950, inspired by Baba Saheb Apte. His continuous efforts helped the magazine emerge as a name to reckon with at the national level, said the magazine’s managing editor Sudama Sharma.

The beauty of the magazine is that it runs from Jaipur, also known as the ‘Chhoti Kashi’ (mini Kashi) of India. Many Sanskrit scholars have been residing here and they have been editors of this magazine including renowned Sanskrit poet Bhatt Mathura Das Shastri, Harishastri Dhadeech, Deenanath Trivedi, among others, says Nandsingh Naruka, another contributor to the magazine.

People have been donating and advertising to ensure the magazine is published each month without fail. Around 12-15 people are working as a team here. Since1 1950, the paper, printing and content quality has improved significantly, says Naruka.

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From ‘deadly enemy’ to ‘covidiots’: Words matter when talking about  COVID-19

PhD, Philosophy of Language, Faculty of Applied Science, Emeritus, University of British Columbia

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Ruth Derksen does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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So much has been said and written about the COVID-19 pandemic. We’ve been flooded with metaphors, idioms, symbols, neologisms, memes and tweets. Some have referred to this deluge of words as an infodemic .

And the words we use matter. To paraphrase the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein: the limits of our language are the limits of our world . Words place parameters around our thoughts.

These parameters are the lenses we look through. According to literary theorist Kenneth Burke, “ terministic screens ” are defined as the language through which we perceive our reality. The screen creates meaning for us, shaping our perspective of the world and our actions within it. The language acting as a screen then determines what our mind selects and what it deflects.

This selective action has the capacity to enrage us or engage us. It can unite us or divide us, like it has during COVID-19.

Metaphors shape our understanding

Think about the effect of seeing COVID-19 through the terministic screen of war. Using this military metaphor , U.K. Prime Minister Boris Johnson has described COVID-19 as an “enemy to be beaten.” He asserts that this “enemy can be deadly,” but the “fight must be won.”

Read more: War metaphors used for COVID-19 are compelling but also dangerous

The effect of this military language conflicts with the perpetuated myth that “we are all in this together.” But rather, it invokes aggressive combat against an enemy. It signals an us-versus-them divide, promoting the creation of a villain through scapegoating and racist attitudes . Naming COVID-19 as the “China virus,” “Wuhan virus” or “Kung Flu” places the blame directly on China and increases racism. Attacks against Asian people have dramatically increased globally.

Read more: The Atlanta attacks were not just racist and misogynist, they painfully reflect the society we live in

Conversely, what would be the effect of a replacing the terministic screen of war with a tsunami? A metaphor that encourages “waiting out the storm?” Or working to help a neighbour? What would be the effect if the metaphor of “soldiers” were replaced with “ fire fighters ?” This could increase our perception of working together. Re-framing COVID-19 in this way has the capacity to convince us that we actually are “all in this together.”

An inspiring initiative, #ReframeCovid , is an open collective intended to promote alternative metaphors to describe COVID-19. The profound effect of altering the language is clear – to reduce division and generate unity.

Taking away our critical thinking

In a blog post, linquist Brigitte Nerlich compiled a list of metaphors used during the pandemic .

Although the metaphors of war and battle are foremost, others include bullet trains, an evil trickster, a petri dish, a hockey game, a football match, Whack-a-mole and even a grey rhino. Then there is the omnipresent light at the end of the tunnel .

And while they offer a way to re-frame our reality, helping the unfamiliar become familiar and rationalize our perceptions, there is danger lurking. Metaphors can substitute for critical thinking by offering easy answers to complex issues. Ideas can remain unchallenged if glossed over, falling prey to the trap of metaphors .

But metaphors also have the capacity to augment insight and understanding. They can foster critical thinking. One such example is the dance metaphor . It has been effectively used to describe the longer term effort and evolving global collaboration needed to keep COVID-19 controlled until vaccines are widely distributed.

COVID-19 buzzwords

Besides metaphors, other linguistic structures act as our terministic screens as well. Buzzwords related to the current pandemic have also increased.

We grimace or laugh at covidiot , covideo party and covexit . Then there is Blursday , zoom-bombing and quaran-teams .

According to a British language consultant, the pandemic has fostered more than 1,000 new words .

Why has this happened? According to a socio-linguistic analysis, new words can bond us like “ a lexical social glue .” Language can unite us in a common struggle of expressing our anxiety and facing the chaos. Common linguistic expressions decrease isolation and increase our engagement with others.

In a similar way, memes can reduce the space between us and foster social engagement. Most often sarcastic or ironic, memes about COVID-19 have been plentiful. Like metaphors, these buzzwords, puns and images embody symbols that invoke responses and motivate social action.

More recently, resisters of COVID language have flooded social media sites. Frustrated with the never-ending ordeal, online contributors refuse to name the pandemic. Instead they use absurd “pan-words”; calling it a panini, a pantheon, a pajama or even a pasta dish. These ludicrous words frolic with the terministic screen of “pandemic,” deconstructing the word to expose the bizarre meaningless nature of the virus and the heightened frustration with it.

Read more: How to cope with pandemic fatigue by imagining metaphors

The language used in relation to COVID-19 matters. As the effects of the pandemic intensify, so does the importance of the choice of language. Words, as terministic screens, can enable our perceptions in remarkable ways – they can unite us or divide us, enrage us or engage us, all while moving us to action.

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How to Write About Coronavirus in a College Essay

Students can share how they navigated life during the coronavirus pandemic in a full-length essay or an optional supplement.

Writing About COVID-19 in College Essays

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Experts say students should be honest and not limit themselves to merely their experiences with the pandemic.

The global impact of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, means colleges and prospective students alike are in for an admissions cycle like no other. Both face unprecedented challenges and questions as they grapple with their respective futures amid the ongoing fallout of the pandemic.

Colleges must examine applicants without the aid of standardized test scores for many – a factor that prompted many schools to go test-optional for now . Even grades, a significant component of a college application, may be hard to interpret with some high schools adopting pass-fail classes last spring due to the pandemic. Major college admissions factors are suddenly skewed.

"I can't help but think other (admissions) factors are going to matter more," says Ethan Sawyer, founder of the College Essay Guy, a website that offers free and paid essay-writing resources.

College essays and letters of recommendation , Sawyer says, are likely to carry more weight than ever in this admissions cycle. And many essays will likely focus on how the pandemic shaped students' lives throughout an often tumultuous 2020.

But before writing a college essay focused on the coronavirus, students should explore whether it's the best topic for them.

Writing About COVID-19 for a College Application

Much of daily life has been colored by the coronavirus. Virtual learning is the norm at many colleges and high schools, many extracurriculars have vanished and social lives have stalled for students complying with measures to stop the spread of COVID-19.

"For some young people, the pandemic took away what they envisioned as their senior year," says Robert Alexander, dean of admissions, financial aid and enrollment management at the University of Rochester in New York. "Maybe that's a spot on a varsity athletic team or the lead role in the fall play. And it's OK for them to mourn what should have been and what they feel like they lost, but more important is how are they making the most of the opportunities they do have?"

That question, Alexander says, is what colleges want answered if students choose to address COVID-19 in their college essay.

But the question of whether a student should write about the coronavirus is tricky. The answer depends largely on the student.

"In general, I don't think students should write about COVID-19 in their main personal statement for their application," Robin Miller, master college admissions counselor at IvyWise, a college counseling company, wrote in an email.

"Certainly, there may be exceptions to this based on a student's individual experience, but since the personal essay is the main place in the application where the student can really allow their voice to be heard and share insight into who they are as an individual, there are likely many other topics they can choose to write about that are more distinctive and unique than COVID-19," Miller says.

Opinions among admissions experts vary on whether to write about the likely popular topic of the pandemic.

"If your essay communicates something positive, unique, and compelling about you in an interesting and eloquent way, go for it," Carolyn Pippen, principal college admissions counselor at IvyWise, wrote in an email. She adds that students shouldn't be dissuaded from writing about a topic merely because it's common, noting that "topics are bound to repeat, no matter how hard we try to avoid it."

Above all, she urges honesty.

"If your experience within the context of the pandemic has been truly unique, then write about that experience, and the standing out will take care of itself," Pippen says. "If your experience has been generally the same as most other students in your context, then trying to find a unique angle can easily cross the line into exploiting a tragedy, or at least appearing as though you have."

But focusing entirely on the pandemic can limit a student to a single story and narrow who they are in an application, Sawyer says. "There are so many wonderful possibilities for what you can say about yourself outside of your experience within the pandemic."

He notes that passions, strengths, career interests and personal identity are among the multitude of essay topic options available to applicants and encourages them to probe their values to help determine the topic that matters most to them – and write about it.

That doesn't mean the pandemic experience has to be ignored if applicants feel the need to write about it.

Writing About Coronavirus in Main and Supplemental Essays

Students can choose to write a full-length college essay on the coronavirus or summarize their experience in a shorter form.

To help students explain how the pandemic affected them, The Common App has added an optional section to address this topic. Applicants have 250 words to describe their pandemic experience and the personal and academic impact of COVID-19.

"That's not a trick question, and there's no right or wrong answer," Alexander says. Colleges want to know, he adds, how students navigated the pandemic, how they prioritized their time, what responsibilities they took on and what they learned along the way.

If students can distill all of the above information into 250 words, there's likely no need to write about it in a full-length college essay, experts say. And applicants whose lives were not heavily altered by the pandemic may even choose to skip the optional COVID-19 question.

"This space is best used to discuss hardship and/or significant challenges that the student and/or the student's family experienced as a result of COVID-19 and how they have responded to those difficulties," Miller notes. Using the section to acknowledge a lack of impact, she adds, "could be perceived as trite and lacking insight, despite the good intentions of the applicant."

To guard against this lack of awareness, Sawyer encourages students to tap someone they trust to review their writing , whether it's the 250-word Common App response or the full-length essay.

Experts tend to agree that the short-form approach to this as an essay topic works better, but there are exceptions. And if a student does have a coronavirus story that he or she feels must be told, Alexander encourages the writer to be authentic in the essay.

"My advice for an essay about COVID-19 is the same as my advice about an essay for any topic – and that is, don't write what you think we want to read or hear," Alexander says. "Write what really changed you and that story that now is yours and yours alone to tell."

Sawyer urges students to ask themselves, "What's the sentence that only I can write?" He also encourages students to remember that the pandemic is only a chapter of their lives and not the whole book.

Miller, who cautions against writing a full-length essay on the coronavirus, says that if students choose to do so they should have a conversation with their high school counselor about whether that's the right move. And if students choose to proceed with COVID-19 as a topic, she says they need to be clear, detailed and insightful about what they learned and how they adapted along the way.

"Approaching the essay in this manner will provide important balance while demonstrating personal growth and vulnerability," Miller says.

Pippen encourages students to remember that they are in an unprecedented time for college admissions.

"It is important to keep in mind with all of these (admission) factors that no colleges have ever had to consider them this way in the selection process, if at all," Pippen says. "They have had very little time to calibrate their evaluations of different application components within their offices, let alone across institutions. This means that colleges will all be handling the admissions process a little bit differently, and their approaches may even evolve over the course of the admissions cycle."

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Covid 19 Essay in English

Essay on Covid -19: In a very short amount of time, coronavirus has spread globally. It has had an enormous impact on people's lives, economy, and societies all around the world, affecting every country. Governments have had to take severe measures to try and contain the pandemic. The virus has altered our way of life in many ways, including its effects on our health and our economy. Here are a few sample essays on ‘CoronaVirus’.

100 Words Essay on Covid 19

200 words essay on covid 19, 500 words essay on covid 19.

COVID-19 or Corona Virus is a novel coronavirus that was first identified in 2019. It is similar to other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but it is more contagious and has caused more severe respiratory illness in people who have been infected. The novel coronavirus became a global pandemic in a very short period of time. It has affected lives, economies and societies across the world, leaving no country untouched. The virus has caused governments to take drastic measures to try and contain it. From health implications to economic and social ramifications, COVID-19 impacted every part of our lives. It has been more than 2 years since the pandemic hit and the world is still recovering from its effects.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the world has been impacted in a number of ways. For one, the global economy has taken a hit as businesses have been forced to close their doors. This has led to widespread job losses and an increase in poverty levels around the world. Additionally, countries have had to impose strict travel restrictions in an attempt to contain the virus, which has resulted in a decrease in tourism and international trade. Furthermore, the pandemic has put immense pressure on healthcare systems globally, as hospitals have been overwhelmed with patients suffering from the virus. Lastly, the outbreak has led to a general feeling of anxiety and uncertainty, as people are fearful of contracting the disease.

My Experience of COVID-19

I still remember how abruptly colleges and schools shut down in March 2020. I was a college student at that time and I was under the impression that everything would go back to normal in a few weeks. I could not have been more wrong. The situation only got worse every week and the government had to impose a lockdown. There were so many restrictions in place. For example, we had to wear face masks whenever we left the house, and we could only go out for essential errands. Restaurants and shops were only allowed to operate at take-out capacity, and many businesses were shut down.

In the current scenario, coronavirus is dominating all aspects of our lives. The coronavirus pandemic has wreaked havoc upon people’s lives, altering the way we live and work in a very short amount of time. It has revolutionised how we think about health care, education, and even social interaction. This virus has had long-term implications on our society, including its impact on mental health, economic stability, and global politics. But we as individuals can help to mitigate these effects by taking personal responsibility to protect themselves and those around them from infection.

Effects of CoronaVirus on Education

The outbreak of coronavirus has had a significant impact on education systems around the world. In China, where the virus originated, all schools and universities were closed for several weeks in an effort to contain the spread of the disease. Many other countries have followed suit, either closing schools altogether or suspending classes for a period of time.

This has resulted in a major disruption to the education of millions of students. Some have been able to continue their studies online, but many have not had access to the internet or have not been able to afford the costs associated with it. This has led to a widening of the digital divide between those who can afford to continue their education online and those who cannot.

The closure of schools has also had a negative impact on the mental health of many students. With no face-to-face contact with friends and teachers, some students have felt isolated and anxious. This has been compounded by the worry and uncertainty surrounding the virus itself.

The situation with coronavirus has improved and schools have been reopened but students are still catching up with the gap of 2 years that the pandemic created. In the meantime, governments and educational institutions are working together to find ways to support students and ensure that they are able to continue their education despite these difficult circumstances.

Effects of CoronaVirus on Economy

The outbreak of the coronavirus has had a significant impact on the global economy. The virus, which originated in China, has spread to over two hundred countries, resulting in widespread panic and a decrease in global trade. As a result of the outbreak, many businesses have been forced to close their doors, leading to a rise in unemployment. In addition, the stock market has taken a severe hit.

Effects of CoronaVirus on Health

The effects that coronavirus has on one's health are still being studied and researched as the virus continues to spread throughout the world. However, some of the potential effects on health that have been observed thus far include respiratory problems, fever, and coughing. In severe cases, pneumonia, kidney failure, and death can occur. It is important for people who think they may have been exposed to the virus to seek medical attention immediately so that they can be treated properly and avoid any serious complications. There is no specific cure or treatment for coronavirus at this time, but there are ways to help ease symptoms and prevent the virus from spreading.

Explore Career Options (By Industry)

• Construction
• Entertainment
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• Information Technology

Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary. 

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Database Architect

If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy , IIT Kharagpur , JMI New Delhi . 

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive. 

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Product manager.

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Stock Analyst

Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.

A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems. 

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software. 

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description:  A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials. 

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth. 

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs. 

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story. 

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

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Pragma-rhetorical analysis to Covid-19 headlines

1. introduction.

The pandemic of covid-19 has put great pressure not only on the human health system, but the language system as well. As a result, different linguistic changes have emerged, like meanings change and the creation of new words, phrases, or connotations (i.e., neologism). Presenting the headlines of the covid-19 language is the main focus of the current paper. As a dynamic system, language can introduce new ways of expressing, explaining, and referring to things. A language can adapt itself to reflect different changes in life. Basically, this paper concerns itself with the language and style of newspaper headlines to reflect pragmatically on how Covid-19 headlines are introduced. Pragmatics is defined as an act of communication that affects all fields of life. Mey (2001 : 6) defines pragmatics as "the study of the way human being use their language in communication". Therefore, pragmatics deals with any premises that can affect the use of language.

A pragma-rhetoric approach is used to analyze the data, which were collected from four different journal websites. With reference to the unique nature of headlines, the paper aims at answering the questions: (1) how is Covid-19 pragmatically presented to the public? (2) what kind of pragmatic strategies or tools are manifested in covid-19-related headlines? and (3) How rhetorical tropes are utilized in news headlines and what was their role?

To answer the above questions and reach the main aim of the paper, the model of analysis used is of two dimensions. The first is the rhetorical appeals ("ethos, pathos and logos") and the second is the rhetorical tropes used in these headlines. As such, a spotlight is given to how pragmatics, more specifically the rhetorical tropes are manifested in these headlines and what kind of role they play in painting covid-19 news. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be useful for news headline writers, editors, and pragmatists.

2. Literature review

2.1. news headlines.

Newspaper headlines are a powerful subgenre of mass media. This unique type of text can have different functions. Reah (1998 :4) defines a piece of news as information about a "recent event" and headlines are the first thing to see in launching a piece of news. For Van Dijk (1988) , headlines represent the discourse as a complete source-unit of information. According to Taiwo (2004 : 324), headlines are the opening part of news and they are strategically presented to capture the readers' attention. Headlines are strongly related to cultural references. That is being a rich and precise source of information, readers may find it difficult to understand headlines if they are not familiar with the context of the real world and the allusion being issued ( Taiwo, ibid:222 ).

"An abstract of an abstract" is how Bell (1991 :105) describes headlines. Thus, they have the function of summarizing the news. This function is fulfilled when the headline highlights the points which are mainly in the story or the article ( Al-Hindawi, 2018 ). One also must take into consideration the importance of headlines as they in fact have the power of stirring up the readers' attention while conveying a message. Such importance is asserted by Taiwo (2007 : 244) who describes the headlines as the items that create and sustain readers' views. Telling a story is the main function of headlines, yet this is accomplished by present tense which can arouse the readers' attention ( Tuchman, 1978 ). In the same vein, Crystal and Davy (1969) state that the brief message revealed in a headline is successful when it provokes the reader to complete reading the news by grabbing his attention.

Claude (1980, as cited in Ismail, 2016 ) states that headlines are also "clues" helping the readers decode the message with reference to cultural and social perspectives. In contrast, headlines can also function as "riddles" to optimize the relevance of the article to the readers. Van Dijk (1988) states that headlines are summarizing the crucial ideas of a text, therefore they play a major role in comprehending a text.

With the outbreak of Covid 19, journals have launched different special issues and this continued and expanded to include not only health issues but social and linguistic studies as well. These special issues made a connection between the pandemic as a health topic and as a social phenomenon as well. For instance, Doiciar and Creţan (2020) shed light on the impact of the pandemic on the migrant worker who came to Romania when the pandemic started. Among the main conclusion reached by them (ibid) is how Covid is going to increase social deprivation and poverty. Doiciar and Creţan (2021) also discussed pandemic populism; a political ideology and the rhetoric of politicians during the pandemic. Other studies focused more on the language of the pandemic. For example, Asif, et al., (2021) Linguistic Analysis of Neologism Related to Coronavirus (COVID-19) ; Treichler's (2021) COVID: A Pandemic of Metaphor; Manning and Duch's (2022) COVID-19 Stress and Sexual Identities ; Jebbour's (2022) The Unexpected Transition to Distance Learning at Moroccan Universities Amid COVID-19: A Qualitative Study on Faculty Experience.

3. Analytical framework

3.1. data collection and method of analysis.

Data were collected from Covid-related headlines of (4) online website newspapers from different countries across the world. These newspapers include the New York Times (the USA and North America), The Guardian (the UK and Europe), the Mainichi Shimbun (Japan), and Sabah (Turkey). The total number of headlines is (40/10 from each journal website).

The selected headlines are those published in 2020–2021. Therefore, they are not from an early period of the pandemic and the readers have already established background-knowledge about the disease.

A pragma-rhetoric analysis is carried out. Two major components are followed to analyze the data. The first is the rhetorical appeals ("ethos, pathos and logos") and the second is the rhetorical tropes used in these headlines. The rhetorical tropes are derived inductively from the analyzed data. Figure (1) illustrates the followed model of analysis of the headlines. Quantitative analysis is also carried out to support the pragma-rhetoric analysis and the results were illustrated in Table (1) .

The analytical model.

Quantitative analysis.

3.2. Data analysis and discussions

The analysis of the culled headlines, from a rhetorical point of view, reveals the existence of some similarities among the headlines of different papers. In general, the analysis shows that writers prefer to rely on both logos and pathos in addressing the readers. The quantitative analysis reveals that most writers rely heavily on logos appeals mostly to be objective and for persuasion purposes.

The Mainichi Shimbun (Japan): "Deaths in Spain hit 491, infections up to 11,178"

The Mainichi Shimbun (Japan): "Conflict grows between US and allies over vaccine supply"

In the above example, for the purpose of persuasion, the writer uses appeals to logos. This can be attributed to the nature of the news itself; the virus and its impact on the world is something new and serious, therefore, when tackling it, writers depend on rational appeals like logic by referring to facts, numbers, and real stories. Logos appeals are manifested in the above example by mentioning the numbers "hit 491, infections up to 11,178" and by doing so, the reasoning appeals are manifested.

New York Times: "The U.S. death rate remains high, even though coronavirus cases are trending downward"

Persuasion can be based on the elements of emotion, even before addressing rational appeals. The writer uses appeals to pathos to catch the reader's attraction. This is exemplified in the use of paradox "high and downward" . The news touches people's emotions as it tackles something that can be fearful like deaths and diseases, therefore, using pathos was essential in corona-virus news. Using this appeal shows its importance since it makes the headline accepted, then presented, and finally agreed upon.

Sabah the daily news: "Turkish Cargo carries UNICEF-supplied COVID-19 vaccines"

The Mainichi Shimbun: "WHO head wants virus vaccine patents waived to boost supply"

Appeals are used to catch the attention and to persuade. in the above headline, the writer utilizes appeals to ethos to do so. Appeals to the credibility of the sources are a way to confirm the truthfulness of the news itself.

Upon the analysis of the rhetorical tropes in covid-related headlines, the analysis shows the use of different rhetorical tropes. These tropes are illustrated in Table (1).

Parallelism : The repetition of the same structure is referred to as Parallelism ( Aziz, 2012 ). Such a device, according to Murdick (2003 :205), is used to emphasize a certain point or idea. The findings of the quantitative analysis indicate that parallelism has the highest percentage of use employed in headlines, about (32.5%).

Using parallel structures in headiness can be of great help for emphasizing and persuading as well. The analysis reveals using two levels of parallelism.

At the syntactic level of parallelism , equivalent grammatical structures were introduced in covid 19 headlines to assert ideas, and creating such a rhetorical effect, makes it easier for readers to predict and memorize the headline. such as in:

Mainichi journal: " daytime eating, drinking slowing coronavirus infection declines"

New York Times: "Fear, Humor, Defiance: How the World Is Reacting to Coronavirus"

The patterns are woven together by using the syntactic pattern of (-ing) " daytime eating, drinking slowing" and (nouns) "Fear, Humor, Defiance" therefore, creating cohesive headlines which are easy to follow and memorize. equivalent grammatical structures are also seen in:

Guardian Post: "Third Covid wave sweeps across EU and forces new restrictions"

Guardian Post: Covid UK: coronavirus cases, deaths, and vaccinations today"

Mainichi Japan: "New York City schools to close Monday to fight coronavirus"

At the semantic level of parallelism, two parts in a text are parallel in one another in relation to meaning. Antithetical parallelism is observed through using contrasts as in:

Guardian Post: "Coronavirus: who will be winners and losers in the new world order?"

Such use of two counterbalanced thoughts is seen in focus-points to be observed.

Metaphor: metaphor structures our way of understanding the world. Within this stream, metaphors can be essential tools in pragmatics. The effect of such a tool is seen especially when it breaks the rules or the restrictions of literal meaning to convey the hidden meaning behind using a certain image. This figure of speech involves a comparison between two things by using words that do not literally denote the same thing. e.g.:

New York Times: "Coronavirus Crisis Awakens a Sleeping Giant: China’s Youth"

Pragmatically speaking, metaphors are used to indicate a hidden meaning rather than the literal one which is being said. The above example breaches the rules of literal meaning. The writers indicate that the virus awakens a serious and giant-like topic.

New York Times: "A New York Doctor’s Coronavirus Warning: The Sky Is Falling"

The word "fall" in its symbolic meaning indicates death or the end as in a tree-leaf falling. "sky" from a metaphorical view can refer to something big or vast. The metaphor of "falling sky" indicates that the crisis is as serious and huge as a "falling sky" that can come up with the end of the world. Such a powerful tool helps paint a direct picture in the reader's mind and at the same time, they are infused with uncertainty and mystery.

The Guardian: "Birth of a pandemic: inside the first weeks of the coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan"

New York Times: "The Coronavirus Has Put the World’s Economy in Survival Mode"

The birth metaphor in the above example is associated with aspects of starting. When coronavirus is referred to by "birth", this indicated the start or the beginning. This is confirmed by using words like "outbreak" and "first weeks". Thus, when the pandemic is described as being born, this gives an indication of its start. The paradox seen here is that metaphors of birth are supposed to refer to life or a starting point that may refer to something good. However, the birth metaphor, in this case, refers actually to death and this is what is asserted by the word "pandemic". the second example is manifested through a technological term like "survival mode" to accelerate the seriousness of the situation.

Hyperbole: This trope is one of the most wildly used figures of speech in both written and everyday language. Being one of the most used techniques of communication in everyday language makes it effective in catching attention as well as in deliberate deception sometimes. This is also asserted by Leech (1983 :146), who described hyperbole as a form of " honest deceptions" because the speaker uses a description stronger than what the state of affairs described.

Due to the terrifying nature of a virus-like Coronavirus, hyperbole or exaggeration is employed to deliver the seriousness of such disease. Words like ( 4 th wave' fear/drastically/bigger spread) are seen in headlines to reflect some facts but in an exaggerated way.

Pragmatically, hyperbole violates the maxim of quality, which is seen pragmatically as a strategy of intensifying the effect.

Testimonial: according to Adler (2006) a testimony is "an assertion of a declarative sentence by a speaker to a hearer or to an audience" . As a rhetorical device, testimonials play a major role in the validity of the news. The words of famous personals assure the authenticity of the news being polished. Such technique is seen widely in covid-related news. As in:

Mainichi Japan: "WHO head wants virus vaccine patents waived to boost supply"

New York Times: "a new your Doctor’s Coronavirus Warning: The Sky Is Falling"

Testimonials are participating a major role when it comes to giving validity and shreds of evidence of the topic being discussed. Such authenticity provides a solid background to the news and that is why it can be seen as an effective persuasive strategy.

Rhetorical questions: editorial writers employ rhetorical questions for provocation purposes as well as for emphasis. For example:

"Coronavirus: who will be winners and losers in new world order?"

The above question has nothing to do with winning or losing rather than with actually surviving the pandemic. In such a crisis, there is no winners or losers, rather than surviving and finding solutions as it matters all human. Raising such a question, from a pragmatic view, can be seen as an indirect speech act of taking actions and choosing aside.

The Guardian Post:" Fake news in the time of coronavirus: how big is the thread?"

Sabah: The Daily News: "Will taking painkillers interfere with COVID-19 vaccination?

Such questions were asked to emphasize the necessity of facts and news about the virus and emphasize some medical facts concerning the vaccination. Using rhetorical questions can be seen as more a realistic technique also, this is because one of the strategies of learning and discovering things starts with making questions and looking for answers.

3.3. Conclusion

Journalists need to be objective as well as honest. Therefore, they rely on logic and facts, especially with health topics. The findings support the hypothesis that rational appeals are the predominant rhetorical strategies when it comes to health topics and especially the news of a pandemic disease. From a pragmatic perspective, this is manifested by the use of logos appeals. Such appeal, pragmatically, is used to persuade the readers by providing them with facts and shreds of evidence.

The combination of both logos and pathos is essential to reach persuasion. The analysis shows the effective role of the utilization of rational appeals (logos) and emotional appeals (pathos) in headlines in order to be objective (giving facts), which is also one of the main functions of headlines, as well as close to the reader enough.

In the case of ethos appeals, the findings show that such a strategy is effective in, first, capturing the readers' attention, secondly, they are descriptive and easier to follow and understand, i.e., it is easier to rely on the credibility of the source. It is also worth mentioning that such appeals can be serious manipulation strategies because they can stir the reader's mind to certain conclusions. Therefore, such variation in using rationality, credibility, and emotional strategies is equally important.

The paper also revealed that different rhetorical devices can be seen in Covid-19-related news like parallelism, metaphor, hyperbole, testimonials, and rhetorical questions.

As a rhetorical device, parallelism plays the pragmatic role of creating redundancy to lead to textual predictability which in turn results in the facilitation of readers' information mental processing. One of the main functions of parallelism is creating rhythm as well as symmetry. Therefore, pragmatically the analysis shows that parallel structures are used in headlines mainly to make headlines easier to memorize and remember, catching readers' interest, emphasizing, and persuading.

At the second top used rhetorical device comes metaphor (25%), which involves using a word or expression to describe situations that do not literally denote and is used to make ideas easier to imagine and is also used as a means of exaggeration.

Indirect speech acts are one of the main functions performed by rhetorical questions in headlines. There are two main ways of communication. The first one is the direct speech act which is also the simplest form. Such an act "constitutes a matching of structure and function" such as declaratives and assertions. ( Yule, 2000 , p. 55). The second is the indirect speech act, where the above matching does not exist (i.e. no match between the structure and the function) ( Searle, 2001 , p. 31). The findings indicate that rhetorical questions in covid-19 headlines are used to perform the indirect speech act. The analysis shows that they are used indirectly to refer to acts like taking actions and choosing aside. This point is concluded because these questions are inherently indirect since the writers have no real intentions of providing an answer. Solidifying a piece of news can be achieved by using the rhetorical trope of testimonials, using the words of doctors or organizations like WHO gives the headlines a stronger background, and this is verified by the quantitative analysis of testimonials of (12.5%).

The most common trope used by writers, after metaphor, is hyperbole which is used to provoke readers. Pragmatically, hyperbolic expressions reinforce readers' reactions. Using hyperbole with the rate of (22.5%) shows its task of arousing the readers' attention by involving overstatements and exaggeration. Such a task (i.e., arousing the readers' attention) is one of the main functions of news headlines, therefore, hyperbole can be seen as an effective device in news media.

Declaration of competing interest

The author declares no conflicts of interest in this work.

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