argumentative essay on artificial intelligence

Argumentative Essay Example on Artificial Intelligence in MLA

Like we discussed in our previous blog, argumentative essays are complicated to write. In most cases, having a look at the examples of argumentative essays can help you construct ideas and write yours. In this blog, we present to you an example of an MLA argumentative essay on Artificial Intelligence as a solution more than a threat. When writing an argumentative essay, it is a chance to present your prowess ion sharing with the audience why both options are considerable. Also, just like in a persuasive essay you can persuade the readers to adopt your side of the argument. In this respect, either side of the arguments on argumentative essay topics is presented, including a counterargument. The conclusion should then make clear what is in the body of the essay.

Provided you have a great topic for your essay, enough and proper evidence to back your claims, and facts to refute the opponent's viewpoint, you can always write convincing arguments. A strong thesis is a must for an argumentative essay. So is the conclusion, which must stand out. Look at this top-grade argumentative essay example and learn the art.

Argumentative Essay Example: Artificial Intelligence: A Solution more than a Threat

The debate on the future of making in the age of computers remains to be a hotly contested debate in the public, professional, and scholarly spheres. Within the stem of the debate, there have been fears in the fast growing field of computing referred to as artificial intelligence.  Artificial intelligence or AI is a term that was originally coined in the 1950s by John McCarthy, and it simply means machine intelligence. It is the field of computer science that deals with the study of the systems that act or behave in a way that an observer sees them as intelligent and using human and animal intelligent behavior models in solving sophisticated problems (Kaplan 1). Even though portrayed as a threat on account of the loss of jobs, AI is a promising solution for medical applications with efficiency and high precision compared to humans and in disaster response.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has proven to be a solution to natural disasters abound to affect different places globally. The success of any humanitarian intervention depends on quality information, which is in the heart AI systems. For example, the Artificial Intelligence Disaster Response (AIDR) has been applied in different catastrophes in enabling the coordination between machines and human intelligence in coordination response operations (Imran et al. 159). During such events, AIDR allows for the coordination of drones, sensors, and robots to acquire, synthesize and produce accurate information based on the landscapes, thus making rescue less-time consuming and easier (Imran et al. 159-160). It has been used in the Nepal earthquake in the mobilization of volunteers as well as in the Chile earthquake in evacuation processes, in 2015 (EKU). Therefore, artificial intelligence offers high precision and accuracy in solving tasks that are otherwise complicated and time-consuming to humans.

Apart from disaster response, Artificial Intelligence also plays a critical role in the field of medicine including research, training, and diagnosis of diseases. In fact, Medical Artificial Intelligence deals with the construction of AI systems and programs that can make diagnosis and therapy recommendations easier (Moein xi). The medical field uses AI techniques such as Expert systems and Knowledge-based systems. These systems offer the clinicians and other medical professionals the ability to do data mining that is used in interpreting complex diagnostic tests. Such tests and results are accurate since the AI systems integrate information from various sources to offer patient-specific therapy and treatment recommendations (Moein 2). AI-supported medical diagnosis is correct and provides information for both the patients and the experts for effective decision making. As such, it is evident that artificial intelligence has not only revolutionized the medical field but promises its sustainability.

Despite being a savior to humankind in the field of medicine and natural disaster response, AI presents the existential threat of loss of jobs. Research predicts that artificial intelligence already has and poses an existential threat to the labor market. The emergence of intelligent algorithms that control robots has led to the loss of jobs that are otherwise tiring and monotonous to humans (Kaplan 113). For example, artificial intelligence controls the robots that are used in the design and manufacture of vehicles. In this case, the people formerly employed in the industry have lost jobs. In a study by researchers at Oxford University, it emerged that the recent emergence of machine learning and robotics will significantly affect the U.S. labor market, with 47% of the jobs being at risk of automation (Kaplan 118). Even so, not all jobs in entirety will be affected. Rather, even the existence of AI in the workplace would require the support of experts, which is also another frontier for job creation. In sum, even though AI poses a threat to the labor market, it creates an avenue for employment as well.

In conclusion, amidst the fear that artificial intelligence is a threat, either now or in the future, it is clear that it has substantial and critical benefits for humans. Using the systems that mimic human and animal intelligence is the next frontier in solving problems within society. In fact, in its definition, AI seeks to create solutions to complex problems. In this respect, its application in medicine could help in creating a breakthrough in finding the cure for chronic diseases such as cancer and HIV that are affecting masses.  Furthermore, as man increases activity on the earth's surface nature is poised to fight back through natural disasters. In this case, AI comes handy as a partner to help humans prevent the aftermath of disasters. The only threat posed by AI is the loss of jobs, which again is predictable and has been a progressive issue. Even in doing so, AI presents an opportunity for job creation. Therefore, AI has more benefits compared to the threats and stands as a solution other than a threat.

Works Cited

EKU. "Using Artificial Intelligence for Emergency Management | EKU Online."  Safetymanagement.eku.edu . N.p., 2017. Web. 4 Sept. 2017.

Imran, Muhammad et al. "AIDR."  Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web - WWW '14 Companion  (2014): 159-162. Web. 4 Sept. 2017.

Kaplan, Jerry.  Artificial Intelligence: What Everyone Needs To Know ? New York, NY, United States of America: Oxford University Press, 2016. Print.

Moein, Sara.  Medical Diagnosis Using Artificial Neural Networks . Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference, 2014. Print.

Parting Shot!

When writing a research paper with works cited page or an essay for that matter, it is always MLA formatting. If it is an essay that requires you to have endnotes and footnotes then you should write it in Chicago style. Most of the argumentative essays we have helped students write are always in APA or MLA.

Related Article:

• Best topics for argumentative essays.
• Topics and Ideas for Persuasive essays

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Essays on Artificial Intelligence

Writing an essay on artificial intelligence is not just an academic exercise; it's a chance to explore the cutting-edge innovations and the profound impact AI has on our lives. For students looking to delve deeper into this topic, utilizing the best AI tools for students can provide a significant edge in crafting a well-researched and analytical essay. 🚀 So, get ready to unlock the potential of AI with your words!

Artificial Intelligence Essay Topics for "Artificial Intelligence" 📝

Choosing the right topic is key to writing a compelling essay. Here's how to pick the perfect one:

Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay 🤨

Argumentative AI essays require you to take a stance on AI-related issues. Here are ten thought-provoking topics:

• 1. The ethical implications of AI in autonomous weaponry.
• 2. Should AI be granted legal personhood and rights?
• 3. Analyze the impact of AI on the job market and employment prospects.
• 4. The role of AI in addressing climate change and environmental challenges.
• 5. Discuss the risks and benefits of AI in healthcare and medical diagnostics.
• 6. AI's impact on privacy and surveillance in modern society.
• 7. Evaluate the use of AI in education and personalized learning.
• 8. The role of AI in improving cybersecurity and data protection.
• 9. Discuss the potential biases and discrimination in AI algorithms.
• 10. AI and its implications for creativity and the arts.
• 11. The Ethical Implications of Programming Bias into Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Cause and Effect Essay 🤯

Dive into cause and effect relationships in the AI realm with these topics:

• 1. Explore how AI-powered virtual assistants have changed communication habits.
• 2. Analyze the effects of AI-driven predictive policing on crime rates.
• 3. Discuss how AI-driven healthcare advancements have extended human lifespans.
• 4. The consequences of AI-powered autonomous vehicles on transportation and traffic safety.
• 5. Investigate the impact of AI algorithms on social media echo chambers and polarization.
• 6. The influence of AI-driven personalized marketing on consumer behavior.
• 7. Explore how AI has revolutionized the entertainment industry and storytelling.
• 8. Analyze the cause and effect of AI's role in financial markets and investment strategies.
• 9. Discuss the effects of AI on reducing energy consumption and sustainable living.
• 10. The consequences of AI in aiding scientific research and discovery.

Artificial Intelligence Opinion Essay 😌

Express your personal views and interpretations on AI through these essay topics:

• 1. Share your opinion on the potential dangers of superintelligent AI.
• 2. Discuss your perspective on AI's role in enhancing human capabilities.
• 3. Express your thoughts on the future of work in an AI-dominated world.
• 4. Debate the significance of AI in addressing global challenges like pandemics.
• 5. Share your views on the ethical responsibilities of AI developers and researchers.
• 6. Discuss the impact of AI on human creativity and innovation.
• 7. Express your opinion on AI's influence on education and personalized learning.
• 8. Debate the ethics of AI in decision-making, such as self-driving car dilemmas.
• 9. Share your perspective on AI's potential to bridge the digital divide and promote equity.
• 10. Discuss your favorite AI-related invention or innovation and its implications.

Artificial Intelligence Informative Essay 🧐

Inform and educate your readers with these informative AI essay topics:

• 1. Explore the history and evolution of artificial intelligence.
• 2. Provide an in-depth analysis of popular AI technologies like deep learning and neural networks.
• 3. Investigate the significance of AI in autonomous robotics and space exploration.
• 4. Analyze the role of AI in natural language processing and language translation.
• 5. Examine the applications of AI in climate modeling and environmental conservation.
• 6. Explore the cultural and societal impacts of AI in science fiction literature and films.
• 7. Provide insights into the ethics of AI in medical decision-making and diagnosis.
• 8. Analyze the potential for AI in disaster response and emergency management.
• 9. Discuss the role of AI in enhancing cybersecurity and threat detection.
• 10. Examine the future trends and possibilities of AI in various industries.
• 11. Ethical Implications of AI in Healthcare: Patient Privacy
• 12. Impact of AI on Government Services: Study of Role in UPSC Exam Process

Artificial Intelligence Essay Example 📄

Artificial intelligence thesis statement examples 📜.

Here are five examples of strong thesis statements for your AI essay:

• 1. "The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence present both unprecedented opportunities and ethical dilemmas, as we navigate the journey toward an AI-driven future."
• 2. "In analyzing the impact of AI on healthcare, we unveil a transformative force that promises to revolutionize medical diagnosis and treatment, but also raises concerns about data privacy and security."
• 3. "The development of superintelligent AI systems demands careful consideration of ethical frameworks to ensure their responsible and beneficial integration into society."
• 4. "Artificial intelligence is not a replacement for human creativity but a powerful tool that amplifies our capabilities, ushering in an era of unprecedented innovation and discovery."
• 5. "AI-driven autonomous vehicles represent a technological leap that holds the potential to reshape transportation, reduce accidents, and increase accessibility, but also raises questions about liability and safety."

Artificial Intelligence Essay Introduction Examples 🚀

Here are three captivating introduction paragraphs to begin your essay:

• 1. "In a world driven by data and algorithms, artificial intelligence has emerged as both a beacon of innovation and a source of profound ethical contemplation. As we embark on this essay journey into the realm of AI, we peel back the layers of silicon and software to explore the implications, promises, and challenges of our AI-driven future."
• 2. "Imagine a world where machines not only assist us but also think, learn, and adapt. The rise of artificial intelligence has ignited a conversation that transcends technology—it delves into the very essence of human potential and the responsibilities we bear as creators. Join us as we navigate the AI landscape, one algorithm at a time."
• 3. "In an era marked by digital transformations and the ubiquity of smart devices, artificial intelligence stands as the sentinel of change. As we step into the world of AI analysis, we are confronted with a paradox: the immense power of machines and the ethical dilemmas they pose. Together, let's dissect the AI phenomenon, from its inception to its potential to shape the destiny of humanity."

Artificial Intelligence Conclusion Examples 🌟

Conclude your essay with impact using these examples:

• 1. "As we draw the curtains on this AI exploration, we stand at the intersection of innovation and ethics. Artificial intelligence, with all its wonders and complexities, challenges us to not only harness its power for progress but also to ensure its responsible and ethical use. The journey continues, and the conversation evolves as we navigate the evolving landscape of AI."
• 2. "In the closing frame of our AI analysis, we reflect on the ever-expanding possibilities and responsibilities that AI brings to our doorstep. The pages of this essay mark a beginning—a call to action. Together, we have explored the AI landscape, and the future is now in our hands, waiting for our choices to shape it."
• 3. "As the AI narrative reaches its conclusion, we find ourselves at the crossroads of human ingenuity and artificial intelligence. The journey has been both enlightening and thought-provoking, reminding us that the future of AI is a collaborative endeavor, guided by ethics, curiosity, and a shared vision of a better world."

Ai's Prospects and Its Impact on Humanity

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Ethical Issues in Using Ai Technology Today

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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the intellectual capabilities exhibited by machines, contrasting with the innate intelligence observed in living beings, such as animals and humans.

The inception of artificial intelligence research as an academic field can be traced back to its establishment in 1956. It was during the renowned Dartmouth conference of the same year that artificial intelligence acquired its distinctive name, definitive purpose, initial accomplishments, and notable pioneers, thereby earning its reputation as the birthplace of AI. The esteemed figures of Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy are widely recognized as the founding fathers of this discipline.

Early pioneers such as John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, and Allen Newell played instrumental roles in shaping the foundations of AI research. In the following years after its original inception, AI witnessed both periods of optimism and periods of skepticism, as researchers explored different approaches and techniques. Notable breakthroughs include the development of expert systems in the 1970s, which aimed to replicate human knowledge and reasoning, and the emergence of machine learning algorithms in the 1980s and 1990s. The turn of the 21st century witnessed significant advancements in AI, with the rise of big data, powerful computing technologies, and deep learning algorithms. This led to remarkable achievements in areas such as natural language processing, computer vision, and autonomous systems.

There are four types of artificial intelligence: reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind and self-awareness.

Healthcare: AI assists in medical diagnosis, drug discovery, personalized treatment plans, and analyzing medical images. Finance: AI is used for automated trading, fraud detection, risk assessment, and customer service through chatbots. Transportation: AI powers autonomous vehicles, traffic optimization, logistics, and supply chain management. Entertainment: AI contributes to recommendation systems, AI-generated music and art, virtual reality experiences, and content creation. Cybersecurity: AI helps in detecting and preventing cyber threats and enhancing network security. Agriculture: AI optimizes farming practices, crop management, and precision agriculture. Education: AI enables personalized learning, adaptive assessments, and intelligent tutoring systems. Natural Language Processing: AI facilitates language translation, voice assistants, chatbots, and sentiment analysis. Robotics: AI powers robots in various applications, such as manufacturing, healthcare, and exploration. Environmental Conservation: AI aids in environmental monitoring, wildlife protection, and climate modeling.

John McCarthy: Coined the term "artificial intelligence" and organized the Dartmouth Conference in 1956, which is considered the birth of AI as an academic discipline. Marvin Minsky: A cognitive scientist and AI pioneer, Minsky co-founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI Laboratory and made notable contributions to robotics and cognitive psychology. Geoffrey Hinton: Renowned for his work on neural networks and deep learning, Hinton's research has greatly advanced the field of AI and revolutionized areas such as image and speech recognition. Andrew Ng: An influential figure in the field of AI, Ng co-founded Google Brain, led the development of the deep learning framework TensorFlow, and has made significant contributions to machine learning algorithms. Fei-Fei Li: A prominent researcher in computer vision and AI, Li has made groundbreaking contributions to image recognition and has been a strong advocate for responsible and ethical AI development.. Demis Hassabis: Co-founder of DeepMind, a leading AI research company, Hassabis has made notable contributions to areas such as deep reinforcement learning and has led the development of groundbreaking AI systems. Elon Musk: Although primarily known for his role in space exploration and electric vehicles, Musk has also made notable contributions to AI through his involvement in companies like OpenAI and Neuralink, advocating for AI safety and ethics.

1. According to a report by IDC, global spending on AI systems is expected to reach $98.4 billion in 2023, indicating a significant increase from the $37.5 billion spent in 2019. 2. The job market for AI professionals is thriving. LinkedIn's 2021 Emerging Jobs Report listed AI specialist as one of the top emerging jobs, with a 74% annual growth rate over the past four years. 3. AI-powered chatbots are revolutionizing customer service. A study by Oracle found that 80% of businesses plan to use chatbots by 2022. Furthermore, 58% of consumers have already interacted with chatbots for customer support, indicating the growing acceptance and adoption of AI in enhancing customer experiences. 4. McKinsey Global Institute estimates that by 2030, automation and AI technologies could contribute to a global economic impact of $13 trillion. 5. The healthcare industry is leveraging AI for improved patient care. A study published in the journal Nature Medicine reported that an AI model was able to detect breast cancer with an accuracy of 94.5%, outperforming human radiologists.

The topic of artificial intelligence (AI) holds immense importance in today's world, making it an intriguing subject to explore in an essay. AI has revolutionized multiple facets of human life, ranging from technology and business to healthcare and transportation. Understanding its significance is crucial for comprehending the potential and impact of this rapidly evolving field. Firstly, AI has the power to reshape industries and transform economies. It enables automation, streamlines processes, and enhances efficiency, leading to increased productivity and economic growth. Moreover, AI advancements have the potential to address complex societal challenges, such as healthcare accessibility, environmental sustainability, and resource management. Secondly, AI raises ethical considerations and socio-economic implications. Discussions on privacy, bias, job displacement, and AI's role in decision-making become essential for navigating its responsible implementation. Examining the ethical dimensions of AI fosters critical thinking and encourages the development of guidelines and regulations to ensure its ethical use. Lastly, exploring AI allows us to envision the future possibilities and risks associated with this technology. It sparks discussions on the boundaries of machine intelligence, the potential for sentient AI, and the impact on human existence. By studying AI, we gain insights into technological progress, its limitations, and the responsibilities associated with harnessing its potential.

1. Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. 2. Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., & Courville, A. (2016). Deep Learning. MIT Press. 3. Kurzweil, R. (2005). The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. Viking. 4. Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press. 5. Chollet, F. (2017). Deep Learning with Python. Manning Publications. 6. Domingos, P. (2018). The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. Basic Books. 7. Ng, A. (2017). Machine Learning Yearning. deeplearning.ai. 8. Marcus, G. (2018). Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust. Vintage. 9. Winfield, A. (2018). Robotics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. 10. Shalev-Shwartz, S., & Ben-David, S. (2014). Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms. Cambridge University Press.

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Comprehensive argumentative essay paper on artificial intelligence, rachel r.n..

• February 22, 2024

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Unraveling the Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands as a hallmark of human innovation, promising to revolutionize industries, economies, and even the fabric of society itself. With its ability to mimic cognitive functions, AI has penetrated various spheres of human existence, from healthcare to finance, transportation to entertainment. However, this technological marvel is not without its controversies and ethical dilemmas. This essay delves into the multifaceted landscape of artificial intelligence, exploring its potential, challenges, and implications for humanity.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

AI holds the promise of unlocking unprecedented levels of efficiency and productivity across industries . In healthcare, AI-driven diagnostic tools can analyze vast amounts of medical data to detect diseases with higher accuracy and speed than human physicians. Moreover, AI-powered robotic surgeries enable minimally invasive procedures, reducing patient recovery times and risks. In manufacturing, AI-driven automation streamlines production processes, leading to cost savings and higher output. Self-driving cars, a pinnacle of AI innovation, promise safer roads and greater mobility for individuals, while also potentially reducing traffic congestion and emissions.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

Furthermore, AI has revolutionized the way we interact with technology, enhancing user experiences through natural language processing and personalized recommendations. Virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa have become ubiquitous, simplifying tasks and providing timely information at our fingertips. AI-driven recommendation algorithms power platforms like Netflix and Spotify, catering to individual preferences and shaping our consumption habits.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

Despite its transformative potential, AI also raises significant concerns regarding privacy , security, and the displacement of human labor. The proliferation of AI-powered surveillance systems raises alarms about encroachments on personal privacy and civil liberties. Facial recognition technology, for instance, poses risks of mass surveillance and wrongful identifications. Moreover, the reliance on AI for critical decision-making, such as in criminal justice or financial markets, raises questions about accountability and transparency. Biases embedded in AI algorithms can perpetuate social inequalities and discrimination, amplifying existing societal injustices.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

Furthermore, the widespread adoption of AI-driven automation threatens to disrupt labor markets, leading to job displacement and widening economic disparities. Low-skilled workers are particularly vulnerable to being replaced by AI-powered systems, exacerbating socio-economic inequalities. Moreover, the concentration of AI capabilities in the hands of a few powerful corporations raises concerns about monopolistic practices and the concentration of wealth and power.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

The ethical implications of AI extend beyond its practical applications to f undamental questions about the nature of intelligence, consciousness, and autonomy. As AI systems become increasingly sophisticated, they blur the lines between machine and human cognition, raising questions about the moral status of AI entities. Should AI systems be granted rights and responsibilities akin to human beings? Can AI possess consciousness and subjective experiences? These philosophical inquiries challenge our understanding of personhood and moral agency in the age of artificial intelligence.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

Furthermore, the development and deployment of AI raise profound ethical dilemmas regarding accountability and control. Who should be held responsible when AI systems malfunction or make erroneous decisions with significant consequences? How can we ensure that AI aligns with human values and ethical principles? These questions underscore the importance of ethical frameworks and regulatory mechanisms to govern the development and use of AI technology responsibly.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

In conclusion, artificial intelligence holds immense promise as a transformative force for human society, offering solutions to complex problems and augmenting human capabilities. However, its rapid advancement also poses significant challenges and ethical dilemmas that demand careful consideration. As we navigate the evolving landscape of AI, it is imperative to strike a balance between innovation and responsibility, ensuring that AI serves the collective good while upholding fundamental human values and rights. Only through thoughtful reflection, ethical deliberation, and inclusive governance can we harness the full potential of artificial intelligence for the betterment of humanity.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

Owe, A., & Baum, S. D. (2021). Moral consideration of nonhumans in the ethics of artificial intelligence.  AI and Ethics ,  1 (4), 517-528. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=lJxa2TEAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra

Heinrichs, B. (2022). Discrimination in the age of artificial intelligence.  AI & society , 1-12. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00146-021-01192-2

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AI Should Augment Human Intelligence, Not Replace It

• David De Cremer
• Garry Kasparov

Artificial intelligence isn’t coming for your job, but it will be your new coworker. Here’s how to get along.

Will smart machines really replace human workers? Probably not. People and AI both bring different abilities and strengths to the table. The real question is: how can human intelligence work with artificial intelligence to produce augmented intelligence. Chess Grandmaster Garry Kasparov offers some unique insight here. After losing to IBM’s Deep Blue, he began to experiment how a computer helper changed players’ competitive advantage in high-level chess games. What he discovered was that having the best players and the best program was less a predictor of success than having a really good process. Put simply, “Weak human + machine + better process was superior to a strong computer alone and, more remarkably, superior to a strong human + machine + inferior process.” As leaders look at how to incorporate AI into their organizations, they’ll have to manage expectations as AI is introduced, invest in bringing teams together and perfecting processes, and refine their own leadership abilities.

In an economy where data is changing how companies create value — and compete — experts predict that using artificial intelligence (AI) at a larger scale will add as much as $15.7 trillion to the global economy by 2030 . As AI is changing how companies work, many believe that who does this work will change, too — and that organizations will begin to replace human employees with intelligent machines . This is already happening: intelligent systems are displacing humans in manufacturing, service delivery, recruitment, and the financial industry, consequently moving human workers towards lower-paid jobs or making them unemployed. This trend has led some to conclude that in 2040 our workforce may be totally unrecognizable .

• David De Cremer is a professor of management and technology at Northeastern University and the Dunton Family Dean of its D’Amore-McKim School of Business. His website is daviddecremer.com .
• Garry Kasparov is the chairman of the Human Rights Foundation and founder of the Renew Democracy Initiative. He writes and speaks frequently on politics, decision-making, and human-machine collaboration. Kasparov became the youngest world chess champion in history at 22 in 1985 and retained the top rating in the world for 20 years. His famous matches against the IBM super-computer Deep Blue in 1996 and 1997 were key to bringing artificial intelligence, and chess, into the mainstream. His latest book on artificial intelligence and the future of human-plus-machine is Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins (2017).

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Artificial Intelligence - Essay Samples And Topic Ideas For Free

A college essay on AI allows one to delve into the intriguing world where machines and algorithms shape the future. It demonstrates how exciting the field of advanced technology and its impact on human society can be. When preparing a persuasive and argumentative essay on artificial intelligence, it is essential to explore the potential danger and benefits associated with AI.

To begin, select from a range of compelling essay topics related to this. This could include exploring the ethical implications of AI, the role of it in healthcare, or its impact on the job market. Conduct careful analysis using reputable sources. For example, it can be an interesting research paper on artificial intelligence or free samples to support your arguments.

The next step is to formulate a clear and concise thesis statement that will convey your position on the topic. Creating an outline will help you with this. Each paragraph in the body should focus on a specific aspect of AI, such as cybernetic systems or the ethical considerations surrounding AI development.

In the introduction of your paper, you can highlight the rapid advancements in AI and its pervasive presence in various industries. It will be useful to mention such an organization as OpenAI. Do not forget to craft a captivating hook to capture the reader’s attention. It could be a thought-provoking question, a startling statistic, or a compelling anecdote. No matter what you choose, it should emphasize the significance of AI technology in today’s world. At the conclusion of the essay, all you have to do is summarize the key points discussed in your paper.

Should Humanity Fear Advances in Artificial Intelligence

Nowadays, there are a lot of talks and debates on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its future. This is an issue which is increasingly causing concern amongst a significant portion of the world's population. But before discussing fear of advances in AI, first, it is better to clearly know what AI is. "AI can be seen as a collection of technologies that can be used to imitate or even to outperform tasks performed by humans using machines" (Bollegala, 2016, para. 4). […]

Benefits of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is the theory and development of computer systems capable of performing tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision making and translation between languages. Artificial intelligence has its advantages and disadvantages. Some of these advantages would be the few mistakes they would make; some of these robots could be used to explore the space that goes to the moon or other planets, also to explore the deepest oceans and mining. One of the […]

Negative Effects of Social Media

Social media is a vast platform, luring us in with a lot of different content. The amount of interaction one can have with people online within the span of a day is surreal. So, it becomes self-evident that platforms that have so much impact on our lives should be truly understood, and this research will seek to educate people on the negative impact of social media on society. So why is social media bad? To say good doesn’t exist without […]

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Use of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

In the late 90s and early 21st century, AI technology became widely used as elements of larger systems, but the field is rarely credited for these successes. For example, music, toys and games, transportation, finance, hospitals and medicine, news, publishing & writing, aviation, and heavy industries. Not only that, but "it has increased the level of performance of physicians at hospital facilities. The situation acts in the interest of patients who are regarded as customers" (Nadimpalli, 1). According to the […]

Why Artificial Intelligence a Serious Problem

Technology is in our lives every day. Smartphones, computers, tablets, and laptops have all become extensions of ourselves. Now, a new type of technology has appeared: artificial intelligence. Unlike previous technology, artificial intelligence is just that. A machine that simulates intelligence. It does this so well that nobody can tell the difference. Artificial intelligence, or AI, is divided into three subsections: artificial narrow intelligence, artificial general intelligence, and artificial superintelligence (Pasichnyk and Strelkova). Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI) is AI specifically […]

How AI is Beneficial to Society

Artificial intelligence may be the last invention humans will ever need to make. AI is the development of a computer system able to perform a task that normally requires human intelligence. People tend to disagree about-about the evolvement of AI because they will soon become faster and more capable than humans. AI is beneficial to society because they help with enforcing the laws and solving crimes, military use, and ethical issues. In particular, AI 's are beneficial when it comes […]

Use of Artificial Intelligence in Marketing

The Oxford English Dictionary defines artificial intelligence as "the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence." To elaborate this definition, Artificial Intelligence will use the same algorithm once created to produce different results based on the amount and accuracy of data fed. Most large companies employ Artificial Intelligence tool in their marketing strategies for personalized and relevant communication, personalization of products, set prices, integrated marketing communication and. It also allows doing things better […]

Artificial Intelligence and its Impact on Accounting

In this research paper, it will explain what artificial intelligence is and how it has affected the accounting industry. Whenever people think of artificial intelligence they contemplate of new technology that has now evolved and has taken over human and animal intelligence. So basically, a machine doing human tasks, for example a self-driving car which doesn't need a human body to drive it because the device (car) will drive on its own. This can both be a good and a […]

Revolutions are Seen as Positive Advancements

Industrial Revolutions are seen as positive advancements, which can lead to furthering economic growth in a nation. Although, industrial revolutions can bring numerous positive outcomes, it can also bring many negative outcomes to the developing country that is going through an industrial change. Throughout history, there has been more than one industrial revolution that has occurred, and it also continues to happen to this day. So far, there has been three different waves of industrial revolution and we are currently […]

Welcome to the 21st Century: the Benefits of Artificial Intelligence

Over one hundred thirty million people worldwide use the Netflix streaming service; however, most may not know how the recommendation system works. The brilliant mind behind this program is actually an algorithm produced under the influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI is a developing technology with a "learning" capacity that seemingly imitates human capabilities. The field of AI originated in 1950s thanks to John McCarthy, a professor of computer science at Stanford, whose goal was to "[mimic] the logic-based reasoning […]

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Finance

Abstract In this investigative report paper we'll present an overview of finance, what it looks like today, give some examples of the emerging markets in finance and outline the general trends and tendencies. Then, we'll describe what trading is, how it is done and list some of the biggest trading firms; go through an overview of ML and AI and present some examples of how they are mostly used in today's markets. After that, we'll dive into the influences of […]

Automation Will Crash Democracy

Around the world, technology is constantly disrupting the workforce, with automation poised to displace humans in the fields of medicine, agriculture, and beyond. Will the rise of robots fuel a new wave of “us versus them” populism capable of undermining democracy? For some, the answer is yes. They argue that as people lose jobs to robots, the gap between the rich and poor widens, distrust in government and democratic institutions grows, and populist ideas become more attractive to those who […]

The Beauty and Danger of Artificial Intelligence

Since the dawn of novels and television, the notion of artificial intelligence in the form of robots has been a reoccurring theme in the science fiction genre. The over dramatization of inimical artificial intelligence in these fictional narratives has led the general population to form a slight aversion to the idea of further developing artificial intelligence. The inherent fear of the unknown has also contributed to this problem; people are afraid of developing a race that could potentially replace us […]

Why Artificial Intelligence Must be Regulated

In the past decade, tremendous strides have been made in computing technology due to Moore's law, which states that the manufacturable density of transistors in microchips will roughly double every two years. This has lead to dramatically increased computing power, and has allowed for previously theoretical concepts, such as Neural Networks, to become practical in modern society. The negative impact that these new technologies could have, however, is often not considered in favor of uncontested innovation. Although some may argue […]

The Connection of Artificial Intelligence and Marketing

Artificial intelligence connects quite well with marketing, and if used in conjunction, companies can achieve success. According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, Artificial Intelligence is "the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior." It's quite an interesting concept, which helps cater to the personalization that consumers desire. Many major companies, such as Google, Facebook, and Spotify, use artificial intelligence. It can offer a deeper understanding of customer wants, needs, and preferences at an efficient rate. Marketing can make […]

Understanding of Artificial Intelligence Development

The term Artificial Intelligence might be a frightening term but yet so useful in the human daily life. When you hear the term "Artificial Intelligence" you might imagine attacking robots, sci-fi movies or the worst case scenario, but this is way too drastic for what AI really is. Artificial Intelligence is whatever technological gadget that can mimic any human movement or thought. It is a door-opener that facilitates complete tasks with the help of technological gadgets or programs. Its high […]

Rise of Machine Labor

The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Machine Labor If even a casual reader takes a glance at contemporary media sources, one of the most recurring themes that she will encounter is that of a revolution ongoing at this very moment, and that is the automatization of labor. All sorts of headlines bombard the reader, from Will Artificial Intelligence be Replacing Your Job Soon? (DeCleene, 2018) to This company replaced 90% of its workforce with machines. Here's what happened (Javelosa […]

The Power of Artificial Intelligence

As society develops into this technology driven world, the question most people ask is "what is artificial intelligence? And how might I be impacted?". According to Management Information Systems by Stephen Haag, AI is "the science of making machines imitate human thinking and behavior" (Hagg). Taping into the business industry, AI machines are used to create, build, design, sort, deliver, and much more in various sectors. In just the US alone, jobs requiring some form of AI skills increased 5x […]

Artificial Intelligence in Society

Throughout history evolution has played a large role in the development of society. For the most part, organisms have been locked in toward a certain level of intelligence. Species develop and improve overtime and each species finds their role in the ecosystem. However, there is one exception: AI. This is because there is no limit to its intelligence. It would be impossible to control something that stands at the level of complexity of artificial intelligence. The show Black Mirror emphasizes […]

Artificial Intelligence: the Intelligent Choice in Medicine

Artificial intelligence, or simulated machine intelligence, is a rapidly growing sector of the medical field. There are numerous uses for robots and AI in healthcare, from reading test results and analyzing scans, to performing simple surgeries and even diagnosing ailments. There are endless possibilities to implement this technology, and the benefits will extend beyond the possible detriments that some professionals and the public are worried about. The introduction and immersion of artificial intelligence into the medical field would impact millions […]

Artificial Intelligence and its Effect on Mankind

Since the mid 1900's the idea of creating artificial intelligence, also known as A.I., that can think and act on its own has been discussed between many engineers from the math and science community but back then it seemed more like fiction than anything else, until now. Thanks to the technological boom that started in the 1990's the thought of creating such machinery became more probable and people around the world started to recognized this as well. The purpose of […]

AI in Modern Technological Era

In today's modern technological era, we use technology every day of our lives, and it has essentially become part of who we are. The advancements in technology have influenced every aspect of our lives, from how we communicate with each other to how we travel around the world. Technological advancements have paved the way for the development of artificial intelligence, a system where computers are able to complete tasks previously performed by humans only. Artificial intelligence, or AI, has enabled […]

Societal Effects of Artificial Intelligence

The past century for humans has been unmatched to all others when it comes to technological advancement. Medical breakthroughs have made our life expectancy higher than ever, the creation and proliferation of the internet means you can now talk to somebody on the other side of the world in real time, and promises are being made to have humans on Mars within a decade. So then, what comes next? What will be the next watershed moment for humanity after a […]

A Discussion about Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is a breakthrough in modern science and technology. It is the aspect of automating machines to become intelligent. The idea itself is mind blowing! It is a great and commendable feat that humanity has accomplished. However it leaves one asking the question, "Did we go too far this time?" One cannot help but wonder if humanity is going to regret giving their thinking power to a bunch of machines or if these machines will get smarter over the […]

Phenomenon of Artificial Intelligence

The largest Artificial intelligence (AI) robot in the world today, is a robotic dragon that can breathe fire and weighs more than two tons. This robot is a Guinness world record holder for the biggest robot in the world. The creators of the dragon have put so many details into it, to the point where if you wake up and see `it, you would think it's real, starting from the detail into the scales, and the detail in the facial […]

How See Now, Buy Now Enabled by Artificial Intelligence

Walter Mischel, a psychologist famed for the 1960's Marshmallow Test, which he elucidated the virtue of delayed gratification for youngsters. Today, the data economy promotes the dichotomy of an on-demand culture. Enabled by AI on divinatory consumer demand and predictive supply chain, front-line companies are charged up to provide a See-Now-Buy-Now (SNBN) experience to the consumers. Amongst the US retail categories, grocery ranks first with $770 billion (30% of dollar share), while apparel second at $310 billion. After the acquisition […]

CMTY Community Democratic Citizenship Article Summary

A study published in the Journal for Artificial Societies and Social Stimulation (the JASSS) developed and used an artificial intelligence to study whether people are naturally violent, or if environmental factors can lead to violence. The factors tested were religion, natural disasters, and other human encounters. The tests revealed that, as a whole, people are naturally peaceful, but in a wide range of contexts they may become violent. Violence emerged particularly in situations when others went against or threatened the […]

Artificial Intelligence, Based Training and Placement Management

ABSTRACT The Training and Placement cell in colleges is responsible for conducting all job interviews and skill development procedures for candidates. These procedures are carried out either manually or using some form of database software, which can be slow and inefficient. We, therefore, have taken a step forward to build an Artificial Intelligence-based solution to this problem. We propose a system where the admin and student can carry out all the training and placement related operations within an Artificial Intelligence-based […]

Study on Artificial Intelligence

The study of Artificial Intelligence had always been an intriguing field for both scientists and the general population. An inanimate being with facial features equivalent to that of a homo-sapien, along with exceeding intelligence, their existence are often a controversial topic to human beings. As various mediums of entertainment has portrayed, the creation of a "new species" not only magnifies the narcissistic complex of the human race itself, numerous social problems also surfaced. Apart from the obvious issue of job […]

The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: AI and Robotics

Section 1: Introduction and History Beware the Fourth Industrial Revolution!  The Robots are coming!  The Robots are coming!  Do we need a modern-day Paul Revere to call the country to arms?  Maybe not just yet. . . The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics from 1970 to today has been persistent, amazing, and both a benefit and challenge to mankind.  Although we did not achieve Marvin Minsky's 1970 prediction, that by the end of the decade we would have […]

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How To Write An Essay On Artificial Intelligence

Introduction to the concept of artificial intelligence.

When writing an essay on artificial intelligence (AI), it's important to start by defining what AI is and its significance in the modern world. Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. The introduction should provide a brief overview of the development of AI, from its inception to its current state. This will set the stage for a deeper exploration of various aspects of AI, such as its applications, ethical considerations, and potential future developments. Your introduction should also clearly state your thesis or main argument, which will guide the direction of your essay.

Exploring the Applications and Benefits of AI

The body of your essay should delve into the various applications and benefits of AI in different sectors. Discuss how AI is transforming industries such as healthcare, finance, transportation, and more. For instance, in healthcare, AI can assist in diagnosing diseases and personalizing treatment plans. In finance, AI algorithms are used for risk assessment and fraud detection. Highlight the efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness AI brings to these fields. This part of the essay should provide concrete examples of AI applications, demonstrating the significant impact of AI on improving various aspects of society and business.

Addressing Ethical and Societal Implications

An essential aspect of writing about AI is addressing the ethical and societal implications. Discuss the ethical dilemmas posed by AI, such as privacy concerns, job displacement due to automation, and the potential misuse of AI technologies. Explore how AI could affect social dynamics, including the digital divide and biases in AI algorithms. This section should also consider how regulations and policies are being developed to guide the ethical development and deployment of AI. The objective here is to present a balanced view that not only highlights the advancements AI brings but also critically examines the challenges and concerns it poses.

Concluding with Future Perspectives on AI

Conclude your essay by summarizing the main points discussed and offering a perspective on the future of AI. Reflect on the potential advancements in AI technology and what they could mean for society. Consider the role of AI in shaping future job markets, its integration in everyday life, and how it might evolve in the coming years. Discuss the importance of responsible innovation and the role of governments, industries, and academia in shaping the future of AI. A well-crafted conclusion will not only bring closure to your essay but also encourage further thought and discussion about the role of AI in shaping our future.

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Artificial Intelligence Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on artificial intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence refers to the intelligence of machines. This is in contrast to the natural intelligence of humans and animals. With Artificial Intelligence, machines perform functions such as learning, planning, reasoning and problem-solving. Most noteworthy, Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence by machines. It is probably the fastest-growing development in the World of technology and innovation . Furthermore, many experts believe AI could solve major challenges and crisis situations.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

First of all, the categorization of Artificial Intelligence is into four types. Arend Hintze came up with this categorization. The categories are as follows:

Type 1: Reactive machines – These machines can react to situations. A famous example can be Deep Blue, the IBM chess program. Most noteworthy, the chess program won against Garry Kasparov , the popular chess legend. Furthermore, such machines lack memory. These machines certainly cannot use past experiences to inform future ones. It analyses all possible alternatives and chooses the best one.

Type 2: Limited memory – These AI systems are capable of using past experiences to inform future ones. A good example can be self-driving cars. Such cars have decision making systems . The car makes actions like changing lanes. Most noteworthy, these actions come from observations. There is no permanent storage of these observations.

Type 3: Theory of mind – This refers to understand others. Above all, this means to understand that others have their beliefs, intentions, desires, and opinions. However, this type of AI does not exist yet.

Type 4: Self-awareness – This is the highest and most sophisticated level of Artificial Intelligence. Such systems have a sense of self. Furthermore, they have awareness, consciousness, and emotions. Obviously, such type of technology does not yet exist. This technology would certainly be a revolution .

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Applications of Artificial Intelligence

First of all, AI has significant use in healthcare. Companies are trying to develop technologies for quick diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence would efficiently operate on patients without human supervision. Such technological surgeries are already taking place. Another excellent healthcare technology is IBM Watson.

Artificial Intelligence in business would significantly save time and effort. There is an application of robotic automation to human business tasks. Furthermore, Machine learning algorithms help in better serving customers. Chatbots provide immediate response and service to customers.

AI can greatly increase the rate of work in manufacturing. Manufacture of a huge number of products can take place with AI. Furthermore, the entire production process can take place without human intervention. Hence, a lot of time and effort is saved.

Artificial Intelligence has applications in various other fields. These fields can be military , law , video games , government, finance, automotive, audit, art, etc. Hence, it’s clear that AI has a massive amount of different applications.

To sum it up, Artificial Intelligence looks all set to be the future of the World. Experts believe AI would certainly become a part and parcel of human life soon. AI would completely change the way we view our World. With Artificial Intelligence, the future seems intriguing and exciting.

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Artificial intelligence argumentative essay

The advancements in technology, which have resulted to the advent of machines and modern information technologies powered by artificial intelligence have greatly influenced the workplace in the 21st century. In today’s world, computers, software’s, and algorithms simplify everyday tasks making it impossible to imagine life without these machines (Wisskirchen, Biacabe and Bormann 9). Defined artificial intelligence revolves around the work processes of machines which require more intelligence when performed by human beings. It is the process of investigating intelligent problem-solving behavior and also the creation of computer systems.

While the digitalization and the automation processes continue to develop across the globe, more organizations are turning to the use of artificial intelligence and robotics in conducting their tasks. An important factors in the developed countries is the degree to which technological development and technological devices shape the labor markets. Artificial intelligence over the years has become a new factor of production driving growth through the creation of a new workforce, complementing the skills and abilities of the already existing workforces and driving innovation within the economy (Wisskirchen, Biacabe and Bormann 12).

For the creation of a new workforce, the wave of intelligence resulting from artificial intelligence has brought new features with the ability to automate the complex tasks which require agility and adaptability. In complementing the skills of workforces, artificial intelligence is not only replacing the already existing labor and capital but also enabling a more effective system of operation (Chui, Manyika and Miremadi 3). Artificial intelligence has also driven innovation within the economy through diffusing the innovations and technological devices into the economy

Artificial intelligence which includes the use if robotics has impacted the workplaces both positively and negatively. The impacts on artificial intelligence in the workplace begins by the impacts it has on the labor market. This advancement in technology has strongly affected both white collar and the blue collar sectors. A third of the current jobs, for example, those requiring a bachelor’s degree from specific universities can be performed through the use of intelligent software’s. This means that a third of university graduates lose their jobs due to the use of artificial intelligence. Even with this, however, artificial intelligence has resulted in considerable savings especially with regard to the cost of products and the cost of labor.

In today’s world, especially within the industrial sector, more investors opt to use artificial intelligence and robotics. The decisions to replace human labor are influenced by the benefits that result from the use of artificial intelligence. These decisions are also influenced by the fact that artificial intelligence does not depend on the external factors within the workplace. This, in turn, means that artificial intelligence, for example, robotic and other computer systems work in a more reliable and constant manner (24/7 depending on their programming) and can work even in danger zones.  As a rule, all artificial systems are more accurate that human beings and cannot be distracted by factors such as fatigue and other external factors (Ennals 3).

Through the use of intelligent systems, work can be synchronized and standardized to a greater extent. This results in a more improved work efficiency, transparency and even a better control of the performance. Another major impact that has resulted from the use of artificial intelligence in the workplace over human beings in their decision-making process. Unlike human beings, the decision-making processes of machines, and autonomous systems are guided by objective standards which means that the decisions are not emotionally based but are more influenced by the existing facts. Productivity in the use of robotics has resulted to and improvement of the productivity levels in organizations mostly influenced by the work time.

Artificial intelligence has also resulted in benefits for employees; these benefits mostly revolve around the fact that they do less manual work and hard work. This same concept applies to the typical back to back office activities within the service sector. In this case, algorithms collect data automatically; this data is then transferred from the purchasers to the sellers and develop solutions to the client’s issues. In the service sector, the interface between the sellers and the buyers is set up relieving the employees from manually entering the data into the Information technology systems (Ennals 6). Intelligence machines and robots in the workplaces also have lifesaving functions within the workplaces. For example, robots are used for medical diagnostics in hospitals and even for life support

As evident, artificial intelligence has had a significant impact in today’s workforce. The positive impacts from the use of artificial intelligence in the workforce also surpass the negative impacts. Artificial intelligence even with this opens new opportunities for organizations, companies, and even individuals. With it, human beings will become more adaptable and will create new jobs improving the different sectors of the economy.

• Chui, Michael, James Manyika and Mehdi Miremadi. “Four fundamentals of workplace automation.” McKinsey Quaterly (2015): 1-9.
• Ennals, Richard. Artificial intelligence and human institutions . Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
• Wisskirchen, G, et al. “Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and Their Impact on the Workplace.” IBA Global Employment Institute (2017): 9-40.
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114 Artificial Intelligence Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field that has the potential to revolutionize various aspects of our lives. From autonomous vehicles to virtual assistants, AI technologies are becoming increasingly prevalent. If you have been assigned an essay on artificial intelligence and are struggling to come up with a topic, look no further. Here are 114 AI essay topic ideas and examples to inspire your writing:

• The impact of AI on job automation: How will AI technologies reshape the workforce?
• The ethical implications of AI: Should there be limits on how AI can be used?
• The future of AI in healthcare: How can AI enhance medical diagnosis and treatment?
• The role of AI in education: How can AI technologies improve the learning experience?
• AI and privacy concerns: What are the risks associated with AI technologies and personal data?
• The use of AI in criminal justice: Can AI systems make fair and unbiased decisions?
• The potential dangers of superintelligent AI: Should we be concerned about AI surpassing human intelligence?
• AI and creativity: Can AI systems be creative in the same way humans are?
• The impact of AI on mental health: How can AI technologies assist in diagnosing and treating mental illnesses?
• The role of AI in climate change mitigation: How can AI help reduce carbon emissions?
• The future of transportation with AI: How will autonomous vehicles change the way we travel?
• AI and cybersecurity: Can AI technologies enhance our ability to detect and prevent cyber attacks?
• The impact of AI on social interactions: How will AI-powered virtual assistants affect human relationships?
• Bias in AI algorithms: How can we ensure fairness and impartiality in AI decision-making?
• The ethical implications of using AI in warfare: Should autonomous weapons be allowed?
• AI and the arts: How can AI technologies be used in creative fields such as music and painting?
• The role of AI in disaster response: How can AI help in predicting and managing natural disasters?
• The impact of AI on journalism: How will AI technologies influence news reporting and media?
• The use of AI in agriculture: How can AI optimize farming practices?
• AI and financial markets: How can AI algorithms be used for better investment decisions?
• The challenges of regulating AI: How can governments ensure safe and responsible development of AI technologies?
• AI and human rights: What are the potential threats to privacy and freedom posed by AI?
• The role of AI in space exploration: How can AI assist in exploring the universe?
• AI and language translation: How can AI technologies improve communication across different languages?
• The impact of AI on creativity: Will AI systems replace human creativity or enhance it?
• The use of AI in customer service: How can AI-powered chatbots improve customer experiences?
• AI and the future of work: How will AI technologies affect employment opportunities?
• The role of AI in personalized medicine: How can AI help tailor treatments for individual patients?
• AI and education inequality: How can AI technologies bridge the gap between privileged and underprivileged students?
• The impact of AI on the economy: Will AI lead to job creation or job displacement?
• AI and augmented reality: How can AI enhance the AR experience?
• The use of AI in sports: How can AI technologies optimize performance and training?
• AI and natural language processing: How can AI understand and generate human language?
• The impact of AI on the legal profession: Will AI replace lawyers in the future?
• The role of AI in combating fake news: How can AI technologies detect and prevent misinformation?
• AI and emotional intelligence: Can AI systems develop emotional intelligence?
• The use of AI in wildlife conservation: How can AI technologies help protect endangered species?
• AI and transportation infrastructure: How can AI improve traffic management and reduce congestion?
• The impact of AI on the entertainment industry: How will AI technologies shape the future of movies and gaming?
• AI and personalized advertising: How can AI algorithms target ads to individual preferences?
• The role of AI in disaster recovery: How can AI assist in rebuilding after natural disasters?
• AI and mental well-being: Can AI technologies provide therapy and support for mental health?
• The use of AI in social media: How can AI detect and prevent harmful content?
• AI and the future of energy: How can AI optimize energy consumption and production?
• The impact of AI on democracy: What are the implications of AI for political systems?
• AI and robotics: How can AI enhance the capabilities and interactions of robots?
• AI and the aging population: How can AI technologies improve the quality of life for elderly individuals?
• The use of AI in retail: How can AI technologies personalize the shopping experience?
• AI and virtual reality: How can AI enhance the VR experience?
• The impact of AI on creativity in the workplace: Will AI systems replace or empower human creativity?
• AI and autonomous drones: What are the potential applications and risks?
• The role of AI in social justice: How can AI technologies address systemic biases and discrimination?
• AI and disaster prediction: How can AI assist in predicting natural disasters?
• The use of AI in architecture and design: How can AI technologies optimize building design?
• AI and sustainable development: How can AI help achieve environmental and social sustainability?
• The impact of AI on the music industry: How will AI technologies shape music production and consumption?
• AI and the future of democracy: Can AI improve citizen engagement and participation?
• The role of AI in personalized learning: How can AI technologies adapt educational content to individual students?
• AI and autonomous robots in healthcare: What are the benefits and risks?
• The use of AI in supply chain management: How can AI optimize logistics and inventory management?
• AI and emotional recognition: How can AI systems understand and respond to human emotions?
• The impact of AI on urban planning: How can AI technologies create smarter and more sustainable cities?
• AI and cybersecurity threats: How can AI be used to detect and prevent cyber attacks?
• The role of AI in personalized news curation: How can AI algorithms tailor news articles to individual interests?
• AI and personalized fashion: How can AI technologies help consumers find their unique style?
• The impact of AI on social inequality: Will AI exacerbate or alleviate existing inequalities?
• AI and decision-making: Can AI systems make better decisions than humans?
• The use of AI in cultural preservation: How can AI technologies help protect and restore cultural heritage?
• AI and the future of transportation infrastructure: How can AI technologies improve roads, bridges, and public transportation?
• The role of AI in early detection of diseases: How can AI assist in diagnosing illnesses at an early stage?
• AI and personalized entertainment: How can AI technologies tailor movies, music, and games to individual preferences?
• The impact of AI on customer behavior analysis: How can AI algorithms predict and influence consumer choices?
• AI and the future of democracy: How can AI technologies promote transparency and accountability in governance?
• The use of AI in disaster relief: How can AI assist in coordinating rescue and aid efforts?
• AI and sustainable agriculture: How can AI technologies optimize farming practices while minimizing environmental impact?
• The role of AI in personalized marketing: How can AI algorithms target advertisements to individual preferences?
• AI and the future of privacy: How can AI technologies protect personal data in an increasingly connected world?
• The impact of AI on creative industries: Will AI systems replace or collaborate with human artists?
• AI and autonomous ships: What are the potential benefits and challenges?
• The use of AI in wildlife monitoring: How can AI technologies help track and protect endangered species?
• AI and the future of cybersecurity: How can AI technologies stay ahead of evolving cyber threats?
• The role of AI in personalized fitness: How can AI technologies optimize exercise routines and nutrition plans?
• AI and personalized travel recommendations: How can AI algorithms suggest tailored itineraries to individual travelers?
• The impact of AI on income inequality: Will AI exacerbate or reduce economic disparities?
• AI and the future of journalism: How can AI technologies assist in news reporting and fact-checking?
• The use of AI in waste management: How can AI technologies optimize recycling and waste disposal?
• AI and autonomous farming: How can AI technologies improve crop yield and reduce resource consumption?
• The role of AI in personalized financial advice: How can AI algorithms help individuals make better financial decisions?
• AI and the future of privacy: How can AI technologies protect personal information in the age of big data?
• The impact of AI on the film industry: How will AI technologies influence movie production and special effects?
• AI and autonomous construction: What are the potential applications and challenges?
• The use of AI in marine conservation: How can AI technologies help protect marine ecosystems?
• AI and the future of transportation logistics: How can AI optimize the movement of goods and reduce carbon emissions?
• The role of AI in personalized healthcare: How can AI technologies tailor treatments to individual patients?
• AI and personalized gaming: How can AI algorithms create unique gaming experiences for individual players?
• The impact of AI on voting systems: Can AI technologies improve the accuracy and security of elections?
• AI and sustainable urban planning: How can AI technologies create greener and more livable cities?
• The use of AI in personalized nutrition: How can AI algorithms optimize diets for individual health goals?
• AI and the future of privacy: How can AI technologies balance the benefits of data analysis with privacy concerns?
• The role of AI in personalized advertising: How can AI algorithms target ads to individual preferences without invading privacy?
• AI and autonomous underwater vehicles: What are the potential applications and challenges?
• The impact of AI on wildlife conservation: How will AI technologies enhance conservation efforts?
• AI and the future of transportation safety: How can AI technologies prevent accidents and improve road conditions?
• The use of AI in personalized fashion design: How can AI algorithms create customized clothing?
• AI and sustainable energy management: How can AI technologies optimize energy usage in homes and buildings?
• The role of AI in personalized learning platforms: How can AI technologies adapt educational content to individual students' needs?
• AI and the future of privacy: How can AI technologies protect personal information from unauthorized access?
• The impact of AI on the gaming industry: How will AI technologies enhance gameplay and virtual worlds?
• AI and autonomous construction robots: What are the potential benefits and risks?
• The use of AI in personalized travel planning: How can AI algorithms create tailored itineraries based on individual preferences?
• AI and sustainable transportation: How can AI technologies optimize public transportation and reduce carbon emissions?
• The role of AI in personalized mental health support: How can AI technologies provide therapy and counseling?
• AI and personalized music creation: How can AI algorithms compose music based on individual preferences?
• The impact of AI on social media manipulation: Can AI technologies detect and prevent the spread of fake news and misinformation?

These 114 artificial intelligence essay topic ideas and examples cover a wide range of areas where AI technologies can make a significant impact. Whether you're interested in the ethical implications of AI or its potential applications in various industries, there is a topic here for you. Choose one that sparks your curiosity and start writing an insightful and engaging essay on artificial intelligence.

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Ethics , Technology

Argumentative Essay on Artificial Intelligence

Actors portraying cybermen, enemies of Dr. Who in the BBC television show, appear in London.

Written by: Scott Johnson

The rapid evolution of technology has raised concerns among psychologists, scholars, and scientists on the probability of the evolving technology surpassing and finally rivaling human intelligence. The contention on the dangers and prospects of artificial intelligence has mainly focused on the singularity. The term denotes a point in time when rapid advances in technology may make futuristic computers so powerful that they may cause cataclysmic alterations to humanity, notably the universe (Broderck, 12).

Even as technology and humanity remain uncertain, there is optimism that human opinions, decisions, and actions will always influence the direction that the evolution of technology assumes. However, a closer look at the rapid rate of technological growth reveals that human intelligence may not remain superior and capable of controlling the continuum of the advances in technology and its associated outcomes (Bostrom 4). If not approached carefully, the curiosity on futuristic technologies will leave human beings playing second fiddle to machine intelligence, which will subsequently herald the end of humanity, particularly when such machines start developing their values rather than safeguarding humanity and preserving human values.

It is worth noting that each individual, whether a scholar, a technology enthusiast, or a scientist, will often have an independent idea on what to expect from the current advancements in artificial intelligence. There are speculations that the Internet of Things (IoT) will soon lead to the realization of artificial superintelligence, with technological powered machines influencing all aspects of human life (Moravec, 25-26). The opinions on how such kind of intelligence will surpass the extremes of human comprehension vary depending on who is asking and answers the question.

On the one hand, technological enthusiasts aim at exploring the highest realms of technological evolution, and the rise of artificial superintelligence will not come as a surprise. But to psychologists and some scientists, human capacity and potential remains incomprehensible and not yet stretched to anywhere near its full extreme. However, human beings may not be able to maintain an upper hand over any forms of technological singularity, or whatever terms technology observers may decide to use (Broderick, 18-23).

One thing in common among the different groups of experts is that they all call for attention, forecasting, and speculation on the future of technology, thereby expanding the room for debates and controversies on balance between human and artificial intelligence.

With the current development of the Internet of Things, the ground seems all set for human beings to showcase their capacity to manipulate technology in enhancing their way of life, while remaining ignorant of the dangers of uncontrolled development of technology (Broderick 12). Thus, even as machines at homes, in the workplaces, factories, and elsewhere start communicating among themselves, human beings will still keep an eye on the communications, keenly controlling the buttons on what the machines can or cannot do.

So far, no significant incidence of technology surpassing human intelligence is in any credible report. However, human beings are already recreating what it would like when machines start taking over human potential.

It is necessary to assume a scenario where artificial intelligence becomes the order of the day to understand the present issue in greater depth. For instance, one can expect a case where technology-mediated knowledge embodies a superset of human cognitive ability (Carvalko, 12). It would be ignorant to assume that such kind of intelligence, which will be aware and able to manipulate personal information, will pose no dangers to humanity’s survival of humanity.

One question that comes into mind is; is human intelligence in tandem with developments in artificial intelligence? If the answer to this question is affirmative, then there is no need to worry about the rapid evolution of technological capacities. However, if the answer is negative, then human beings need to control how much of their size and the potential they are transferring to technology-mediated machines, particularly in the critical domains of their survival, such as healthcare and security.

Although the rapid improvement in technology’s aim is to make life easier and human input even more productive, such as in the industries, the fear of artificial intelligence eventually perceiving human beings as something that needs extermination cannot be downplayed; this is mainly the case when one considers the scalable competence attribute of artificial intelligence. This characteristic renders artificial intelligence capable of executing a massive number of tasks more rapidly, including functions that humans can only accomplish with enough resources and time.

Those that humans cannot achieve due to their organizational and cognitive limitations. Some are concern that technology may reach a point when a breakdown in coding or mishaps in software development will give rise to machines that are hostile to human beings. In this regard, some technology observers have anticipated a point when some everyday household gadgets will do the opposite of what human beings command them to do (Bonner, n.p).

With prospects of devices connected through the Internet of Things expected to hit over 26 billion by the year 2020, one can only imagine what miscommunication among such a vast collection of gadgets can do to human life.

It is also worth noting that computer processor speed has been doubling every 18 months, and there is doubt on whether human intelligence is evolving at the same rate.

Human intelligence is indeed under constant evolution, and this is the primary reason why human beings have managed to develop technologies with capabilities that could only be imagined just a few years or decades ago (Baudier, n.p). Thus, even as one forms the picture of a universe dominated by artificial intelligence, it is equally important to think about the potential of human knowledge in several decades (Prescott, 439). The only way artificial intelligence may surpass and perhaps dominate human intelligence is when human beings allow technology to dictate almost all aspects of their lives; this is likely to diminish the potential for human intelligence to evolve in unison with developments in technology.

So far, technological advancements have defragmented human society into mass culture. Furthermore, the proliferation of mass media is likely to debase human civilization, thereby giving machine evolution an upper hand on human intelligence. The fact that people are already thinking about and recreating a future scenario where technology commands and punishes human beings points to diminishing hope in the human race (Pinker, n.p).

Rather than dwelling on this fear and devising ways to counter the imminent threats, people seem obsessed with stretching their infinite potential to evolve and cope with all sorts of diversity.

Human beings are the custodians of all forms of technology used today, whether at home, in industries, education, medicine, and all realms of society. However, the uncontrolled development of technology will soon become counterproductive when the same technology gets out of hand and threaten the very existence of the human race. A form of technology that is powerful and flexible is likely to pose a myriad of social consequences, just like electricity.

However, unlike power, artificial intelligence systems are likely to have a wider variety of functionalities, thereby posing even more significant challenges. Secondly, the diverse nature of artificial intelligence means a myriad of its possible malicious uses (Brundage 5-6). Thus, if artificial intelligence may not turn against humanity by itself, the likelihood of human beings misusing AI either intentionally or unintentionally, such as algorithmic bias, will precipitate the dawn of a post-human era.

 Counterargument

For many who oppose the likelihood of artificial intelligence threatening human existence, fears of a point of singularity remain farfetched, as long as stringent rules are in place to control the further development of technological capacities. The only dangers posed by modern technologies, such as the Internet of Things, come indirectly from the same people who developed it. For instance, cyber-crime has become a global concern as people manipulate technologies to harm other people.

Thus, it is clear that with evolution in technology goes the advancement in the human capacity to use the same techniques in the creation of social and economic disruptions (Barrat n.p). Technology, no matter how advanced it becomes, will never pose a direct, imminent, and uncontrollable threat to the human race. When people start pursuing technological improvement to better their lives and make the world a better place, the danger of singularity will dissolve for good.

The second counterargument is that human beings are always flexible when it comes to adopting new technologies; this means that any advances in computer technology are caused by an even more significant advancement in the human ability to employ technology in making life easier (Garreau, 154). Through such a trend, it becomes almost impossible to reach a point where artificial intelligence can function independently from preconceived human design.

The implication here is that even as technology advances along an exponential curve, human beings will become more innovative and creative to shape the impact of technology on human affairs. Furthermore, the fact that people can use previous technological evolution trends to create futuristic technologies demonstrates their preparedness to handle advanced artificial intelligence (Carvalko, 23-27). For instance, some past predictions on technological evolution, such as jet-pack computing, are yet to become a reality though they crossed human imagination several years ago.

These observations lead Jaron Janier to comment on Who Owns the Future. That technology may never have the capacity to create or recreate itself autonomously without human intervention or control (Janier, 7-10). The assertion here is that even as artificial intelligence gives rise to robots, the idea that they will wish to dominate the world is mere science fiction with no basis in reality.

The counterarguments on the possibility of artificial intelligence threatening human life build on the premise that human beings have always remained firmly in control of emerging technologies. Although reaching a point of singularity may not happen anytime soon, it is unarguable that other potential hazards and pitfalls are imminent (Haqq-Misra 269); this is when one considers the development of military robots, which have become increasingly complex to the point of making independent decisions.

Furthermore, if people were firmly in control of technological evolution as some belief, then there would be no fears of a point in singularity where machines eventually take control of human life. These fears only demonstrate how people are increasingly becoming wary of artificial intelligence being able to function autonomously without human input (Kurtzweil, 56-62). When one thinks of futuristic scenarios such as electronic personality and intelligent autonomous robots, it becomes clear that robots dominating human life are no longer fictitious, but a possibility that is getting real.

Ignoring the chance of reaching a point of singularity in artificial intelligence is similar to ignoring the threat of climate change even as its disastrous consequences become real every day.

 Conclusion

The rapid evolution of technology continues to raise fears of a point when artificial intelligence heralds cataclysmic alterations to human life. Even though the technology aims to make the experience more accessible through the global interconnection of people and societies, human beings’ failure to match their intelligence to the emerging artificial superintelligence will make machines superior to the human race. There is a significant divergence in the current opinions on how artificial intelligence will influence human life in the future.

However, these perceptions appear to have a familiar premise; the fear of artificial intelligence causing the extermination of human life as it is known today. There is little doubt that technology has set the human race on the path to a more automated future where human beings will not be the only sophisticated intelligence. If not carefully approached, it will be a future riddled with fears and damages, as the threat of artificial superintelligence triggering a post-human future becomes more real.

Rather than downplaying the imminent danger that artificial intelligence will pose to human existence in the foreseeable future, it is time for people to ponder their ability to handle runaway or self-developing artificial superintelligence. They might as well decide to live with the fear of the inevitable unknown; the extermination of human life by artificial intelligence. Whether artificial intelligence will pose an existential threat to people or make them more creative and productive depends mostly on how ethically people approach the current developments in technology.

Works Cited

Baldauf, Kenneth & Stair, Ralph. Succeeding with Technology. New York: Cengage Learning, 2010.

Barrat, James. “Why Stephen Hawking and Bill Gates are terrified of artificial intelligence.” Huffington Post (2015).

Baudier, Amanda, “Artificial Intelligence vs. Authentic Intelligence,”  https://becominghuman.ai/artificial-intelligence-vs-authentic-intelligence-ab1bcd34e8f2 .

Bostrom, Nick. Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Bostrom, Nick. Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence. Cognitive, Emotive, and Ethical Aspects of Decision Making in Humans and Artificial Intelligence 2: 12–17.

Bonner, Stephen. Hacked by your fridge? When the Internet of Things bites back. Retrieved from 23 February 2020.

Broderick, Damien. The Spike: How Our Lives Are Being Transformed By Rapidly Advancing Technologies, New York: Forge, 2012.

Brundage, Miles. “Economic possibilities for our children: Artificial intelligence and the future of work, education, and leisure.” Workshops at the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2015.

Carvalko, Joseph. The Techno-human Shell-A Jump in the Evolutionary Gap. Sunbury Press., 2012.

Haqq-Misra, Jacob. “Here be dragons: science, technology, and the future of humanity.” (2016): 268-270.

Kurzweil, Ray. The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. New York: Viking Press, 2005.

Moravec, Hans. Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Pinker, Steven, “AI Won’t Takeover The World, and What Our Fears of the Robopocalypse Reveal,”  bigthink.com , 12 August 2019,  https://bigthink.com/videos/steven-pinker-on-artificial-intelligence-apocalypse/ .

Prescott, Tony. The AI singularity and runaway human intelligence.” Conference on Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013.

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Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay – With Outline

Published by Boni on May 4, 2023 May 4, 2023

Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay Outline

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become one of the rapidly developing fields and as its capabilities continue to expand, its potential impact on society has become a topic of intense debate. Different people have different views regqarding AI making this topic a bit challenging especially to students writing an argumentative essay on AI. However, with the help of a trustworthy research paper writing service , students can get guarentee themselves quality papers that will get them good grades.

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Topic: Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay

Introduction

Thesis: Artificial Intelligence cannot replace human intelligence no matter how sophisticated it may get.

Supporting arguments

Paragraph 1:

AI lacks emotional intelligence.

• Emotional intelligence makes human beings perpetually relevant at work. 
• Humans are social animals and they feel emotionally connected to other people.
• AI cannot imitate emotional intelligence.

Paragraph 2:

AI can only operate using the data it is given.

• The machine is useless if the data entered into it does not include a new field of work.
• AI does not automatically adapt to any circumstance.
• AI cannot easily mimic the capacity of the human brain to analyze, develop, innovate, maneuver, and collect information.

Paragraph 3:

AI is limited by its coding and its inability to think creatively.

• AI’s coding prevents them from coming up with original solutions to problems.
• Robots are designed to operate within their constraints.
• AI cannot analyze the context, consider complex events critically, or create intricate plans.

Paragraph 4:

AI lacks soft skills.

• Soft skills are a must for every employee.
• Soft skills are alien to artificially intelligent computers.
• Humans have an advantage over AI in the workplace thanks to soft skills.

Paragraph 5:

AI is a creation of humans and it is humans that make it work.

• Without human intelligence, artificial intelligence would not exist.
• The lines of code that are used to create AI are written by humans.
• Humans provide the data that AI machines use to operate.

Paragraph 6:

While humans can develop relationships, AI will never achieve that.

• Relationships are the foundation of many things.
• Humans have to communicate and work together with fellow humans.
• Machines cannot understand this emotional aspect of human behavior.

Paragraph 7:

AI will never express empathy, whereas humans can.

• Humans can express their emotions.
• AI cannot read other people’s emotions and display expressions.
• While AI-based devices can mimic human speech, they do not have empathy and the human touch.

Paragraph 8:

AI requires fact-checking.

• AI chatbots often make mistakes and need human moderators.
• While AI can learn incredibly quickly, it does not have common sense.
• AI cannot reason and challenge the truth to the same extent that humans can.

Paragraph 9:

AI cannot replace important human skills like critical thinking, time management, interpersonal skills, and analytical skills.

• Machines lack the human critical-thought ability.
• Machines are not as good at setting priorities or managing their time as humans.
• Machines lack the human ability to evaluate data and develop conclusions.

Struggling to get a proper argumentative topic for your paper? Here is a well researched list of argumentative research paper topics that will give you brilliant ideas.

Counterarguments and rebuttals

Paragraph 10:

Some people could argue that AI could soon catch up with and replace human intelligence.

• This is becausemachines can now perform cognitively complicated tasks.
• This could mean all work could be delegated to robots.
• However, this is not true because AI lacks intuition, emotion, or cultural sensitivity.

Paragraph 11:

Some people also argue that AI will push people out of jobs in a few years to come.

• AI use in the workplace is growing.
• Many current positions will be replaced by AI.
• However, the kind of work that AI can perform is often repetitious needing less sophisticated reasoning.
• AI will never replace human intelligence or humans in the workplace.
• Human intelligence is still far much superior to what AI can accomplish.
• AI’s abilities will enhance humanity rather than replace it.
• As AI technology advances, more jobs may be created.

Learn the best way to write a killer argumentative essay that will get you an A+ grade step by step.

Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the kind of intelligence displayed by machines. It is the capacity of a machine, specifically a computer, to replicate mental functions. The natural intelligence of people is in contrast to artificial intelligence. Numerous technologies are being created to educate computer systems on how to plan, understand, learn from experience, recognize objects, make judgments, and solve issues. Machines can carry out human-like tasks like driving a car or having a conversation by mimicking these abilities. AI has ingrained itself into humans’ daily lives and is here to stay. It is working alongside humans to efficiently and quickly meet societal needs, which is having a significant, beneficial impact on numerous industries and people’s lives. Some people feel that AI has become so efficient that it could replace humans in the future. However, Artificial Intelligence cannot replace human intelligence no matter how sophisticated it may get.

AI cannot replace human intelligence because it lacks emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is one distinctive quality that makes human beings perpetually relevant at work. The value of emotional intelligence in the workplace, particularly when working with clients, cannot be overstated. Humans are social animals, and one fundamental, indisputable desire that they have is to feel emotionally connected to other people. While AI tries to imitate human intelligence, emotional intelligence is more difficult to mimic than intellectual intelligence (Oluwaniyi, 2023). This is because emotional intelligence requires empathy and a profound understanding of the human condition, particularly suffering and pain (Oluwaniyi, 2023). AI is incapable of experiencing these feelings. Smart corporate executives and entrepreneurs are aware of the value of appealing to the emotions of their personnel and customers. Such degrees of human connection is impossible for machines to accomplish, but there are techniques for humans to develop their emotional intelligence. Systems with artificial intelligence are quick, logical, and precise. However, they lack intuition, empathy, and cultural awareness (Prajapat, 2022). It is these abilities that make humans more effective. Only a human being can read a person’s facial expression and know just what to say.

In the same breath, AI is only able to operate using the data it is given. Anything beyond that would be asking too much of it, and machines are not made that way. Therefore, the machine is useless if the data entered into it does not include a new field of work or if its algorithm does not account for unexpected events. These circumstances are frequent in the manufacturing and tech sectors, and AI builders are continuously looking for interim solutions (Oluwaniyi, 2023). One of the many prevalent misconceptions about artificial intelligence is the notion that technologies will automatically adapt to any circumstance. It follows that AI will never permeate every industry and reduce the need for human professional expertise (Oluwaniyi, 2023). AI cannot easily mimic human reasoning or the capacity of the human brain to analyze, develop, innovate, maneuver, and collect information.

AI is also limited by its coding and its inability to think creatively. AI’s coding prevents them from coming up with original solutions to a variety of developing issues. Robots are designed to operate within their constraints (Prajapat, 2022). A machine could think for itself someday. However, that will not happen anytime soon in the real world. Artificial intelligence cannot analyze the context, consider complex events critically, or create intricate plans (Prajapat, 2022). Teams and organizations connect with the outside world regularly. However, AI can only process information that has already been input into its system. It cannot account for the influence from outside, unlike humans. In real work environments, it is important to have the flexibility to distill a vision and plan while coping with abrupt changes and skewed information sharing (Prajapat, 2022). Human intuition, a crucial component of daily work, especially for high-level executives, drives this skill.

Further, AI lacks soft skills. In the workplace, soft skills are a must for every employee. To name just a few, they include collaboration, focus on detail, creative and critical thinking, excellent communication skills, and interpersonal skills (Larson, 2021). Every industry needs these soft skills, so one must acquire them if one wants to thrive in one’s career. These are skills that humans learn and are expected to have. Learning them is beneficial for everybody, regardless of position. Both business leaders and a group of field personnel in any industry depend on these skills to succeed. Consequently, humans have an advantage over AI in the workplace thanks to soft skills. Soft skills, however, are alien to artificially intelligent computers. These soft skills are essential for professional development and progress, but AI cannot create them (Larson, 2021). Higher levels of emotional intelligence and thinking are needed to develop the skills.

Additionally, it is general knowledge that AI is a creation of humans and it is humans that make it work. Without human intelligence, artificial intelligence would not exist. Artificial intelligence is intelligence created by humans. The lines of code that are used to create AI are written by humans. Humans provide the data that AI machines use to operate (Larson, 2021). Humans are also the ones who operate these machines. Human services will become more and more in demand as AI applications expand. These machines need to be built, run, and maintained by someone who also designs the AI systems (Larson, 2021). This can only be done by humans. These facts give one the confidence to refute any theories that AI will replace human intelligence. 

Furthermore, while humans can develop relationships, AI will never achieve that. Relationships are the foundation of many things. Humans have to communicate and work together with fellow humans. Additionally, many people do better individually when working in teams. On the same note, teams produce better and more inventive results, according to numerous studies (Prajapat, 2022). The most crucial component of employee engagement is an emotional commitment and ties with teammates, which demonstrate how much humans care about their work and the organizations they work for. Because people prefer to work with like-minded individuals, relationships also aid in locating partners and clients (Prajapat, 2022). However, machines are unable to understand this emotional aspect of human behavior.

In addition, AI will never express empathy, whereas humans can. Humans can express their emotions, including joy, satisfaction, grief, thanksgiving, hope, goodness, and optimism (Prajapat, 2022). There are a virtually infinite number of different emotions that humans can feel and let out. Furthermore, it is impossible to imagine AI being able to read others’ emotions and display all expressions better than a human being can. Several work situations call for the establishment of trust and human-to-human connections in order to get workers to relax, open up, and communicate about themselves (Prajapat, 2022). While AI-based devices can mimic human speech, they do not have empathy and the human touch.

AI also falls short of the human intelligence level in that it requires fact-checking. The fact that AI chatbots, such as ChatGPT, often make mistakes and need human moderators to double-check their facts is a major issue. While AI can learn incredibly quickly, it does not have common sense and is simply unable to reason and challenge the truth to the same extent that humans can (Oluwaniyi, 2023). This is why technology users should probably refrain from asking AI chatbots certain questions. The lesson here is that fact-checking will probably become a serious career in the future since artificial intelligence cannot regulate itself and requires external supervision (Oluwaniyi, 2023). One might want to hone their research skills in the interim in anticipation of this potential future career path.

Further, AI cannot replace such important human skills as critical thinking, time management, interpersonal skills, and analytical skills. Machines are quite good at analyzing data, but they lack the human critical-thought ability. It is a skill that is required in many professions, such as commerce, law, and medicine. On the same note, while machines are capable of performing tasks quickly and efficiently, they are not as good at setting priorities or managing their time as humans are (Cremer, 2020). Time management is essential in many different industries, including healthcare, education, and project management. Similarly, interpersonal skills, such as dispute resolution, active listening, and empathy enable humans to develop important connections and interactions with fellow humans. These skills are required for many different professions, including human resource management, social work, and counseling. On another note, machines can analyze data and provide recommendations, but they do not have the human ability to evaluate the data and develop conclusions (Cremer, 2020). Analytical skills are essential in many different disciplines, including finance, engineering, and science.  

Some people could argue that with the rate at which AI is evolving, it could soon catch up with and replace human intelligence. The practice of humans outsourcing their work to machines began with routine, repetitive physical jobs such as weaving. Machines have advanced to the point where they can now perform tasks that could be considered cognitively complicated, such as solving mathematical equations, understanding speech and language, and writing. So, it appears that machines are prepared to duplicate not just human physical work but also human’s mental work. In the twenty-first century, AI is improving to the point that it can perform many activities better than humans, making humans appear ready to delegate their intelligence to machines (Cremer & Kasparov, 2021). With this most recent trend, it appears as though everything will soon be automatable, which means that no work will be immune from being delegated to robots. This picture of the future of labor resembles a zero-sum contest in which there can be only one victor. However, this interpretation of how AI will affect the workplace is misleading. The contention of whether AI will replace human employees assumes that the two species share the same attributes and skills, yet this is untrue. AI-based systems are quicker, more precise, and always rational, but they lack intuition, emotion, or cultural sensitivity (Cremer & Kasparov, 2021). It is precisely these skills that humans have, which make them superior to machines.

Some people also argue that since AI may outperform humans in many different aspects, it will push people out of jobs in a few years to come. For instance, according to Larkin (2022), over 67 percent of American workers believe robots will take their jobs within fifty years. The use of artificial intelligence applications in the workplace is growing, and many current positions will be replaced by them. However, the kind of work that such applications can perform, is often repetitious ones needing less sophisticated reasoning. As the world transitions to a more connected information and communication technology ecosystem, new positions for people will also be created by changing workplace demands. According to an analysis by the World Economic Forum, while machines using AI will displace roughly 85 million jobs in 2025, AI will also create about 97 million new employment positions in the same year (“The Future of Jobs Report 2020,” 2020). Thus, the concern should be how humans can collaborate with AI rather than having it replace them. This is what people should concentrate on. Because, it will be difficult, even impossible, to survive in the modern era without AI. Similarly, AI will not survive without the input of humans.

No matter the level to which AI may advance, it will not replace human intelligence nor will it replace humans at the workplace. The human-like intelligence is still very distant from what the world’s AI technology can accomplish. Despite all the concerns, the majority of AI machines are built to be exceptionally good at tackling a specific problem in the setting of a certain data system. On the other hand, human imagination, wisdom, and contextual knowledge are essential to the success of AI. This is due to the straightforward fact that people will always be able to provide value that robots cannot. Thus, it can be summed up that AI’s abilities will enhance humanity rather than replace it. Because of this, top-tier and progressive firms have begun implementing AI to improve their experiences, productivity, and organizational agility. Overall, it can be seen that as AI technology advances, more jobs may be created.

Cremer, D. (2020). Leadership by algorithm: Who leads and who follows in the AI era? Harriman House.

Cremer, D., & Kasparov, G. (2021, March 18). AI should augment human intelligence, not replace it . Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2021/03/ai-should-augment-human-intelligence-not-replace-it  

Larkin, C. (2022, September 27). AI won’t replace human intuition . Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2022/09/27/ai-wont-replace-human-intuition/?sh=7f25bf1267bf

Larson, E. J. (2021). The myth of artificial intelligence: Why computers can’t think the way we do . Harvard University Press.

Oluwaniyi, R. (2023, March 15). 7 reasons why artificial intelligence can’t replace humans at work . MUO. https://www.makeuseof.com/reasons-artificial-intelligence-cant-replace-humans/#:~:text=Regardless%20of%20how%20well%20AI,is%20vital%20for%20business%20growth .

Prajapat, J. (2022, May 17). Why A.I. artificial intelligence can’t replace humans? LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-ai-artificial-intelligence-cant-replace-humans-jitendra-prajapat/?trk=pulse-article_more-articles_related-content-card

The Future of Jobs Report 2020 . (2020, October 20). World Economic Forum. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2020/in-full/executive-summary

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Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay

Some argue that artificial intelligence is playing positive role in our lives and has many benefits, such as increased efficiency, productivity, and convenience, while others think that it has negative consequences, like job displacement and ethical concerns. In this essay, you will see both sides of the arguments i.e. potential benefits and drawbacks of AI technology.

Introduction

What is AI? The computers and machines can do things that usually need human thinking, like learning, solving problems, and understanding language. It’s like how our brains work, but with machines. AI can learn from the experiences and get better at doing things on its own, and it’s used for robots, speech and image recognition, and even self-driving cars!

It is important in today’s world because it has the potential to transform industries, improve efficiency, and enhance decision-making across a wide range of fields. It is also seen as a key driver of economic growth and innovation in many countries.

The Pros of AI

Efficiency and productivity.

Since AI can process large amounts of data quickly and efficiently, therefore, this ability makes it a powerful tool for analyzing and deriving insights from large and complex datasets. It can identify patterns, correlations, and trends that might not be immediately apparent to humans. This ability to process data at large scale and high speed has significant implications for businesses, enable them to make faster and more informed decisions, improve customer experiences, and optimize operations.

AI has also capacity to process data has facilitated the development of technologies such as predictive analytics, natural language processing, and machine learning, which have opened up new possibilities in fields such as healthcare, finance, transportation, and many more.

Improved Safety and Security

Artificial Intelligence has revolutionized the way we approach security risks by offering advanced and intelligent monitoring systems. These systems can detect potential security threats through various mechanisms, including facial recognition, predictive analytics, and anomaly detection. It can also identify patterns and trends that humans might not be able to detect on their own because it can analyze data in real-time.

This capability has led to the development of improved surveillance systems that help prevent crimes and enhance transportation safety. By utilizing AI-powered monitoring, security personnel can quickly identify and respond to potential threats which makes it faster and more effective action in critical situations.

Healthcare Advancements

By analyzing the medical data, AI can detect potential diseases at an early stage. With different algorithms, AI can identify patterns and anomalies in medical images, lab reports, and patient records that might be missed by human doctors. This capability has led to improved medical diagnosis and treatment by enabling doctors to make faster and more accurate diagnoses, develop personalized treatment plans, and monitor patients’ health more effectively. AI-powered tools can also help identify new drug targets, design more effective clinical trials, and optimize healthcare delivery.

Environmental Impact

Artificial Intelligence can identify and mitigate environmental risks by providing intelligent monitoring and analysis of natural systems. For example, AI-powered tools can analyze satellite data to identify deforestation, track ocean currents to predict weather patterns, and monitor air quality to detect pollution hotspots. This ability to process large amounts of environmental data quickly and accurately can help decision-makers develop effective strategies for resource management and risk mitigation.

AI can also help improve resource management and reduce waste by optimizing supply chains, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing material waste. By leveraging AI to optimize production and distribution systems, companies can reduce their carbon footprint, minimize waste, and improve efficiency. For instance, AI-powered predictive maintenance systems can help identify equipment failures before they occur, minimizing downtime and reducing waste.

The Cons of AI

Job displacement.

Artificial Intelligence will also replace jobs in various industries by automating tasks that were previously performed by humans. While this can lead to increased efficiency and productivity, there are concerns that it may also contribute to income inequality and unemployment rates. As machines become more capable of performing tasks traditionally done by humans, there is a risk that jobs may disappear or become obsolete, particularly in industries with a high degree of routine work.

Privacy Concerns

AI’s ability to collect and analyze personal data has raised concerns over surveillance and potential misuse of personal information. As AI technologies become more sophisticated, they can gather vast amounts of data from individuals, such as their preferences, behavior, and location, leading to concerns over privacy and data protection. This has led to calls for stricter regulations to protect personal data and ensure that AI is used in an ethical and responsible manner.

Bias and Discrimination

Artificial Intelligence systems rely heavily on historical data to make predictions and decisions, which can lead to perpetuation of biases and discrimination. If historical data contains biases or reflects past discrimination, then the AI system may replicate those biases and perpetuate them. This has led to concerns over the ethical implications of AI decision-making, particularly in sensitive areas such as hiring, lending, and criminal justice. To address these concerns, researchers are exploring ways to mitigate bias in AI systems, such as by ensuring diversity in training data, auditing algorithms for bias, and developing explainable AI to increase transparency and accountability. It is important to ensure that AI is used in a fair and ethical manner to avoid perpetuating biases and discrimination.

Control and Safety Concerns

As AI systems become more advanced, there is a risk that they may become uncontrollable or dangerous, leading to potential risks to society. To mitigate these risks, there is a need for regulation and oversight of AI development and use. This can include measures such as ethical guidelines, safety standards, and transparency requirements to ensure that AI is developed and used in a responsible and safe manner. By balancing innovation and regulation, we can harness the potential of AI while minimizing potential risks to society.

More to read

• Artificial Intelligence Tutorial
• History of Artificial Intelligence
• 4 Types of Artificial Intelligence
• What is the purpose of Artificial Intelligence?
• Artificial and Robotics
• Benefits of Artificial Intelligence
• Intelligent Agents in AI
• Production System in AI
• Engineering Applications f AI
• Artificial Intelligence Vs. Machine Learning
• Artificial Intelligence Vs. Human Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence Vs. Data Science
• Artificial Intelligence Vs. Computer Science
• What Artificial Intelligence Cannot Do?
• Importance of Artificial Intelligence
• How has Artificial Intelligence Impacted Society?
• Application of Artificial Intelligence in Robotics

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208 Artificial Intelligence Essay Topics & Research Questions about AI

If you’re looking for interesting AI research questions or essay topics, you’ve come to the right place! In this list, we’ve compiled the latest trending essay topics on artificial intelligence, research questions, and project ideas. It doesn’t matter if you’re a high school student or a Ph.D. holder: here, you will find research questions about artificial intelligence for beginners as well as professionals.

🏆 Best Essay Topics on Artificial Intelligence

✍️ artificial intelligence essay topics for college, 🌶️ hot artificial intelligence ideas to write about, 👍 good artificial intelligence research topics & essay examples, ⭐ simple & easy artificial intelligence essay titles, 🎓 most interesting artificial intelligence research titles, 💡 artificial intelligence argumentative essay topics, ❓ research questions about artificial intelligence.

• Artificial Intelligence Pros and Cons: Essay Sample
• Artificial Intelligence and Unemployment
• Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence Versus Human Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact on the Future
• Artificial Intelligence in the Workplace
• Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
• Artificial Intelligence and Effects of Its Rise This work will address unemployment and humanity’s ethical dilemmas, conceived because of the rise of artificial intelligence as a globalization consequence.
• Artificial Intelligence: Effects on Business Artificial intelligence is a wide range of technological advancements that deal with current and future effects on the business sector to enhance profitability.
• Will Artificial Intelligence Replace Humans? The paper discusses whether artificial intelligence replaces humans. There is no single answer to the question because it affects several areas of human life.
• Artificial Intelligence as a Potential Threat to Humanity Artificial intelligence (AI) demonstrates immense potential in terms of improving society as long it is developed and implemented properly.
• Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Education System The paper analyzes how the education system can maximize the advantages of Artificial Intelligence. It compares the traditional education system.
• Artificial Intelligence in the Labor Market The paper states that the continuous improvements in terms of developing artificial intelligence make render this technology close to reality.
• Artificial Intelligence and Its Role in Business The paper looks into the peculiarities of replacing human work with AI to define its potential for development and issues associated with such implementation.
• Artificial Intelligence and Music The paper discusses use of Artificial Intelligence is rapidly expanding, with several innovative companies adopting it to create music.
• Artificial Intelligence in Hospitality Industry The purpose of this paper is to explore the use application of AI in the hospitality industries. The paper focuses on the utilization of booking engines and hotel software systems.
• Artificial Intelligence Economy This annotated bibliography aims to discuss seven articles devoted to the topic of the artificial intelligence economy.
• Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Pros & Cons Rapidly advancing artificial intelligence technologies are gradually changing health care practices and bring a paradigm shift to the medical system.
• Game Playing in Artificial Intelligence The 9th of March, 2016, was a watershed moment in the development of artificial intelligence when the Go champion Lee Sedol was beaten by AlphaGo.
• Technologies & Artificial Intelligence Challenges For innovative organizations, new technologies introduce not only benefits but also new challenges as the use of artificial intelligence (AI) changes the way organizations work.
• Artificial Intelligence: Use and Potential Risks Automation and intelligent algorithms can significantly benefit business owners by inducing substantial savings.
• Artificial Intelligence Threat for Employees The article “U.S. Lost Over 60 Million Jobs” published focuses on the ongoing unrest around the future of the job market and AI presence within.
• The Promises and Perils of Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence is a powerful technology that can generate economic gains; therefore, it is critical to explore its prehistory and practical and ethical concerns.
• The Fundamental Role of Artificial Intelligence in the IT Industry Artificial intelligence is aimed at machine learning and providing software to address the problems in a way similar to human intelligence.
• AI In Accounting Essay Example Introducing artificial intelligence (AI) into accounting is viewed by many researchers as a promising practice, which has been the subject of numerous studies.
• Artificial Intelligence in Self-Driving Cars The paper states that artificial intelligence in self-driving vehicles cannot conclude several favorable outcomes – or, the “least bad” effects.
• Artificial Intelligence as an Enhancer of Human Abilities The paper states that using Artificial Intelligence to enhance human capabilities is a trending factor that is growing and receiving attention.
• Artificial Intelligence in Supply Chain Management This paper establishes the benefits, opportunities, and challenges of adopting machine learning technologies in logistics to help SMEs boost their performance.
• Helpmewrite.AI Software’s Business Feasibility The report offers research on Helpmewrite.ai software, which is a product that helps writers, lawyers, and paralegals to compose distinct legal pamphlets promptly.
• Artificial Intelligence in the Hotel Industry The results of the analysis have shown that, overall, Artificial Intelligence proves to have a positive impact on the quality of hotel services and risk management.
• The Dawn of Artificial Intelligence: Robots Robots were created by people to satisfy their large insatiable appetites. Such a sacrilegious act against the miracle of creation may cost a lot.
• Artificial Intelligence: Ethical, Social, Legal Issues The field of artificial intelligence indeed brings numerous ethical, social, professional and legal issues; but are those so disturbing as some people claim?
• Business Model Canvas and Artificial Intelligence The nine blocks in the business model canvas, which include vital partners, cost structure, and others in relation to AI, can be summarized to explain their role in business.
• Artificial Intelligence in Accounting ​Artificial Intelligence is already replacing some accounting operations, and research indicates that automating these processes is a cost-effective option.
• Could Artificial Intelligence ‘End Mankind’ or Is It All Alarmist Nonsense? The idea of AI ending humankind and leading to a global catastrophe does not represent modern reality accurately.
• How AI and Machine Learning Influence Marketing in the Fashion Industry The study aims to determine if the perception of AI in fashion is a novel concept and whether it holds enough appeal to impact the purchasing decisions of fashion consumers.
• Artificial Intelligence in Aviation and Human-Machine Interfaces The following study analyzes the research results to determine the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on aviation.
• E-Commerce: The Role of Artificial Intelligence Though the implementation of artificial intelligence within e-commerce continues to develop rapidly, there are several areas in which it affects the experiences of customers.
• Algorithmic Bias of Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence is a rapidly developing technology which is already extensively utilized in different spheres, yet it has many considerable issues.
• The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Future of Work Artificial intelligence is requested in the modern business world because it can lead to many positive outcomes when applied to employee monitoring.
• Artificial Intelligence in Economics Currently, the amount of data available to businesses continues to grow at an exceptional rate due to the developments in artificial intelligence and big data.
• Artificial Intelligence: Integrated in Healthcare This paper aims to talk about AI as an innovative idea that can be integrated into healthcare. It will detail the strategies used in executing AI.
• Artificial Intelligence in the Oil and Gas Industry Construction, mining, and oil and gas companies are the latecomers in this digitalization, increasingly depending on AI and machine learning (ML) based solutions frenzy.
• New Technology in the Air Cargo Industry: Artificial Intelligence The article “Transport logistic: Artificial Intelligence at Air cargo” discusses how artificial intelligence will revolutionize the air cargo industry.
• Artificial Intelligence in Business Management The use of artificial intelligence in business management is a sound practice due to many benefits that this technology offers and an opportunity to secure operational controls.
• Artificial Intelligence: Article Review Review of an article by Vinyals, Gaffney & Ewalds (2017) discussing the use of the StarCraft II video game as a platform for AI development and testing.
• Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence Comparison AI performs many tasks that are impossible for humans to perform and can be equal to human tasks in interpreting CT scans, recognizing faces and voices, and playing games.
• Artificial Intelligence as a Part of Imperialism: Challenges and Solutions Artificial intelligence is part of the process of imperialism, its offshoot, which is commonly called information imperialism.
• Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Impacts on Citizens The concept of artificial intelligence is complex and broad. However, researchers, theorists, and writers contribute to the creation of a clear and factual definition of this term in different ways.
• Artificial Intelligence: Pros and Cons Artificial intelligence is definitely a huge step in global technological progress, and like any other technology, it can be both a weapon and a lifesaver.
• Artificial Intelligence and Global Societal Issues Examination of the latest trends in the sphere of development of manufacturing processes indicates significant growth in the interest in artificial intelligence.
• Artificial Intelligence Implementation in Accounting Processes Artificial intelligence seems to be a prospective technology, and its implementation in accounting processes is inevitable.
• Companies’ Reputation and Artificial Intelligence This paper discusses companies’ reputations and whether artificial intelligence (AI) has the capacity to predict customer and competitor behavior.
• Medical Innovations: 3D Bioprinting Artificial Intelligence This paper will discuss two medical technological innovations that are significant for the future of a medical organization and how different stakeholders could benefit from them.
• Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Nursing The benefits of AI technologies include time and cost efficiency, as well as a high level of care consistency and comprehensiveness.
• Using Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence in Critical Care Medicine Artificial Intelligence in critical care is helping to care for patients faster, supervise more patients, calculate the exact dosage for patients, and collect more detailed data.
• AI Development, Unemployment, and Universal Basic Income The theme of AI-human relationships takes an important place in science fiction literature, movies, and video games, but it is not limited by them.
• Artificial Intelligence and Its Usage in Modern Warfare and Healthcare This paper discusses the question of AI usage in modern warfare, and the usage of Artificial Intelligence used in healthcare in the current situation with the ongoing pandemic.
• Artificial Intelligence and How It Affects Hospitality The main challenge in regards to Artificial Intelligence is its current state, which still requires extensive development in order for it to become practical and useful.
• AI System in Smart Energy Consumption The primary aim of the paper is to expose the significant impacts of AI integration in intelligent energy consumption methods.
• The Portrayal of Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence seems to be Frankenstein’s monster of the new age. Different sources provide significant insight into the portrayal of AI as monstrosity.
• The Future of Artificial Intelligence in Fiction and Science Although there are numerous technological advancements, not many of them have caused such a tremendous controversy as artificial intelligence.
• The Limits of Global Inclusion in AI (Artificial Intelligence) Development This article is devoted to the theme of the development and implementation of elements of artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of various countries.
• AI in Customer Service: Argument Flaws Analyzing AI’s comprehensive functionality can provide sufficient arguments for a variety of options to implement to attract and retain customers.
• Artificial Intelligence Bias and Ethical Algorithms The paper argues in order to solve the problem of lack of diversity and assessing human needs correctly, there is a need to implement better guidelines for Artificial Intelligence.
• Fire Scene Investigation: Artificial Intelligence Each container should be labeled uniquely, including the investigator’s name, date and time, sample number, case number, and location of recovery.
• Usage of AI and Robotics in Project Management Technological progress has allowed humanity to use the technologies they could not implement in the past centuries.
• Blockchain and Other Artificial Intelligence Systems The project describes the basic features of blockchain and AI technologies, along with the possibilities for their future use in different spheres of human activity.
• Artificial Intelligence Projects Failed The research paper provides a detailed worldwide timeline of artificial intelligence projects that were attempted and failed and the threats they have caused.
• Artificial Intelligence in Medical Field The medical field constantly innovates and develops new technologies to improve patient care. Societies, in general, are significantly impacted by technological innovations.
• Artificial Intelligence: Emergence of Employment Issues Artificial intelligence has become particularly widespread in the modern world, but there are significant controversies about the benefits of this technology in people’s lives.
• Comparing Artificial Intelligence to Human Intelligence Intelligence is essential for humanity, as it can isolate important information from the environment and systematize it into knowledge used to solve specific problems.
• Customer’s Brand Engagement: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Marketers are currently using artificial intelligence in marketing to automate procedures and provide clients with a distinctive brand experience.
• Risks of Artificial Intelligence Data-Mining by Tech Corporations With the exponential advancement of Artificial Intelligence, the notion of data being valuable regarding marketability has permeated the cultural zeitgeist.
• Integrated Apple Home-Based Artificial Intelligence System Integrated Apple Home-based Artificial Intelligence system is an artificial intelligence system that has been tailored to meet the end-users’ home needs.
• The Turing Test and Development of Artificial Intelligence The Turing test is conducted with two people and a program, in which the program and one person communicate with a judge.
• Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Business AI’s modern field came into being in the 1950s; still, decades were spent on making serious progress in the development of an AI system and turning it from a dream into a reality.
• Artificial Intelligence, Insurtech, and Virtual Reality from a Market Perspective AI, Insurtech, and Virtual reality will be presented and discussed in relation to their impact on the market, as well as the disruptions and benefits they may cause.
• Artificial Intelligence: Impact on Labor Workforce The development of artificial intelligence often affects drivers and retail workers, healthcare workers, lawyers, accountants, and financial professionals.
• The Issue of Artificial Intelligence Integration in Private Health Sector It is possible to develop a particular insight into the perspectives of Artificial Intelligence integration in the private health sector.
• What Will Happen When AI Picks Up Social Biases About Gender? Social biases on gender will not have room when Artificial Intelligence takes over and the systems are put into everyday life.
• Enabling Successful AI Implementation in the Department of Defense This paper seeks to provide a summary and discuss three main points of the article “Enabling Successful AI Implementation in the Department of Defense.”
• Marketing Artificial Intelligence Problems The alignment problem when applying artificial intelligence in marketing occurs when managers ask a question that does not align with the set objectives.
• Can the World Have a Fair Artificial Intelligence? It is important to consider issues to do with AI because the matter has adverse effects on the depreciation of human labor, information protection, and manipulation of people.
• AI-Improved Management Information System This paper evaluates a current management information system and directs on ways to improve it using artificial intelligence and machine learning.
• Artificial Intelligence and the Labor Market This essay will argue that although the use of AI is a controversial issue, AI could be implemented positively, allowing the effective cooperation of people and robots.
• Artificial Intelligence: Human Trust in Healthcare In the modern epoch of digitalization, artificial intelligence (AI) is widely utilized in education, transportation, media, banking, navigation, and healthcare.
• Artificial Intelligence: The Monstrous Entity The conversation around the artificial intelligence as a monstrous entity can provide new perspectives for all discourse communities revolving around this topic.
• Implementing Artificial Intelligence and Managing Change in Nursing This paper is going to talk about a planned change, namely the implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in perception, thinking, planning, learning, etc.
• AI and Transitional Management The article presented the two sides of artificial intelligence from an objective perspective since the general implementation of AI is almost inevitable.
• Artificial Intelligence in Machinery This essay explores an operation case, discussing the tools in AI, particularly TensorFlow and Theano, and their implementation issues.
• Artificial Intelligence and Related Ethical Concerns Technological progress allows people to use AI capabilities increasingly, but this concept is also related to many ethical issues about human rights.
• Thinking Processes of Artificial Intelligence This essay will discuss the topic of artificial intelligence in whether artificial intelligence can be capable of thinking processes.
• The Finance Portfolio Management: Impact of Artificial Intelligence Despite the existing limitations, various artificial intelligence applications can make portfolio management much more accessible.
• AI, Human Control and Safety The given evaluative analysis will primarily focus on the topic of artificial intelligence, human control, and safety.
• Artificial Intelligence: The Articles Review This paper presents the annotated bibliography dedicated the artificial intelligence technologies, their safety or harm to society.
• Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labor Market The document presents annotated article in question considers the impact the spread of artificial intelligence technology may have on the labor market.
• How to Create a Fair Artificial Intelligence The current research aims to find possible ways to create a fair AI: exploring power concentration, mass manipulation, depreciation of human labor, and information protection.
• Artificial Intelligence in Scientific and Fiction Works I decided to research what possible benefits can come from cooperation between scientists and science fiction writers regarding the negative image of artificial intelligence.
• Artificial Intelligence: Advantages and Applications The advantages mentioned above introduce multiple opportunities for applying AI to acquire improved outcomes. Discussion of such applications.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Universal Basic Income Articles included in the annotated bibliography describe problems of Automation and the spread of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based technologies.
• Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Ethical Risks Technological progress went far beyond our imagination, and Artificial Intelligence became an indispensable companion in everyday life.
• AI and Hardware Integration in Business Work Processes AI-driven hardware within businesses has little competition as it is the leading tool for time-saving, cost-reduced, and efficient method processes.
• Artificial Intelligence and Singularity Technological development will inevitably shift humanity’s future in a highly radical way. It is especially true in the case of artificial intelligence (AI).
• Artificial Intelligence: Potential Problems and Threats Artificial intelligence can be used for unsuitable purposes, but this is not a scientific problem but rather a moral and ethical one.
• Implementation of AI in Law Practice There are many benefits of AI application to large firms that have a lot of unprocessed data or smaller firms that do not have the staff to cover all the tasks.
• AI: Agent Human Interactions In this case study a system that detects the status of the baby, that is, if the baby is awake, and it has an interface implemented with agent human interaction is considered.
• Artificial Intelligence in Business Administration Changes The current state of AI technology does not allow launching ambitious projects that will completely change the way businesses operate.
• Artificial Intelligence in the Working Process The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the job and its results. AI can do the job that was done by the employee for decades.
• Artificial Intelligence. Unmanned Mission Communications Communication networks are essential in facilitating the operations of autonomous systems as they are used in monitoring, collecting data, and exploring hard-to-reach areas.
• Artificial Intelligence: Its Potential and Use Artificial intelligence has been presented as a technology that will not replace human beings, but help them perform tasks better.
• Artificial Intelligence: Science Fiction Novels Many writers created stories and novels in the science fiction genre in an attempt to predict how the life where robots are not just machines but equal members of society would be.
• “Artificial Intelligence: A Competitive Advantage for the US Army” Review The document offers a substantial review of how the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) may become a crucial competitive advantage for the US military.
• The Use of Starcraft II Video Games for AI Research The article is devoted to the rules for writing effective thesises, for each rule there are examples of good and bad writing.
• AI and Machine Self-Learning Machine self-learning has become a perfect solution for complex business problems that cannot be solved by software engineering or human judgment.
• Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Accounting The broad implementation of AI in such fields as accounting lays the ground for the drastic changes in management and methods that are utilized by specialists.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Health Care The use of AI has increased over the past decades, making it easier for researchers to investigate the most complicated issues.
• Artificial Intelligence in Enterprise Processes AI affects ERP systems even though AI-driven solutions are not implemented by the majority of businesses. AI is integrated into ERP systems to increase customer satisfaction
• Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, and the Impact on Facilities’ Environments The use of AI and IoT is unlikely to replace facilities’ teams because the decision-making process still requires human input.
• Artificial Intelligence and Ethical Implications If we create artificial intelligence based on human intelligence, some of the less needed qualities will be omitted during the process of abstraction.
• Artificial Intelligence Through Human Inquiry Much about the possible uses of A.I. and its potential capacities and abilities remains uncertain, which raises many questions as to what the future of A.I. will hold for humans.
• The Artificial Intelligence Machine AlphaGo Zero The selected technology is an artificial intelligence (AI) machine by the name of AlphaGo Zero. It is an evolution of previous well-known machines from the company Deep Mind.
• Artificial Intelligence in Strategic Business Management Artificial intelligence basically refers to the intelligence that is created in the software or machines by mankind.
• Regional Employment and Artificial Intelligence in Japan
• Artificial Intelligence and the Human Race
• Medicine and Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applied at the Point of Care
• Difference Between Artificial Intelligence and Human
• The Four Debatable Viewpoints One May Have About Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact on Accounting
• Rational Choice and Artificial Intelligence
• The Ethics and Its Relation To Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and Medicine
• Privacy, Algorithms, and Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence: Can Computers Think
• Cognitive Science and Its Link to Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence Replacing the Art of Traditional Selling
• The Beauty and Danger of Artificial Intelligence
• Digital Devices for Artificial Intelligence Applications
• Artificial Intelligence and the Field of Robotics
• Could Artificial Intelligence Replace Teachers
• Artificial Intelligence and Neuromorphic Engineering
• Artificial Intelligence Based Improvised Explosive Devices
• Big Data Technologies and Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and Its Effects on Business
• Modern Technology and Artificial Intelligence
• Multilayered Perceptron and Artificial Intelligence
• Distributed, Decentralized, and Democratized Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and Video Games
• Some Considerations About Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications
• Comparing Human Intelligence With Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence During the World Today
• Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Human Rights
• Economic Policy for Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence for Human Intelligence and Industrial
• The Morality and Utility of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and Behavioral Economics
• Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Technologies
• The Effects Artificial Intelligence Has Had on Society and Business
• Marketing and Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and Machines Automation
• People Copy the Actions of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare in Africa
• Healthcare System Using Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence for the Future Radiology Diagnostic Service
• Artificial Intelligence and Marketing
• Copyright Protection for Artificial Intelligence
• The Potential and Future of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind
• Expert Systems and Its Relationship With Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and Its Effect on Mankind
• The Nexus Between Artificial Intelligence and Economics
• Artificial Intelligence, Based Training and Placement Management
• Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment
• Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Finance
• The Pros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and the Legal Profession
• Continual Learning: The Next Generation of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and Its Uses
• Regulation Within the Development of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science
• Mysteries, Epistemological Modesty, and Artificial Intelligence in Surgery
• Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Reasoning
• Can Artificial Intelligence Become Smarter Than Humans?
• Should Humanity Fear Advances in Artificial Intelligence?
• How Does Artificial Intelligence Affect the Retail Industry?
• What Are Some of the Ethical Challenges Posed by the Use of Artificial Intelligence for Hiring?
• Does Artificial Intelligence Impact the Creative Industries?
• Can Artificial Intelligence Change the Way in Which Companies Recruit, Train, Develop, and Manage Human Resources in Workplace?
• Will Artificial Intelligence Defeat Human Intelligence?
• How Can Artificial Intelligence Help Modern Society?
• Can Artificial Intelligence Lead to a More Sustainable Society?
• What Role Will Artificial Intelligence Play in Human Affairs in the Next Few Decades?
• How Can Artificial Intelligence Help Us Understand Human Creativity?
• Will Artificial Intelligence Devices Become Human Best Friend?
• Why Must Artificial Intelligence Be Regulated?
• Should Artificial Intelligence Have Human Rights?
• Why Artificial Intelligence Won’t Dominate the Future?
• How Does Artificial Intelligence Impact Today’s Society?
• Will Artificial Intelligence Overpower Human Beings?
• Should Artificial Intelligence Take Over the Jobs of the Tertiary Sector?
• How Will Artificial Intelligence Impact the World?
• Should People Develop Artificial Intelligence?
• How Does Mary Shelley’s Depiction Show the Threats of Artificial Intelligence?
• What Can Artificial Intelligence Offer Coral Reef Managers?
• How Will Artificial Intelligence Affect the Job Industry in the Future?
• Should the Innovative Evolution of Artificial Intelligence be Regulated?
• Will Artificial Intelligence Have a Progressive or Retrogressive Impact on Our Society?

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StudyCorgi. (2022, March 1). 208 Artificial Intelligence Essay Topics & Research Questions about AI. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/artificial-intelligence-essay-topics/

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StudyCorgi . 2022. "208 Artificial Intelligence Essay Topics & Research Questions about AI." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/artificial-intelligence-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Artificial Intelligence were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on March 8, 2024 .

The Main Topics for Coursework or a Thesis Statement in Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the world, from machine learning and the Internet of Things to Robotics and Natural Language processing.

Research is needed to understand more about AI and how it will affect the future. 

AI-powered machines are likely to replace humans in many fields and the consequences of this are still largely unknown.

There are many topics of vital importance to choose from if you’re a student trying to decide on a topic involving AI for your thesis.

Image source:  Freepik.com

Machine learning (ML) as a Thesis Topic

Artificial intelligence enables machines to automatically learn a task from experience and improve performance without any human intervention.

Machines need high-quality data to start with. They are trained by building machine learning models using the data and different algorithms.

The algorithms depend on the type of data and the tasks that need automation. 

A topic for your research could involve discussing wearable devices. They are powered by machine learning and are becoming increasingly popular.

You could discuss their relevance in fields like health and insurance as well as how they can help individuals to improve their daily routines and move towards a more healthy lifestyle.  

Deep learning (DL) as a Thesis Topic

Deep Learning is a subset of ML where learning imitates the inner workings of the human brain. It uses artificial neural networks to process data and make decisions.

The web-like networks take a non-linear approach to processing data which is superior to traditional algorithms that take a linear approach.  

Google’s RankBrain is an example of an artificial neural network.

Deep learning is driving many AI applications such as object recognition, playing computer games, controlling self-driving cars and language translation.

A research topic could involve discussing deep learning and its various applications. 

Reinforcement learning (RL) as a Thesis Topic

Reinforcement learning is the closest form of learning to the way human beings learn. For instance, students learn from their mistakes and a process of trial-and-error.

There are many different ways to use AI in education to help students, such as using AI-powered tutors, customized learning and smart content.

RL works on a similar principle to learning from a process of trial-and-error. Google’s AlphaGo program beat the world champion of Go in 2017 by using RL. 

Students who don’t yet have the skills to handle complex assignments can make use of various tools, writing apps and professional writers.

To find help with your student papers when you’re conducting research for a university, EduBirdie has free plagiarism checker and citations tools but professional writers who can take the pressure off you.

At U.K. EduBirdie , a professional  thesis writer will finish your paper  for you. It also offers editing and proofreading services at very reasonable prices.

Image source: Freepik.com

Natural language processing (NLP) as a Thesis Topic

This area of AI relates to how machines can learn to recognize and analyze human speech. Speech recognition, natural language translation and natural language generation are some of the areas of NLP.

With the help of NLP, systems can even read sentiment and predict which parts of the language are important. Revolutionary tools like IBM Watson, Google Translate, Speech Recognition and sentiment analysis show the importance of NLP in the daily lives of individuals. 

NLP helps build intelligent systems, such as customer support applications like chatbots and  AI in education  is also a great example.

Chatbots use NLP and machine learning to interact with customers and solve their queries. Your research topic could relate to chatbots and their interaction with humans.

Computer vision (CV) as a Thesis Topic

Millions of images are uploaded daily on the internet. Computers are very good at certain tasks but they can struggle with simple tasks like being able to recognize and identify objects.

Computer vision is a field of AI that makes systems so smart that they can analyze and understand images. CV systems can even outperform humans now in some tasks like classifying visual objects.  

One of the applications of computer vision is in autonomous vehicles that need to analyze images of surroundings in order to navigate.

A study topic could involve discussing computer vision and how using it allows smart systems to be built. Applications of computer vision could then be presented.  

Recommender systems (RS) as a Thesis Topic

Recommender systems  use algorithms  to offer relevant suggestions to users. These may be suggestions on a TV show, a product, a service or even who to date.

You will receive many recommendations after you search for a particular product or browse a list of favorite movies. RS can base suggestions on your past behavior and past preferences, trends and the preferences of your peers. 

A very relevant topic would be to explore the use of recommender systems in the field of e-commerce. Industry giants like Amazon are currently using recommender systems to help customers find the right products or services.

You could discuss their implementation and the type of results they bring to ecommerce businesses. 

Robotics as a Thesis Topic

Robots can behave and perform the same actions as human beings, thanks to AI. They can act intelligently and even solve problems and learn in controlled environments.

For example, Kismet is a social interaction robot developed by MIT’s AI lab that can recognize human language and interact with humans. 

Robots and AI are changing the way businesses work. Some people argue that this will have an adverse effect on humans as they are replaced by AI-powered machines.

A research topic could aim to understand to what extent businesses will be impacted by  AI-powered machines  and assess their future in different businesses.

There is an increase in the number of research papers being published in different areas of AI. If you’re a student wanting to come up with a topic involving artificial intelligence for your thesis, there are many vitally important sub-topics to choose from.

Each of these sub-topics provides plenty of opportunities for meaningful research into AI and new ideas on its application in the future as machines keep growing in intelligence. 

About The Author

Paul Calderon

Paul Calderon is data security specialist working with a tech startup based in Silicon Valley. After work hours, he helps students studying for their computer science degrees or programming courses with essays, dissertations and term papers. When he isn’t doing any work, he likes playing tennis, cycling, and creating vlogs on local travel.

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The case for global governance of AI: arguments, counter-arguments, and challenges ahead

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It is increasingly recognized that as artificial intelligence becomes more powerful and pervasive in society and creates risks and ethical issues that cross borders, a global approach is needed for the governance of these risks. But why, exactly, do we need this and what does that mean? In this Open Forum paper, author argues for global governance of AI for moral reasons but also outlines the governance challenges that this project raises.

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Recently there have been more calls for a global approach to the governance of AI across international organizations, industry, and academia. The UN’s Secretary-General and his Envoy on Technology, for example, have called for globally coordinated AI governance as ‘the only way to harness AI for humanity while addressing its risks and uncertainties’. Footnote 1 Earlier a Resolution adopted by the UN’s General Assembly called for improving digital cooperation and deliberation using the UN as a platform for stakeholders, Footnote 2 thus preparing work on global governance. In September, the G20 leaders called in New Delhi for global governance for AI to harness AI for ‘Good and for All’. Footnote 3 OpenAI CEO Sam Altman called for coordinated international regulation of generative AI. Footnote 4 And while still relatively rare, several academics have discussed how to achieve global governance of AI, often calling for new policies and new institutions (Erman and Furendal 2022 ; Dafoe 2018 ) and recognizing existing and emerging initiatives and regimes (Schmitt 2022 ; Butcher and Beridze 2019 ; Veale et al. 2023 ), also from non-governmental and non-profit directions. For example, next to the AI for Good summits Footnote 5 that have discussed how AI can contribute to solving global, the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has its Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems Footnote 6 and in May 2021, the International Congress for the Governance of AI (ICGAI) held its first conference in Prague. Footnote 7

But why, exactly, is global governance needed, and what form can and should it take?

The main argument for the global governance of AI, which is also applicable to digital technologies in general, is essentially a moral one: as AI technologies become increasingly powerful and influential, we have the moral responsibility to ensure that it benefits humanity as a whole and that we deal with the global risks and the ethical and societal issues that arise from the technology, including privacy issues, security and military uses, bias and fairness, responsibility attribution, transparency, job displacement, safety, manipulation, and AI’s environmental impact. Since the effects of AI cross borders, so the argument continues, global cooperation and global governance are the only means to fully and effectively exercise that moral responsibility and ensure responsible innovation and use of technology to increase the well-being for all and preserve peace; national regulation is not sufficient.

Some might add that the alternative to global governance is a race to the bottom: a kind of Hobbesian situation in which nations engage in a competitive race without heeding ethical standards, safety, and accountability, resulting in widespread injustice and inequality, displacement, security problems, power concentration, and perhaps even totalitarianism. Just as Hobbes thought that individuals left to themselves and not ruled by a state authority would render the life of individuals nasty, brutish, and short, one could argue that nation states left without global governance would result in a global disastrous situation where only some nations and their citizens benefit from the technology and others suffer. A global authority that reigns in the power of the individual nation states could solve this situation. A similar Hobbesian argument can and has been made regarding the climate crisis and other global challenges (Saetra 2022 ).

The Hobbesian for of the global governance of AI argument is not absolutely necessary, at least not in that form. Without world government, one could argue, the situation might not be as bleak as sketched here. There is already regulation at national and even supranational level. The EU, for example, will implement its AI Act, Biden recently issued an Executive Order to create A.I. safeguards, Footnote 8 and China has published rules for generative AI. Footnote 9 However, while this objection defuses the specific Hobbesian view, it does not undermine the general moral argument for global governance of AI: with national regulation in place in some countries, the world might get less nasty for some (e.g., for EU citizens), but such islands of regulation do not benefit those who do not have the luck to live in these parts of the world. In other words, even without a race to the bottom everywhere and for everyone, the general argument still holds. For sake of justice, equality, and inclusion, we need a global governance framework, regardless of national regulation.

Sometimes the argument is made that AI will accelerate and that we need global governance given the risks of AGI (Artificial General Artificial Intelligence)—intelligence comparable to human intelligence—or superintelligence. It is argued that AGI might be in charge of global governance or may lead to (other) global existential risks. Sam Altman and Geoffrey Hinton, for instance, hold this view. Footnote 10 Mitigating such risks, including risk of extinction from AI, is then a reason for global governance. While neither the acceleration thesis nor this view concerning the existential risks of AGI are shared by everyone in the scientific community, they have received increasing attention and are currently influencing AI policy—not only in the US but also in the EU, for example. I am very concerned about this development, if only since it contributes to increased power of people like Altman: they do not only create the problem but also claim to sell the solution, which gives them a unique undemocratic position of power. However, regardless of one’s view on these matters, it is important to see that the world governance of AI argument does not depend on it. Just as a specific Hobbesian version is not necessary, a specific AGI version of the argument is also not necessary for it to work. Even without the supposed risks that might be created by AGI (if such a thing would ever exist), there are sufficient risks left and there is sufficient moral reason to mitigate them. Not believing in the possibility of AGI or in the acceleration thesis is not an excuse to reject global governance of AI.

A more challenging range of counter-arguments, however, has to do with the precise form global governance of AI can and should take. These counter-arguments point to important challenges for those who support this project and wish to implement it, and deserve careful consideration.

A first objection is that global governance is undemocratic. Here the assumption is that global governance means establishing a world government and that a world government is necessarily undemocratic. But these assumptions do not hold. Global governance can in principle be organized in a (more) democratic way, for instance, more democratic than currently the UN works, and there is no obvious reason why world governance should be organized along the lines of the nation state (or any particular nation state for that matter). If we can find a way to do this differently but still establishing sufficient authority then let us do that. In the history of politics and political theory, it has always been a challenge to combine legitimacy and authority; this is not different in this case. Supporters of global governance of AI, therefore, can (and do) argue that they want a multistakeholder approach and want inclusivity and participation not only in terms of AI ethics but also when it comes to the global governance process. For example, the UN has recently established a multistakeholder advisory body on AI. Footnote 11 While this is arguably not democratic enough since it is composed of a rather selective membership, there is a growing awareness of the need for inclusivity and democratisation. Moreover, global agencies and (other) authorities are just one form global governance can take; there are also councils, international agreements, and other instruments of global governance. That being said, how to organize global governance remains a challenge and requires much more research and innovation efforts. Unfortunately, usually the degree and pace of institutional and political innovation does not match the speed of technological development. This needs to change. Institutions needed to be created that can respond faster to technological developments.

Another objection is that global governance of AI is unrealistic and too idealistic: that nation states are not, and will not be, willing to give up national sovereignty and delegate power to a global governance entity or framework, and that even if they would do so, it would be difficult to enforce anything since they would anyway do what they want. This objection can have two faces: a normative and a descriptive one. If the point is that we should not delegate this to supranational governance then one can reply with the moral imperative that we should do something about the risks and ethical problems; in other words, one can reiterate the main argument. If the point is that, as a matter-of-fact, nations are not and would not be willing to do this; one could point to existing global governance in other technological areas such as aviation and nuclear technology, and point to current and emerging initiatives that get the support of nation states. For example, those who argue for global regulation of AI often refer to the current nuclear governance model. Altman has used the analogy and UN Secretary Antonio Guterres has proposed the establishment of an international AI agency akin to the International Atomic Energy Agency. Footnote 12 While there are good reasons to be sceptical about the comparison between AI and nuclear weapons (Does AI pose existential risk similar to nuclear weapons, if it poses an existential risk at all? Does this distract us from real and known risks? And are nuclear weapons not easier to control given that they need specific resources? Footnote 13 ), the example shows that it is not only desirable but also possible to reach agreements about global regulation of technology. The UN’s history when it comes to nuclear, aviation, and indeed climate change (Guterres also referred to the IPCC) shows that it is perfectly possible to come to new rules, treaties, and agencies at a global level in response to global threats.

A third potential weakness of the argument concerns, surprisingly perhaps, its moral component. The argument seems to assume that we all agree on AI ethics. But, so this objection goes, apart from nations having different interests (a point that is somewhat covered in the previous paragraph), they might also have different values. Given cultural diversity across the world, so it is argued, it is unlikely that nations might agree on a global governance framework. In response, one may point again to the fact that this has so far not been a barrier for international cooperation and global governance. Consider for instance human rights frameworks and their supranational institutions at UN and EU level, which despite being subject to decades of philosophical criticism that stresses difference and diversity, have been at least partly successful as a form of global governance by focusing on what we have in common as humans. And currently there seems consensus rather than divergence within the AI ethics community. Even if there is valid criticism that points to the danger of neo-colonialism and hegemony, ethical frameworks in this area look surprisingly similar and seem to have found some kind of pool of shared values. Consider for example UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, which lists a number of such values. Footnote 14 Moreover, from a philosophical point of view, it can be argued—as is done in the case of human rights for example—that while it is important to respect diversity and difference, humans also share a lot of needs, interests, and values, regardless their differences in terms of citizenship, culture, and identity. In other words, it is both possible and desirable to establish a global ethics, including a global AI ethics. Yet the objection does help to create sensitivity and awareness of the importance of respect for diversity and in this context must be seen as a call for creating global governance of AI in a global-inclusive way—for example, in a way that includes the Global South—and in a way that avoids the instalment of (another?) unjust and hegemonic regime. Global governance of AI can only succeed if it has broad global support across cultures and continents and takes into account all these values and interests.

Finally, there might be the worry that global governance of AI might hinder technological innovation. For example, in the process towards the E.U.’s AI Act, OpenAI and other big tech companies have expressed concerns about this Footnote 15 ; similar concerns exist concerning global governance of AI. But this is a familiar discussion also at the national level, and is not as such a good objection to global governance. What I currently see is that the tech industry itself also calls for regulation of AI, both at national level and at global level. The argument, I guess, is that innovation can only succeed if there is a regulative framework that brings more certainty and stability in this turbulent policy area, and that makes sure that the technology can be used and developed in a safe and ethical way. It is in the long-term interest of innovation and business that there is a robust and integrated global governance framework. The extent and nature of that framework may be under discussion—as it should be—and that discussion may well have to include this concern about protecting innovation, but this can hardly be an argument against a global approach. At most, it signals that there are of course power interests at play here, also at the global level. Big tech companies risk to monopolize both the development and the regulation of AI, at least those AI systems that are currently most successful and pervasive. The global governance of AI project questions this monopoly and rightly asks these companies to share the responsibility for better AI and a better world with global frameworks and global institutions that represent and protect citizens and their communities and cultures. How they can and should do this is a huge challenge, but this problem should not justify halting efforts towards more global governance of AI.

In conclusion, here is a good argument for global governance of AI, based on moral reasons and aimed at avoiding a situation in which only some citizens and countries benefit from AI whereas others have to deal with most of the risks and ethical issues. Objections that the global governance of AI project would necessarily be undemocratic, unrealistic, not respecting diversity, and hindering innovation, can be countered. Nevertheless, these objections point to challenging issues that the UN and other actors in this global policy arena will have to deal with in the coming years when trying to build this global governance framework. More research in this area is urgently required to support these efforts.

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Opinion Guest Essay

The True Threat of Artificial Intelligence

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By Evgeny Morozov

Mr. Morozov is the author of “To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism” and the host of the forthcoming podcast “ The Santiago Boys .”

• June 30, 2023

In May, more than 350 technology executives, researchers and academics signed a statement warning of the existential dangers of artificial intelligence. “Mitigating the risk of extinction from A.I. should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war,” the signatories warned.

This came on the heels of another high-profile letter , signed by the likes of Elon Musk and Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple, calling for a six-month moratorium on the development of advanced A.I. systems.

Meanwhile, the Biden administration has urged responsible A.I. innovation, stating that “in order to seize the opportunities” it offers, we “must first manage its risks.” In Congress, Senator Chuck Schumer called for “first of their kind” listening sessions on the potential and risks of A.I., a crash course of sorts from industry executives, academics, civil rights activists and other stakeholders.

The mounting anxiety about A.I. isn’t because of the boring but reliable technologies that autocomplete our text messages or direct robot vacuums to dodge obstacles in our living rooms. It is the rise of artificial general intelligence, or A.G.I., that worries the experts.

A.G.I. doesn’t exist yet, but some believe that the rapidly growing capabilities of OpenAI’s ChatGPT suggest its emergence is near. Sam Altman, a co-founder of OpenAI, has described it as “systems that are generally smarter than humans.” Building such systems remains a daunting — some say impossible — task. But the benefits appear truly tantalizing.

Imagine Roombas, no longer condemned to vacuuming the floors, that evolve into all-purpose robots, happy to brew morning coffee or fold laundry — without ever being programmed to do these things.

Sounds appealing. But should these A.G.I. Roombas get too powerful, their mission to create a spotless utopia might get messy for their dust-spreading human masters. At least we’ve had a good run.

Discussions of A.G.I. are rife with such apocalyptic scenarios. Yet a nascent A.G.I. lobby of academics, investors and entrepreneurs counter that, once made safe, A.G.I. would be a boon to civilization. Mr. Altman, the face of this campaign, embarked on a global tour to charm lawmakers . Earlier this year he wrote that A.G.I. might even turbocharge the economy, boost scientific knowledge and “elevate humanity by increasing abundance.”

This is why, for all the hand-wringing, so many smart people in the tech industry are toiling to build this controversial technology: not using it to save the world seems immoral.

They are beholden to an ideology that views this new technology as inevitable and, in a safe version, as universally beneficial. Its proponents can think of no better alternatives for fixing humanity and expanding its intelligence.

But this ideology — call it A.G.I.-ism — is mistaken. The real risks of A.G.I. are political and won’t be fixed by taming rebellious robots. The safest of A.G.I.s would not deliver the progressive panacea promised by its lobby. And in presenting its emergence as all but inevitable, A.G.I.-ism distracts from finding better ways to augment intelligence.

Unbeknown to its proponents , A.G.I.-ism is just a bastard child of a much grander ideology, one preaching that, as Margaret Thatcher memorably put it, there is no alternative, not to the market.

Rather than breaking capitalism, as Mr. Altman has hinted it could do, A.G.I. — or at least the rush to build it — is more likely to create a powerful (and much hipper) ally for capitalism’s most destructive creed: neoliberalism.

Fascinated with privatization, competition and free trade, the architects of neoliberalism wanted to dynamize and transform a stagnant and labor-friendly economy through markets and deregulation.

Some of these transformations worked, but they came at an immense cost. Over the years, neoliberalism drew many, many critics, who blamed it for the Great Recession and financial crisis, Trumpism, Brexit and much else.

It is not surprising, then, that the Biden administration has distanced itself from the ideology, acknowledging that markets sometimes get it wrong. Foundations, think tanks and academics have even dared to imagine a post-neoliberal future.

Yet neoliberalism is far from dead. Worse, it has found an ally in A.G.I.-ism, which stands to reinforce and replicate its main biases: that private actors outperform public ones (the market bias), that adapting to reality beats transforming it (the adaptation bias ) and that efficiency trumps social concerns (the efficiency bias).

These biases turn the alluring promise behind A.G.I. on its head: Instead of saving the world, the quest to build it will make things only worse. Here is how.

A.G.I. will never overcome the market’s demands for profit.

Remember when Uber, with its cheap rates, was courting cities to serve as their public transportation systems?

It all began nicely, with Uber promising implausibly cheap rides, courtesy of a future with self-driving cars and minimal labor costs. Deep-pocketed investors loved this vision, even absorbing Uber’s multibillion-dollar losses.

But when reality descended , the self-driving cars were still a pipe dream. The investors demanded returns and Uber was forced to raise prices . Users that relied on it to replace public buses and trains were left on the sidewalk.

The neoliberal instinct behind Uber’s business model is that the private sector can do better than the public sector — the market bias.

It’s not just cities and public transit. Hospitals , police departments and even the Pentagon increasingly rely on Silicon Valley to accomplish their missions.

With A.G.I., this reliance will only deepen, not least because A.G.I. is unbounded in its scope and ambition. No administrative or government services would be immune to its promise of disruption.

Moreover, A.G.I. doesn’t even have to exist to lure them in. This, at any rate, is the lesson of Theranos, a start-up that promised to “solve” health care through a revolutionary blood-testing technology and a former darling of America’s elites. Its victims are real, even if its technology never was.

After so many Uber- and Theranos-like traumas, we already know what to expect of an A.G.I. rollout. It will consist of two phases. First, the charm offensive of heavily subsidized services. Then the ugly retrenchment, with the overdependent users and agencies shouldering the costs of making them profitable.

As always, Silicon Valley mavens play down the market’s role. In a recent essay titled “ Why A.I. Will Save the World ,” Marc Andreessen, a prominent tech investor, even proclaims that A.I. “is owned by people and controlled by people, like any other technology.”

Only a venture capitalist can traffic in such exquisite euphemisms. Most modern technologies are owned by corporations. And they — not the mythical “people” — will be the ones that will monetize saving the world.

And are they really saving it? The record, so far, is poor. Companies like Airbnb and TaskRabbit were welcomed as saviors for the beleaguered middle class ; Tesla’s electric cars were seen as a remedy to a warming planet. Soylent, the meal-replacement shake, embarked on a mission to “solve” global hunger, while Facebook vowed to “ solve ” connectivity issues in the Global South. None of these companies saved the world.

A decade ago, I called this solutionism , but “digital neoliberalism” would be just as fitting. This worldview reframes social problems in light of for-profit technological solutions. As a result, concerns that belong in the public domain are reimagined as entrepreneurial opportunities in the marketplace.

A.G.I.-ism has rekindled this solutionist fervor. Last year, Mr. Altman stated that “A.G.I. is probably necessary for humanity to survive” because “our problems seem too big” for us to “solve without better tools.” He’s recently asserted that A.G.I. will be a catalyst for human flourishing.

But companies need profits, and such benevolence, especially from unprofitable firms burning investors’ billions, is uncommon. OpenAI, having accepted billions from Microsoft, has contemplated raising another $100 billion to build A.G.I. Those investments will need to be earned back — against the service’s staggering invisible costs. (One estimate from February put the expense of operating ChatGPT at $700,000 per day.)

Thus, the ugly retrenchment phase, with aggressive price hikes to make an A.G.I. service profitable, might arrive before “abundance” and “flourishing.” But how many public institutions would mistake fickle markets for affordable technologies and become dependent on OpenAI’s expensive offerings by then?

And if you dislike your town outsourcing public transportation to a fragile start-up, would you want it farming out welfare services, waste management and public safety to the possibly even more volatile A.G.I. firms?

A.G.I. will dull the pain of our thorniest problems without fixing them.

Neoliberalism has a knack for mobilizing technology to make society’s miseries bearable. I recall an innovative tech venture from 2017 that promised to improve commuters’ use of a Chicago subway line. It offered rewards to discourage metro riders from traveling at peak times. Its creators leveraged technology to influence the demand side (the riders), seeing structural changes to the supply side (like raising public transport funding) as too difficult. Tech would help make Chicagoans adapt to the city’s deteriorating infrastructure rather than fixing it in order to meet the public’s needs.

This is the adaptation bias — the aspiration that, with a technological wand, we can become desensitized to our plight. It’s the product of neoliberalism’s relentless cheerleading for self-reliance and resilience.

The message is clear: gear up, enhance your human capital and chart your course like a start-up. And A.G.I.-ism echoes this tune. Bill Gates has trumpeted that A.I. can “help people everywhere improve their lives.”

The solutionist feast is only getting started: Whether it’s fighting the next pandemic , the loneliness epidemic or inflation , A.I. is already pitched as an all-purpose hammer for many real and imaginary nails. However, the decade lost to the solutionist folly reveals the limits of such technological fixes.

To be sure, Silicon Valley’s many apps — to monitor our spending, calories and workout regimes — are occasionally helpful. But they mostly ignore the underlying causes of poverty or obesity. And without tackling the causes, we remain stuck in the realm of adaptation, not transformation.

There’s a difference between nudging us to follow our walking routines — a solution that favors individual adaptation — and understanding why our towns have no public spaces to walk on — a prerequisite for a politics-friendly solution that favors collective and institutional transformation.

But A.G.I.-ism, like neoliberalism, sees public institutions as unimaginative and not particularly productive. They should just adapt to A.G.I., at least according to Mr. Altman, who recently said he was nervous about “the speed with which our institutions can adapt” — part of the reason, he added, “of why we want to start deploying these systems really early, while they’re really weak, so that people have as much time as possible to do this.”

But should institutions only adapt? Can’t they develop their own transformative agendas for improving humanity’s intelligence? Or do we use institutions only to mitigate the risks of Silicon Valley’s own technologies?

A.G.I. undermines civic virtues and amplifies trends we already dislike.

A common criticism of neoliberalism is that it has flattened our political life, rearranging it around efficiency. “ The Problem of Social Cost ,” a 1960 article that has become a classic of the neoliberal canon, preaches that a polluting factory and its victims should not bother bringing their disputes to court. Such fights are inefficient — who needs justice, anyway? — and stand in the way of market activity. Instead, the parties should privately bargain over compensation and get on with their business.

This fixation on efficiency is how we arrived at “solving” climate change by letting the worst offenders continue as before. The way to avoid the shackles of regulation is to devise a scheme — in this case, taxing carbon — that lets polluters buy credits to match the extra carbon they emit.

This culture of efficiency, in which markets measure the worth of things and substitute for justice, inevitably corrodes civic virtues.

And the problems this creates are visible everywhere. Academics fret that, under neoliberalism, research and teaching have become commodities. Doctors lament that hospitals prioritize more profitable services such as elective surgery over emergency care. Journalists hate that the worth of their articles is measured in eyeballs .

Now imagine unleashing A.G.I. on these esteemed institutions — the university, the hospital, the newspaper — with the noble mission of “fixing” them. Their implicit civic missions would remain invisible to A.G.I., for those missions are rarely quantified even in their annual reports — the sort of materials that go into training the models behind A.G.I.

After all, who likes to boast that his class on Renaissance history got only a handful of students? Or that her article on corruption in some faraway land got only a dozen page views? Inefficient and unprofitable, such outliers miraculously survive even in the current system. The rest of the institution quietly subsidizes them, prioritizing values other than profit-driven “efficiency.”

Will this still be the case in the A.G.I. utopia? Or will fixing our institutions through A.G.I. be like handing them over to ruthless consultants? They, too, offer data-bolstered “solutions” for maximizing efficiency. But these solutions often fail to grasp the messy interplay of values, missions and traditions at the heart of institutions — an interplay that is rarely visible if you only scratch their data surface.

In fact, the remarkable performance of ChatGPT-like services is, by design, a refusal to grasp reality at a deeper level, beyond the data’s surface. So whereas earlier A.I. systems relied on explicit rules and required someone like Newton to theorize gravity — to ask how and why apples fall — newer systems like A.G.I. simply learn to predict gravity’s effects by observing millions of apples fall to the ground.

However, if all that A.G.I. sees are cash-strapped institutions fighting for survival, it may never infer their true ethos. Good luck discerning the meaning of the Hippocratic oath by observing hospitals that have been turned into profit centers.

Margaret Thatcher’s other famous neoliberal dictum was that “ there is no such thing as society .”

The A.G.I. lobby unwittingly shares this grim view. For them, the kind of intelligence worth replicating is a function of what happens in individuals’ heads rather than in society at large.

But human intelligence is as much a product of policies and institutions as it is of genes and individual aptitudes. It’s easier to be smart on a fellowship in the Library of Congress than while working several jobs in a place without a bookstore or even decent Wi-Fi.

It doesn’t seem all that controversial to suggest that more scholarships and public libraries will do wonders for boosting human intelligence. But for the solutionist crowd in Silicon Valley, augmenting intelligence is primarily a technological problem — hence the excitement about A.G.I.

However, if A.G.I.-ism really is neoliberalism by other means, then we should be ready to see fewer — not more — intelligence-enabling institutions. After all, they are the remnants of that dreaded “society” that, for neoliberals, doesn’t really exist. A.G.I.’s grand project of amplifying intelligence may end up shrinking it.

Because of such solutionist bias, even seemingly innovative policy ideas around A.G.I. fail to excite. Take the recent proposal for a “ Manhattan Project for A.I. Safety .” This is premised on the false idea that there’s no alternative to A.G.I.

But wouldn’t our quest for augmenting intelligence be far more effective if the government funded a Manhattan Project for culture and education and the institutions that nurture them instead?

Without such efforts, the vast cultural resources of our existing public institutions risk becoming mere training data sets for A.G.I. start-ups, reinforcing the falsehood that society doesn’t exist.

Depending on how (and if) the robot rebellion unfolds, A.G.I. may or may not prove an existential threat. But with its antisocial bent and its neoliberal biases, A.G.I.-ism already is: We don’t need to wait for the magic Roombas to question its tenets.

Evgeny Morozov , the author of “To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism,” is the founder and publisher of The Syllabus and the host of the podcast “The Santiago Boys .”

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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Artificial Intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

History of artificial intelligence, current ai uses, future of ai, artificial intelligence opinion piece, works cited.

A defining characteristic of the last century has been the numerous significant technological advancements made. Most of these advances were facilitated by the invention of the computer, making computer science a critical discipline in modern times. One fascinating and promising branch of computer science is Artificial Intelligence (AI).

This is an interdisciplinary branch of the science that borrows from a wide range of fields including cognitive psychology, engineering, mathematics, linguistics, and philosophy. The field aims at exploring and developing ways in which computer systems can be made to act in a manner that human beings recognize as “intelligent”.

The term “artificial intelligence” was coined in 1956 following concerted interest by scientists from various backgrounds on symbolic processing and computer simulation of human behavior (Palmer 2). While AI as a discipline began in the mid-1950s, its foundations were laid earlier on by a number of prominent British scientists. The 19th century British mathematician Charles Babbage formulated the first computing engine, which served as the precursor of the modern digital computer.

The 19th century Mathematician-logician George Boole invented Boolean algebra, which was used in the operation of digital computer. Last and most important was the British logician-mathematician, Alan Turin, who proposed computer programs based upon logical operators. The proposed machines were capable of interacting and manipulating symbols that included natural language. Palmer reveals that from Turin’s idea or a universal programmable computer, the ideal of AI arose (2).

The initial goals of AI researchers were very ambitious. In the early years of the field, AI scientists sort to fully duplicate the human capacities of thought and language on the digital computer (Palmer 2). Some of the researchers involved in AI projects went so far as to claim that a complete theory of intelligence would be achieved by the late 1960s.

As it turned out, the AI programs did not achieve the momentous results promised. The initial efforts led to the successful design of programs that could prove theorems in symbolic logic. However, the projects failed to succeed in automatic language translation leading to a loss of funding to expert systems, which did not attempt to explain human intelligence but had great practical applications.

There was a regeneration of interest in AI over the 1970s and 1980s as researchers in the US and Europe engaged in expansive studies exploring intuitions about intelligence (Geffner 45). During this period, computer scientists had reduced the ambitions of AI to theories of more modest scope. The quest for certainty and truth had been abandoned for “micro-truths” that can be obtained though common sense introspection.

As opposed to the past where AI research was concentrated on understanding the nature of intelligence, greater emphasis was given to practical application (Palmer 2). The 21st century has witnessed great advances in AI with systems being developed for practical applications.

The past two decades have witnessed an increase in the number of practical AI uses. One area where AI is used with increasing frequency is speech recognition. Computer systems are programmed to understand human natural language and respond to it. Speech recognition is difficult to achieve since human speech is impeded by many factors including accents, slang words, and background noise. As such, computer systems have to have some level of intelligence in order to correctly recognize human voice.

Speech recognition programs have to be trained to understand the particular speech pattern of a user (Geffner 46). After the training, the program can be used for a wide array of practical uses. It can be used to give voice commands to smart vehicles. Smart phones also utilize speech recognition to write text messages or initialize phone calls.

AI has also been used in the creation of intelligent robots that perform a number of tasks. Typical robots, such as those ones used in vehicle assembly are not intelligent in that they are programmed to perform specific tasks in a repetitive manner. AI technology used to make a robot includes artificial neural network, knowledge based system and all possible decision making systems (Bongard 75).

As a result of this, the intelligent robots can adjust to the natural environment and learn from mistakes. These robots have been used for the exploration of unknown environment including distant planets. Using AI, the robot is able to utilize the input from its many different sensors to adapt to the conditions.

The medical field employs AI in medical diagnosis. By use of artificial neural networks, medical professionals are aided in their decision making process. In addition to this, AI helps in the interpretation of medical images and can accurately detect conditions such as tumors (Bongard 80). A knowledge based system that has captured and embedded explicitly human knowledge can be used to suggest treatment options for patients. AI reduces the risk of wrong prescriptions by a physician.

Artificial intelligence is employed in the development of accounting systems. Specifically, AI has been exploited in auditing, taxation, and decision making support. Moudud reveals that neural networks, genetic algorithms, and knowledge-based systems are being used to detect fraud and perform risk analysis (10). By going though vast amounts of data, AI systems are able to identify patterns and therefore highlight irregularities. AI systems have also been used for bankruptcy prediction. Moudud explains that intelligent techniques are used to develop models capable of predicting business failure cases (16).

Artificial intelligence is also used to access the safety of bridges. The structural integrity of bridges is important since their collapse might be disastrous. Shuster explains that by using neural network computing, engineers are able to compare the properties of cracks in beams with the stiffness and thereby compute a health index (40). By using AI, the objectivity of bridge health assessment is assured since the computer does not suffer from the bias that an inspector might have.

While AI has greatly advanced since it was first conceived in the 1950s, the field has not achieved the goal of creating machines that can solve problems independently like humans and learn and improve from each encounter (Bongard 74). However, researchers predict some significant breakthroughs in AI in the future.

Advances are being made to improve the speech recognition abilities of machines. With technological advances, intelligent machines are predicted to not only be able to recognize and communicate fluently in natural language but also detect emotions and respond to them (Bongard 76). Emotion detection and emulation will be a great advancement in AI since it closely mimics human behavior.

AI researchers are working on creating systems that not only analyze vast amounts of data and come up with “intelligent” solutions, but systems that can come up with ideas. Such systems would be able to mimic human intelligence through their perceptiveness (Geffner 45). In addition to this, there are projects aimed at creating machines that have some level of self-awareness in the same way that humans do. While these projects are still in their infancy, it is hoped that as huge technological advances are made, there will be sufficient processing power available to achieve such goals.

In terms of uses, there are many possible applications of AI in the future. Researchers are already working on intelligent power grids. These smart power grids will utilize neural networks to have electricity flowing in both directions (Geffner 50). The grid will be able to adjust electricity distribution dynamically in response to the changing demand in the various areas. The military is also exploring ways in which it can exploit AI in combat. Specifically, there are plans for introducing soldier robots that will be able to carry out fighting tasks currently undertaken by human beings. The AI fighting machines will be able to react to situations in the battlefield in the same way that humans do (Geffner 49). These machines will be able to discriminate between enemy combatants and innocent civilians. These machines will increase the efficiency of a country’s military force while reducing human casualty.

The field of AI has not advanced in the manner that its pioneers envisioned it would. Even so, Artificial Intelligence has exhibited growth and it has contributed in many of the technological advances made today. The future promises to bring even more engaging innovations in this field. Some AI researchers are hopeful that by 2050, systems that possess self awareness and are capable of producing independent thoughts will have been created. If this is achieved, Allan Turin’s vision of Artificial Intelligence will have been realized.

Artificial Intelligence is one of the fields where there exist differences in opinions about the overall benefits of the disciple to mankind. The negative views on AI stem from the supposed dangers that intelligent machines might present to man. Opponent of AI predict that as the field is advanced, self aware machines that can rise against man will be created. In the present, the opponents point out that AI is creating a condition where machines take over more jobs that could otherwise be performed by people. However, a careful look at the advances and applications of AI over the last few decades suggests that this field is making a positive contribution to human life.

Modern discoveries in remote regions including outer space have been greatly aided by AI. Using these systems, scientists have been able to discover unexplored places including the planet Mars. AI machines used for exploration are made such that they can endure hostile physical environments (Chatfield par 3). Their intelligence makes it possible for them to adapt to the real conditions in their environment and achieve the set scientific objectives.

Since there is no risk of harm to humans when using intelligent machines, scientists have been able to engage in the exploration of dangerous lands. Without AI, it would be impossible for exploration into distant or dangerous regions to be made since such activities would involve great risk to human life.

AI increases the efficiency with which work is performed. Whether intelligent machines are used independently or to assist humans, they result in added speed and accuracy of performing tasks (Moshe 5). For example, application of AI systems in the medical field can reduce unnecessary testing by predicting the impact that a medical test will have in the eventual decision making of the physician (Cismondi 345). The risk of error is also decreased since AI machines can have a knowledge base that will be utilized to highlight errors.

Intelligent machines can perform better in activities that require decision making since they are not prone to bias. Once the machine learns how to perform a task, it can be expect to keep performing consistently without error. The machine will always make the rational decision since its judgment is not clouded (Moshe 5). The lack of emotion also means that AI systems can be relied upon to think logically at all times. Objectivity is therefore ensured when AI systems are employed.

AI has contributed to the high rate of technological advances currently being enjoyed. AI machines have been used to make many computer models that have been used for various innovative purposes (Tseng 465). The high degree of accuracy and the speed with which this modeling has occurred has speeded up the making of technological and scientific discoveries. It can be expected that as more AI systems are implemented, these technological growth rate will increase thereby benefiting humankind even more.

The human civilization is enjoying many benefits because of AI. These advantages have led to increased interest in advancing the field. At the present, AI is considered to be in its infancy stage and it is expected that as the field advances, many more applications of these systems will be developed. These developments will be harnessed to benefit.

Chatfield, Tom. Artificial intelligence: The machines with alien minds. 2013.

Cismondi, Federico. “Reducing unnecessary lab testing in the ICU with artificial intelligence.” International Journal of Medical Informatics 82.5 (2013): 345-358.

Moshe, Vardi. Artificial Intelligence: Past and Future . Communications of the ACM 55.1 (2012)5-6.

Tseng, Chun. “Patent analysis for technology development of artificial intelligence: A country-level comparative study.” Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice 15.4 (2013): 463–475. Print.

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HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY article

Artificial intelligence, human cognition, and conscious supremacy.

• 1 Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Shinagawa, Japan
• 2 Collective Intelligence Research Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan

The computational significance of consciousness is an important and potentially more tractable research theme than the hard problem of consciousness, as one could look at the correlation of consciousness and computational capacities through, e.g., algorithmic or complexity analyses. In the literature, consciousness is defined as what it is like to be an agent (i.e., a human or a bat), with phenomenal properties, such as qualia, intentionality, and self-awareness. The absence of these properties would be termed “unconscious.” The recent success of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, has raised new questions about the computational significance of human conscious processing. Although instances from biological systems would typically suggest a robust correlation between intelligence and consciousness, certain states of consciousness seem to exist without manifest existence of intelligence. On the other hand, AI systems seem to exhibit intelligence without consciousness. These instances seem to suggest possible dissociations between consciousness and intelligence in natural and artificial systems. Here, I review some salient ideas about the computational significance of human conscious processes and identify several cognitive domains potentially unique to consciousness, such as flexible attention modulation, robust handling of new contexts, choice and decision making, cognition reflecting a wide spectrum of sensory information in an integrated manner, and finally embodied cognition, which might involve unconscious processes as well. Compared to such cognitive tasks, characterized by flexible and ad hoc judgments and choices, adequately acquired knowledge and skills are typically processed unconsciously in humans, consistent with the view that computation exhibited by LLMs, which are pretrained on a large dataset, could in principle be processed without consciousness, although conversations in humans are typically done consciously, with awareness of auditory qualia as well as the semantics of what are being said. I discuss the theoretically and practically important issue of separating computations, which need to be conducted consciously from those which could be done unconsciously, in areas, such as perception, language, and driving. I propose conscious supremacy as a concept analogous to quantum supremacy, which would help identify computations possibly unique to consciousness in biologically practical time and resource limits. I explore possible mechanisms supporting the hypothetical conscious supremacy. Finally, I discuss the relevance of issues covered here for AI alignment, where computations of AI and humans need to be aligned.

1 Introduction

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have made rapid progress based on the transformer ( Vaswani et al., 2017 ) architecture, exhibiting many skills emulating but perhaps not matching human cognition, which were nonetheless once considered to be beyond the reach of machine intelligence, such as appropriate text generation based on a context, summarizing, searching under instructions, and optimization. With the advent of advanced AI systems such as ChatGPT ( Sanderson, 2023 ), questions are arising regarding the computational significance, if any, of consciousness. Despite some claims that LLMs are either already or soon becoming conscious ( Long, 2023 ), many regard these generative AI systems as doing computation unconsciously, thus forgoing possible ethical issues involved in AI abuse ( Blauth et al., 2022 ). Generic models of consciousness would also suggest the LLMs to be unconscious as a default hypothesis, unless otherwise demonstrated, e.g., by convincing behavior suggesting the presence of consciousness to an external observer or a theoretical reasoning supported by an academic consensus. If LLMs can or come close to pass human-level cognition tests such as the false belief task in the theory of mind ( Charman and Baron-Cohen, 1992 ; Baron-Cohen, 2000 ), the Turing test ( Turing, 1950 ), and Winograd schema challenge ( Sakaguchi et al., 2021 ) with their unconscious processing, what, if any, is the computational significance of consciousness?

Here, these abilities would not be necessary conditions for consciousness, as newborns are conscious without manifesting these abilities. The existence of these abilities would certainly be regarded as sufficient conditions for consciousness, in the generally accepted view of the human mind.

The theory of mind is related to the function of consciousness in the reportability and social context. The Turing test is tightly coupled with language, semantics in particular, and therefore closely related to consciousness. The Winograd schema challenge is crucial in understanding natural language, which is concerned with the nature of language here and now, locally, independent of the statistical properties dealt with in LLMs. The relation between functions exhibited by LLMs and consciousness is an interesting and timely question, especially when considering that natural language is typically processed when a human subject is conscious, except in the anecdotal and infrequent case of conversation in unconscious states, such as somniloquy ( Reimão and Lefévre, 1980 ), hypnosis ( Sarbin, 1997 ), and in a dream ( Kilroe, 2016 ), which is a state distinctive from typical conscious or unconscious states. In an apparent contradiction to the conventional assumption about the necessity of consciousness in typical natural language exchanges, computations demonstrated by LLMs are considered to be done unconsciously. If conversations involving texts partially or totally generated by LLMs virtually pass the Turing test, without computations involving consciousness, what, if any, does consciousness do computationally?

Velmans (1991) analyzed the function of consciousness in cortical information processing, taking into account the role of focus of attention, concluding that it was not clear if consciousness was necessary for cognitive processes, such as perception, learning, and creativity. Velmans elaborated on the complexity of speech production, where the tongue may make as many as 12 adjustments of shape per second, so that “within 1 min of discourse as many as 10–15 thousand neuromuscular events occur” ( Lenneberg, 1967 ). Based on these observations, Velmans suggested that speech production does not necessarily require consciousness. Such observations would necessitate a more nuanced consideration of the role of conscious and unconscious processes in language.

Apart from the conscious/unconscious divide, language occupies a central position in our understanding of consciousness. Velmans (2012) streamlined the foundations of consciousness studies, pointing out that the default position would be to reduce subjective experiences to objectively observable phenomena, such as brain function. On a more fundamental level, Velmans argued that language is associated with the dual-aspect nature of the psychophysical element of human experience, where language models the physical world only in incomplete ways, limited by the capacities of our senses. The central role of language in our understanding of the world, including consciousness, should be kept in mind when discussing artificial reproductions of language, including, but not limited to, the LLMs.

Many regard the problem of consciousness as primarily in the phenomenological domain, concerned with what is experienced by a subject when he or she is conscious, e.g., properties such as qualia, intentionality, and self-awareness as opposed to physical or functional descriptions of the brain function. There are experimental and theoretical approaches tackling the cognitive implications of consciousness based on ideas, such as neural correlates of consciousness (NCC, Crick and Koch, 1998 ; Koch et al., 2016 ), global workspace theory ( Baars, 1997 , 2005 ), integrated information theory ( Tononi et al., 2016 ), and free-energy principle ( Friston, 2010 ).

Wiese and Friston (2021) discussed the relevance of the free-energy principle as a constraint for the computational correlates of consciousness (CCC), stressing the importance of neural dynamics, not states. In their framework, trajectories rather than states are mapped to conscious experiences. They propose CCC as a more general concept than the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), discussing the nature of the correlates as necessary, sufficient, or both conditions for consciousness.

Some, somewhat controversially, consider quantum effects as essential in explaining the nature of consciousness ( Hameroff, 1998 ; Woolf and Hameroff, 2001 ). Although there have been significant advances made, explaining the hard problem of consciousness ( Chalmers, 1995 ) from such theoretical approaches remains hypothetical at best, even if not cognitively closed ( McGinn, 1994 ), and a scientific consensus has not been reached yet. There are also arguments that hold that the hard problem is not necessarily essential for the study of consciousness. Seth (2021) argued that if we pursue the real problem of accounting for properties of consciousness in terms of biological mechanisms, the hard problem will turn out to be less important.

Given the difficulty in studying the phenomenological aspects of consciousness, with the advancement in artificial intelligence (AI), there is now a unique opportunity to study the nature of consciousness by approaching it from its computational significance. As artificial intelligence systems, such as LLMs, are reproducing and even surpassing human information processing capabilities, the identification of computational elements possibly unique to consciousness is coming under more focused analysis.

At present, it is difficult to give a precise definition of what computations unique to consciousness are. What follows are tentative descriptions adopted in this paper. From the objective point of view, neural computation correlating with consciousness would typically involve large areas of the brain processing information in coherent and integrated parallel manners, while sensory qualia represent the result of complex processing in compressed forms, as in color constancy ( Foster, 2011 ). Unconscious computation, on the other hand, does not meet these criteria. From the subjective point of view, conscious computation would be accompanied by such properties as qualia, intentionality, and self-consciousness. Unconscious computations do not cause these aspects of experience to emerge.

Artificial intelligence is an umbrella term, and its specific capabilities depend on parameters and configurations of system makeup and dynamics. For now, we would assume that AI systems referred to here are realized on classical computers. AI systems constructed on quantum computers might exhibit broader ranges of computational capabilities, possibly exhibiting quantum supremacy ( Arute et al., 2019 ), which describes the abilities of quantum computers to solve problems any classical computer could not solve in any practical time. Quantum supremacy is not a claim that quantum computers would be able to execute computations beyond what universal Turing machines ( Turing, 1936 ) are capable of. It is rather a claim that quantum computers can, under the circumstances, execute computations that could, in principle, be done by classical computers, but not within any practical period considering the physical time typically available to humans.

Similarly, conscious supremacy can be defined as domains of computation that can be conducted by conscious processes but cannot be executed by systems lacking consciousness in any practical time. Since the science of consciousness has not yet developed to reach the same level as quantum mechanics, it is difficult to give a precise definition of what conscious supremacy is at present. What follows is a tentative definition adopted in this article. Out of all the computations done in the neural networks in the brain, conscious supremacy refers to those areas of computation accompanied by consciousness, which are done in efficient and integrated ways compared to unconscious computation. Given the limits of resources available in the brain, computations executed in conscious supremacy would be, in a practical sense, impossible to execute by unconscious computation in any meaningful biological time. However, in principle, they could be done. Thus, there are no distinctions between computations belonging to conscious supremacy and other domains in terms of computability in principle. The practical impossibility of non-conscious systems to execute computations belonging to conscious supremacy would have been one of the adaptive values of consciousness in evolution.

The relationship between quantum supremacy and conscious supremacy will be discussed later.

As of now, quantum supremacy remains controversial ( McCormick, 2022 ). The merit of introducing the perhaps equally debatable concept of conscious supremacy is that we can hope to streamline aspects of computation conducted by conscious and unconscious processes.

Abilities to play board games, such as chess, shogi, and go, are no longer considered to be unique to human cognition after AI systems, such as Deep Blue ( Campbell et al., 2002 ) and AlphaZero ( Schrittwieser et al., 2020 ), defeated human champions. After the success of LLMs in executing a large part of natural language tasks, cognitive abilities once considered unique to humans, e.g., the theory of mind, Turing test, and Winograd schema challenge, might not be considered to be verifications of the ability of artificial intelligence systems to perform cognitive tasks on par with humans. It should be noted that the attribution of the theory of mind to LLMs remains controversial ( Aru et al., 2023 ), and the exact nature of cognitive functions related to natural language, if any, in LLMs is an open question. However, it does seem legitimate to start considering the exclusion of certain computations from the set of those unique to consciousness based on computational evidence. While such exclusion might reflect cognitive biases on the part of humans to raise the bar unfavorably for AI systems, in an effort to solve cognitive dissonance ( Aronson, 1969 ) about the relative superiorities of AI and humans, such considerations could serve as a filter to fine-tune domains of cognitive tasks uniquely executed by human cognition, conscious, and unconscious.

As artificial intelligence systems based on deep learning and other approaches advance in their abilities, tasks considered to be uniquely human would gradually diminish in the spectrum of functionalities. Specifically, the set X of computations considered unique to humans would be the complement of the union of the set of computations executed by artificial intelligence systems A 1 , A 2 , …, A N under consideration. Namely, X = A c , where A = A 1 UA 2 U… UA N ( Figure 1 ), where the whole set represents the space of possible computations conducted by humans. As the number of artificial intelligence systems increases, the uniquely human domain of computation would ultimately become X ∞  = A ∞ c , where A ∞  = lim N- > ∞ A 1 UA 2 U… UA N .

Figure 1 . The analysis of AI capabilities would help focus the computational domain unique to consciousness (X), which can be defined in terms of instances of AI systems. As the number of AI systems increases, computations unique to consciousness will be more finely defined.

Needless to say, such an argument is conceptual in nature, as it is difficult to draw a clear line between what could and could not be done by artificial intelligence systems at present. Among computations unique to humans, some would be executed consciously, while some might be a combination of conscious and unconscious computation, involving processes which lie either inside or outside the neural correlates of consciousness ( Crick and Koch, 1998 ; Koch et al., 2016 ). Theoretically, there could also be computations unique to humans executed unconsciously, although not of central interest in the context adopted here.

Penrose suggested that consciousness is correlated with the quantum mechanical effect, possibly involving quantum gravity ( Penrose, 1996 ). Penrose went on to collaborate with Stuart Hameroff. Penrose and Hameroff together suggested, in a series of papers ( Hameroff and Penrose, 1996 ; Hameroff and Penrose, 2014 ), that quantum mechanical processes in microtubules were involved in conscious processes, which went beyond the algorithmic capabilities of computability for the classical computer. Specifically, it was postulated that a process named “Orchestrated objective reduction” (Orch OR) was responsible for the generation of proto-consciousness in microtubules, a hypothesis independent from conventional arguments on quantum computing. One of the criticisms directed to such quantum models of consciousness was based on the fact that temperatures in biological systems are typically too high for quantum coherence or entanglement to be effective ( Tegmark, 2000 ).

2 Possibilities and limits of artificial intelligence systems

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI; Goertzel, 2014 ) is purported to execute all tasks carried out by a typical human brain and beyond. Proposed tasks to be executed by AGI include the Turing test, coffee making or Wozniak test ( Adams et al., 2012 ), college enrollment test ( Goertzel, 2014 ), employment test ( Scott et al., 2022 ), and the discovery of new scientific knowledge ( Kitano, 2016 ).

In identifying possible areas for uniquely human cognition and potential candidates for conscious supremacy, it is useful to discuss systemic potentials and limits of artificial intelligence, which are currently apparent.

Some LLMs have started to show sparks of general intelligence ( Bubeck et al., 2023 ) beyond abilities for linguistic processing. Such a potential might be explained by the inherent functions of language. The lexical hypothesis ( Crowne, 2007 ) states that important concepts in fields, such as personality study and general philosophy, would be expressible by everyday language. The ability of natural language to represent and analyze a wide range of information in the environment is consistent with the perceived general ability of LLMs to represent various truths about this world, without necessarily being conscious, thus suggesting the central importance of representation in the analysis of intelligence.

What is meant by representation is a potentially controversial issue. In the conventional sense of psychology and philosophy of mind, a representation refers to the internal state that corresponds to an external reality ( Marr, 1982 ). In the constructivist approach, representation would be an active construct of an agent’s knowledge, not necessarily requiring an external reality as a prior ( Von Glasersfeld, 1987 ). Representations in artificial intelligence systems would be somewhere in between, taking inspiration from various lines of theoretical approaches.

One of the problems with LLMs, such as ChatGPT, is the occurrence of hallucination ( Ji et al., 2023 ) and the tendency to produce sentences inconsistent with accepted facts, a term criticized by some researchers as an instance of anthropomorphism. Although humans also suffer from similar misconceptions, subjects typically are able to make confident judgments about their own statements ( Yeung and Summerfield, 2012 ), while methods for establishing similar capabilities in artificial intelligence systems have not been established. Regarding consciousness, metacognitive processes associated with consciousness ( Nelson, 1996 ) might help rectify potential errors in human cognition.

Behaviorist ways of thinking ( Araiba, 2019 ) suggest that human thoughts are ultimately represented in terms of bodily movements. No matter how well developed an intelligent agent might be, manifestations of its functionality would ultimately be found in its objective courses of action in the physical space. From this perspective, the intelligence of an agent would be judged in terms of its external behavior, an idea in AI research sometimes called instrumental convergence ( Bostrom, 2012 ).

The possibilities and limits of artificial intelligence systems would be tangibly assessed through analysis of behavior. In voluntary movement, evidence suggests that consciousness is involved in vetoing a particular action (free won’t) when it is judged to be inappropriate within a particular context ( Libet, 1999 ).

Thus, from robust handling of linguistic information to streamlining of external behavior, metacognitive monitoring and control would be central in identifying and rectifying limits of artificial intelligence systems, a view consistent with the idea that metacognition plays an essential role in consciousness ( Nelson, 1996 ).

3 Computations possibly unique to conscious processing

As of now, the eventual range of computational capabilities of artificial intelligence is unclear. Employing cognitive arguments based on the observation of what subset of computation is typically done consciously, in addition to insights on the limits of artificial intelligence, would help narrow down possible consciousness-specific tasks. In that process, the division of labor between conscious and unconscious processes could be made, as we thus outline heterogeneous aspects of cognition.

Acquiring new skills or making decisions in novel contexts would typically require the involvement of conscious processing, while the execution of acquired skills would proceed largely unconsciously ( Solomon, 1911 ; Lisman and Sternberg, 2013 ) in terms of the accompanying phenomenological properties, such as qualia, intentionality, and attention. Any cognitive task, when it needs to integrate information analyzed across many different regions in the brain, typically requires consciousness, reflecting the global nature of consciousness in terms of cortical regions involved ( Baars, 2005 ). The autonomous execution of familiar tasks would involve a different set of neural networks compared to the minimum set of neural activities (neural correlates, Koch et al., 2016 ) required for the sustaining of consciousness.

It is interesting to note here that some self-learning unsupervised artificial intelligence systems seem to possess abilities to acquire new skills and make decisions in novel contexts ( Silver et al., 2017 ; Schrittwieser et al., 2020 ). As the ability of artificial intelligence systems approaches the level purported for AGI ( Goertzel, 2014 ), the possibility of the emergence of consciousness might have to be considered.

The global neural workspace (GNW) theory ( Dehaene et al., 1998 ; Mashour et al., 2020 ) addresses how the neural networks in the brain support a dynamic network where relevant information can be assessed by local networks, eventually giving rise to consciousness. The multimodal nature of the GNW theory has inspired various theoretical works, including those related to deep learning networks ( LeCun et al., 2015 ; Bengio, 2017 ).

In evolution, one of the advantages of information processing involving consciousness might have been decision-making reflecting a multitude of sensory inputs. Multimodal perception typically subserves such a decision-making process. Since the science of decision-making is an integral part of AI alignment ( Yudkowsky, 2015 ), the difference between conscious and unconscious, as well as human and AI decision-making processes, would shed much light on the parameters of systems supporting the nature of conscious computation.

Technological issues surrounding self-driving cars ( Badue et al., 2021 ) have emerged as one of the most important research themes today, both from theoretical and practical standpoints. Driving cars involves a series of judgments, choices, and actions based on multimodal sensory information. Judgments on how to drive a vehicle often must be done within limited time windows in ad hoc situations, affected by the unpredictability of other human drivers, if any, and there are still challenges toward realizing fully self-driving vehicles ( Kosuru and Venkitaraman, 2023 ). Moral dilemmas involved in driving judgments require sorting out situations concerned with conflicting choices for safety, known collectively as the trolley problem ( Thomson, 1985 ), which is often intractable even when presented with clear alternative schemes ( Awad et al., 2018 ). In real-life situations, there would be perceptual and cognitive ambiguities about, for example, whether you can really save five people by sacrificing one. In the face of such difficulties, fully self-driving cars without conscious human interventions might turn out to be impossible ( Shladover, 2016 ).

The language is a series of micro-decisions, in that words must be selected, depending on the context, as follow-up sequences on what has been already expressed. The apparent success of LLMs in reproducing salient features of embedded knowledge in the language ( Singhal et al., 2023 ) is impressive. However, it might still fall short of executing situated or embodied choice of words, as required, for example, in the college enrollment and employment tests. A linguistic generative AI might nominally pass the Turing test in artificial and limited situations. However, when an AI system implemented in a robot interacts with a human in real-life situations, there might be a perceived uncanny valley ( Mori, 2012 ) linguistically, where negative emotions, such as uneasiness and repulsion, might be hypothetically induced in a human subject as the performance comes nearer to the human level.

4 Possible mechanisms for conscious supremacy

It is possible that there are computations uniquely executed by conscious processes, and there could be some similarities between conscious and quantum computations, independent of whether consciousness actually involves quantum processes in the brain. There could be similarities between postulated quantum supremacy and conscious supremacy, without underlying common mechanisms being necessarily implicated. It is worth noting here that just as it is in principle possible to simulate quantum computing on classical computers, it might be possible to simulate conscious computing, regardless of its nature, on classical computers, e.g., in terms of connectionist models representing neural networks in the brain.

There are several algorithms that demonstrate the superiority of quantum computing. For example, Schor’s algorithm ( Shor, 1994 ) can find prime factors of large numbers efficiently. Given a large number N, Shor’s algorithm for finding prime factors can run in polynomial time in terms of N, compared to sub-exponential time on optimal algorithms for a classical computer.

In conscious visual perception, the binding problem ( Feldman, 2012 ) questions how the brain integrates visual features, such as colors and forms, into coherent conscious percepts. The challenge of combinatorial explosion ( Treisman, 1999 ), in which all possible combinations of features, such as the yellow (color) Volkswagen Beetle car (form), must be dealt with, becomes essential there. Given the fact that forms ( Logothetis et al., 1995 ) and colors ( Zeki and Marini, 1998 ) are represented by distributed circuits in the brain, sorting through the possible combinations of forms and colors has similarities with the factoring problem addressed by Shor’s algorithm ( Figure 2 ).

Figure 2 . Analogy between finding prime factors and integration of visual features. (A) Finding prime factors for a large number becomes increasingly difficult for classical computers. Quantum computing employing Shor’s algorithm provides an efficient method for factoring large natural numbers. (B) Sorting out combinatorial explosion in the integration of visual features represented in distributed neural networks in the brain is a still unresolved challenge known as the binding problem. The picture was generated by Dall-E (Open AI) with the prompt: A yellow Volkswagen Beetle car surrounded by cars of different shapes and colors seen from a distance in manga style.

In quantum computing ( Deutsch, 1985 ; Feynman, 1985 ), quantum superposition and entanglement are ingeniously employed to conduct algorithms effectively impossible for classical computers to execute in realistic time frames. In a quantum computing process, decoherence would introduce noise, and in order to execute on a large scale, a process called quantum error correction (QEC; Cai and Ma, 2021 ) is essential.

In conscious computing discussed here, similar mechanisms might be at play. For example, the contrast between the noisy neural firings and the apparently Platonic phenomenology of qualia suggests a process in which the variabilities due to noise in neural firings are rectified, named here conscious error correction (CEC). At present, the plausibility or the details of such an error-rectifying scheme is not clear. The possible relationships (if any) between QEC and CEC remain speculative at best at the moment. Despite these reservations, the involvement of error-correcting mechanisms in consciously conducted computation would be a line of thought worth investigating.

5 Implications for AI alignment

As artificial intelligence systems make progress, it is becoming important to align them with humans, an area called AI alignment ( Russell and Norvig, 2021 ).

The elucidation of computations uniquely executed by consciousness and the possible existence of conscious supremacy, i.e., computations specifically and uniquely executed by neural processes correlating with consciousness, would put a constraint on AI alignment schemes.

Specifically, it would be an efficient alignment strategy to develop AI systems with capabilities other than uniquely conscious computations, while leaving computation involving conscious supremacy to humans.

It is interesting to consider the implications of such divisions of labor between AIs and humans for AI safety ( Zhang et al., 2021 ). It would be impractical to require AI systems to carry out tasks better left to humans. Expecting AIs to execute tasks belonging to conscious supremacy would significantly disrupt AI safety.

Eliezer Yudkowsky’s conceptualization of Friendly AI ( Yudkowsky, 2008 ) is based on the importance of updating the system in accordance with humans ( Russell and Norvig, 2021 ). Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF; Stiennon et al., 2020 ), a technique often used in the development of artificial intelligence systems, can be considered to be an instance of developing Friendly AI and an attempt at the division of labor between conscious (human) and unconscious (AI) computations.

Alignment of AIs with humans, in the context of AI safety in particular, would depend on an effective division of labor between cognition unique to humans centered on conscious supremacy and computation conducted by computers, in a way similar to the interaction between conscious and unconscious processes in the human brain. In this context, artificial intelligence systems can be regarded as extensions of unconscious processes in the brain. Insights on cortical plasticities from tool use ( Iriki et al., 1996 ) could provide relevant frameworks for discussion. It is important to note that limiting the functions of artificial intelligence systems to non-conscious operations does not necessarily guarantee robust alignment. Alignment would also depend on parameters that are dependent on the developers and stakeholders in the ecosystem of artificial intelligence. It would be important to discuss various aspects concerning alignment, including those put forward here.

Finally, the development of artificial consciousness ( Chrisley, 2008 ), whether theoretically or practically feasible or not, might not be an effective strategy for AI alignment. From the point of view of the division of labor, computational domains belonging to conscious supremacy would be better left to humans. Artificial intelligence systems would do a better job of alignment by trying to augment computations unique to consciousness, which are to be reasonably executed by humans, rather than by replacing them from scratch.

6 Discussion

I have addressed here the possibility of characterizing conscious processes from a computational point of view. The development of artificial intelligence systems provides unique opportunities to explore and focus more deeply on computational processes unique to consciousness.

At present, it is not clear whether consciousness would eventually emerge from present lines of research and development in artificial intelligence. It would be useful to start from the null hypothesis of the non-existence of consciousness in artificial intelligence systems. We would then be able to narrow down what consciousness uniquely computes.

I have proposed the concept of conscious supremacy. Although this is speculative at present, it would be useful to think in terms of computational contexts apart from the hard problem of the phenomenology of consciousness. The presence of conscious supremacy would be connected to the advantages the emergence of consciousness has provided in the history of evolution. Elucidating the nature of conscious supremacy would help decipher elements involved in consciousness, whether it is ultimately coupled with quantum processes or not.

The value of arguments presented in this paper is limited, as it has not yet specifically identified computations unique to consciousness. The efforts to characterize computations unique to consciousness in terms of conscious supremacy presented here would hopefully help streamline discussions on this issue, although, needless to say, much work remains to be done.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author contributions

KM: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

The author declares that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of interest

Author KM was employed by Sony Computer Science Laboratories.

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Keywords: conscious supremacy, artificial intelligence, consciousness, large language model, computation

Citation: Mogi K (2024) Artificial intelligence, human cognition, and conscious supremacy. Front. Psychol . 15:1364714. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1364714

Received: 02 January 2024; Accepted: 26 April 2024; Published: 13 May 2024.

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*Correspondence: Ken Mogi, [email protected]

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Title: when factorization meets argumentation: towards argumentative explanations.

Abstract: Factorization-based models have gained popularity since the Netflix challenge {(2007)}. Since that, various factorization-based models have been developed and these models have been proven to be efficient in predicting users' ratings towards items. A major concern is that explaining the recommendations generated by such methods is non-trivial because the explicit meaning of the latent factors they learn are not always clear. In response, we propose a novel model that combines factorization-based methods with argumentation frameworks (AFs). The integration of AFs provides clear meaning at each stage of the model, enabling it to produce easily understandable explanations for its recommendations. In this model, for every user-item interaction, an AF is defined in which the features of items are considered as arguments, and the users' ratings towards these features determine the strength and polarity of these arguments. This perspective allows our model to treat feature attribution as a structured argumentation procedure, where each calculation is marked with explicit meaning, enhancing its inherent interpretability. Additionally, our framework seamlessly incorporates side information, such as user contexts, leading to more accurate predictions. We anticipate at least three practical applications for our model: creating explanation templates, providing interactive explanations, and generating contrastive explanations. Through testing on real-world datasets, we have found that our model, along with its variants, not only surpasses existing argumentation-based methods but also competes effectively with current context-free and context-aware methods.

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7 Best Ways to Shorten an Essay

• Smodin Editorial Team
• Published: May 14, 2024

Are you removing a lot of words and paragraphs from your essay but still not seeing the word count budge? Whether you’re meeting a strict word count or refining your message, reducing your essay’s length without sacrificing content quality can be challenging.

Luckily, besides just aiming for the minimum word count, there are some pretty simple solutions, like using artificial intelligence, conducting thorough research, and trimming unnecessary words. But there’s more.

In this guide, we’ll unpack some practical tips to help you make your essay concise and impactful. Time to make every word count!

7 Best Ways To Shorten an Essay

Here’s a detailed breakdown of the best ways you can shorten your essay:

1. Use Artificial intelligence

When we talk about academic writing, artificial intelligence (AI) can be a game changer, especially when it comes to reducing the length of your essays.

Tools like Smodin can help make your content more concise while enhancing overall quality. AI can help you shorten your essay through the following methods:

• Automated rewriting : AI rewriting tools can reformulate existing content to make it more straightforward while maintaining the original meaning.
• Sentence simplification : Algorithms can analyze your sentences and suggest simpler alternatives, helping eliminate redundant information and reduce word count.
• Research assistance : Certain platforms have AI-powered research tools that allow you to quickly gather the most relevant information. This ensures that every word in your essay contributes to your argument without unnecessary fillers.
• Plagiarism check : Ensuring your essay is plagiarism-free is crucial. For example, Smodin’s plagiarism detection tools help you identify and replace copied content with original, concise expressions.
• Instant feedback : Receive real-time suggestions on how to streamline your text, focusing on the essentials to effectively communicate your message.
• Reference generation : Automatically generate and insert citations in the correct format, which helps save you time while maintaining the academic integrity of your essay and keeping it short.

2. Identify Unnecessary Words and Remove Them

One of the simplest yet most effective ways to shorten your essay is by identifying and eliminating unnecessary words.

This approach helps decrease word count and sharpens your arguments, making your writing more compelling. You can identify and remove extra words by doing the following:

• Spot wordy phrases : Often, phrases can be condensed without losing meaning. For example, the phrase “due to the fact that” can be replaced with “because.” Be on the lookout for wordy phrases that increase word count needlessly.
• Remove unnecessary prepositional phrases : Prepositional phrases can be redundant or add unnecessary detail. Evaluate whether these phrases add value or just extra words. Cutting them can make sentences more direct.
• Avoid redundancies : Redundant pairs like “absolutely essential” or “future plans” can be reduced to one word without losing informational value.
• Trim excess adjectives and adverbs : Adjectives and adverbs can make writing better but can also lead to over-description. Use them sparingly, especially when they don’t contribute additional meaning to the nouns and verbs they modify.
• Fewer words; more impact : Aim for brevity by using fewer words to express the same idea. This will help to reduce the word count while making your writing more impactful and clear.

3. Tighten Sentence Structure

Tightening your sentence structure is crucial for making your essay more concise and readable. Use active voice to make your writing clearer and more dynamic. This is especially important in academic writing, where you have to get to the point quickly.

In academic essays, shifting from passive voice to active voice can shorten and strengthen your sentences. For example, instead of writing, “The experiment was conducted by the students,” you can say, “The students conducted the experiment.” This reduces the number of words and places the action directly with the subject, making your sentences more direct.

Combining two separate sentences into one can streamline your ideas and reduce redundancies. Look for opportunities where sentences can be merged without losing their significance. For example, “He wrote the book. It became a bestseller.” can be rephrased as “He wrote the book, which became a bestseller.”

Also, avoid unnecessary qualifiers and modifiers that don’t add substantial information. Sentences often become bogged down with these extras, making them cluttered and long.

4. Conduct Thorough Research

When writing essays, extensive research can make the final output a lot shorter. Effective research helps you gather precise information that’s relevant to your topic. This means you’ll write more directly and avoid needless elaboration. Here’s how you can conduct research effectively:

• Define the scope of your research : Determine what information is essential to the argument. This initial step will help you focus your research efforts and prevent irrelevant data.
• Identify key sources : Begin with scholarly databases and academic journals that offer peer-reviewed articles. These sources provide credible, authoritative information that can be crucial for academic writing.
• Use precise keywords : When searching for information, use specific keywords related to your essay topic. Precision here will help find the most relevant articles and studies, reducing time spent on unnecessary reading.
• Evaluate sources : Assess the relevance and reliability of each source. Check the publication date to ensure the information is current and relevant to your topic.
• Take notes efficiently : As you research, jot down important points, quotes, and references. Organize these notes according to the sections in your essay to make writing faster.
• Synthesize information : Combine information from multiple sources to build a strong argument. This will allow you to write comprehensively and with fewer words, as each sentence carries more weight.

5. Improve Your Paragraph Structure

Streamlining paragraphs can make your essay shorter and more digestible for the reader. With a well-structured paragraph, you can focus on a single idea supported by concise statements.

Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence that clearly states the main idea. This sentence sets the direction and tone, letting the reader know what to expect. It also helps ensure that every following sentence relates directly to the main idea.

Condense supporting information by merging ideas that logically coexist within a single sentence or phrase. After that, evaluate each sentence for its contribution to the paragraph’s main idea. Remove any information that is repeated or goes into too much detail.

Focus on providing evidence and explanations that directly support the main point. You should also end each paragraph with a sentence that reinforces the main idea and potentially links to the next paragraph. This creates smooth transitions and keeps the essay focused and cohesive.

6. Refine the Introduction and Conclusion

These sections frame your essay and influence how your arguments are perceived. Here are some ways to keep them concise yet effective.

Introduction

The introduction should be engaging and concise, clearly stating the purpose and scope of your essay. Begin with a hook that grabs the reader’s attention, followed by background information that sets the context. Incorporate your thesis statement early on, ideally at the end of the intro.

The conclusion needs to reinforce the thesis. Summarize key points in the essay and show how they support the thesis. Provide a final thought that leaves the reader with something to ponder.

Also, remember to keep it tight – the conclusion isn’t a place for introducing new ideas. It should wrap up the ones you presented and prompt the reader to pose their own questions.

7. Edit and Proofread

Keep your essay concise and error-free by allocating ample time for editing and proofreading. These processes scrutinize your work at different levels, from the overall structure to word choices and punctuation. Here’s how you can go about it:

Start by reading through your entire paper to get a feel for its flow and coherence. Check if all paragraphs support your thesis statement and if section transitions are smooth. This will help you spot areas where the argument might be weak, or wording could be clearer.

Focus next on paragraph structure. Ensure each paragraph sticks to one main idea and that all sentences directly support the idea. Remove any repetitive or irrelevant sentences that don’t add value.

Then, look for clarity and style. Replace complex words with simpler alternatives to maintain readability. Keep your tone consistent throughout the paper. Adjust the sentence length and structure to enhance the flow and make it more engaging.

Proofreading

Proofreading comes after editing. The focus here is catching typing errors, grammatical mistakes, and inconsistent formatting. It’s always best to proofread with fresh eyes, so consider taking a break before this step.

Use tools like spell checkers, but don’t rely solely on them. Read your essay aloud or have someone else review it. Hearing the words can help you catch errors you may have missed.

Lastly, check for punctuation errors and ensure all citations and references are formatted according to the required academic style. This and all of the above are areas in which AI can help get the job done with speed and precision.

Why You Might Need to Shorten Your Essay

Ever heard the expression “less is more”? When it comes to academic writing, it normally is. Keeping your essays concise offers several benefits:

• Enhances clarity : A shorter essay forces you to focus on the main points and critical arguments, reducing the risk of going off-topic. This clarity makes your writing more impactful and easier for the reader to follow.
• Meets word limits : Many academic assignments have a maximum word count. Learning to express your thoughts concisely helps you stay within these limits without sacrificing essential content.
• Saves time : For both the writer and the reader, shorter essays take less time to write, revise, and read. This efficiency is especially valuable in academic settings where time is usually limited.
• Increases engagement : Readers are more likely to stay engaged with a document that gets to the point quickly. Lengthy texts can deter readers, especially if the content has unnecessary words or redundant points.
• Improves writing skills : Shortening essays helps refine your writing skills. You become better at identifying and eliminating fluff, focusing instead on what really adds value to your paper.

Overall, adopting a more succinct writing style helps you meet academic requirements and polish your communication skills.

Why Use Smodin To Shorten an Essay

Using AI-powered platforms like Smodin to shorten your essay is both the simplest and the least time-consuming method available. Here’s why you should probably make Smodin your go-to essay shortener:

• Efficiency : Smodin eases the editing process, using advanced algorithms to quickly identify areas where content can be condensed without losing meaning.
• Accuracy : With its powerful AI, Smodin ensures that the essence of your essays stays intact while getting rid of unnecessary words, making your writing more precise.
• Ease of use : Smodin is user-friendly, making it accessible even to those who aren’t the most tech-savvy. Its easy-to-grasp interface allows for seamless navigation and operation.

Smodin’s offerings

• Rewriter : Available in over 50 languages, this tool helps rewrite text to be more concise.
• Article Writer : Assists in drafting articles that are crisp and to the point.
• Plagiarism and Auto Citation : Ensures your essay is original and correctly cited, which is crucial in academic writing.
• Language Detection : Identifies the language of the text, ensuring the right adjustments are made for clarity.

All these tools and more are what make Smodin an excellent choice for academics looking to reduce the length of their essays.

Final Thoughts

Word counts can be a real headache, especially when you need to say a lot with a little. Thankfully, by identifying unnecessary words, tightening your sentences, and using tools like Smodin, you can make your essay concise without losing its meaning. Remember, a shorter essay doesn’t just meet word limits; and it’s clear, more compelling, and more likely to keep your reader engaged.

Keep it short, keep it sweet, and make every word count! Get started for free right now with Smodin.

Argument: U.S. Intelligence Is Facing a Crisis of Legitimacy

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U.S. Intelligence Is Facing a Crisis of Legitimacy

Bad-faith attacks are putting u.s. security in danger..

• United States

The need for good intelligence has never been more visible. The failure of the Israeli security services to anticipate the brutal surprise attack carried out by Hamas on Oct. 7, 2023 reveals what happens when intelligence goes wrong.

In contrast, in late February 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin’s planned three-day “ special military operation ” to invade Ukraine and topple the government was pushed onto the back foot by the U.S. and U.K. intelligence communities. While Putin’s rapid seizure of Crimea by a flood of “ little green men ”  in 2014 was a fait accompli , by the time of the 2022 invasion, anticipatory moves including the public declassification of sensitive intelligence ensured that both the intelligence community and Ukraine remained a step ahead of Putin’s plans.

Yet, despite the clear and enduring need for good intelligence to support effective statecraft, national security, and military operations, U.S. intelligence agencies and practitioners are undermined by a crisis of legitimacy. Recent research investigating public attitudes toward the U.S. intelligence community offers some sobering trends.

A May 2023 poll conducted by the Harvard University Center for American Political Studies and Harris Poll found that an eye-watering 70 percent of Americans surveyed were either “very” or “somewhat” concerned about “interference by the FBI and intelligence agencies in a future presidential election.”

A separate study , conducted in 2021 and 2022 by the Intelligence Studies Project at the University of Texas at Austin and the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, found that only 56 percent of Americans thought that the intelligence community “plays a vital role in warning against foreign threats and contributes to our national security.” That number is down 10 points from a previous high—if it can even be called that—of 66 percent in 2019, and the downward trend does not give us cause for optimism. Reframed, that statistic means that in 2022, an alarming (in our view) 44 percent of Americans did not believe that the intelligence community keeps them safe from foreign threats or contributes to U.S. national security.

Worse, despite abundant examples of authoritarian aggression and worldwide terror attacks, nearly 1 in 5 Americans seem to be confused about where the real threats to their liberty are actually emanating from. According to the UT Austin study, a growing number of Americans thought that the intelligence community represented a threat to civil liberties: 17 percent in 2022, up from 12 percent in 2021. A nontrivial percentage of Americans feel that the intelligence community is an insidious threat instead of a valuable protector in a dangerous world—a perspective that jeopardizes the security and prosperity of the United States and its allies.

The most obvious recent example of the repercussions of the corrosion of trust in the intelligence community is the recent drama over reauthorizing Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). First introduced in the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, Section 702 is an important legal authority for the U.S. intelligence community to conduct targeted surveillance of foreign persons located outside the United States, with the compelled assistance of electronic communication service providers. According to a report published by Office of the U.S. Director of National Intelligence (DNI), 702 is “ extremely valuable ” and “provides intelligence on activities of terrorist organizations, weapons proliferators, spies, malicious cyber actors, and other foreign adversaries.”

Section 702 was scheduled to “sunset” at the end of 2023 if not reauthorized. Yet Congress failed to reauthorize 702 by the end of 2023, electing to punt the decision—as is so often the case—to this spring, when it was finally reauthorized (with some important reforms) in late April 2024, but it was only extended for two years instead of the customary five. An unusual alliance of the far right and the far left squeezed centrists and the Biden administration, which was strongly pushing for a renewal that would protect the civil liberties of U.S. citizens and not needlessly hobble the intelligence community in protecting the United States itself.

But the frantic down-to-the-wire negotiations about reauthorizing some recognizable form of 702 obscured a deeper problem at the heart of the contemporary Americans’ relationship with intelligence that has been brewing over the last decade: The fundamental legitimacy of a strong intelligence community—and the integrity of its practitioners—has been questioned by U.S. lawmakers on the far left and the far right, perhaps reflecting a misguided but increasing consensus of tens of millions of Americans.

This trend is now a crisis.

Section 702’s troubled journey faced queries from the privacy-oriented left, where those with overblown concerns about potential abuse by the intelligence community viewed reauthorizing 702 is tantamount to “turning cable installers into spies,” in the words of one opinion contributor published in The Hill . The intelligence community’s revised authorities (some adjustments were required given the 15 years of communications technology development since the amendment was first passed) were called “ terrifying ” and predictably—the most hackneyed description for intelligence tools—“ Orwellian .” On the power-skeptical right, Section 702 is perceived as but another powerful surveillance tool of the so-called deep state.

In response to legitimate concerns about past mistakes, the intelligence community has adopted procedural reforms and enhanced training that it says would account for the overwhelming majority of the (self-reported) mistakes in querying 702 collection. According to a report from the Justice Department’s National Security Division, the FBI achieved a 98 percent compliance rate in 2023 after receiving better training. Further, the Justice Department and the DNI have gone to unprecedented lengths to publicly show —through declassified success stories —the real dangers that allowing 702 to lapse would bring to the United States and its allies.

Never before has an intelligence community begged, cajoled, and pleaded with lawmakers to enable it to do its job. After all, a hobbled intelligence community would still be held responsible should a war warning be missed, or should a terrorist attack occur.

For instance, Gen. Eric Vidaud, the French military intelligence chief, was promptly fired over intelligence failings related to Putin’s (re)invasion of Ukraine despite the Elysée’s criticisms of the warnings made by the United States and United Kingdom as “ alarmist .” And Maj. Gen. Aharon Haliva, director of Israeli military intelligence, recently resigned over the Oct. 7 attacks despite the fault probably lying across Israel’s political landscape as well. Intelligence professionals pay more than their share of the bill when their crystal ball stays cloudy.

The hullabaloo over 702 is not the only recent instance painting the actions of the U.S. national security apparatus as questionable state activity conducted by dishonest bureaucrats, and some recent history helps put the recent events into a broader downward trend in trust.

In 2013, National Security Agency (NSA) mass-leaker Edward Snowden, a junior network IT specialist with a Walter Mitty complex , sparked a needed but distorted global conversation about the legitimacy of intelligence collection when he stole more than 1.5 million NSA documents and fled to China and ultimately Russia. The mischaracterization of NSA programs conveyed by Snowden and his allies (painting them as more intrusive and less subject to legal scrutiny than they were ) led to popular misunderstandings about the intelligence community’s methods and oversight.

It was not only junior leakers whose unfounded criticism helped to corrode public faith in intelligence; it has also been a bipartisan political effort. In 2009, then-U.S. House of Representatives Speaker Nancy Pelosi claimed that the CIA had lied to her after she wished to distance herself from the agency’s “enhanced interrogation techniques”—which critics call torture . But Pelosi’s comments earned a “false” rating from Politifact’s “ truth-o-meter .” Then-CIA Director Leon Panetta countered that “CIA officers briefed truthfully.”

Some suspicion of a powerful intelligence community stems from genuine failings of the past, especially the CIA’s activities in the early and middle stages of the Cold War, which included some distasteful assassination plots , the illegal collection of intelligence domestically (such as surveillance of Americans on political grounds, including illegally opening their mail ), and the LSD experimentation on unwitting Americans as part of its infamous MKULTRA program.

Most of these excesses—characterized as the CIA’s “ Family Jewels ”—were reported to Congress, which held explosive hearings in 1975 to publicize these activities, bringing the intelligence agencies into the public realm like never before. Images of Sen. Frank Church holding aloft a poison dart gun, designed by the CIA to incapacitate and induce a heart attack in foreign leaders, became front page news. These serious failings in accountability were the dawn of rigorous intelligence oversight.

Public trust in government was already sinking when, in 1971, the Pentagon Papers revealed that politicians had lied about US activities in the deeply unpopular Vietnam war. The Watergate scandal the following year added fuel to fire. Although the CIA was not directly involved in Watergate, the involvement of former agency employees led to a wider belief that the agency was tainted. And in the late 1970s, CIA morale sank to an all-time low when then-President Jimmy Carter began the process of sharply reducing its staff, attributing the decision to its “ shocking ” activities.

In response to congressional findings and mountains of bad press, subsequent directors of the CIA considered the criticisms and made numerous changes to how the intelligence community operates. While the intelligence community (and its leaders) made good-faith efforts to operate strictly within its legal boundaries, be more responsive to congressional oversight , and embrace some level of transparency , the public image of the CIA and the broader intelligence community didn’t change. After the Cold War ended, the preeminent vice chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, called twice for the disbanding of the CIA. Such political pummeling of the role of intelligence and the integrity of its practitioners was bound to leave a mark.

The politics of distrust are back to the bad old days. By 2016, distrust of the intelligence community had returned with a vengeance: then-presidential candidate Donald Trump claimed that NSA was circumventing domestic legal constructs to spy on his campaign through its close partnership with the Government Communications headquarters (GCHQ), the British signals intelligence agency. (The NSA said those claims were false and GCHQ called them “ utterly ridiculous ”.) As president-elect, Trump also compared U.S. intelligence to “living in Nazi Germany.” Once Trump entered the Oval Office, the FBI was a frequent target for his invective thanks to the investigation into possible Russian interference in the 2016 election.

While the intelligence community is a long way away from the excesses of the 1970s, it is not perfect. Intelligence is an art, not a science. It is not prediction so much as narrowing the cone of uncertainty for decision-makers to act in a complex world. Even when acting strictly within the law and under the scrutiny of Congress and multiple inspectors general, the intelligence community has been wrong on several important occasions. It failed to stop the 9/11 attacks, got the assessment that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction spectacularly wrong , and was made to look impotent by Osama bin Laden for nearly a decade before the U.S. Navy SEALs caught up with him on a CIA mission in Pakistan in May 2011.

Errors still happen because intelligence is hard, and the occasional failure to warn, to stop every attack, or to prevent every incorrect search query is inevitable. Today, mistakes are self-reported to Congress; they are no longer hidden away as they sometimes were in the past. Yet the intelligence community has done a poor job telling its own story and self-censors due to widespread over-classification—a problem that the DNI has acknowledged , if not yet remedied. It has only belatedly begun to embrace the transparency required for a modern intelligence apparatus in a democratic state, and there is much work yet to be done.

It is the job of the intelligence agencies to keep a calm and measured eye on dark developments. In a world in which the panoply of threats is increasing, the role of the intelligence community and its responsibilities within democratic states has never been greater. If the community cannot be trusted by its political masters in the White House and Congress, much less the American people, then it will not be given the ability to “ play to the edge ,” and the risk is that the United States and its allies will be blind to the threats facing them. Given the adversaries, the consequences could be severe.

U.S. intelligence has had a rebirth of confidence since 9/11 and the incorrect judgments of the Iraqi weapons program. It was intelligence and special operations that hunted and killed bin Laden, U.S. law enforcement that has kept the U.S. homeland safe from another massive terror attack, and the intelligence community correctly predicted the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

That increased sense of purpose and morale is moot if the U.S. people, Congress, or the president (sitting or future) do not trust them. This crisis of legitimacy is a trend that may soon hamper the intelligence community, and the results could be unthinkable. Getting the balance between civil liberties and security right isn’t an easy task, but the intelligence community must have the tools, trust, and oversight required to simultaneously keep faith with the American people while serving as their first line of defense.

David V. Gioe is a British Academy global professor at the Department of War Studies at King’s College London and a history f ellow for the Army Cyber Institute at the U.S. Military Academy, where he is also an associate professor of history. Gioe is the director of studies for the Cambridge Security Initiative and is co-convener of its international security and intelligence program. His analysis does not necessarily reflect any position of the U.S. government or Defense Department. Twitter:  @GioeINT

Michael V. Hayden is the former director of the U.S. National Security Agency and the CIA as well as the former principal deputy director of national intelligence. He retired as a general after a 39-year career in the United States Air Force. The Michael V. Hayden Center for Intelligence, Policy, and International Security is housed within the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University.

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What It’s Actually Like Being a Woman in the CIA

Ex-spy Valerie Plame on the “secret history” of women in the agency.

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Biden’s Catch-22 in Ukraine

Giorgia meloni is europe’s new kingmaker, putin, xi deepen ‘strategic partnership’ in beijing, chinese companies keep buying u.s. land near military bases, the u.s. should stop playing the victim over china trade, editors’ picks.

• 1 The U.S. Should Stop Playing the Victim Over China Trade
• 2 ‘We Are Allied, but We Are Not Aligned’
• 3 U.S. Intelligence Is Facing a Crisis of Legitimacy
• 4 Biden’s Catch-22 in Ukraine
• 5 Giorgia Meloni Is Europe’s New Kingmaker
• 6 Reimagining Globalization

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Google wants judge, not jury, decide upcoming antitrust case in Virginia

FILE - The Google logo is seen at the Google headquarters in Brussels, March 23, 2010. Google is asking that a federal judge, rather than a jury, decide whether it violated U.S. antitrust laws by building a monopoly on the technology that powers online advertising. (AP Photo/Virginia Mayo, File)

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Google on Thursday asked that a judge, rather than a jury, decide whether it violated U.S. antitrust laws by building a monopoly on the technology that powers online advertising.

To bolster its case, the tech giant wrote a multimillion-dollar check to the U.S. government that it says renders moot the government’s best argument for demanding a jury trial.

The antitrust case set to go before a jury in Alexandria, Virginia, in September is one of two major lawsuits the Justice Department has brought against Google. While the Virginia case focuses on advertising technology, an ongoing case in the District of Columbia focuses on Google’s dominance as a search engine.

Both sides in the D.C. case have presented evidence and made closing arguments . A judge there will decide whether Google violated the law.

Google wants a judge to decide the merits of the case in Virginia, as well. The company argues in court papers filed Thursday that it’s unprecedented for a jury to decide a federal antitrust case brought by the government. It says that this case in particular involves “a complicated, intricate technology ecosystem, which DOJ has acknowledged to this Court is ‘highly technical, often abstract, and outside the everyday knowledge of most prospective jurors.’”

A Department of Justice spokesperson did not immediately respond to an email seeking comment Thursday evening.

Google, based in Mountain View, California, makes two primary arguments for striking the government’s demand for a jury trial. For starters, Google argues that the constitutional right to a jury trial does not apply to a civil suit brought by the government.

The right to a jury trial, based in the Bill of Rights, “protects citizens against the federal government, not the other way around,” Google’s lawyers write in their court filing.

The company acknowledges in the court papers, though, that the Justice Department has a stronger argument for demanding a jury in a case where it seeks monetary damages, as opposed to merely seeking equitable relief, like forcing Google to sell off parts of its advertising technology.

In the Virginia case, the Department of Justice seeks monetary damages on behalf of federal agencies, including the Army, that it says were harmed by Google’s monopolistic practices and overpaid for online ads that they purchased.

In its court filing, Google contends that the damage claim was tacked on to the lawsuit at the last minute for the sole purpose of allowing them to seek a jury.

The Department of Justice “manufactured a damages claim at the last minute in an attempt to secure a jury trial in a case even they describe as ‘highly technical’ and ‘outside the everyday knowledge of most prospective jurors,” the company said in a written statement Thursday.

Google’s filing Thursday said the company has cut a check to the government that is triple the amount of the losses the government can claim. The exact amount of the check is redacted, but in other court papers, Google said the maximum amount of damages the government was able to demonstrate during the discovery process was less than $1 million.

Because the law allows antitrust damages to be trebled, the check amount would be less than $3 million.

Google says it still disputes that the damages are legitimate, but says that paying the government’s claimed damages eliminates the need for a jury to decide the damages question.

While Google says it’s unprecedented for a jury to decide a government antitrust suit, Google has defended itself in front of a jury on antitrust cases brought by private companies.

Last year, a jury in San Francisco ruled in favor of Epic Games , the maker of the popular Fortnite game, in a case the company brought against Google over the Google Play store, which allows users of Android phones to download apps.

In that case, Google tried unsuccessfully at the last minute to switch the trial from a jury trial to a bench trial.