abstract vs introduction in research paper

• Manuscript Preparation

Differentiating between the abstract and the introduction of a research paper

• 3 minute read
• 43.3K views

Table of Contents

While writing a manuscript for the first time, you might find yourself confused about the differences between an abstract and the introduction. Both are adjacent sections of a research paper and share certain elements. However, they serve entirely different purposes. So, how does one ensure that these sections are written correctly?

Knowing the intended purpose of the abstract and the introduction is a good start!

What is an abstract?

An abstract is a very short summary of all the sections of your research paper—the introduction, objectives, materials and methods, results, and conclusion. It ends by emphasising the novelty or relevance of your study, or by posing questions for future research. The abstract should cover all important aspects of the study, so that the reader can quickly decide if the paper is of their interest or not.

In simple terms, just like a restaurant’s menu that provides an overview of all available dishes, an abstract gives the reader an idea of what the research paper has to offer. Most journals have a strict word limit for abstracts, which is usually 10% of the research paper.

What is the purpose of an abstract?

The abstract should ideally induce curiosity in the reader’s mind and contain strategic keywords. By generating curiosity and interest, an abstract can push readers to read the entire paper or buy it if it is behind a paywall. By using keywords strategically in the abstract, authors can improve the chances of their paper appearing in online searches.

What is an introduction?

The introduction is the first section in a research paper after the abstract, which describes in detail the background information that is necessary for the reader to understand the topic and aim of the study.

What is the purpose of an introduction?

The introduction points to specific gaps in knowledge and explains how the study addresses these gaps. It lists previous studies in a chronological order, complete with citations, to explain why the study was warranted.

A good introduction sets the context for your study and clearly distinguishes between the knowns and the unknowns in a research topic.

Often, the introduction mentions the materials and methods used in a study and outlines the hypotheses tested. Both the abstract and the introduction have this in common. So, what are the key differences between the two sections?

Key differences between an abstract and the introduction:

• The word limit for an abstract is usually 250 words or less. In contrast, the typical word limit for an introduction is 500 words or more.
• When writing the abstract, it is essential to use keywords to make the paper more visible to search engines. This is not a significant concern when writing the introduction.
• The abstract features a summary of the results and conclusions of your study, while the introduction does not. The abstract, unlike the introduction, may also suggest future directions for research.
• While a short review of previous research features in both the abstract and the introduction, it is more elaborate in the latter.
• All references to previous research in the introduction come with citations. The abstract does not mention specific studies, although it may briefly outline previous research.
• The abstract always comes before the introduction in a research paper.
• Every paper does not need an abstract. However, an introduction is an essential component of all research papers.

If you are still confused about how to write the abstract and the introduction of your research paper while accounting for the differences between them, head over to Elsevier Author Services . Our experts will be happy to guide you throughout your research journey, with useful advice on how to write high quality research papers and get them published in reputed journals!

• Research Process

Scholarly Sources: What are They and Where can You Find Them?

What are Implications in Research?

You may also like.

Make Hook, Line, and Sinker: The Art of Crafting Engaging Introductions

Can Describing Study Limitations Improve the Quality of Your Paper?

A Guide to Crafting Shorter, Impactful Sentences in Academic Writing

6 Steps to Write an Excellent Discussion in Your Manuscript

How to Write Clear and Crisp Civil Engineering Papers? Here are 5 Key Tips to Consider

The Clear Path to An Impactful Paper: ②

The Essentials of Writing to Communicate Research in Medicine

Changing Lines: Sentence Patterns in Academic Writing

Input your search keywords and press Enter.

• Link to facebook
• Link to linkedin
• Link to twitter
• Link to youtube
• Writing Tips

Abstract vs. Introduction—What’s the Difference?

3-minute read

• 21st February 2022

If you’re a student who’s new to research papers or you’re preparing to write your dissertation , you might be wondering what the difference is between an abstract and an introduction.

Both serve important purposes in a research paper or journal article , but they shouldn’t be confused with each other. We’ve put together this guide to help you tell them apart.

What’s an Introduction?

In an academic context, an introduction is the first section of an essay or research paper. It should provide detailed background information about the study and its significance, as well as the researcher’s hypotheses and aims.

But the introduction shouldn’t discuss the study’s methods or results. There are separate sections for this later in the paper.

An introduction must correctly cite all sources used and should be about four paragraphs long, although the exact length depends on the topic and the style guide used.

What’s an Abstract?

While the introduction is the first section of a research paper, the abstract is a short summary of the entire paper. It should contain enough basic information to allow you to understand the content of the study without having to read the entire paper.

The abstract is especially important if the paper isn’t open access because it allows researchers to sift through many different studies before deciding which one to pay for.

Since the abstract contains only the essentials, it’s usually much shorter than an introduction and normally has a maximum word count of 200–300 words. It also doesn’t contain citations.

The exact layout of an abstract depends on whether it’s structured or unstructured. Unstructured abstracts are usually used in non-scientific disciplines, such as the arts and humanities, and usually consist of a single paragraph.

Structured abstracts, meanwhile, are the most common form of abstract used in scientific papers. They’re divided into different sections, each with its own heading. We’ll take a closer look at structured abstracts below.

Find this useful?

Subscribe to our newsletter and get writing tips from our editors straight to your inbox.

Structuring an Abstract

A structured abstract contains concise information in a clear format with the following headings:

●  Background: Here you’ll find some relevant information about the topic being studied, such as why the study was necessary.

●  Objectives: This section is about the goals the researcher has for the study.

●  Methods: Here you’ll find a summary of how the study was conducted.

●  Results: Under this heading, the results of the study are presented.

●  Conclusions: The abstract ends with the researcher’s conclusions and how the study can inform future research.

Each of these sections, however, should contain less detail than the introduction or other sections of the main paper.

Academic Proofreading

Whether you need help formatting your structured abstract or making sure your introduction is properly cited, our academic proofreading team is available 24/7. Try us out by submitting a free trial document .

Share this article:

Post A New Comment

Got content that needs a quick turnaround? Let us polish your work. Explore our editorial business services.

What is a content editor.

Are you interested in learning more about the role of a content editor and the...

4-minute read

The Benefits of Using an Online Proofreading Service

Proofreading is important to ensure your writing is clear and concise for your readers. Whether...

2-minute read

6 Online AI Presentation Maker Tools

Creating presentations can be time-consuming and frustrating. Trying to construct a visually appealing and informative...

What Is Market Research?

No matter your industry, conducting market research helps you keep up to date with shifting...

8 Press Release Distribution Services for Your Business

In a world where you need to stand out, press releases are key to being...

How to Get a Patent

In the United States, the US Patent and Trademarks Office issues patents. In the United...

Make sure your writing is the best it can be with our expert English proofreading and editing.

Community Blog

Keep up-to-date on postgraduate related issues with our quick reads written by students, postdocs, professors and industry leaders.

Abstract vs Introduction – Differences Explained

• By Dr Harry Hothi
• August 29, 2020

Any academic write up of a research study or project will require the inclusion of an abstract and introduction. If you pick up any example of a research paper for a journal, dissertation for a Masters degree or a PhD thesis, you’ll see the abstract, followed by the introduction. At first glance you’ll notice that the abstract is much shorter in length, typically a quarter or third of a page of A4. The introduction on the other hand is longer, taking up at least an entire page of writing.

Beyond the length, what are the differences in the content of the two sections? In short, the abstract is a summary of the entire study, describing the context, research aim, methods, results and key conclusions. The introduction gives more detail on the background of the subject area, the motivation for the study and states the aims and objectives.

Read on to learn more.

What is an Abstract?

The main purpose of an abstract is to succinctly give the reader an overview of why the study was needed, what the purpose of the project was, the research question, the key materials and methods that were used, the main results and what conclusions were drawn from this. Many abstracts also conclude with a sentence on the significance or impact of the research. These are sometimes also referred to as an executive summary.

The reader should have an understanding of the paper topic and what the study was about from the abstract alone. He or she can then decide if they want to read the paper or thesis in more detail.

Abstracts are particularly useful for researchers performing a literature review, which involves critically evaluating a large number of papers. Reading the abstract enables them to quickly ascertain the key points of a paper, helping them identify which ones to read in full.

Abstracts are also very important for learning more about the work performed in papers that are hidden behind academic journal paywalls (i.e. those that are not open access). Abstracts are always made freely available, allowing a researcher to understand the context and main point of the work and then decide if it’s worth paying to read the entire paper. These are sometimes referred to as the ‘de facto introduction’ to the research work as it’s usually the first section people read about your study, after the title page.

How do you Write an Abstract?

The majority of academic journals place a limit of 250 words on the length of the abstract in papers submitted to them. They do this to ensure you give a quick overview of only the most important information from your study, helping the reader decide if they want to read the whole paper too. Make sure you double check the specific requirements of your target journal before you start writing.

Universities or other academic institutions often allow up to 500 words for an abstract written for a doctoral thesis.

Abstracts can be either structured or unstructured in the way they are formatted. A structured abstract contains separate headings to guide the reader through the study. Virtually all STEM journals will require this format be used for a researcharticle. The exact names used for each heading can differ but generally there are defined as:

• Background. This is also sometimes called the Introduction. This section should give an overview of what is currently known about the research topic and what the gap in knowledge is. The reader should understand the problem your research will address; i.e. what was your study needed. Don’t include any references or citations in the abstract.
• Aim and Objective. Give a brief explanation of what the study intended to achieve and state the research question or questions that you proposed. Some authors also include the hypothesis here too.
• Materials and Methods. Use the methods section to describe what you investigated, what the study design was and how you carried it out.
• Results. Give an overview of your key findings.
• Discussion and Conclusion. Some journals may ask for these two terms to be used as separated headings. These sections explain why you may have obtained the results that you did, what this means and what the significance or impact of this might be.

An informative abstract should provide a concise summary of all the important points in your research project, including what the central question relating to the subject matter was. Make it interesting to read too; this may be the difference between your abstract being accepted or rejected if you decide to submit it to an upcoming conference. Reviewers for large conferences often have to read hundreds of abstracts so make sure yours stands out by being easy to read and follow.

It’s less common that you’ll be asked to write an unstructured abstract. If you are, however, be aware that the key difference is that an unstructured abstract does not include separate headings. The flow of the abstract text should still follow the 5 points listed above but they should all be written within one long paragraph.

What is the Introduction?

The introduction section is the first main written work presented after the abstract in your paper manuscript or thesis. In a research paper, the introduction will be followed by a section on the materials and methods. In thesis writing, the introduction will be followed by the literature review .

The main aim of introduction writing is to give the reader more detail on the background information of the study. It should include a brief description of the key current knowledge that exists based on the work presented in previous literature and where the gaps in knowledge are. The introduction should convey why your research was needed in order to add new understanding to your subject area. Make sure that you reference all the publications that you refer to.

When writing an introduction for a scientific paper you should also include the aim of your study and the research objectives/questions. If relevant, also include your hypothesis or (null hypothesis).

How do you Structure the Introduction?

The general rule of thumb for a research paper is to use size 12 Times New Roman font, double spaced. Write four separate paragraphs which together are no longer than one page in length. Structure the four paragraphs as follows:

• Set the context of the research study, giving background information about the subject area.
• Describe what is currently know from previously published work and what is poorly understood – i.e. the research gap.
• Explain how addressing this gap in knowledge is important for your research field – i.e. why this study is needed.
• Give a broad overview of the aims, objectives and hypothesis of the study.

You should not describe the research method used in this section nor any results and conclusions.

You should be clear now on what the differences between an abstract vs introduction are. The best way to improve your academic writing skills for these are to read other examples from other  research articles and start writing!

Learning how to effectively collaborate with others is an important skill for anyone in academia to develop.

In the UK, a dissertation, usually around 20,000 words is written by undergraduate and Master’s students, whilst a thesis, around 80,000 words, is written as part of a PhD.

Learn about defining your workspace, having a list of daily tasks and using technology to stay connected, all whilst working from home as a research student.

Join thousands of other students and stay up to date with the latest PhD programmes, funding opportunities and advice.

Browse PhDs Now

How should you spend your first week as a PhD student? Here’s are 7 steps to help you get started on your journey.

There’s no doubt about it – writing can be difficult. Whether you’re writing the first sentence of a paper or a grant proposal, it’s easy

Dr Easey has a PhD from the University of East Anglia where she genetically modified viral ligase enzymes for industry. She is now a biomedical scientist working in the Haematopathology and Oncology Diagnostic Service at Addenbrookes hospital.

Henry is in the first year of his PhD in the Cronin Group at the University of Glasgow. His research is based on the automation, optimisation, discovery and design of ontologies for robotic chemistry.

Join Thousands of Students

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Research paper

Writing a Research Paper Introduction | Step-by-Step Guide

Published on September 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on March 27, 2023.

The introduction to a research paper is where you set up your topic and approach for the reader. It has several key goals:

• Present your topic and get the reader interested
• Provide background or summarize existing research
• Position your own approach
• Detail your specific research problem and problem statement
• Give an overview of the paper’s structure

The introduction looks slightly different depending on whether your paper presents the results of original empirical research or constructs an argument by engaging with a variety of sources.

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes

Table of contents

Step 1: introduce your topic, step 2: describe the background, step 3: establish your research problem, step 4: specify your objective(s), step 5: map out your paper, research paper introduction examples, frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.

The first job of the introduction is to tell the reader what your topic is and why it’s interesting or important. This is generally accomplished with a strong opening hook.

The hook is a striking opening sentence that clearly conveys the relevance of your topic. Think of an interesting fact or statistic, a strong statement, a question, or a brief anecdote that will get the reader wondering about your topic.

For example, the following could be an effective hook for an argumentative paper about the environmental impact of cattle farming:

A more empirical paper investigating the relationship of Instagram use with body image issues in adolescent girls might use the following hook:

Don’t feel that your hook necessarily has to be deeply impressive or creative. Clarity and relevance are still more important than catchiness. The key thing is to guide the reader into your topic and situate your ideas.

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

• Academic style
• Vague sentences
• Style consistency

See an example

This part of the introduction differs depending on what approach your paper is taking.

In a more argumentative paper, you’ll explore some general background here. In a more empirical paper, this is the place to review previous research and establish how yours fits in.

Argumentative paper: Background information

After you’ve caught your reader’s attention, specify a bit more, providing context and narrowing down your topic.

Provide only the most relevant background information. The introduction isn’t the place to get too in-depth; if more background is essential to your paper, it can appear in the body .

Empirical paper: Describing previous research

For a paper describing original research, you’ll instead provide an overview of the most relevant research that has already been conducted. This is a sort of miniature literature review —a sketch of the current state of research into your topic, boiled down to a few sentences.

This should be informed by genuine engagement with the literature. Your search can be less extensive than in a full literature review, but a clear sense of the relevant research is crucial to inform your own work.

Begin by establishing the kinds of research that have been done, and end with limitations or gaps in the research that you intend to respond to.

The next step is to clarify how your own research fits in and what problem it addresses.

Argumentative paper: Emphasize importance

In an argumentative research paper, you can simply state the problem you intend to discuss, and what is original or important about your argument.

Empirical paper: Relate to the literature

In an empirical research paper, try to lead into the problem on the basis of your discussion of the literature. Think in terms of these questions:

• What research gap is your work intended to fill?
• What limitations in previous work does it address?
• What contribution to knowledge does it make?

You can make the connection between your problem and the existing research using phrases like the following.

Now you’ll get into the specifics of what you intend to find out or express in your research paper.

The way you frame your research objectives varies. An argumentative paper presents a thesis statement, while an empirical paper generally poses a research question (sometimes with a hypothesis as to the answer).

Argumentative paper: Thesis statement

The thesis statement expresses the position that the rest of the paper will present evidence and arguments for. It can be presented in one or two sentences, and should state your position clearly and directly, without providing specific arguments for it at this point.

Empirical paper: Research question and hypothesis

The research question is the question you want to answer in an empirical research paper.

Present your research question clearly and directly, with a minimum of discussion at this point. The rest of the paper will be taken up with discussing and investigating this question; here you just need to express it.

A research question can be framed either directly or indirectly.

• This study set out to answer the following question: What effects does daily use of Instagram have on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls?
• We investigated the effects of daily Instagram use on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls.

If your research involved testing hypotheses , these should be stated along with your research question. They are usually presented in the past tense, since the hypothesis will already have been tested by the time you are writing up your paper.

For example, the following hypothesis might respond to the research question above:

Scribbr Citation Checker New

The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

• Missing commas and periods
• Incorrect usage of “et al.”
• Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
• Missing reference entries

The final part of the introduction is often dedicated to a brief overview of the rest of the paper.

In a paper structured using the standard scientific “introduction, methods, results, discussion” format, this isn’t always necessary. But if your paper is structured in a less predictable way, it’s important to describe the shape of it for the reader.

If included, the overview should be concise, direct, and written in the present tense.

• This paper will first discuss several examples of survey-based research into adolescent social media use, then will go on to …
• This paper first discusses several examples of survey-based research into adolescent social media use, then goes on to …

Full examples of research paper introductions are shown in the tabs below: one for an argumentative paper, the other for an empirical paper.

• Argumentative paper
• Empirical paper

Are cows responsible for climate change? A recent study (RIVM, 2019) shows that cattle farmers account for two thirds of agricultural nitrogen emissions in the Netherlands. These emissions result from nitrogen in manure, which can degrade into ammonia and enter the atmosphere. The study’s calculations show that agriculture is the main source of nitrogen pollution, accounting for 46% of the country’s total emissions. By comparison, road traffic and households are responsible for 6.1% each, the industrial sector for 1%. While efforts are being made to mitigate these emissions, policymakers are reluctant to reckon with the scale of the problem. The approach presented here is a radical one, but commensurate with the issue. This paper argues that the Dutch government must stimulate and subsidize livestock farmers, especially cattle farmers, to transition to sustainable vegetable farming. It first establishes the inadequacy of current mitigation measures, then discusses the various advantages of the results proposed, and finally addresses potential objections to the plan on economic grounds.

The rise of social media has been accompanied by a sharp increase in the prevalence of body image issues among women and girls. This correlation has received significant academic attention: Various empirical studies have been conducted into Facebook usage among adolescent girls (Tiggermann & Slater, 2013; Meier & Gray, 2014). These studies have consistently found that the visual and interactive aspects of the platform have the greatest influence on body image issues. Despite this, highly visual social media (HVSM) such as Instagram have yet to be robustly researched. This paper sets out to address this research gap. We investigated the effects of daily Instagram use on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls. It was hypothesized that daily Instagram use would be associated with an increase in body image concerns and a decrease in self-esteem ratings.

The introduction of a research paper includes several key elements:

• A hook to catch the reader’s interest
• Relevant background on the topic
• Details of your research problem

and your problem statement

• A thesis statement or research question
• Sometimes an overview of the paper

Don’t feel that you have to write the introduction first. The introduction is often one of the last parts of the research paper you’ll write, along with the conclusion.

This is because it can be easier to introduce your paper once you’ve already written the body ; you may not have the clearest idea of your arguments until you’ve written them, and things can change during the writing process .

The way you present your research problem in your introduction varies depending on the nature of your research paper . A research paper that presents a sustained argument will usually encapsulate this argument in a thesis statement .

A research paper designed to present the results of empirical research tends to present a research question that it seeks to answer. It may also include a hypothesis —a prediction that will be confirmed or disproved by your research.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, March 27). Writing a Research Paper Introduction | Step-by-Step Guide. Scribbr. Retrieved April 16, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/research-paper-introduction/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, writing strong research questions | criteria & examples, writing a research paper conclusion | step-by-step guide, research paper format | apa, mla, & chicago templates, unlimited academic ai-proofreading.

✔ Document error-free in 5minutes ✔ Unlimited document corrections ✔ Specialized in correcting academic texts

• Abstract vs. Introduction: The Power of First Impressions
• Literature and writing

Are you confused about the differences between an abstract and an introduction? Don’t worry, you’re not alone! Many writers struggle to differentiate between these two critical parts of a research paper.

The abstract is a concise summary or overview of a research paper, article, or document that highlights the main objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions. While the introduction is the initial section of a research paper, essay, or report that sets the context, introduces the topic, presents the research problem or question, and provides background information and the purpose of the study.

Abstract vs. Introduction

• Publicity vs. Public Relations
• Table vs. Chart
• Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication

What is an Abstract?

An abstract is a concise and comprehensive summary of a research paper, thesis, article, or any other type of academic or scientific document. It provides an overview of the main points, objectives, methods, results, and conclusions of the work, allowing readers to quickly understand the essence of the document without having to read the entire piece.

The purpose of an abstract is to provide a brief snapshot of the content and significance of the research. It enables readers to determine whether the document is relevant to their interests or research needs. Abstracts are commonly used in academic journals, conference proceedings, research databases, and other scholarly publications.

What is an Introduction?

An introduction is an opening section of a document that sets the stage for the main content to follow. It provides essential context, background information, and an overview of the subject matter to the reader.

In academic papers, essays, reports, or books, the introduction serves multiple purposes. It introduces the topic, defines key terms or concepts, and presents the research question or objective. It also offers a rationale for the study, highlighting the significance and relevance of the research.

The introduction often includes a brief review of previous literature to situate the current work within the existing knowledge. It outlines the scope of the research and provides a glimpse of the structure and organization of the document. Through engaging and captivating the reader, the introduction aims to create interest, establish the purpose of the work, and convey the importance of the research.

How to write an effective Abstract and Introduction

An effective abstract can be the difference between a reader engaging with your paper or moving on to something else. It should provide a brief, concise summary of the main points of your paper—usually around 150-250 words—and explain why your paper is important and worth reading.

An effective introduction will also engage the reader and give them a good sense of what the paper will be about. However, it will go into more depth than the abstract, providing additional context and explanation for the points you’ll be making in the paper. A good introduction will typically be around 10-20% of the total length of your paper.

Common mistakes to avoid when writing

• Not being clear about the purpose of the paper. Is it to inform or persuade?
• Failing to state the main points of the paper in the opening sentence(s).
• Including too much or too little information. An abstract should be a concise summary of the paper, not a detailed outline.
• An introduction should provide an overview of the main points without getting bogged down in too much detail.
• Writing in a dry, academic style. Remember that an abstract or introduction is meant to engage the reader and encourage them to read on. Use active, concise language and avoid jargon.

Key differences between Abstract and Introduction

• Placement: The abstract is placed at the beginning of a research paper, providing a concise summary of the entire paper. The introduction, on the other hand, follows the abstract and sets the stage for the research by providing background information and establishing the context.
• Length and Detail: The abstract is typically brief, usually ranging from 100 to 300 words, and provides a condensed summary of the research. In contrast, the introduction is more comprehensive, spanning several paragraphs to several pages, and delves into the topic in more detail.
• Content: The abstract focuses on summarizing the research question, methodology, key findings, and implications. The introduction, however, provides a broader context for the research, discussing background information, previous studies, and the rationale behind the research question.
• Target Audience: The abstract is intended for a broader audience, including researchers, academics, or professionals seeking a quick overview of the research. The introduction targets readers who are interested in delving deeper into the topic and provides the necessary background information for a comprehensive understanding of the research.
• Difference between Internal and External Communication
• Difference between Summary and Paraphrase
• Difference between Formal and Informal Writing

The abstract provides a concise summary of the entire paper, highlighting the research question, methodology, key findings, and implications. It is placed at the beginning and aims to give readers a quick overview of the study. The introduction establishes the context for the research, providing background information, previous studies, and the rationale behind the research question.

Introducing Asim, an experienced educator with over 3 years of teaching under his belt. Passionate about sharing knowledge, Asim has a special interest in educating others about the interesting world of political science, geography, and international relations. Whether it's exploring the intricacies of global diplomacy or diving deep into the nuances of geographic regions, Asim brings his expertise and enthusiasm to every article.

Are you confused about the difference between Gaelic and Celtic? Do you use the terms interchangeably, not really understanding that…

Are you someone who loves to express themselves through writing but is unsure which form to choose? Do you struggle…

Have you ever wondered about the differences between a memoir and an autobiography? While both are personal accounts of someone’s…

Language and literature are two terms that often get confused with each other, but they actually represent distinct concepts. While…

• Customer Reviews
• Extended Essays
• IB Internal Assessment
• Theory of Knowledge
• Literature Review
• Dissertations
• Essay Writing
• Research Writing
• Assignment Help
• Capstone Projects
• College Application
• Online Class

Abstract vs Introduction: Explaining the Differences and Similarities

by  Antony W

November 14, 2022

Writing a research paper can be challenging because you have to consider so many factors before you start to put words on the paper. You have to choose a research topic, go through the entire research process, create an outline, write your first draft, and proofread your work for coherence, factualness, and clarity.

One area many students don’t seem to get right is on the outline of the paper. Often, they struggle to see a visible difference between an abstract and an introduction, so much so that they confuse the two to mean the same thing. 

Before we go any further, it’s important to understand that an introduction and an abstract for a research paper are not synonymous. They’re different in length, context, writing approach, and the intended purpose.

In this guide, you’ll learn about abstract vs introduction to understand the differences between these two parts of a research paper. In the end, you should find it easy to write a more comprehensive research paper that your instructor will love to read.

Without further ado, let’s get to it.

What is an Abstract in a Research Paper?

An abstract is a section of a research project that gives a reader a condensed version of a research project. Written in past tense, the abstract shows why the study was necessary, the overall purpose of the project, the research question, the materials and methods used, and the drawn conclusions and results. In some cases, an abstract might include an executive summary, which is a conclusive sentence that demonstrates the significance of the research.

The overall goal of an abstract in a research paper is to give a reader the complete summary of the entire project. In fact, by reading this section alone, one should get a clear understanding of the topic and understand the significance of the study.

Abstract are particularly useful because they help with decision-making. After reading the abstract of your research paper, a reader can decide if they want to read the rest of the document for more insights.

What is an Introduction in a Research Paper?

An introduction is the first main section in a research paper. Written immediately after the abstract and before the literature review , the introduction is the part of the project that gives a reader more information on the topic under investigation.

By reading the introduction, a reader should easily understand the knowledge that already exists on the subject and clearly see why your research is necessary for the topic in question. Given that you’re trying to add new understanding to the subject, the aim of your study and research objectives should be very clear.

Where possible, and if indeed necessary, the introduction of the research paper should include a hypothesis. 

Abstract vs Introduction: How Do They Compare?

The comparison table below shows the side-by-side comparison between an abstract and an introduction in a research paper.

Explaining the Differences between an Abstract and an Introduction

There are at least three significant differences between an abstract and an introduction, and it’s important to learn about them before you start writing a research paper.

Abstract vs Introduction: Purpose

The purpose of an abstract is to give your reader a clear, concise summary of the study you conducted on a particular subject. Written in past tense, the abstract is the section that demonstrates whether the paper fits the needs of the reader enough to get them to read other section of the paper. So to grab their attention, pique their interest, and get them to want to continue reading, you should write the abstract in such a manner that it conveys what the paper is about and why it’s important.

An introduction, on the other hand, prepares your reader to discover what you did in your study. It’s in the introduction that you explain:

• Why your study on the subject is important
• Exactly what the study examines
• The studies already conducted in the field

The introduction should also give a summary of what you did in the study.

Abstract vs Introduction: Structure

An abstract doesn’t require the use of subheadings and it’s mostly one block of text. Still, you can structure the abstract such that the information you present flows in a given sequence. You may want to organize your information in the following order:

• The significance of your study
• The basics of your subject
• Questions you’re trying to answer
• How you arrived at your answer and
• The answer to the question

By including this information in their right sequence, you’ll not only be able to give a clear overview of the whole research paper but also give your readers the reasons to keep reading. 

The introduction, on the other hand, may have subheadings to better prepare your reader to understand the study. So you might want to have the following structure overall:

• The importance of the study
• Background information that provides readers with a clear roadmap for the study
• A touch on the previous research that have an impact on the study
• Reasons to investigate the topic even further
• What you intend to do in the study

Structuring your introduction in this manner makes it easy for your readers to care about the study.

Abstract vs Introduction: Length

Many journals require that an abstract be between 200 and 600 words long. For your research paper, you’ll have to make yours at most 350 words, which means you have to write a lot in a small space.

An introduction tends to be longer, often up to 2 pages double-spaced for a normal research article. 

About the author 

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.

Submit Manuscript

Easy Online Form

Get Newsletter

Sign Up Today

Abstract vs. Introduction: What’s the Difference?

Home » Writing the Manuscript » Abstract vs. Introduction: What’s the Difference?

The main difference between and abstract and an introduction is that the abstract is a brief summary of your entire study—the aim or objective, methods, results, and conclusions—usually in that order. It gives the highlights of your work, with only the briefest background information.

In contrast, the introduction includes only some elements of what is in an abstract. In the abstract, you will expend the fewest words possible on the aims or objective section that opens it, just enough to let your reader know your research question. In the introduction, you will expand on the trail of evidence that led you to asking your research question.

What is an abstract for a research paper?

In an abstract, you summarize your work and capture the reader’s attention with the most important details about your work. Usually, you must give this information in 250 words or fewer.

The contents of the abstract

In just a couple of sentences, you start by giving your readers the background and objectives or specific aims, in just a few sentences. You then will give a few important details about the study design, number of participants or animals, treatments or interventions, controls, and so on. Then you will give the reader the most important results from your study, and end with a conclusion that communicates the most significant takeaway from those results. The language of the abstract should be as clear as possible, even to a nonspecialist.

You can find more specific information and examples of what to include in your abstract here, in this post, “ How to write an abstract for a research paper .”

What is the introduction of a research paper?

The introduction to a research paper orients your reader to the context of your study. It gives the reader just enough background to understand why you’re doing the work. Many journals require authors to keep introductions quite brief, limiting them to only 500 words or fewer in some cases. Even if a journal does not limit the length of the introduction, you should still try to be as concise as possible.

In this part of your paper, you will give the reader the chain of evidence that led you to ask the central question or questions of your study. This part of your paper does not need to give every single detail or cite every study in the field. You need only to walk the reader through the evidence that leads to your own study question or hypothesis. Usually, you will being with a general statement and then funnel down from that to your specific research question. For more specific information about writing introductions, see the blog post, “ How to write a great introduction to a research paper .”

7 differences between an abstract and an introduction

1. An abstract will include results. An introduction will almost never include results. At most, depending on the journal, you might give a sentence generalizing your findings.

2. An abstract will offer a conclusion. An introduction will almost never give the reader the main takeaway from the study findings.

3. The abstract will give some details about the methods and study design. The introduction will offer only the briefest information, such as “Here, using mice” or “In this study of patients with breast cancer.” Any details, including numerical values, will be reserved for the materials and methods section of the paper.

4. The abstract will have only a brief background section, usually consisting of a sentence or two, at most. The introduction, in contrast, will unfold this background succinctly but more expansively, giving the reader the context for why you asked the research question you did and the trail of evidence that has led to the study you performed.

5. The language in an abstract will likely be more accessible to nonspecialists reading the paper. You should avoid jargon and abbreviations as much as possible, and try to communicate your information as briefly and clearly as possible. The introduction, on the other hand, can be offer more details of interest to people in your field, and using abbreviations is OK.

6. An abstract will almost never contain reference citations. An introduction almost always will.

7. An abstract will usually run 250 words or fewer. Although some journals limit introductions to no more than 500 words, in many journals, the introduction can be longer.

A very few highest profile journals have some submission options that use the abstract as the introduction to the paper. These journals usually call these submission categories “Letters” or “Short submissions.” In such cases, the abstract serves as the introduction to the paper and is given as a fully referenced paragraph that both introduces the work and summarizes the results and design. You will know if this special merging of the abstract and introduction is a requirement if you consult the author instructions of your target journal.

San Francisco Edit specializes in scientific editing in the United States and we work with scientists from all over the world.

Sign up for our newsletter, latest from the blog.

Scientific Editing Importance in Research: Boosting Your Publication Success

Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism: Ensuring Originality in Academic Writing

Achieving Clarity and Impact: Guidelines for Writing Medical Case Reports

Abstract Versus Introduction: Enhancing Your Academic Writing Skills

• Knowledge Center
• English Grammar
• Getting Published
• Journal Submission
• Marketing Your Paper and Yourself
• Peer Reviewing a Scientific Paper
• Presenting Your Research
• Thesis vs Dissertation
• What is Scientific Editing
• Why Edit and Types of Editing
• Writing the Manuscript
• Scientific Editing
• Business Editing
• Language Editing
• Newsletters
• Testimonials
• Areas of Expertise

San Francisco Edit 1755 Jackson Street Suite 610 San Francisco, CA 94109 Email: [email protected]

Copyright © 2003-2022 San Francisco Edit. All Rights Reserved.

Join 90,000+ Scientist Who Get Useful Tips For Writing Better Manuscripts

Don't miss out on future newsletters. sign up now..

Thesis Helpers

Find the best tips and advice to improve your writing. Or, have a top expert write your paper.

Abstract Vs Introduction: Key Similarities and Differences

Is an abstract the same as an introduction? This is one of the questions we receive most frequently, so we thought it would be a good idea to write an article about the abstract vs introduction problem. Most students don’t know how to differentiate between the two, especially if they are new to academic writing. Even though the two things are somewhat similar, there is at least one major difference between introduction and abstract. In this article, we will discuss the similarities and differences between the two. What is the difference between an abstract and an introduction? Let’s find out!

The Abstract Vs Introduction Problem

Introduction vs abstract: which one does what? Because many professors don’t explain these two terms to their students, it’s easy to confuse them. We consider that this is not the students’ fault. If they don’t know the difference between an abstract and an introduction, it’s easy to make a grave mistake. Of course, you will get penalized harshly for this. This blog post aims to provide information about abstract vs introduction scientific paper writers need to make sure they don’t get an F on their next essay.

Abstract and Introduction: What Are They?

So, let’s discuss abstract vs introduction APA style. An abstract is basically a summary of a complex paper (such as a thesis or a research paper).

The abstract summarizes all the different parts of the paper, including the research problem, the objectives, the methods, the results, and the conclusion. After reading the abstract, the reader should know exactly what the paper is about and how it is structured. The length of an abstract is around 250-300 words. The introduction, on the other hand, is there to give your readers an idea of what you are about to talk about and introduce your thesis statement.

It can contain a bit of background information, but it does not delve into the specifics of your research methods or results. Also, the introduction does not discuss the conclusion of the paper in any way.

The Key Difference Between Abstract and Introduction

OK, but what is the major difference between abstract and introduction? In simple terms, the abstract is a summary of the entire research paper. It briefly discusses the methods, results and conclusion. The introduction, on the other hand, is there to entice the reader to read the entire paper. It discusses just the background of the problem and the objectives of the paper. You will never see the conclusion being discussed in an introduction.

Is an APA abstract vs introduction different from MLA or other types of academic writing? No, the abstract and the introduction are just as different regardless of the academic writing style. You should never confuse one for the other because the consequences can be a rejected paper or at the very least a very low grade.

Introduction vs Abstract: The Similarities

Now that you know the main difference between an abstract and introduction, it’s time to talk about similarities. This should help you avoid any confusion:

• Both the introduction and the abstract are placed at the beginning of a research paper. In fact, an abstract can be considered a de-facto introduction.
• Both the abstract and the introduction are there to provide some information about the subject and about the objectives of your research paper.
• Both can be used as a way to attract the interest of a reader.

However, this is where the similarities end. Never assume that you can write an introduction in place of an abstract. Of course, you can’t write an abstract in place of an introduction either. This is the information about abstract vs introduction lab report writers need to know before they start writing their first paper. We know that sometimes writing an abstract can be more difficult than the introduction to abstract algebra in high school. However, with practice, you will quickly get the hang of it.

Abstract and Introduction Examples

To help you understand the meaning and role of an abstract better, we have written an example abstract for you and broken it down into pieces:

As of 2023, residual herbicide that is accumulating in certain crops is posing a growing threat to the rice-wheat rotation in northern India. (The background part) When it comes to pesticides and pesticide metabolites, green manure has been shown to stimulate ample co-mineralization. By incorporating it into the soil, the effects of the herbicide residue can be mitigated. (The objectives part) During a three-year study at the North Indian Wheat Research Institute, Azolla Pinata and A. Carolingiana have been used as green manure. The effects of the green manure on the Propanil and Buthachlor herbicides has been evaluated, as well as the mineralization and co-metabolization of the herbicides, using a process known as liquid chromatography. (The material and methods part) Initial results indicate that Azolla Pinata caused the Propanil herbicide to co-mineralize in 14 days. However, the green manure did not have the intended effect on the Buthachlor herbicide during the study. (The findings part) After analyzing the findings of the study, we can say for certain that Azolla Pinata used as green manure can prevent residual Propanil accumulation. (The conclusion part)

An example introduction for the paper would look something like this:

Residual herbicides are posing a growing threat to the systems of rice-wheat rotation in Northern India. According to a recent study by the North Indian Wheat Research Institute, Azolla Pinata is able to co-mineralize some herbicides. Understanding the process by which this happens is important for the future of Indian rice and wheat crops. This research paper aims to answer the following question: how does green manure co-mineralize certain herbicides? We will first analyze the soil and the herbicide accumulation, then we will discuss the effects of green manure, and finally we will analyze the potential applications.

Need Assistance?

Abstract versus introduction: I still don’t understand the difference! No problem, you are certainly not the only one. Many students are emailing us to get more information about these two important parts of their research papers. Instead of struggling to write something you don’t understand, why don’t you get some one on one help from our academic writing experts? In case you don’t know how to write the abstract or are struggling to write an excellent introduction for your paper, we can help you.

We can not only write you an abstract introduction, but also help you with the research and analysis part of your paper. It goes without saying that our writers and editors can also write your paper from scratch from start to finish. You will get an awesome essay that will thrill your professor. Getting a top grade is now easier than ever with our help.

We know that you are probably reluctant to get help from an online academic writing service. However, we can assure you that our experts will do a great job. All our papers are 100% original, written from scratch. We do not sell pre-written papers, period. And remember, getting quality assistance with your introduction and abstract is just one message away. What are you waiting for?

Make PhD experience your own

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Writing an Abstract for Your Research Paper

Definition and Purpose of Abstracts

An abstract is a short summary of your (published or unpublished) research paper, usually about a paragraph (c. 6-7 sentences, 150-250 words) long. A well-written abstract serves multiple purposes:

• an abstract lets readers get the gist or essence of your paper or article quickly, in order to decide whether to read the full paper;
• an abstract prepares readers to follow the detailed information, analyses, and arguments in your full paper;
• and, later, an abstract helps readers remember key points from your paper.

It’s also worth remembering that search engines and bibliographic databases use abstracts, as well as the title, to identify key terms for indexing your published paper. So what you include in your abstract and in your title are crucial for helping other researchers find your paper or article.

If you are writing an abstract for a course paper, your professor may give you specific guidelines for what to include and how to organize your abstract. Similarly, academic journals often have specific requirements for abstracts. So in addition to following the advice on this page, you should be sure to look for and follow any guidelines from the course or journal you’re writing for.

The Contents of an Abstract

Abstracts contain most of the following kinds of information in brief form. The body of your paper will, of course, develop and explain these ideas much more fully. As you will see in the samples below, the proportion of your abstract that you devote to each kind of information—and the sequence of that information—will vary, depending on the nature and genre of the paper that you are summarizing in your abstract. And in some cases, some of this information is implied, rather than stated explicitly. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , which is widely used in the social sciences, gives specific guidelines for what to include in the abstract for different kinds of papers—for empirical studies, literature reviews or meta-analyses, theoretical papers, methodological papers, and case studies.

Here are the typical kinds of information found in most abstracts:

• the context or background information for your research; the general topic under study; the specific topic of your research
• the central questions or statement of the problem your research addresses
• what’s already known about this question, what previous research has done or shown
• the main reason(s) , the exigency, the rationale , the goals for your research—Why is it important to address these questions? Are you, for example, examining a new topic? Why is that topic worth examining? Are you filling a gap in previous research? Applying new methods to take a fresh look at existing ideas or data? Resolving a dispute within the literature in your field? . . .
• your research and/or analytical methods
• your main findings , results , or arguments
• the significance or implications of your findings or arguments.

Your abstract should be intelligible on its own, without a reader’s having to read your entire paper. And in an abstract, you usually do not cite references—most of your abstract will describe what you have studied in your research and what you have found and what you argue in your paper. In the body of your paper, you will cite the specific literature that informs your research.

When to Write Your Abstract

Although you might be tempted to write your abstract first because it will appear as the very first part of your paper, it’s a good idea to wait to write your abstract until after you’ve drafted your full paper, so that you know what you’re summarizing.

What follows are some sample abstracts in published papers or articles, all written by faculty at UW-Madison who come from a variety of disciplines. We have annotated these samples to help you see the work that these authors are doing within their abstracts.

Choosing Verb Tenses within Your Abstract

The social science sample (Sample 1) below uses the present tense to describe general facts and interpretations that have been and are currently true, including the prevailing explanation for the social phenomenon under study. That abstract also uses the present tense to describe the methods, the findings, the arguments, and the implications of the findings from their new research study. The authors use the past tense to describe previous research.

The humanities sample (Sample 2) below uses the past tense to describe completed events in the past (the texts created in the pulp fiction industry in the 1970s and 80s) and uses the present tense to describe what is happening in those texts, to explain the significance or meaning of those texts, and to describe the arguments presented in the article.

The science samples (Samples 3 and 4) below use the past tense to describe what previous research studies have done and the research the authors have conducted, the methods they have followed, and what they have found. In their rationale or justification for their research (what remains to be done), they use the present tense. They also use the present tense to introduce their study (in Sample 3, “Here we report . . .”) and to explain the significance of their study (In Sample 3, This reprogramming . . . “provides a scalable cell source for. . .”).

Sample Abstract 1

From the social sciences.

Reporting new findings about the reasons for increasing economic homogamy among spouses

Gonalons-Pons, Pilar, and Christine R. Schwartz. “Trends in Economic Homogamy: Changes in Assortative Mating or the Division of Labor in Marriage?” Demography , vol. 54, no. 3, 2017, pp. 985-1005.

Sample Abstract 2

From the humanities.

Analyzing underground pulp fiction publications in Tanzania, this article makes an argument about the cultural significance of those publications

Emily Callaci. “Street Textuality: Socialism, Masculinity, and Urban Belonging in Tanzania’s Pulp Fiction Publishing Industry, 1975-1985.” Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol. 59, no. 1, 2017, pp. 183-210.

Sample Abstract/Summary 3

From the sciences.

Reporting a new method for reprogramming adult mouse fibroblasts into induced cardiac progenitor cells

Lalit, Pratik A., Max R. Salick, Daryl O. Nelson, Jayne M. Squirrell, Christina M. Shafer, Neel G. Patel, Imaan Saeed, Eric G. Schmuck, Yogananda S. Markandeya, Rachel Wong, Martin R. Lea, Kevin W. Eliceiri, Timothy A. Hacker, Wendy C. Crone, Michael Kyba, Daniel J. Garry, Ron Stewart, James A. Thomson, Karen M. Downs, Gary E. Lyons, and Timothy J. Kamp. “Lineage Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Proliferative Induced Cardiac Progenitor Cells by Defined Factors.” Cell Stem Cell , vol. 18, 2016, pp. 354-367.

Sample Abstract 4, a Structured Abstract

Reporting results about the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis, from a rigorously controlled study

Note: This journal requires authors to organize their abstract into four specific sections, with strict word limits. Because the headings for this structured abstract are self-explanatory, we have chosen not to add annotations to this sample abstract.

Wald, Ellen R., David Nash, and Jens Eickhoff. “Effectiveness of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children.” Pediatrics , vol. 124, no. 1, 2009, pp. 9-15.

“OBJECTIVE: The role of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) in children is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-dose amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate in the treatment of children diagnosed with ABS.

METHODS : This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Children 1 to 10 years of age with a clinical presentation compatible with ABS were eligible for participation. Patients were stratified according to age (<6 or ≥6 years) and clinical severity and randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin (90 mg/kg) with potassium clavulanate (6.4 mg/kg) or placebo. A symptom survey was performed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30. Patients were examined on day 14. Children’s conditions were rated as cured, improved, or failed according to scoring rules.

RESULTS: Two thousand one hundred thirty-five children with respiratory complaints were screened for enrollment; 139 (6.5%) had ABS. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, and 56 were randomly assigned. The mean age was 6630 months. Fifty (89%) patients presented with persistent symptoms, and 6 (11%) presented with nonpersistent symptoms. In 24 (43%) children, the illness was classified as mild, whereas in the remaining 32 (57%) children it was severe. Of the 28 children who received the antibiotic, 14 (50%) were cured, 4 (14%) were improved, 4(14%) experienced treatment failure, and 6 (21%) withdrew. Of the 28children who received placebo, 4 (14%) were cured, 5 (18%) improved, and 19 (68%) experienced treatment failure. Children receiving the antibiotic were more likely to be cured (50% vs 14%) and less likely to have treatment failure (14% vs 68%) than children receiving the placebo.

CONCLUSIONS : ABS is a common complication of viral upper respiratory infections. Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate results in significantly more cures and fewer failures than placebo, according to parental report of time to resolution.” (9)

Some Excellent Advice about Writing Abstracts for Basic Science Research Papers, by Professor Adriano Aguzzi from the Institute of Neuropathology at the University of Zurich:

Academic and Professional Writing

This is an accordion element with a series of buttons that open and close related content panels.

Analysis Papers

Reading Poetry

A Short Guide to Close Reading for Literary Analysis

Using Literary Quotations

Play Reviews

Writing a Rhetorical Précis to Analyze Nonfiction Texts

Incorporating Interview Data

Grant Proposals

Planning and Writing a Grant Proposal: The Basics

Additional Resources for Grants and Proposal Writing

Job Materials and Application Essays

Writing Personal Statements for Ph.D. Programs

• Before you begin: useful tips for writing your essay
• Guided brainstorming exercises
• Get more help with your essay
• Frequently Asked Questions

Resume Writing Tips

CV Writing Tips

Cover Letters

Business Letters

Proposals and Dissertations

Resources for Proposal Writers

Resources for Dissertators

Research Papers

Planning and Writing Research Papers

Quoting and Paraphrasing

Writing Annotated Bibliographies

Creating Poster Presentations

Thank-You Notes

Advice for Students Writing Thank-You Notes to Donors

Reading for a Review

Critical Reviews

Writing a Review of Literature

Scientific Reports

Scientific Report Format

Sample Lab Assignment

Writing for the Web

Writing an Effective Blog Post

Writing for Social Media: A Guide for Academics

We use cookies on this site to enhance your experience

By clicking any link on this page you are giving your consent for us to set cookies.

A link to reset your password has been sent to your email.

Back to login

We need additional information from you. Please complete your profile first before placing your order.

Thank you. payment completed., you will receive an email from us to confirm your registration, please click the link in the email to activate your account., there was error during payment, orcid profile found in public registry, download history, structuring your research paper: knowing the difference between abstract, introduction, and conclusion.

• 18 October, 2023

Research papers serve as essential tools in the dissemination of knowledge and the advancement of academic disciplines. Academic papers follow a well-defined structure and format that assists readers in comprehending the content efficiently. They adhere to a well-defined structure and format, which is often referred to as IMRaD: Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Discussion. In addition to these core elements, there are three crucial components; the Abstract, Introduction, and Conclusion, which enhance the deliverance of your research rationale and findings. Understanding the nuanced functions of these sections is crucial for researchers seeking to enhance their paper's clarity, engagement, and influence in the academic and scientific community.

These three components play distinct roles in the structure and communication of a written work, be it a research paper, a thesis, a report, or an article. To write effectively, it's essential to grasp the unique functions and structure of each.

What is an Introduction?

The introduction serves as the opening of your written work, where you set the stage for what is to come. It helps to make the first impression on your readers. Its primary purpose is to provide readers with an overview of the subject matter and the context in which your work exists. 

Furthermore, a well-written introduction outlines the research problem and introduces the main thesis or argument. Some journals may refer to this section as 'Background,' and in others, it might not have a separate heading.

Key elements of an introduction include:

1. Opening Sentence: A compelling hook or opening sentence that grabs the reader's attention and motivates them to continue reading.

2. Thesis Statement: A concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument, purpose, or objective of your work.

3. Background Information: Necessary background information or context to help readers understand the topic.

4. Scope and Significance: A brief discussion of what will be covered and why it is relevant or important.

An introduction should be clear, engaging, and give readers a sense of what to expect. While it provides some insight into the content, it does not delve into the details or findings of the work.

What is an Abstract?

The abstract is a concise summary of the entire document. Its primary purpose is to give readers a quick overview of the key points, methods, findings, and conclusions of the work. They are typically found at the beginning of research papers and articles and are often used by readers to determine whether they want to read the full text. It serves as a preview of the work and helps readers quickly gauge its relevance.

Key elements of an abstract include:

1. Objective: A clear statement of the research objective or purpose.

2. Methods: A brief description of the research methods or approach used.

3. Results: Summary of the key findings or results.

4.  Conclusions: A concise statement of the main conclusions or implications.

These elements are usually presented in a standalone paragraph or a few paragraphs, depending on the specific journal's guidelines.

The length of an abstract varies, often ranging from 150 to 250 words, though it can be longer for some longer papers or theses. Furthermore, it also depends on the style and guidelines of the publication.

Watch this FREE informative webinar to learn more about writing strong abstracts and structuring your research article for publication. 

What is a Conclusion?

The conclusion, as the name suggests, marks the end of your written work. Its primary purpose is to summarize and reiterate the main points and findings discussed in the body of the text. 

Key elements of a conclusion include:

1. Restatement of Thesis: A restatement of the main thesis or argument.

2. Summary of Findings: A brief summary of the key findings and results.

3. Implications: Discussion of the implications of the findings and their significance.

4. Closing Thoughts: A final thought or reflection on the subject matter.

The conclusion is the final part of the paper, summarizing the key findings, their implications, and the main takeaways. In some formats, this section follows the 'Discussion' and may not have a distinct heading.

The conclusion should leave the reader with a sense of closure and a clear understanding of the key takeaways. It is not the place to introduce new information or ideas but rather to reinforce the ideas presented in the body of the work.

What’s the Difference Between Abstract, Introduction, and Conclusion?

To better understand the distinctions and relationships between these three sections, here is a table comparing the features or characteristics of the abstract, introduction, and conclusion for your better understanding:

While these sections serve different functions, it's crucial to avoid repeating the same information. The abstract provides an overview, the introduction sets the stage, and the conclusion wraps up the key points. Repetition can bore readers and waste valuable space. Make each section unique and tailored to its purpose.

The abstract, introduction, and conclusion are the pillars that support the structure and impact of research papers. Understanding their differences and functions is fundamental to effective academic writing. By delving into their relevance, we can uncover their true significance, ensuring that the message of our research reaches its intended audience with clarity and impact. 

Share with your colleagues

Choosing a title for your academic research paper

Charlesworth Author Services 03/08/2017 00:00:00

Academic writing style: Telling a story in your research paper

Charlesworth Author Services 25/02/2022 00:00:00

Maximise discoverability of your research through Titles, Abstracts and Keywords

Charlesworth Author Services 09/04/2019 00:00:00

university writing center

Just another weblog

university writing center Pages

The difference between an abstract and an introduction.

Introductions and abstracts are two things that seem very similar, but are actually quite different. However, once you know the difference, they are easy to keep separate from each other.

An abstract is, at its most basic level, a summary. It outlines all of the important parts of your paper to the reader, so they can figure out if your paper is worth reading. This is why abstracts are important in the scientific field. They are a fast way for someone to analyze what is going to be said, and if that information is going to be beneficial for them.

An introduction provides the reader with detailed background information about a topic. This helps the reader make sense of what is going to be said later in the paper. If they do not understand the most basic parts of your topic, then they are not going to understand what you are trying to convey.

Now that you know the difference between the two, here is some advice for writing them:

The abstract is easiest to write last. By that point, you will have already written everything else, and you should know the important takeaways of your work. In the abstract, you should introduce your topic, discuss why you choose this topic, state your hypothesis, and reveal the results of your study. Remember, the abstract is like a summary. You should not go into a lot of detail here. Provide the reader with enough information that they can digest what you are saying. You will explain everything else in detail later in your paper. 

The introduction is one of the most important parts of your paper. However, introductions vary based on the genre of paper. For this blog post, introductions for scientific papers are going to be discussed because abstracts are a staple of scientific reports. An introduction for a scientific paper should explain the reasoning behind why you choose this experiment, provide background information about the topic, reference other studies done on similar topics, and state your hypothesis. You want to make sure your reader can understand what is going to be said later in the paper. 

Here are a few websites that have some more information about the two:

https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/writing-resources/different-genres/writing-an-abstract

https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/writing-an-abstract-for-your-research-paper/

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/graduate_writing/graduate_writing_genres/graduate_writing_genres_abstracts_new.html

Introduction:

https://guides.lib.uci.edu/c.php?g=334338&p=2249903

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4548565/

https://dept.writing.wisc.edu/wac/writing-an-introduction-for-a-scientific-paper/

https://abrilliantmind.blog/how-to-write-the-introduction-of-scientific-article/

• Event Website Publish a modern and mobile friendly event website.
• Registration & Payments Collect registrations & online payments for your event.
• Abstract Management Collect and manage all your abstract submissions.
• Peer Reviews Easily distribute and manage your peer reviews.
• Conference Program Effortlessly build & publish your event program.
• Virtual Poster Sessions Host engaging virtual poster sessions.
• Customer Success Stories
• Wall of Love ❤️

Abstract vs. Introduction: What is the actual difference?

Published on 07 Dec 2022

If you’ve never written a research paper, the number of boxes to check to complete it can be intimidating. Even if it’s not your first rodeo, there’s still so much to think about that it’s easy to get confused. 

The difference between an abstract and an introduction is a common concern for first-time research writers. 

While these parts may seem similar at first glance, they have distinct characteristics. Whether you’re writing a paper to submit to a journal, an academic conference , or for your MSc or PhD, crafting a good abstract and a unique introduction will save you hassle in the revision stages and increase the likelihood of your paper being accepted. 

What is the Difference Between an Abstract and an Introduction?

In around 250 words, an abstract summarizes the entire study and generates reader interest in your paper. An introduction is the first section of your paper. It covers background information, sets the context for your research, and is longer than an abstract (500 words or more).

The key difference between an abstract and an introduction is their purpose: 

• An abstract is an advertisement. 
• An introduction is a hook.

If you think of an abstract as an advertisement, it should be brief and summarize your paper entirely. People will have to spend their time (maybe even their money) reading your paper. So, your abstract should give them an initial idea of why your paper is relevant to them and what they can expect to learn.

Alternatively, thinking of your introduction as a “hook” means it’s the key to holding the long-term attention of a reader (once they’ve chosen to read your paper). An introduction isn’t about giving all of the research details, it’s about setting the scene for why the details matter.

Beyond purpose, the table below outlines the differences between abstracts and introductions:

Comparison table showing the key differences between an abstract and an introduction.

How to Write a Good Abstract

Your abstract is likely the first thing people will read. It’s a particularly important tool for researchers that have to sort through piles of potential papers to review. 

So, make it clear what your paper is about, why that topic is important, and what you found in your research. Here are 3 tips for writing a good abstract…

1. Consider your abstract format 

There are two basic formats for abstracts. Often, the journal or program you are submitting to will outline what style they expect: 

• A structured abstract includes section headings.
• An unstructured abstract is a single block of text.

Regardless of this structural difference, both of these formats focus on answering the same set of key questions for prospective readers:

• Context/Background: Why is this topic and this research important?
• Objective: What questions are you trying to answer in your research?
• Methods/Design: What are the basic details of your research? In general, how did you go about answering the research questions? 
• Results: What answers did you find? Were there any other observations?
• Conclusion/Takeaways: Were your results expected? Is more research needed?

2. Keep your abstract clear and concise

Your abstract should efficiently deliver information in a way that non-specialists can understand. Detailed descriptions and scientific slang terms don’t belong here. Also, check specific author guidelines to know if there’s a word limit for your abstract (250 words is a common limit).

3. Beat writer’s block by outlining your paper

Just because your abstract is the first thing people will read doesn’t mean it’s the first thing you have to write. It’s helpful to have an outline or loose draft of your entire paper before you write your abstract . Highlight the most important points in each section, then use them to help frame your abstract.

How to Write a Good Introduction

After people have decided to read your paper, it’s your introduction’s time to shine. A good introduction sets the tone for the reader. 

So, make sure that your introduction gives context to your research and makes it clear why your reader should care. Here are 3 tips for writing a great introduction…

1. Answer these questions in your introduction

Some content in your introduction may overlap with your abstract. But, your introduction should cover key questions slightly differently (and in more detail) than your abstract:

• Why is your field of research important?
• What background information is needed to understand your research (include references where applicable)?
• What earlier research impacts the context of your own or helps with understanding your research process?
• How is your research innovative or original?
• What are the sections included in the rest of the paper?

2. Don’t save your introduction for last

“Save your intro for last” is a common tip for various writing applications. But it doesn’t need to be a rule. As Rachael Cayley outlines in this blog post : “You don’t always have to wait until the end to write your introduction. You should review it again of course, but since it's the setup [for the rest of your paper], it’s worth writing first.” 

The introduction shows your reader what led to your research question. So, writing or outlining that part of the story early (and before you forget the details) can help provide accurate context.

3. Consider your introduction’s tone and tense

Use a formal, impersonal tone and speak primarily in the present tense. Double-check the tense used in each sentence or example since there’s a chance you’ll talk about past research in contrast with new processes. Avoid using emotional appeals as they are more suitable for conference presentations and public speaking.

FAQ: Top Abstract and Introduction Questions

Can i use my abstract as my introduction.

The short answer to this question: You shouldn’t. Unless the journal (or your research advisor) asks you to merge your abstract and introduction, it’s best to keep them unique.

Where can I find examples of abstracts and introductions?

This article by Kibin has 10 top-notch abstract examples to get you started. For a step-by-step guide to help you write an introduction, take a look at this article by Scribbr .

How do I write an abstract for an academic conference?

Conference abstract submission is unique. You may still be early in your research process and not have all the results yet. So, the things you include in your abstract will change. Check out our detailed article on writing an abstract for a conference to help you with this.

Apply What You Know About Abstracts and Introductions

Now that you know the key differences between an abstract and an introduction, it’s time to get started writing. If any points for your paper crossed your mind while reading this article, jot them down now to help with making your outline. And be sure to keep in mind: Your abstract is your advertisement. Your introduction is your hook.

5 Best Event Registration Platforms for Your Next Conference

By having one software to organize registrations and submissions, a pediatric health center runs aro...

5 Essential Conference Apps for Your Event

In today’s digital age, the success of any conference hinges not just on the content and speakers bu...

An Abstract or an Introduction — What’s the Difference?

Are you working on a paper or scholarly article? Need to know the difference between an abstract and an introduction? Here’s what you need to know. 

An abstract and an introduction are two different sections of a research paper, thesis, or dissertation. An abstract is a short summary of the entire piece, and it comes before the table of contents. An introduction is a full-length chapter, and often includes a layout of the rest of the piece.

Abstract vs. Introduction — Key Takeaways

An abstract.

• Can be very short — a basic abstract only needs four sentences.
• A summary of the entire work. 
• Used in scholarly, academic, or scientific papers and articles.
• Comes before the table of contents. The page is not numbered.

An Introduction

• Is a full-length chapter.
• Often includes a map or layout of the piece to come. 
• Found in papers, articles, books, essays, compendiums, and more.
• After the table of contents. Considered a part of the work itself.

An abstract is a brief summary of the entire paper, that provides a concise overview of the research question, methods, results, and conclusions. According to the Chicago Manual of Style, an abstract may be “as many as a few hundred words but often much shorter.” 

It should be able to stand alone as a summary of the paper, allowing readers to quickly determine whether the paper is relevant to their interests.

An Example Abstract Format

For those in the sciences, the American Medical Association says, “Abstracts should summarize the main point(s) of an article and include the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a study.”

In the arts and humanities — my field — a basic abstract format includes four statements:

• They say/I say

Methodology

What do these all mean? Let’s dive in.

They Say/I say

This is where you position your research within the broader field of scholarship. For example: 

Many scholars believe that vampires don’t like sunshine (they say), but most aren’t considering all the vampires who do like sunshine (I say). Tweet

This is where you discuss the kind of research you did. For example:

Over the course of one year, I trekked across Transylvania looking at ancient records and interviewing contemporary vampires.

This is where you summarize the main argument (thesis) that your paper asserts. For example:

This paper reveals that 77% of vampires do in fact tolerate or even enjoy sunshine.

The takeaway answers the question, So what? This is where you make a case for the broader implications of your claim. For example:

By understanding the diurnal (daytime) nature of most vampires, we can renovate our understanding of their culture and begin to break down barriers between vampires and non-vampires.

Introductions

As opposed to an abstract, which comes before a paper, the introduction is the first section of the paper , which introduces the research question, provides background information on the topic, and outlines the purpose and objectives of the study. The introduction sets the stage for the research and helps readers understand why the research was conducted and what it hopes to achieve. I had a professor who used to say that the introduction “sets the table for the meal of the paper to come.”

Information from the abstract may appear in the introduction, but it will be expanded upon and more detailed. 

The Format of an Introduction

An introduction, unlike most abstracts, will contain multiple paragraphs. While the abstract comes before the table of contents, the introduction comes after, and, according to the Oxford Style guide and common academic practice, begins on page #1. 

An introduction will often include the following information:

• Opening Gambit — An anecdote, joke, personal narrative, etc. to ‘hook’ the reader.
• They Say/I say — Position your work in the broader field of study. This will be more fleshed out than in the abstract. 
• Thesis Statement — Your main argument.
• Methodology — An overview of the kind of research you conducted. (Note that the methodology comes after the thesis statement in an introduction, unlike in the abstract.)
• Map of the Paper — This is where you tell your reader what to expect from each section of the paper. “In chapter 1, I look at…” etc.
• Restate the Thesis — Restate your main argument.

As to the “map of the paper,” I should note that not everyone agrees on this — the Chicago Manual of Style advises against it. And yet, it is a common academic practice. When in doubt, always check with your teacher or publisher.

Abstracts and Introductions

The main difference between an abstract and an introduction is that an abstract is a brief summary of the entire paper which appears before the table of contents, while an introduction provides a more in-depth view of the research question, background information, and the purpose of the study. Unlike abstracts, many introductions include a map of the paper that follows.

Need Help with Abstracts, Introductions, and More?

EditorNinja is here to help! We’re a team of professional content editors, across line editing, copy editing, and proofreading. All EditorNinja editors are MFA trained and look forward to editing your written content!

Schedule a free editorial assessment today to see how using EditorNinja can save you days of time, buy back hours that you can use to create more content or work on other things, and make on average a 3.5x ROI, or at least $12,000+,  on your investment.

Michael Blackwood

" * " indicates required fields

Writer Recruiting

Once submitted, our team will review and be in contact directly. Our aim is to have a curated list of writers for you within 2-4 business days.

Abstract Vs. Introduction — Do you know the difference?

Ross wants to publish his research. Feeling positive about his research outcomes, he begins to draft his manuscript. After completing the abstract, he proceeds to write the introduction. That’s when he pauses in confusion. Do the abstract and introduction mean the same? How is the content for both the sections different?

This is a dilemma faced by several young researchers while drafting their first manuscript. An  abstract  is similar to a summary except that it is more concise and direct. Whereas, the  introduction  section of your paper is more detailed. It states why you conducted your study, what you wanted to accomplish, and what is your hypothesis.

This blog will allow us to learn more about the difference between the abstract and the introduction.

What Is an Abstract for a Research Paper?

An abstract provides the reader with a clear description of your research study and its results without the reader having to read the entire paper. The details of a study, such as precise methods and measurements, are not necessarily mentioned in the abstract. The abstract is an important tool for researchers who must sift through hundreds of papers from their field of study.

The abstract  holds more significance  in articles without open access. Reading the abstract would give an idea of the articles, which would otherwise require monetary payment for access. In most cases, reviewers will read the abstract to decide whether to continue to review the paper, which is important for you.

Your abstract should begin with a background or objective to clearly state why the research was done, its importance to the field of study, and any previous roadblocks encountered. It should include a very concise version of your methods, results, and conclusions but no references. It must be brief while still providing enough information so that the reader need not read the full article. Most journals ask that the abstract be no more than 200–250 words long.

Format of an Abstract

There are two general   formats — structured and unstructured. A  structured abstract   helps the reader find pertinent information  very quickly. It is divided into sections clearly defined by headings as follows:

• Background : Latest information on the topic; key phrases that pique interest (e.g., “…the role of this enzyme has never been clearly understood”).
• Objective : The research goals; what the study examined and why.
• Methods : Brief description of the study (e.g., retrospective study).
• Results : Findings and observations.
• Conclusions : Were these results expected? Whether more research is needed or not?

Authors get tempted to write too much  in an abstract but it is helpful to remember that there is usually a maximum word count. The main point is to relay the important aspects of the study without sharing too many details so that the readers do not have to go through the entire manuscript text for finding more information.

The  unstructured abstract  is often used in fields of study that do not fall under the category of science. This type of abstracts does not have different sections. It summarizes the manuscript’s objectives, methods, etc., in one paragraph.

Related: Create an impressive manuscript with a compelling abstract.   Check out these resources and improve your abstract writing process!

Lastly, you must check the author guidelines of the target journal. It will describe the format required and the maximum word count of your abstract.

What Is an Introduction?

Your introduction is the first section of your research paper . It is not a repetition of the abstract. It does not provide data about methods, results, or conclusions. However, it  provides more in-depth information  on the background of the subject matter. It also explains your hypothesis , what you attempted to discover, or issues that you wanted to resolve. The introduction will also explain if and why your study is new in the subject field and why it is important.

It is often a good idea to wait until the rest of the paper is completed before drafting your introduction. This will help you to stay focused on the manuscript’s important points. The introduction, unlike the abstract, should contain citations to references. The information will help guide your readers through the rest of your document. The key tips for writing an effective introduction :

• Beginning:  The importance of the study.
• Tone/Tense:  Formal, impersonal; present tense.
• Content:  Brief description of manuscript but without results and conclusions.
• Length:  Generally up to four paragraphs. May vary slightly with journal guidelines.

Once you are sure that possible doubts on the difference between the abstract and introduction are clear, review and submit your manuscript.

What struggles have you had in writing an abstract or introduction? Were you able to resolve them? Please share your thoughts with us in the comments section below.

Insightful and educating Indeed. Thank You

Quite a helpful and precise for scholars and students alike. Keep it up…

thanks! very helpful.

thanks. helped

Greeting from Enago Academy! Thank you for your positive comment. We are glad to know that you found our resources useful. Your feedback is very valuable to us. Happy reading!

Really helpful as I prepare to write the introduction to my dissertation. Thank you Enago Academy

This gave me more detail finding the pieces of a research article being used for a critique paper in nursing school! thank you!

The guidelines have really assisted me with my assignment on writing argument essay on social media. The difference between the abstract and introduction is quite clear now for me to start my essay…thank you so much…

Quite helpful! I’m writing a paper on eyewitness testimony for one of my undergraduate courses at the University of Northern Colorado, and found this to be extremely helpful in clarifications

This was hugely helpful. Keep up the great work!

This was quite helpful. Keep it up!

Very comprehensive and simple. thanks

As a student, this website has helped me greatly to understand how to formally report my research

Thanks a lot.I can now handle my doubts after reading through.

thanks alot! this website has given me huge clarification on writing a good Introduction and Abttract i really appreciate what you share!. hope to see more to come1 God bless you.

Thank you, this was very helpful for writing my research paper!

That was helpful. geed job.

Thank you very much. This article really helped with my assignment.

Woohoo! Amazing. I couldnt stop listening to the audio; so enlightening.

Thank you for such a clear breakdown!

I am grateful for the assistance rendered me. I was mystified over the difference between an abstract and introduction during thesis writing. Now I have understood the concept theoretically, I will put that in practice. So thanks a lots it is great help to me.

Rate this article Cancel Reply

Your email address will not be published.

Enago Academy's Most Popular Articles

• AI in Academia
• Infographic
• Manuscripts & Grants
• Reporting Research
• Trending Now

Can AI Tools Prepare a Research Manuscript From Scratch? — A comprehensive guide

As technology continues to advance, the question of whether artificial intelligence (AI) tools can prepare…

• Old Webinars
• Webinar Mobile App

Demystifying Research Methodology With Field Experts

Choosing research methodology Research design and methodology Evidence-based research approach How RAxter can assist researchers

• Manuscript Preparation
• Publishing Research

How to Choose Best Research Methodology for Your Study

Successful research conduction requires proper planning and execution. While there are multiple reasons and aspects…

Top 5 Key Differences Between Methods and Methodology

While burning the midnight oil during literature review, most researchers do not realize that the…

如何准备高质量的金融和科技领域学术论文

如何寻找原创研究课题 快速定位目标文献的有效搜索策略 如何根据期刊指南准备手稿的对应部分 论文手稿语言润色实用技巧分享

How to Draft the Acknowledgment Section of a Manuscript

Discussion Vs. Conclusion: Know the Difference Before Drafting Manuscripts

Annex Vs. Appendix: Do You Know the Difference?

Sign-up to read more

Subscribe for free to get unrestricted access to all our resources on research writing and academic publishing including:

• 2000+ blog articles
• 50+ Webinars
• 10+ Expert podcasts
• 50+ Infographics
• 10+ Checklists
• Research Guides

We hate spam too. We promise to protect your privacy and never spam you.

I am looking for Editing/ Proofreading services for my manuscript Tentative date of next journal submission:

What should universities' stance be on AI tools in research and academic writing?

• Key Differences

Know the Differences & Comparisons

Difference Between Abstract and Introduction

On the other hand, the abstract is like a short summary of an academic article or research paper, which discusses the purpose of the study and the outcome of the research. It usually summarizes the research topic, questions, participants, methods, outcome, data collected, analysis and conclusions. The article excerpt given hereunder discusses the difference between abstract and introduction.

Content: Abstract Vs Introduction

Comparison chart, definition of abstract.

An abstract can be described as a concise summary, often found in research work like thesis, dissertations, research articles, review, etc. which helps the reader to have an instant idea of the main purpose of the work. It is about a paragraph long of 150 to 250 words in general.

The information contained in the abstract should be sufficient enough to help the readers judge the nature and importance of the topic, the reasonableness of the strategy used in the investigation, nature of results and conclusions.

An abstract serves a number of purposes such as it allows the readers to get the gist of your paper, so as to decide whether to go through with the rest of the work. It is usually written after the writing of the paperwork is over and that too in the past tense.

An abstract rolls all the important information of the work into a single page, such as the context, general topic, central questions, problem under study, main idea, previous research findings, reasons, research methodology, findings, results, arguments, implications, conclusion and so on. To create an abstract one should pick the main statements from the above-mentioned sections, to draft an abstract.

Types of Abstract

• Descriptive Abstract : It briefly describes the abstract and the length is usually 100-200 words. It indicates the type of information contained in the paper, discusses the purpose of writing, objectives and methods used for research.
• Informative Abstract : As the name suggests, it is a detailed abstract which summarizes all the important points of the study. It includes results and conclusions, along with the purpose, objective, and methods used.

Definition of Introduction

Introduction means to present something to the readers, i.e. by giving a brief description or background information of the document. It is the first and foremost section which expresses the purpose, scope and goals, concerning the topic under study. As an introduction gives an overview of the topic, it develops an understanding of the main text.

An introduction is a gateway to the topic, as it is something which can create interest in the readers to read the document further. It is the crux of the document, which states what is to be discussed in the main body.

Elements of Introduction

An introduction has four basic elements namely: hook, background information, connect and thesis statement.

• Hook is the preliminary sentence of the introduction which is used to fasten the attention of the readers, and so it has to be interesting, attention-grabbing, and readable of course, so as to stimulate the readers to read the complete text.
• Background Information is the main part of the introduction, which presents the background of the research topic, including the problem under study, real-world situation, research questions, and a sneak peek of what the readers can expect from the main body.
• Connect , is a simple line which is used to link or say relate the background information with the research statement, by using words ideas or phrases, so as to ensure the flow and logic of writing the text.
• Thesis statement is the central point of the argument, which is usually a single sentence, whose points of evidence are to be talked about in the following text, i.e. the main body.

Key Differences Between Abstract and Introduction

The difference between abstract and introduction are discussed in the points:

• An abstract is a concise and accurate representation which gives an overview of the main points from the entire document. On the other hand, Introduction is the first section which makes the reader aware of the subject, by giving a brief description of the work, i.e. why the research is needed or important.
• While an abstract will give you an immediate overview of the paper, the introduction is the initial exposure to the subject under study.
• An abstract reports key points of the research, as well as it states why the work is important, what was the main purpose of research, what is the motivation behind choosing the subject, what you learned from the research, what you found out during the research and what you concluded, in a summarized way. As against, an introduction presents a direction to understand what exists in the upcoming portion of the document or book.
• As an abstract has its own introduction, main body and conclusion, it is a standalone document which summarizes the result of the findings and not just the list of topics discussed. As against, the introduction is not a standalone document or piece.
• The main purpose of an abstract is to provide a succinct summary of the research. Conversely, introduction aims at convincing the reader about the need for the research.
• An abstract contains the purpose, problem, methods used, result and conclusion. On the contrary, the introduction includes a hook, background information, connect and thesis statement.
• While abstract is found in a research paper, thesis and dissertations, the introduction is found in a wide range of texts.

An abstract gives a preview of the work, outlines the main points and helps the audience in decision making, i.e. whether they want to read the complete text or not. On the other hand, an introduction is the very first section of the work, which clarifies the purpose of writing.

Without an abstract and introduction, the readers might not be able to know what the work contains and what is the reason or motivation behind the research. So, these two are like thread which goes through the writing and creates an understanding in the reader about the topic under study. While writing these two, one should ensure that they accurately reflect what you cover in the document or book.

You Might Also Like:

Edward says

September 20, 2023 at 1:15 am

fantastic explanations

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Differences Between Abstract and Introduction of a Research Paper

The essential difference between abstract and introduction is that the abstract is a short summary of your entire study in this order: The objective of study, methods, results and conclusion. It shows the high points of your study plus a very brief background information. 

The introduction, on the other hand contains only some elements of the abstract. Therefore, you should expand the reasons that made you ask the specific research questions. Sildigra

What is a research paper abstract?

The abstract summarizes your work and attract reader’s attention with the most important points about your study. Often, this part should not exceed 250 words.

The content of the abstract

First of all, you provide the background and objectives of your study in a paragraph. Then you provide important details about the study plan, the number of participants, treatment or intervention, controls, etc. Finally, you will provide the most important results of your study. The language in the abstract section should be very clear even to the none-professionals. Buying Modafinil online

The Introduction of a research paper

The introduction of a research paper informs the readers about the study background. It makes it clear for the reader why you are conducting this study. Most journals ask for a brief introduction (500 words or fewer). Whether or not the journals ask you for limited introduction, you should make it as brief as possible.

Your introduction indicates to the reader what has led you to your main study questions. It does not need to provide all details or cite every study in the field. The introduction should start with a general statement and then narrow it down to your specific research question.

Some differences between abstract and introduction

• Abstract include results while introduction almost never include results. At maximum, depending on the journal, you can generalize your findings in a sentence.
• Abstract will provide a conclusion while introduction will almost never reveal any of the study findings to the reader.
• The abstract provides details about the methods and study design, while the introduction provides very brief information, such as “Here, using mice” or “In this study of patients with breast cancer.” Details such as numerical values will be kept for Material and Methods section.
• The abstract offers a brief background section, consisting of one or two sentences at most. The introduction, on the other hand, reveals the background succinctly but more expansively by providing the context for why you have asked the research questions and the chain of the evidence that has led to the study you conducted.
•  The language in the abstract will be more accessible to general readers and non-professionals. Therefore, it is better not to use jargon and abbreviations as much as possible. The introduction, in contrast, contains more details of interest to specialists and you are allowed to use abbreviations if required.  
• An abstract does not contain reference citations while an introduction does.
• An abstract usually contains 250 words or fewer, on the other hand, the word limitation of introduction is fewer than 500 in most journals, though in some journals the introduction can contain more than 500 words.

Some high profile journals have submission options that allow for the abstract to be used as the paper introduction. These submission categories are usually called “Letters” or “Short submissions.”  In such cases, the abstract plays the role of the introduction to the article and will be provided as a fully referenced paragraph that both introduces the study and summarizes its results and design.

Was this post helpful?

Leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.