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PhD Research Thesis on Renewable Energy Sample

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Climate.<strong>PhD</strong>researchon.com

RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON

PHD

CHANGE ADAPTATION

CLIMATE

SAMPLE

PHD RESEARCH THESIS ON

RENEWABLE ENERGY

The human position in the biosphere is, in comparison with all other living beings, unique and

remarkable in that it is thoughtful, but also because it is one of the most powerful ecological factors

on Earth. By its activities, man changes the physical conditions and appearance of the area. The

most fundamental changes in physical space and ecological conditions of life have begun by

deforestation and destruction of forest cover and the development of agriculture. This was

particularly reflected in the changes in climatic and soil conditions. These changes continued with

the drainage of baritainers and even parts of the sea, the regulation of running water and the

creation of water accumulations. In the last hundred years, the use of fossil fuel has drastically

affected the atmosphere and the changing climate conditions. These should also be added to the

consequences caused by continual pollution of air, water and soil by waste materials that are

rejected by humans in the process of growing urbanization and industrialization. During

industrialization and the increase in population on Earth, the increase in traffic has also increased

the need for energy. This has led to increased use of fossil fuels. The world economy is currently

dependent on fossil fuels. The means of transport are driven by oil derivatives. A large part of the

power plant uses fuel as fuel, coal or natural gas. Incomplete combustion of fuel in internal

combustion engines releases toxic carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (which are the main

ingredient of city smog) and various hydrocarbons (Chendo, 2001). The installation of catalytic

converters has somewhat improved the combustion, but did not completely eliminate

contamination. Combustion produces carbon dioxide, which is a gas glass gas. And just exercise,

transport and storage of oil pollute the environment. It's similar to coal. In addition to problems

related to environmental pollution, there is also the problem of creating economic dependence.

Namely, a large number of countries in the world cannot produce enough oil to respond to the

demand, but it is imported from countries rich in this raw material. The main source of energy is still

fossil fuels, a key world energy source. Oil is the most important and coal and natural gas are equally

represented. Almost 18% of the energy comes from nuclear power plants, and only a small part of

energy comes from renewable sources. In the future, all energy needs from renewable energy

sources will have to be reconciled, therefore, these resources are being intensively explored and

obtaining useful energy from them. Conventional sources include large, expensive thermal power

plants and nuclear power plants that are hazardous environmental pollutants, with large hydro

power plants, which are not direct pollutants, but they are expensive and large, and are also

considered conventional sources. Renewable energy sources are considered sources of energy that

are preserved in nature and are renewed in whole or in part. Such as: mechanical energy of

watercourses, wind, solar energy, biofuels, biomass, biogas, geothermal energy, wave, tidal wave

energy, gas energy from landfills or wastewater treatment plants. Renewable sources do not

depend on the supply of coal and oil, they are clean and untouchable, but usually include smallsized

drives. After a hundred years of using fossil fuel energy, today's global image is changing, and

renewable sources are increasingly considered one of the key sources of energy for the future

development of the Earth. Renewable energy sources include: solar energy, wind energy, biomass,

biofuel, biogas, geothermal sources, small water currents, tidal and tidal energy, wave energy,

internal marine energy and oceans. Alternatives to classic sources include several completely

different ways to obtain energy. The degree of scientific development at this time enables the

commercial use of some of them. Several technologies, especially wind power, small hydro power

plants, biomass energy and solar energy, are economically competitive. These alternative sources

have their specificities, advantages and disadvantages, depending on the degree of utilization and

accessibility that most directly depends on the initial costs. Renewable energy sources, not

including hydropower, provide less than 1% of the total energy needed. This share in the future

should increase considerably because non-renewable energy sources are getting smaller, and their

harmful impact is more pronounced in the last 10-20 years. The sun delivers 15,000 times more

energy than the Earth can spend at present, but in spite of this, some people on Earth are freezing.

From this, it can be seen that renewable sources can and should start to be used better and that

energy after fossil fuels should not be taken care of. Easy renewable energy sources are not

exhausted but are renewed in a certain rhythm. Some of the reasons for the use of renewable

energy sources are: renewable energy sources play a very important role in reducing carbon dioxide

emissions into the atmosphere, increasing the share of renewable energy increases the energy

sustainability of their compounds, helping them to improve energy security by reducing

dependence on imports of energy raw materials and electricity. The process of accepting new

technologies is very slow. The main problem with installing new plants is the starting price. This

increases the cost of energy received in the first few years, to the level of complete unreliability in

relation to other commercially available energy sources. The large share in the production of energy

from renewable sources is a result of the ecological awareness of the population, which, despite the

initial economic failure, installs plants for the production of "clean" energy. It is necessary to

distinguish the use of energy from renewable sources for producing electrical and thermal energy.

So far, only hydropower has a significant share in the production of electricity, although in the last

years the wind energy that is approaching commercialization.

Some of the reasons for the use of renewable energy sources are: renewable energy sources play

a very important role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, increasing the

share of renewable energy increases the energy sustainability of their compounds, helping them to

improve energy security by reducing dependence on imports of energy raw materials and

electricity. The process of accepting new technologies is very slow. The main problem with installing

new plants is the starting price. This increases the cost of energy received in the first few years, to

the level of complete unreliability in relation to other commercially available energy sources. The

large share in the production of energy from renewable sources is a result of the ecological

awareness of the population, which, despite the initial economic failure, installs plants for the

production of "clean" energy. The use of renewable energy sources for the production of electricity

and heat should be distinguished. For now, only hydropower has a significant share in the

production of electricity, although in the last years the wind energy that is approaching

commercialization. The sun is our closest star and, directly or indirectly, the source of almost all

available energy on Earth. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear reactions in its center. It is a fusion,

in which the formation of helium occurs by the coupling of hydrogen atoms, with the release of a

large amount of energy. Every second, in this way, helium exceeds 600 million tons of hydrogen,

and the mass of some 4 million tons of hydrogen is converted into energy. This energy, in the form

of light and heat, is expanding into the Universe, so a small part comes to the Earth. Nuclear fusion

takes place in the Sun for about 5 billion years, its estimated age, and according to the available

hydrogen stock, it can be calculated that it will continue for about 5 billion years. Under optimal

conditions, approximately 1 kW / m2 of insolation can be obtained on the Earth's surface and the

actual value depends on location, season, time of day, weather conditions, etc. The temperature in

the center is not the temperature that determines the electromagnetic properties of the Sun's

radiation, because the radiation from the interior in large part absorbs the ion layer near the surface.

The Sun's radiation spectrum closely corresponds to the black body's spectrum at a temperature of

5760 K. Therefore, the temperature of 5760 K can be taken as the effective temperature of the Sun's

surface. By using the Plan's Law, it is possible to calculate the energy spectrum of the Sun's

radiation. The radiation from the surface of the Sun is about 9.5 "1025 W, and the radiation consists

of different wavelengths. The spectrum of electromagnetic Sun radiation consists of an ultraviolet,

visible and infrared part. The ultraviolet part carries about 9%, visible about 41.5% and infrared

about 49.5% of the total energy of the Sun's radiation (Ben, 2000).

The basic principles of direct use of solar energy are: passive techniques - solar collectors

(converting solar energy into heat); photovoltaic cells (direct conversion of solar energy into

electrical energy); focusing on solar energy (for use in large power plants) (Aldo, 2008). The solar

space heating system can be passive, active, or a combination of passive and active. Passive is

usually cheaper and simpler than active ones. However, the passive use of solar energy must be

taken into account when building a house. The most famous example of passive use of solar energy

is greenhouse. The passive house heating system uses heat with the elements of the house itself:

large windows facing the south, floors and walls that absorb heat during the day and release it at

night. The terrain of passive techniques means that no electricity is required, and processes are

based on spontaneous natural processes. This means that this technology is 100% ecological, has

been trained from the first human settlements to date. In combination with modern sealing,

insulating materials, passive solar technology gives perfect results, and if it is supplemented with

active solar technology, an autonomous system is obtained, an ideal solution for houses away from

the settlement and infrastructure. In the household is the use of solar energy for consumable hot

water. In order for hot water to be available throughout the year, it is common to use solar energy in

combination with some other energy source, which is used when Sun's energy is not enough water

to reach the desired temperature. Solar collectors absorb the energy of the Sun and are heated by

water or air that further transfer's heat. Instead of the so-called sanitary water, which is used for

showering and washing, electric heaters are heated, this can be done by a system based on the

collection of solar energy and completely independent of electricity from the mains. The smallest

collectors have a surface of two square meters and are sufficient for heating water in one

household. Such systems are particularly cost-effective for tourist facilities where a lot of water is

heated.

References

Chendo, M. A. C. (2001). Non-Conventional Energy Source: Development, Diffusion Impact on Human

Development Index in Nigeria. N. Journal of Renewable Energy, 9 (1&2), 91 - 102.

Ben, S. (2000). Renewable Energy: Its Physics, Engineering, Environmental Impacts, Economics and

Planning. 2nd edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press.

Aldo, Viera da Rosa. (2008). Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Process, 2nd edition. Cambridge,

Massachusetts: Academic press.

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Climate.<strong>PhD</strong>researchon.com RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON PHD CHANGE ADAPTATION CLIMATE SAMPLE PHD RESEARCH THESIS ON RENEWABLE ENERGY The human position in the biosphere is, in comparison with all other living beings, unique and remarkable in that it is thoughtful, but also because it is one of the most powerful ecological factors on Earth. By its activities, man changes the physical conditions and appearance of the area. The most fundamental changes in physical space and ecological conditions of life have begun by deforestation and destruction of forest cover and the development of agriculture. This was particularly reflected in the changes in climatic and soil conditions. These changes continued with the drainage of baritainers and even parts of the sea, the regulation of running water and the creation of water accumulations. In the last hundred years, the use of fossil fuel has drastically affected the atmosphere and the changing climate conditions. These should also be added to the consequences caused by continual pollution of air, water and soil by waste materials that are rejected by humans in the process of growing urbanization and industrialization. During industrialization and the increase in population on Earth, the increase in traffic has also increased the need for energy. This has led to increased use of fossil fuels. The world economy is currently dependent on fossil fuels. The means of transport are driven by oil derivatives. A large part of the power plant uses fuel as fuel, coal or natural gas. Incomplete combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines releases toxic carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (which are the main ingredient of city smog) and various hydrocarbons (Chendo, 2001). The installation of catalytic converters has somewhat improved the combustion, but did not completely eliminate contamination. Combustion produces carbon dioxide, which is a gas glass gas. And just exercise, transport and storage of oil pollute the environment. It's similar to coal. In addition to problems related to environmental pollution, there is also the problem of creating economic dependence. Namely, a large number of countries in the world cannot produce enough oil to respond to the demand, but it is imported from countries rich in this raw material. The main source of energy is still fossil fuels, a key world energy source. Oil is the most important and coal and natural gas are equally represented. Almost 18% of the energy comes from nuclear power plants, and only a small part of energy comes from renewable sources. In the future, all energy needs from renewable energy sources will have to be reconciled, therefore, these resources are being intensively explored and obtaining useful energy from them. Conventional sources include large, expensive thermal power plants and nuclear power plants that are hazardous environmental pollutants, with large hydro

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