highest phd salary in europe

Master, PhD and Postdoc Scholarships

• Comparison of Salary of PhD Students in Europe

This post concerns the Comparison of the Salary of PhD Students in Europe. The purpose of this post is to compare the salaries of PhD students in Europe. The table includes ten countries in Western Europe. In this post, the salaries of PhD students in different European countries including Denmark , Germany , Switzerland , Sweden , Finland , Austria , Norway , Ireland , France , Netherlands and the UK . are compared.

A comparison of the salaries of PhD students in Europe

In the chart below you will find the minimum and maximum gross (before tax) salaries for PhDs in various European countries. The list will grow as more countries are added. PhD students in Europe earn varying salaries depending on the country, the institution they are affiliated with, and their field of study. We, therefore, present a table showing the minimum and maximum before-tax salaries of PhD students in Europe.

Comparison of PhD students’ minimum salaries (before tax) in Europe

The average minimum salary for a PhD student in Europe is €2,600 per month. It is important to note that this figure includes all the different fields and not just science or engineering. The values listed here include the minimum salaries of PhD scholarships and funded positions.

The average salary for a PhD student in Europe varies depending on the country as well as the university. The highest average salary was found in Denmark with €49,802 per year and the lowest was found in Ireland with €16,000 per year.

Chart of Comparison of PhD students’ Minimum Yearly Salaries (before tax) in Europe

Comparison of PhD students’ maximum salaries (before tax) in Europe

The average maximum salary for a PhD student in Europe is around €3,500 per month. The figure in this table includes all different fields, not just science or engineering. It also includes the maximum salaries of PhD scholarships and funded positions.

Chart of Comparison of PhD students’ Maximum Yearly Salaries (before tax) in Europe

This chart compares the minimum and maximum PhD salaries (before taxes) in different European countries.

It is very interesting that even though Denmark has the highest minimum PhD salaries, Switzerland has the highest maximum PhD salaries. It shows that the salary of a PhD student in Switzerland could differ significantly among Swiss universities.

Remarks about the salary of PhD students in Germany and the UK

Regarding the table above, there are a few remarks. Germany does not have a minimum salary for PhD students, so they could do their PhD without a salary. Furthermore, if PhD students receive a stipend or scholarship, the numbers might be very different (generally lower than the salaries listed above). Throughout the UK, the values in the table represent the annual stipend of PhD students. Since this is a stipend, the student does not pay any taxes on it, so we can also call it after-tax income. The last thing to note is that the maximum value is more reserved for exceptional cases (especially in Switzerland). We recommend you read the salary pages of each country if you want to know the exact salary allocation and the details.

Interested in discovering the salary figures for PhD and postdoctoral positions in Europe?:

• PhD Salary in Denmark
• Postdoc Salary in Denmark
• Salary of a PhD student and Postdoc in Norway
• PhD Salary in Switzerland
• Salary ladder for PhD students in Sweden
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Germany
• Salary of PhD and Postdoc in Ireland
• Salary of Postdocs in France
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in the UK
• Professors’ salary in the UK
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in the Netherlands
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Finland
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Austria
• Salary of Marie-curie postdoctoral fellowship
• Salary of PhD student in Marie-Curie ITN
• Doctorate Degree Business Administration Salary

Fully Funded PhD Positions with Salary

• Germany – Fully Funded PhD
• Switzerland – Fully Funded PhD
• Denmark – Fully Funded PhD
• UK – Fully Funded PhD
• Sweden – Fully Funded PhD
• Finland – Fully Funded PhD
• Netherlands – Fully Funded PhD
• Norway – Fully Funded PhD
• Belgium – Fully Funded PhD
• Austria – Fully Funded PhD
• Australia – Fully Funded PhD
• France – Fully Funded PhD
• New Zealand – Fully Funded PhD
• Canada – Fully Funded PhD
• USA – Fully Funded PhD
• Luxembourg – Fully Funded PhD
• Spain – Fully Funded PhD
• Italy – Fully Funded PhD
• Iceland -Fully Funded PhD

All academic positions (the latest ones) will be updated by the Fastepo Team. Also, please follow our Facebook page to not miss any new vacancies. Alternatively, if you don’t enjoy reading text, check out our YouTube channel for videos about PhDs and Postdocs.

Related Post

Increasing phd stipend 2023-2024 in uk, professors salary in the uk, phd salary in sweden.

• How can you study MSc/PhD in Germany without Funding?
• PhD degree in Austria
• PhD in Austria
• PhD in Belgium
• PhD in Canada
• PhD degree in Denmark
• PhD in Finland
• PhD Programs in France
• How to apply for a PhD in Germany?
• PhD in Iceland
• PhD in Italy
• PhD in Luxembourg
• PhD in Netherlands
• PhD in New Zealand
• PhD in Norway
• PhD in Spain
• PhD in Sweden
• PhD Degree in Switzerland
• How to apply for PhD in UK?
• EU Funded Positions in Australia
• EU Funded Positions in France
• EU Funded Positions in Germany
• EU Funded Positions in Luxembourg
• EU Funded Positions in Spain
• EU Funded Positions in UK
• PhD in Biology
• PhD in Business and Finance
• PhD in Computer Sciences
• PhD in Education
• PhD in Engineering
• PhD in Law and Social Sciences
• PhD in Health and Medicine
• PhD in Psychology
• PhD in Sciences
• Undergraduate and Postgraduate Scholarships at Deakin University
• PhD Scholarship and Postdocs at Australian National University
• 600 Scholarships at University of Melbourne
• Scholarships at the Center for Quantum Technologies
• International fellowship of Cancer Research Institute
• Fully Funded Joint PhD and Academic Jobs at University of Melbourne
• Scholarships in Canada
• Scholarships in Iceland
• Renault Foundation Scholarships
• DAAD Research for University Academics
• DAAD Architecture Scholarship
• Graduate Music Scholarships (DAAD)
• DAAD Art Scholarship
• DAAD Bilateral Exchange of Academics
• DAAD scholarship Development-Related (EPOS)
• DAAD scholarship for Iranian students
• DAAD University Summer Courses
• DAAD Working Internships in Science and Engineering (WISE)
• How to write a good Marie Curie project proposal?
• Chevening Scholarship (UK)
• Rhodes Scholarships For international students
• University of Manchester Scholarships
• Scholarships and Academic Jobs at University of Birmingham
• Google Scholarships
• Newton Fellowship
• Scholarships at British Private Post University (BPP Scholarships)
• Undergraduate Scholarships at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland
• Postgraduate Scholarships at Trinity College Dublin
• Scholarships and Postdoc Jobs at Boston University (BU)
• Institute for Advanced Study Funding and Fellowships
• Scholarship Universe Purdue
• Scholarships at Our Lady of the Lake University
• Scholarships and Awards at Bellarmine University
• Google Scholarship, Internships and Fellowships
• Scholarships for international students at Lincoln University
• Scholarships at Rider University in USA
• James S. McDonnell Foundation Fundings in the USA
• Coca Cola Scholarship
• PEO International Scholarships, Grant and Loan
• Scholarships at University of Texas at Arlington (UTA Education)
• Scholarships for South Asian Citizens
• Udacity Scholarships
• Student Loan
• How to find a Postdoc Position?
• Postdocs in Austria
• Postdocs in Belgium
• Postdocs in Canada
• Postdocs in Denmark
• Postdocs in Finland
• Postdocs in France
• Open Postdoc Position at the RWTH Aachen University Hospital (Aachen, Germany)
• Postdocs in Italy
• Postdocs in Luxembourg
• Postdocs in Netherland
• Postdocs in New Zealand
• Postdocs in Norway
• Postdocs in Spain
• Postdocs in Sweden
• Postdocs in Switzerland
• Postdocs in the UK
• Postdocs in the USA
• Comparison of Salary of Postdoc in Europe
• Salary of PhD and Postdocs in Austria
• PhD and Postdoc Salary in Luxembourg
• Salary of PhD and Postdocs in Finland
• Salary of PhD and Postdocs in France
• Salary of PhD and Postdocs in Germany
• Salary of PhD and Postdocs in Ireland
• Salary of PhD students in Marie-Curie ITN
• Salary of Marie Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship
• Top 20 countries with the highest salary of Marie-Curie Fellowship
• Salary of PhD and Postdocs in the Netherlands
• PhD and Postdoc Salary in Norway
• Salary of PhD students in Switzerland
• PhD Salary in UK
• Comparing Postdoc Salaries in the UK
• Academic Email: How to email a Professor for inquiry?
• Application Letter (also known as cover letter)
• Six essential steps to get your article published
• How to write a strong Application Letter?
• How to prepare an eye-catching CV for academics?
• How to write a good project proposal?
• Cover Letter Preparing Service
• Interview Questions of Academic Position
• IELTS Listening Test
• IELTS Reading Test
• How much does it cost to live in Switzerland as a student?
• How much does a university cost in Switzerland?
• How much does it cost to study in Sweden?
• How much does it cost to live in Sweden as a student?
• How to apply for a master’s degree in Canada?
• How much does it cost to study in Austria?
• How much are the tuition fees in Denmark?
• How much does it cost to live in Germany?
• Bachelor in the UK
• Master’s Degree (MS) in the USA
• Best Master of Public Health (MPH) Programs
• Master degree in Austria
• Master Programs in the UK
• Master’s degree in Denmark
• How much does it cost to study in Germany?
• Best city to study in Germany
• PhD Degree Requirements
• Top Online MSW Programs
• Online Colleges with Financial aid in different study subjects
• Business Free online courses
• Online MBA Scholarships
• Online MBA in the UK
• Online Master of Public Health (MPH) at Baylor University
• Baylor University Online Programs
• Purdue Health and Nursing Online Master Degrees
• Purdue University Online MBA
• Computer and Information Technology Purdue University (Online)
• Top 10 Online Nurse Practitioner Programs
• Fastest and Cheapest RN to BSN Online
• Online Doctorate in Nursing
• Online Criminal Justice Degree
• Harvard Business School Free Online Courses
• Computer Sciences free online Programs
• Free online Programs in Data and Engineering Science degree
• Online Medical and Health Free courses
• Education and teaching free online courses
• Online Doctoral programs in Higher Education Administration
• Online PhD Programs at Liberty University
• Top Online Program at West Coast University
• Online PhD Programs at Grand Canyon University
• Fastepo’s Golden Service
• Finding Position or Scholarship
• CV Preparing Service
• Advertise on Fasteo
• EDI Statement for Fastepo

Countries offering the highest PhD stipends

As inflation in the UK hits an all-time high in four decades, postgraduate students are searching for institutions with the highest PhD stipend.  The Guardian  reported that the increased cost of living has pushed stipends below the living wage, resulting in some struggling to pay rent and forcing them to work part-time jobs.

In June 2022,  UK Research and Innovation  (UKRI), the UK’s largest single funder, which supports about 105,000 postgraduate research students through seven research councils, announced that the minimum stipend for UKRI-supported students is due to increase by 2.9% for  the 2022-23 academic year .

Students are saying this isn’t enough. In an open letter to UKRI , they request doctoral stipends to be raised with current inflation levels.

At the time of writing, the  Bank of England  reports that the current inflation rate in the UK is at 10.1%, according to the Consumer Price Index. Meanwhile, inflation in Canada has hit an  all-time high  in three decades.

You might be considering whether it is worth pursuing a PhD in the current economic climate. If you are struggling financially, Muhammad Mohsin Ijaz, author of “Is PhD for me”, pens down a few countries that are affordable for postgraduate students to pursue their PhD, using Numbeo to check the living wage of a country. Here are his top recommendations:

The cost of living in a specific country can make or break your decision to pursue a PhD. Source: Thomas Padilla/Cointreau

Four countries with the highest PhD stipend

Average PhD stipend (per annum): US54,935 US dollars

Average living cost, including rent (per annum): US$32,520

Pursuing your PhD in a country regularly ranked with the  best quality of life in the world can be a fulfilling experience. Plus, there are no tuition fees in the Norwegian higher education system  since you are an employee of the university — earning a doctoral salary and associated worker’s rights.

Norway is also strategically located between  Europe and the Arctic , allowing for  specialised research opportunities  like  marine research ,  energy and climate ,  medicine and health ,  food , and many more. There are four types of universities in Norway to pursue your PhD: universities, specialised universities, university colleges, and private specialised universities, as stated by FindAPhd .

Average PhD stipend (per annum):  US$54,636

Average living cost, including rent (per annum):  US$33,960

While students from the European Union or European Economic Area can pursue their PhD at public universities in Denmark for free, this country is also suitable for international postgraduate students. T uition fees for PhD students reportedly range between 6,000 and 16,000 euros per year — which is more affordable than studying in the US, Canada, or Australia.

Furthermore, Denmark’s universities are  top-ranked . This means they are well-equipped and can provide excellent research opportunities for PhD students. Some of these universities include the University of Copenhagen, Aarhus University and the Technical University of Denmark.

Switzerland is home to multiple QS-ranked universities, such as the University of Geneva and the University of Zurich. Source: Fabrice Coffrini/AFP

3. Switzerland

Average PhD stipend (per annum):  US$53,434

Average living cost, including rent (per annum):  US$37,656

When you think about Switzerland, the first thought might be the famous Matterhorn or Lake Geneva — but did you know that 50% of PhD students in Switzerland are international students? There are good reasons for this. Every year, the Swiss Confederation  and  Swiss National Science Foundation  award scholarships to international postgraduate researchers who desire to pursue their PhD in Switzerland.

Pair this with the fact that there are four national languages in Switzerland (French, German, Italian, and Romansch) and you will experience a diverse learning environment.

Average PhD stipend (per annum): US$35,388

Average living cost, including rent (per annum): US$26,148

Like Denmark, Finland charges a tuition fee for international students who enrol at a public university. Fees range from 5,000 to 15,000 euros per year, with the University of Helsinki being the most expensive institution, according to Studyportals .

Alongside a solid infrastructure,   Business Finland reports that the nation has the world’s most advanced 5G test network. The entire country is linked by a comprehensive bus and rail network — making it easy for students to commute daily to classes or explore the city.

Popular stories

Beyond the boundary: these are india’s most educated cricket players, birds, bulls, critters and corn the most iconic university mascots today, how to be smart, charming and powerful: the degrees of the world’s most famous villains, what are the most densely populated countries in the world, 'less capital, equal outcomes': female academia & the problems with funding, 4 highest paying degrees for int'l students in the us, 4 highest-paying computer science jobs.

Is PhD for me

Which country pays PhD students the best?

If you are planning a PhD abroad now wonder you are searching for the term “Which country pays PhD students the best?”. This post has the detail answer to your quest.

Overall, the country paying the best PhD stipend is Norway. Norway on average offers $54935 as a PhD stipend. It’s good considering the average living cost per year in the country ($32520). Such a difference creates a high PhD Stipend to living cost ratio (1.69).

Although, a PhD stipend should not be the main reason to decide on your PhD destination. Still, if you are looking to live comfortably, save some money, and enjoy your PhD years the stipend amount does matter.

On this page, you will find complete information regarding the best-paying countries in terms of PhD stipends. To make a fair comparison I sorted out stipends in terms of buying power. I named it “PhD stipend to living cost ratio”.

Table of Contents

3. switzerland, best phd stipends comparison, should you consider phd stipend when making a phd decision, wrapping up: which country pays phd students the best.

Take a look at the chart & table below to check where in the world you will get the highest PhD stipend.

Note: Highest PhD stipends for the US are not here. The reason is the high variance in living costs.

Countries paying most for doctoral stipends

Norway’s PhD stipend is higher than any other country on our list.

Its PhD stipend per annum on average ($54935) is really high when we compare it to the annual living cost ($32520) there. This boost the PhD stipend to living cost ratio (1.69) to its highest in our collected data.

PhD stipend in Norway affords you an apartment on rent, car ownership, and even some savings while doing your PhD.

Reasons for the highest PhD stipend in the world can be (a) the consideration of PhD as a job, thus offering you a salaried position and (b) the higher cost of living in Oslo, the capital of Norway.

The educational benefits of a PhD in Norway are

• The Bologna Process training in PhD . This ensures that your PhD is regarded as of high value in a vast number of countries.
• The training component in PhD. Unlike the UK, where you are expected to hit the ground running, Norway PhD offers a research training period before embarking on your research project.

The work benefits of a PhD in Norway are

• The employee status for PhD students. Countries like US and UK do not consider PhD students as employees. Therefore, the stipend is considered financial support and not a salary. It turns out they are paid low during PhD .
• Norway, however, offers you the status of an employee in an egalitarian culture and offers you the highest pay as PhD student.

The lifestyle benefits of a PhD in Norway are

• OECD Better Life Index rate Norway’s education standard at 7.4 and life satisfaction at 7.3 on a scale of 10.
• You are allowed to stay in Norway post-PhD if you have secured a job offer .
• You can get permanent residency after 3 years of residence in Norway.

Denmark ranks second on our list. The average PhD stipend ($54636) in Denmark is almost as high as in Norway. However, a higher living cost ($33960) lowers the PhD stipend to living cost ratio here.

“My experience is that international PhDs are really good. They are extremely motivated. Some come from countries where conditions for doing research are worse than in Denmark, and so they see coming to Denmark to write a PhD as a huge opportunity. ” PhD in Denmark have got better

The educational benefits of doing a PhD in Denmark are

• Denmark considers PhD students to be mature, notably academically mature. Your master’s thesis should be really good to demonstrate that you are eligible to take on a Denmark-standard PhD project.
• An applied PhD. Doctoral training all over the world demands independent work capabilities. However, a Danish PhD takes it to another level. The trend in Denmark’s higher education system is to push its students to learn by doing. Therefore, if you want an increased practical touch in your PhD learning then a Danish PhD is for you.
• The quality of a PhD is constantly increasing resulting in better ROI for Denmark PhD graduates.

The work benefits of doing a PhD in Denmark are

• Denmark besides best-paying country for PhD students offers a whole lot of other things PhD students seek e.g., work-life balance, and the happiest country in the world.
• Teaching duties , unlike in the US, are not tied to the stipend you get as a PhD student in Denmark. Plus, If you perform such assistantship duties you are provided a living wage against that.
• No PhD burnout issues. Due to the immense workload, the US and UK PhD are harder to get through. Denmark’s academic culture does not burden PhD students with immense pressure. This means no one expects you to burn your weekends, thus a high work-life balance.

Learn more about PhD study in Denmark .

The lifestyle benefits of doing a PhD in Denmark are

• Educational standards are high (8.0/10) in Denmark and so does life satisfaction ( 8.8/10 ).
• Unemployment benefits even for international PhD students. Denmark offers unemployment benefits for PhD graduates if they can’t find a job after graduation.
• Post-graduate work visa. Post-PhD you can extend your stay for 6 months in Denmark under job seeking a permit . You can look for work opportunities during this period.

Switzerland offers the third-highest PhD stipend in the world. The Swiss PhD salary is $53434 per annum considered on average.

Interestingly, this PhD stipend is much close to Norway and Denmark, however, the higher living cost ($37656 per annum) in Switzerland ranked it in the third position on our list.

Besides a generous PhD stipend Switzerland attract PhD students from around the world with research training and opportunities found nowhere else.

The educational benefits of doing a PhD in Switzerland are

• Two PhD training paths. (a) First, the thesis-based PhD where you work under a supervisor and complete your PhD project. (b) Second, the structured PhD offers an initial training component, and project collaboration with industry partners or other universities. Industry exposure means more networking and industry credibility.
• An industry-oriented PhD. There are a lot of employers who value PhD researchers and partner with them. This makes sure you get industry exposure during your PhD.
• 3rd highest Research output in the world. Switzerland ranks 3rd in the world for the number of research papers published. This may mean higher concentration if you have research opportunities.

The work benefits of doing a PhD in Switzerland are

• Full-time paid PhD positions. The best thing about doing PhD in Switzerland is you are usually hired as a full-time paid research assistant, junior researcher, or doctoral fellow.
• Early career researcher funding opportunities. PhD graduates face many uncertainties in the world of brutally competitive academia and precarious post-doc contracts. Switzerland PhD graduates are privileged to take advantage of early career researcher funding offered to support their research ideas. Such funding opportunities provide fresh PhD graduates a chance to prove themselves and also explore their research further.

The lifestyle benefits of doing a PhD in Switzerland are

• Enjoy your PhD years. Swiss PhD is not only good for your academic career but also for other aspects of your life. You can enjoy the beautiful views of the Alps mountains and Europe’s largest and most beautiful lakes. If you love hiking and photography then there is no place better than Switzerland.
• According to OECD better life index, life satisfaction in Switzerland is 8.7/10 and the educational standard is 7.4/10.
• Post-study work opportunity. Post-PhD you can extend your stay for 6 months in Switzerland under job seeking permit . You can look for work opportunities during this period.

Finland offers a PhD stipend of $35388 (on average) which, when compared to the above entries, may feel low. However, it does make more sense considering the average living costs per annum ($26148) which is a lot less than Norway, Denmark, and Switzerland it does compete fairly.

Finland wins many other countries on this list. The reason is simple its PhD stipend may not be best but it offers many other benefits to PhD students.

The educational benefits of doing a PhD in Finland are

• Finland’s educational system is rated the best in the world. This means you are in good hands while doing your PhD in Finland.
• The highly egalitarian academic culture means you are on the first name basis with the professor, it does count, doesn’t it?
• The Bologna Process training in PhD. Just like Norway, above in this list, Finland also offers Bologna Process training to ensure the competitiveness of PhD training in the international academic market.

“ Your application should convince the university of the need for study in your area, and of your own suitability to carry out the research. “ Doing your PhD in Finland: How to get in

Work benefits of doing a PhD in Finland are

• Finnish PhD is just like a job. A job that may not end at 5 pm. As a worker, you are required to prove your results. That being the case, your professor does not care about the number of hours you worked to get those results.
• Academic conferences also matter more than any other thing to Finnish academics. You must ready solid presentations for your research progress. Finnish academics take you as an employee and while your PhD stipend is considered salary, you are also expected to show results. Academic conferences are considered legit for this demonstration.
• Teaching duties are expected from you as a funded PhD student in Finland. The workload may be less but you are still required to take that. This may be beneficial if you are looking forward to an academic career post-PhD.

Explore more on Doing your PhD in Finland: How to get in

The lifestyle benefits of doing a PhD in Finland are

• Finland furnishes unbelievable standards for education (9.2/10) and life satisfaction (10/10) according to the OECD better life index .
• Post-study work visa. Post-PhD you can extend your stay for 2 years in Finland under a residence permit. You can look for work opportunities during this period.

Here we go another Scandinavian nation giving the highest PhD stipend in the world. Sweden offers a PhD stipend of $41268 which is much higher than the Finland we discussed above. However, the higher living cost in Stockholm ($31452) gives it the 5th position on our list.

The educational benefits of doing a PhD in Sweden are

• Sweden holds 33 Nobel Prizes which when compared to its population is much higher than any other country. Yes, it is due to its free-thinking culture.
• The social science, arts, and humanities PhDs can be independent theses and your PhD supervisor may be like a coach. However, a PhD project in STEM or natural science may be a part of a bigger research project in which you work alongside with your PhD mentors and supervisors . This means you are highly likely to benefit from the peer status with academics, right from the start.
• The Swedish PhD viva is usually a presentation before other academics in your field. It may feel uncomfortable to introverts like me but I think it can be an opportunity to finish your PhD with confidence. The same confidence you require to get employed after your study.

The work benefits of doing a PhD in Sweden are

• In Sweden, you don’t work with one supervisor. Usually, you are trained by assistant supervisors instead of the only principal investigator. These assistant supervisors provide day-to-day training and support.
• For the first two years of your PhD in Sweden, you are given financial support but still considered an employee. The next two years of your PhD you get all the benefits an employee gets e.g., parental leave and medical support.
• There is one thing Sweden does better than giving the best PhD stipend and that is the long vacation period, even for a PhD student. Every year you are offered a vacation period of around a month . The reason is obvious PhD students have the same rights as employees in Sweden.

The lifestyle benefits of doing a PhD in Sweden are

• Free thinking culture, means nothing is awkward no matter what your opinions are about life and norms. The things Swedish people hate are the ones that hinder free speech.
• As a funded doctoral student in Sweden, you and your family are entitled to get parental and pregnancy benefits . More, if your child is below 16 years old she/he is eligible for financial and free medical support from the government.
• The post-study residence permit allows PhD graduates to stay in Sweden for 12 months. In this period they can secure a job or start a business and later get their work permits accordingly.
• Although 5 years stay is usually a requirement for permanent residency in Sweden. Doctoral students can use their research permits to prove residence requirements.

A PhD stipend or any other salary is just a number when we consider different regions across the globe.

Absolute dollars, euros, or pounds cannot tell the whole story when we want to compare compensation given in one region to another.

Countries and even cities have different circumstances and different costs of living. Therefore, to find the actual worth of a PhD stipend/ salary’s worth across different cities and countries we need some comparable numbers.

This is why “PhD stipend to living cost ratio” is handy.

PhD stipend to living cost ratio

Simply put, it is a number that helps you to evaluate the actual worth of the stipend.

As a prospective international PhD applicant, you should consider this because

• the living cost in the area – the cost of living varies from one city or country to another
• various fellowships offered to PhD students – which increase the stipend from the minimum amount reported by the university
• Other assistantships and paid work offers – taxable pay may increase or decrease the stipend

Remarks about the PhD stipends data

Inclusive Criteria

• City-based PhD stipend and living cost data are included for better estimation of PhD stipend to living cost ratio. Cities are mentioned because PhD stipend amount and living cost vary even between cities in the same country.
• Average living cost is calculated by the living cost of a single person + average rent in the city center.
• Only salary reports with high confidence levels were included . A high Confidence Level means the salary data on Glassdoor.com was sufficient, recent, and fresh.

Limitations

• The actual stipend offered by your university may vary . Any additional compensation e.g., bonuses, any other grants, etc.. may increase your stipend amount. Any extra fee e.g., semester, activity fee, etc. may decrease the PhD stipend amount.
• Your actual PhD stipend may differ depending on your field of study, university, and type of grant/ funding for your PhD.
• The living cost may vary depending on many factors e.g., room sharing, dependents, living outside of the city center, transportation, etc.
• Some stipend amounts may be pre-tax because the PhD stipend is taxable in that jurisdiction. Tax amounts may vary due to your location, dependents, etc.
• PhD stipend and living costs are provided in approximations.

Although, I agree that a PhD aspirer should give weightage to factors like lab facilities, research interests, and PhD advisor compatibility. However, money is crucial, no matter the academic sacredness.

The obvious reasons are

• a PhD without adequate funding may not be possible , especially, if you are coming from a struggling economy.
• As a PhD student, you are not just a trainee or apprentice, you are an academic worker . Thus, you should receive adequate compensation for your input and efforts.

There are a lot of well-funded opportunities out there. You just need to move a little bit out of your comfort zone. Doing that will open your options more than you think.

There are many countries that provide high PhD stipends. The good news is they don’t call it the stipend. They call it PhD salary.

A PhD if not well funded means

• your Post-PhD carrier will also be a struggle. Why? Precarious post-doc contracts and the struggles of visiting faculty are prevalent in academia.
• the department may not value your knowledge and skills. They may doubt your ability to contribute to the research goals of their team.
• switching to an industry can be daunting. After investing your best years in academia you may struggle to justify, even to yourself, an industry job that pays or treats you like a fresh undergrad.

Here is my advice on evaluating the best PhD stipend before you accept a PhD offer

• Estimate any additional grants and allowances that may be available to you in a PhD.
• Estimate the living cost according to your dependents, and preferred location (inside or outside the city center).
• Estimate the possibility of any savings you can make during your studies.

Which country’s universities pay PhD students the most, taking into account purchasing power parity?

Countries which offer a high PhD stipend/ Salary are many. However, when we consider the cost of living for PhD students in the area, the Norway’s universities offer higher PhD stipends than any other country on our list.

Top 10 Countries With The Highest PhD Stipends In Europe

• by Silas Canice
• August 20, 2023

The joy that comes with pursuing a Doctorate is often not demonstrated because of the high cost of this programme. A PhD on its own is a noble endeavour, but without proper funding, it is a draining task. Because of this, international students seek ways to meet the high financial demands. For international students who seek to pursue their PhD in Europe, searching for the countries with the highest PhD stipends in Europe is the first action they take.

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is a transformative endeavour characterised by rigorous intellectual inquiry, innovative investigations, and the relentless quest for knowledge that expands the frontiers of human comprehension. However, Europe presents a unique chance for a select few students since it not only alleviates financial concerns but also recognises and honours intellectual prowess through the prestigious and highly desirable top PhD stipends.

Is Europe The Best Fit For PhD Researchers?

With its wealth of academic resources, generous funding programmes, and high quality of life, Europe is a popular choice for PhD students. However, your choice of school or particular country in Europe should align with your research interests, career goals, and personal preferences.

Your academic success depends on you, so do your homework and talk to others before you commit to anything. There is a rising demand for doctoral researchers across Europe.

The need to invest in cutting-edge research is increasingly recognised by governments and institutions. In light of the fast development of technology, the shifting global landscape, and the need for new solutions to complicated challenges. Therefore, efforts are being made to improve doctorate programmes. Hence, they offer high-paying stipends to compete for the best and brightest students.

High Stipends: The Attraction Of PhD Students To Europe

When contemplating the pursuit of a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Europe , prospective students weigh several factors. Some of the factors that are considered include the availability of research opportunities, faculty expertise, and institutional reputation.

Nevertheless, financial factors frequently affect the decision-making process. The pursuit of a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) necessitates a significant dedication of time and effort. The presence of financial stability may effectively mitigate stress levels and enable students to concentrate on their research pursuits.

The provision of high stipends not only signifies an institution’s dedication to fostering the academic growth of its scholars. It also facilitates the opportunity for students to undertake comprehensive research endeavours without the added strain of seeking supplementary menial jobs.

Benefits Of High PhD Stipends

The provision of generous PhD stipends is not only beneficial to individual students. It also plays a significant role in fostering a conducive environment for research and innovation at large. When researchers with exceptional abilities are relieved of financial concerns, they can allocate their time and efforts towards expanding the frontiers of knowledge.

Unrestricted study made possible by ample funding frequently leads to significant findings, innovative solutions, and advancement in many disciplines. Additionally, the inclusion of international students and researchers enhances the scholarly atmosphere.

The presence of cultural diversity and a multitude of views facilitates multidisciplinary cooperation, thereby cultivating a dynamic environment conducive to learning and creativity. The allure of highly skilled individuals to major European institutions , which offer high PhD stipends and PhD Grants , contributes to the global recognition and prestige of these universities.

How To Secure A High PhD Stipend In Europe

Although the appeal of substantial stipends is unquestionable, it is crucial to acknowledge that attaining such financial support is a significant accomplishment. The level of competition in this context is quite intense. Educational institutions employ rigorous selection procedures to discern and pick the most exceptional applicants. Below are a few tips for aspiring PhD candidates seeking a competitive stipend:

1. Research Thoroughly For Opportunities

Find universities with excellent research facilities in your area of interest. Find prestigious educational institutions that are known for doing ground-breaking research and having excellent academic programmes.

Developing ties with existing doctoral students and faculty members at your preferred academic institutions is crucial. Participating in conferences, workshops, and seminars might offer advantageous networking prospects. This network may impart a competitive advantage in the application process.

3. Prepare A Strong Application

Develop an impactful research proposal and construct a meticulously organised application. Please emphasise your scholarly accomplishments, pertinent professional background, and the congruence between your study and the institution’s research agenda.

4. Illustrate Exceptional Performance

Demonstrate your dedication to achieving high standards in research by presenting substantiated examples of previous research endeavours, published works, and delivered presentations. Academic institutions place a high level of importance on those who possess a demonstrated history of scholastic accomplishments.

5. Language Proficiency

The topic of language proficiency is of great importance in academic discourse. Language proficiency is of the utmost importance for international students. Numerous European institutions mandate the completion of English language competency assessments. Some of these include the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) or IELTS . Language proficiency is a fundamental need for facilitating efficient communication and fostering collaboration within the academic sphere.

Top Countries With The Best PhD Stipends In Europe

The pursuit of a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree is a commendable undertaking that needs unwavering commitment, resilience, and enough financial backing. The provision of the highest PhD stipends in Europe offers a valuable opportunity for exceptionally skilled scholars to dedicate their efforts exclusively to their scholarly endeavours.

Many countries in Europe have established a notable standing for providing very favourable financial support to those pursuing doctoral studies. By doing this, researchers from various global international origins troop into Europe. Let us explore the Best 10 Countries In Europe With The Best Paid PhD Stipends.

NB: These estimations are based on historical data and general trends. For the most accurate information on current stipend amounts, it’s recommended to visit the official websites of the universities or contact their admissions and funding offices directly.

1. Switzerland : Average PhD Stipend – €50,000 per year

Switzerland, known as the haven for academic pursuit, leads the way for the best-paid and highest PhD Stipends in Europe. It is widely recognised for its captivating natural scenery and highly esteemed educational infrastructure. No doubt, this makes it an inviting environment for scholars.

Due to the elevated cost of living in Switzerland, academic institutions in the country acknowledge the significance of offering considerable stipends to their students and researchers . Academic institutions such as the ETH Zurich and the EPFL provide financial support in the form of stipends. These stipends not only cover the cost of living but also facilitate students’ complete engagement in their research pursuits.

2. Germany: Average PhD Stipend – €25,000 per year

Germany’s dedication to research and innovation earned it the title, “the powerhouse of research.” This is evident in the very competitive PhD stipends it offers compared to other countries in Europe with research funding.

Germany is internationally recognised for its prestigious universities and research institutions, which are known for their exceptional academic standards. The provision of stipends in Germany is a reflection of the country’s strong commitment to promoting and rewarding academic success.

The Max Planck Society, renowned for its extensive network of research centres, exemplifies a notable case by providing substantial stipends to doctoral students involved in pioneering research endeavours across several fields of study.

3. United Kingdom : Average PhD Stipend – €20,000 per year

The United Kingdom, renowned for its extensive academic achievements, serves as a magnet for academics hailing from many regions worldwide. Prominent academic institutions such as the University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, and the University of Oxford provide some of the Highest PhD stipends in the world and Europe. These stipends serve the dual purpose of alleviating financial concerns and enabling students to actively contribute to the UK’s rich history of pioneering research and innovation.

4. Holland : Average PhD Stipend – €20,000 per year

The Netherlands is also the European hub of scientific advancement. It is notable for its emphasis on research and innovation. Dutch universities, such as the Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), provide appealing financial support in the form of stipends to doctoral applicants.

The availability of these financial grants, along with the Netherlands’ commitment to fostering multidisciplinary cooperation and state-of-the-art research infrastructure, renders it an attractive choice for prospective scholars in need of both monetary assistance and a stimulating scholarly atmosphere.

5. Sweden : Average PhD Stipend – €15,000 per year

Sweden has a strong dedication to research through the implementation of very competitive stipends for doctoral applicants. Lund University and Uppsala University are renowned academic institutions that provide stipends encompassing living expenses as well as provisions for participating in international conferences and seminars. The focus on innovation and multidisciplinary collaboration in Sweden renders it a very appealing location for researchers in search of both financial backing and prospects for academic advancement.

6. Denmark : Average PhD Stipend – €50,000 per year

Looking for a country where research thrives? Then Denmark is a hotspot. The commitment of Denmark to the advancement of research and development is evident in the offer of substantial stipends for doctoral candidates.

Institutions of higher education, such as the University of Copenhagen , provide stipends that provide students the opportunity to concentrate exclusively on their research endeavours, unburdened by financial constraints. The robust commitment of Denmark to fostering collaboration between academics and business guarantees that recipients of stipends are provided with opportunities to apply their research in practical contexts.

7. Norway : Average PhD Stipend – €45,000 per year

Norway is known for nurturing intellectual curiosity and as such can be ascribed as the home for intellectual exploration. It is a country that places significant importance on the pursuit of research and the advancement of higher education. Norwegian institutions provide very attractive stipends that facilitate the complete immersion of PhD candidates in their respective research endeavours.

Norway’s appeal as a scholarly destination stems from its amalgamation of financial backing, the availability of state-of-the-art infrastructure, and a thriving academic environment. This combination entices researchers who aspire to make significant contributions to the progress of their respective disciplines.

8. Finland : Average PhD Stipend – €30,000 per year

Finland is one of the best countries in Europe committed to inspiring innovations and has at all times given unwavering support to PhD candidates who are equally committed to its course – innovation. The dedication of Finland to fostering innovation and maintaining high academic standards is apparent in the offer of substantial financial support in the form of attractive stipends for doctoral researchers.

Institutions of higher education, such as the University of Helsinki, provide stipends that encompass not only the costs associated with daily living but also furnish students with the necessary resources to actively participate in research endeavours of exceptional calibre. The research ecosystem in Finland is characterised by its strong support and emphasis on cooperation, rendering it an attractive option for scholars in search of both financial backing and a conducive academic atmosphere.

9. Belgium : Average PhD Stipend – €15,000 per year

The offering of competitive PhD stipends in Belgium is indicative of the country’s notable emphasis on interdisciplinary research. Institutions such as KU Leuven provide financial grants that facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration among students and their involvement in research endeavours with significant societal implications.

The advantageous geographical position of Belgium within Europe, along with its abundant cultural legacy, serves to augment the academic encounter for individuals awarded stipends.

10. France : Average PhD Stipend – €15,000 per year

Last but not least on the list is France, a nation renowned for its significant contributions to the realms of art, culture, and academia. Sorbonne University and Ecole Normale Supérieure, renowned academic institutions in France, provide highly sought-after stipends to doctoral students.

These stipends enable recipients to dedicate their efforts to their research endeavours, unburdened by financial limitations. The academic landscape of France, characterised by its liveliness and historical importance, renders it an appealing choice for researchers in search of a combination of intellectual inquiry and financial backing.

These countries demonstrate Europe’s dedication to developing intellectual potential and supporting innovative research. They provide a setting where academic brilliance and intellectual discovery may flourish, whether you’re drawn to the stunning landscapes of Switzerland, the rich historical legacies of the United Kingdom, or the spirit of invention in Germany. These nations understand the value of providing researchers with adequate funding to allow them to dedicate themselves entirely to their studies.

• Ph.D. Scholarships
• PhD Stipends

Silas Canice

Silas Canice is a freelance writer and has co-authored some books. He holds a B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Industrial Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry respectively from Imo State University. He is a scientific researcher and has published some articles in some reputable scientific journals. As a result of his passion for academic excellence, he enjoys writing academic-related articles for blogs to contribute to the society.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

How To Secure A PhD Grant: Types of Doctoral Grant

Top 10 universities with highest phd stipends in europe, you may also like, how can i become an uber driver in sweden as an international student.

• December 7, 2022

Best Business Schools in Germany

• November 11, 2022

Tuition fees in Finland: Everything you need to know

• October 15, 2022

How To Survive As An International Student in Germany

• July 21, 2023

HOW TO GET FULLY-FUNDED MASTERS SCHOLARSHIPS FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE

• October 24, 2022

Ph.D. SCHOLARSHIP IN STATISTICS IN THE COPENHAGEN BUSINESS SCHOOL

• October 26, 2022

Guide for International Students in Italy

• February 21, 2024

How to Apply to Study in Germany

• December 9, 2022

Professor Salaries From Around the World

Academic salaries can vary widely depending on rank, country, and institution. Here’s what professors make in Europe and North America. All salaries are reported in the local currency and are pre tax.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the average salary for a lecturer is £40,760 while the average salary for a senior lecturer is £51,590. The average associate professor salary is £64,356 while a full professor earns £91,891 on average.

German professors are civil servants so national legislation fixes their salaries according to state. Junior professors ( Juniordozent ) make €4,713 to €5,301 per month . Associate professors ( dozent ) make €5,365 to €6,676 per month, and full professors ( Professur ) make €5,343 to €7,578 per month.

SACO, the Swedish Academics Central Organization ( Sveriges akademikers centralorganisation ), lists the median salary in 2020 for a lecturer ( adjunkt ) as 41,181 SEK per month. Assistant professors ( biträdande lector) make a median of 49,586 SEK per month. An associate professor ( lektor ) earns a median of 44,500 SEK per month, while a professor makes a median of 67,550 SEK per month. Taxes in Sweden are approximately 45%.

Switzerland

Swiss academic are the highest in Europe. They are by each canton (province) and by law. At the Université de Lausanne , associate professor salaries range from 125,250 to 158,783 CHF per year. Full professors make 149,728 to 171,380 CHF per year. Full Professors with chair appointment make 163,564 to 210,793 CHF annually. At ETH Zurich , the range for assistant professors is 148,682 to 214,767 CHF per year and is 178,996 to 245,080 CFH per year for associate professors. Full professors make 209,247 to 275,359 CHF annually.

In Denmark, faculty salaries are determined by contracts negotiated between academic unions and the government. An academic’s salary is determined by a combination of seniority (years since the completion of PhD) and job rank. Assistant professors earn an average of 38,344 DKR per month. Associate professors earn 44,4204 DKR per month on average, while professors earn an average of 58,236 DKR per month. Taxes in Denmark are relatively high at 40-50% depending on income.

The Netherlands

Similar to Denmark, the Collective Labour Agreement of Dutch Universities (CAO-NU) provides the pay scale for faculty salaries. Assistant professors ( universitaire docent ) earn €3,821 to €5,943 per month. Associate professors ( universitair hoofddocent ) earn €5,294 to €7,097 per month. Full professors ( Hoogleraar ) earn from €5,864 to €10,309 per month. Taxes in the Netherlands are around 40%.

France 

Since French universities are public and state run, academics who hold permanent positions are civil servants. The government sets their salaries, which do not vary from institution and discipline. The salary levels are broken down by class and seniority. The salary for a tenured assistant/associate professor ( maître de conférence ) can range from €25,225 to €53,828 per year depending on the class and seniority of the academic. Tenured full Professors ( professeur des universités ) can expect to make between €36,560 and €73,343 a year according to their class and seniority.

Belgian academic salaries are based on seniority (time from completion of PhD). Entry-level assistant professors make €29,914 per year, while those with 24 years of experience top the pay scale at €47,443 per year. Associate professors start at €34,255 per year can earn €58,403 per year with 24 years of experience. Professors start at €40,109 per year and after 18 years earn €61,224 per year. Full professors start at €44,925 and make €68,633 after 15 years. Belgium has a relatively high tax rate of 45-52%

Norwegian academic salaries are determined according to collective agreements between unions and state authorities. Within the salary scale, academic rank and seniority determines compensation . The average salary for assistant professors ( universitetslektor ) is 629,247 NOK per year and 703,110 NOK per year for associate professors (f ørsteamanuensis) . The average annual salary for a professor is 897,936 NOK. Taxes in Norway are around 40%

Academic salaries in Finland are set under a collective agreement . An academic’s place on the salary scale is determined by two things: the job requirements and their individual performance. An assistant/associate professor makes €3,709 to €6,051 per month, while a professor makes between €5,170 and €9,326 per month. Taxes in Finland are 25-32%.

United States

The American Association of University Professors tracks academic salaries in the United States. Based on their 2016/2017 report , the average salary for a full professor is $102,402 USD. Associate professors earn an average of $79,654 and assistant professors average $69,206. The Chronicle of Higher Education also has a database of individual faculty salaries for more than 4,700 institutions based on information collected by the U.S. Education Department.

According to Statistics Canada , the average salary for full-time academic teaching staff (all ranks) in Canada was $135,451 for the 2020/2021 academic year. In 2017/2018 , full professors were the highest earners with average salaries of $160,183, while associate professors made an average of $125,358 and assistant professors made$103,023 on average.

Find hundreds of  available professor positions  on Academic Positions.

Discover related jobs

Discover similar employers

Accelerate your academic career

Academic Salary Negotiations

Your academic job offer can be negotiated and the department expects tha...

American Academic Job Titles Explained

What's the difference between an assistant and an associate professor? H...

Moving to Luxembourg to Research

Luxembourg has long been known as a leading European financial centre, b...

Moving to the Netherlands to Research or Study

The Netherlands is a great place for researchers. Here are some practica...

The Academic Career Path in Austria

What's the difference between a universitätsassistent and a lektor? Here...

German Academic Job Titles Explained

German job titles are slightly different from their American equivalents...

Jobs by field

• Machine Learning 155
• Electrical Engineering 155
• Artificial Intelligence 148
• Programming Languages 136
• Molecular Biology 112
• Electronics 94
• Cell Biology 93
• Chemical Engineering 91
• Materials Chemistry 88
• Management 87

Jobs by type

• Postdoc 285
• Assistant / Associate Professor 158
• Professor 133
• Researcher 124
• Research assistant 92
• Lecturer / Senior Lecturer 74
• Management / Leadership 52
• Engineer 51
• Tenure Track 38

Jobs by country

• Belgium 248
• Netherlands 146
• Switzerland 109
• Luxembourg 49

Jobs by employer

• KU Leuven 95
• Mohammed VI Polytechnic Unive... 92
• KTH Royal Institute of Techno... 65
• ETH Zürich 60
• Ghent University 57
• University of Luxembourg 47
• Eindhoven University of Techn... 45
• Manchester Metropolitan Unive... 35
• University of Twente 34

This website uses cookies

PhD student salary – How much cash will you get?

When considering starting a PhD you need to think about how much you will get as a PhD student at a minimum. Ideally, you would be fully funded so that you could focus 100% on your studies.

A PhD student salary ranges from US$17,000 a year (New Zealand) all the way up to US$104,000 a year (Austria). The amount you need depends significantly on the living costs of a particular country. Places like the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark and Sweden have the highest living cost ratio.

Generally speaking, you can expect to receive a modest stipend for living expenses as well as tuition assistance.

In 2007 my PhD stipend was AU$20,000 (approximately US$13,000). At the time, this was enough for me to live comfortably and save a little bit of money as well.

As the cost-of-living increases PhD student salaries are being stretched to their limits.

Here is data for a range of countries ordered by the best living ratio the higher. The living to cost ratio the further the stipend goes. Data was collected from Glassdoor.com and Numeo .

In the US, most PhD students make between $20,000 and $45,000 per year. Some more prestigious programs may offer higher salaries.

Salaries vary by institution and field of study, so you should check with your school’s department to find out what kind of compensation they offer.

Additionally, many universities provide additional funding opportunities such as research grants or teaching assistantships that can help supplement your income. While you may not get rich off of a PhD student salary, it is possible to make enough money to cover basic needs while continuing your studies.

What Are PhD Student Salaries?

PhD students don’t necessarily get “salaries”.

Full-time doctoral students are typically paid a stipend which is usually a fixed amount that covers living expenses as well as tuition.

Other forms of financial support may include fellowships, grants and teaching or research assistantships.

In addition to monetary compensation, PhD students may also receive health insurance and other benefits such as free housing or childcare services. Many universities also offer career counselling services for their PhD students in order to help them find jobs after graduation.

Ultimately, PhD student salaries can vary greatly and it’s important to consider all factors when evaluating PhD offers.

Countries offering Highest PhD stipends in the World

There are a variety of countries that are better at funding PhD students than others. Check out my YouTube video which goes through the countries with the highest PhD stipend and how you can boost yours.

Here is a quick rundown of other benefits if you are considering doing a PhD abroad.

Netherlands

As an international student, you may be considering studying for a PhD in the Netherlands. The Netherlands is home to some of the top universities in Europe and offers a wide range of PhD programs. In addition, the Dutch government offers a number of scholarships and grants for international students.

I’ve done some research and found that the average salary for a PhD student in the Netherlands is around US$74163 per year . This figure is before any additional income from grants or scholarships. So, if you’re planning on studying for a PhD in the Netherlands, it’s important to bear in mind that you’ll need to budget for living costs on top of your tuition.

Switzerland

Every year, the Swiss Confederation and Swiss National Science Foundation award scholarships to international postgraduate researchers who desire to pursue their PhD in Switzerland. It’s home to some of our planet’s most stunning landscapes and among its brightest minds.

Switzerland is known for its degrees in business, is home to some of the best institutes of technology, and is a world leader in finance and banking.

Sweden is a well-developed and prosperous country with a strong tradition of academic excellence.

Swedish universities are consistently ranked highly in international rankings, making it an attractive destination for students from all over the world.

PhD students in Sweden can expect to receive a competitive stipend to help cover living costs during their studies. About USD$42618 per year , according to my research.

In addition, there are a number of scholarships and grants available to help cover the costs of tuition and other expenses.

Denmark is one of the top countries in the world for research and development, making it an attractive prospect for PhD students. The country offers generous stipends to PhD students, with no additional fees for being a student. The average PhD stipend in Denmark is around US$53,436 per year.

Norway is one of the countries offering a high PhD stipend. The average PhD stipend in Norway is around US$50,268 per year . PhD students in Norway also benefit from a high quality of life, as the country is regularly ranked as one of the best places to live in the world.

If you are considering pursuing a PhD, Norway should definitely be on your list of potential countries to study in.

Things to consider for PhD stipends

Before you settle on your PhD there are a few things to consider about your stipend.

Things such as industry top ups can significantly increase your earning potential as a PhD student and looking at the living costs in a particular country as well as the particular terms and conditions for your PhD stipend will mean you do not end up being shortchanged.

Industry Top-ups

One of the best ways that I have seen PhD students earn more money and raise their minimum salary is by looking for industry supported PhD positions and top ups.

For example, while I was on AU$20,000 a year, one of my colleagues in the department was on AU$60,000 a year and was guaranteed a job after their PhD. They had a top up scholarship from an industry partner sponsoring their battery research.

Looking for these opportunities may help you earn significantly more money during your PhD.

Living costs

Quite frankly, PhD living costs vary dramatically from country to country and city to city. European countries may have a relatively high PhD stipend but the living costs are also higher.

The best way to determine the buying power of your PhD scholarship is to consider it in terms of the living costs. The best way to do that is with the living cost index.

Here are the best countries to get a PhD stipend relative to the cost of living. The higher the living ratio the better.

You can see that Austria tops this list and many of the Scandinavian countries also are high on the list. Places like Ireland and New Zealand are one of the worst places to do your PhD if you want your stipend to go a long way.

Length of the PhD

In countries like the United States of America, the PhD system means that you need to do a 5 to 7 year PhD. This significantly increases the amount of time that you will spend in university and, therefore, your earning potential will be limited for a longer amount of time.

I chose to do my PhD in Australia because it would only take me three years as an international student. Choosing a PhD with a shorter timescale from the UK, Australia, New Zealand or European countries may be best for you.

Terms and conditions

Lastly, it is important to scrutinise the terms and conditions of your PhD stipend.

Some stipends do not allow students to get a second job which significantly limits their full-time earning potential. Other places, do not put any restrictions on their PhD students even with a full scholarship.

If you want to know more about earning more money during your PhD check out the two articles below.

• The best PhD student part-time jobs [Full guide]
• Is it possible to earn a PhD while working? The brutal truth

How to Get a PhD Stipend

To get a stipend, you will need to apply for funding through the university or other organizations offering scholarships and grants.

Be sure to carefully read through all requirements of the application process and submit all necessary documents, such as transcripts, essays, recommendation letters and financial aid forms.

You may also need to show proof of academic excellence, such as high grades or awards. For example, I was required to achieve a first class masters before being able to access any funding from a foreign university.

Once accepted, you will usually receive a monthly payment from the organization as well as tuition assistance. Additionally, many universities offer research assistantships which provide students with an opportunity to gain hands-on experience in their field while earning money at the same time.

With dedication and hard work, obtaining a PhD stipend can help reduce some of the financial burden associated with higher education.

Wrapping up

This article has been through everything you need to know that PhD student salaries and giving you some real-world numbers on what you can expect in different countries.

The real important value is the living cost ratio to ensure that your PhD stipend goes as far as possible and is not eaten up quickly by rent, food, and other basic necessities.

It is possible for PhD students to not only live comfortably but also put some money aside if you are very careful about choosing a PhD with a full stipend and looking for other opportunities to top up the money with industry partnerships and other grants.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

Thank you for visiting Academia Insider.

We are here to help you navigate Academia as painlessly as possible. We are supported by our readers and by visiting you are helping us earn a small amount through ads and affiliate revenue - Thank you!

2024 © Academia Insider

• National research & innovation strategy
• Research institutions
• Research infrastructures
• Research culture
• Funding system
• Research News
• Research priority areas
• Technology Offering
• Research and Industry collaboration
• Innovation programmes
• Build a research career at Research Luxembourg
• Start your PhD with us
• Discover Luxembourg
• Belval, the Innovation Campus
• In conversation with our young researchers
• Success Stories

Start your PhD with us 

As a PhD student at Research Luxembourg, you will contribute to our dynamic and successful research.

One of the main advantages of choosing to do your PhD with Research Luxembourg is the access you will have to a wide range of well-equipped laboratories and facilities available at the University of Luxembourg, LISER, LIH and LIST.

There is also a vibrant academic support network with regular seminars, research group meetings and informal get-togethers, giving you plenty of opportunities to discuss your research interests with your supervisors, peers and other researchers and academic staff.

Fundings for PhD candidates

Several fundings from the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) are available for PhD candidates (with Masters).

The main instrument for PhD candidates is the AFR Individual Grant. The AFR PhD grant scheme is divided into two sub-categories:

• AFR PhD in Luxembourg (AFR Incoming): Candidates from any nationality may apply for a doctoral position in an eligible Luxembourg host institution. Candidates will have to spend >50% in Luxembourg under an employment contract with the host institution;
• AFR PhD abroad (AFR Outgoing): Luxembourg nationals, or residents in Luxembourg for more than 5 consecutive years, may apply for a doctoral position in a public higher education institution abroad. The rule for this type of AFR grants is an employment contract with the institution abroad, but in exceptional cases, grants without a work contract can be awarded.

In 2022, 5 MEUR will be committed to support this funding scheme.

Results 2022 AFR Individual Call: 26 of 87 PhD projects funded [+5 on reserve list], 5 MEUR committed. Overview in our video, full list on https://t.co/Cwc9d6QG6O @uni_lu @LISERinLUX @LNS_Lux @naturmusee @SnT_uni_lu pic.twitter.com/O2o5lucjtj — Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) (@FnrLux) July 29, 2022

Useful and practical information on AFR grants

• The contribution to the annual salary costs of a PhD candidate amounts 44.322 € / year  (salary index as of Oct 2021; in case the official Luxembourg salary index changes, the above-mentioned FNR contribution will be adapted automatically by the FNR). A topping-up by the employer is possible up to a maximum gross salary of 62.461 €/yr.
• The salary contribution will be paid until the PhD degree has been awarded with a maximum duration of 4 years. Alternatively: beneficiaries of an AFR PhD fellowship without employment contract will receive a monthly stipend of 1,500 € (in exceptional cases as specified above). The topping-up of the stipend up to a maximum amount of 2.100 € per month is possible.
• Employment contracts shall be the rule. AFR PhD grants are aimed at host Institutions to employ AFR beneficiaries to conduct their research projects. Stipends (i.e. fellowships without employment contracts) are only awarded outside Luxembourg in exceptional cases).
• A one-off travel lump sum, to be paid to the PhD candidate at the start of her/his AFR grant, based on the airline distance between the beneficiary’s residence at the application deadline or start of the grant, and her/his host Institution.
• A fixed training and mobility allowance of 6.000 € per PhD candidate. The training allowance is available to cover costs related to the candidate’s training and mobility activities: i.e. scientific/transferable skills training, scientific conferences or summer/winter schools, field work or travel between scientific contacts involved in the project as well as international research stays.

Discover the University of Luxembourg’s doctoral schools

Doctoral school in science and engineering .

The Doctoral School in Science and Engineering offers seven programmes including Mathematics and Applications, Physics and Materials Sciences, Civil Engineering Sciences, Mechanical/Electro and Communications Engineering, Computer Science and Computer Engineering, Systems and Molecular Biomedecine, and Computational Sciences.

Doctoral School of Law

The Doctoral School of Law fosters an open-minded approach to legal analysis, going beyond the boundaries of national jurisdictions, to promote comparative cross-disciplinary research, within a multilingual environment (English, French and German) and an international academic team.

Doctoral School in Economics, Finance and Management

The Doctoral School in Economics and Finance focuses on two main topics: Economics (regional development, economic integration, environment policies, international economics, labour economics, macro finance, macroeconomic growth and dynamics) and finance (quantitative finance, risk management and financial governance, corporate finance, behavioral finance, law and finance, Islamic finance).

Doctoral School in Humanities and Social Sciences

The Doctoral School in Humanities and Social Sciences offers four research programmes in Humanities, Education, Social Sciences, and Psychology.

Discover the University of Luxembourg’s research centres

Snt – interdisciplinary centre for security, reliability and trust.

The Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT) conducts internationally competitive research in information and communication technology (ICT) with high relevance creating socio-economic impact. In addition to long-term, high-risk research, SnT engages in demand driven collaborative projects with industry and the public sector.

LCSB – Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine

The Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine develops and applies systems-level approaches to gain insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of human diseases. Experimental and computational approaches are combined to analyse the complexity of biological systems underlying disease pathogenesis. The LCSB is pioneering the way for a predictive, preventive and personalised medicine. Neurodegenerative diseases, especially Parkinson’s disease are major targets within LCSB’s research activities.

C2DH – Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History

The Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C2 DH) is a research centre of the highest academic excellence for the study, analysis and public dissemination of contemporary Luxembourgish and European history. It promotes an interdisciplinary approach with a particular focus on new digital methods and tools for historical research and teaching.

Discover the Luxembourg research institutes

Luxembourg institute of health (lih).

The Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH) is a public biomedical research organisation focused on precision health and invested in becoming a leading reference in Europe for the translation of scientific excellence into meaningful benefits for patients. Find out PhD open positions.

Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)

The Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) is a missiondriven Research and Technology Organisation (RTO) that develops competitive and market-oriented product/service prototypes for public and private stakeholders. Its mission consists of pushing the frontiers in research for high-impact innovation. Discover the PhD positions.

Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER)

The Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER) is devoted to the advancement of knowledge in economic, social and spatial sciences. In the particular context of Luxembourg and in the heart of Europe, it is committed to contribute in a proactive and targeted manner to the sustainable and inclusive development of societies at the national and international level. Explore the open positions.

Research Luxembourg is a joint initiative of the main actors in Luxembourg public research, with the support of the Ministry of Higher Education and Research: Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), University of Luxembourg, Luxinnovation and Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR).

STAY UP TO DATE

QUICK LINKS

• Publications

©2024 Research Luxembourg

Legal Notice

Cookie Policy

Privacy Statement

To the top ↑

These 30 European universities have the highest-paid graduates (and they’re not the ones you think)

By: Emma Haslett

That much-coveted place at university might not actually earn you as much as you hoped: new research shows UK institutions are disconcertingly far down when it comes to the eventual salary of their graduates.

The figures, put together by salary benchmarking site Emolument.com, show graduates from the universities traditionally seen as the UK's top two – Oxford and Cambridge – aren't necessarily the UK's best-paid.

While Switzerland's University of St Gallen has Europe's best-paid graduates, earning a median of £160,000, London Business School is the top-paid university in the UK , with a median salary of £102,000. That's followed by the London School of Economics, whose graduates are paid £85,000.

It's worth pointing out the survey took into account both bachelor's and master's degrees – which will push up the average for the universities focusing on post-graduate degrees .

Read more : Top think tank says big bucks for graduates may be about to end

The European universities with the best-paid graduates

The figures suggested Swiss grads earn 40 per cent more than their UK peers from top universities – although the cost of living in Switzerland is also significantly higher – at 125.7 on the cost of living index, compared with the UK, which is at 72.7. 

"The question of return on investment is at the forefront of most students' mind when they look to enroll on a course," said Alice Leguay, co-founder of Emolument.com. 

"Being mindful that masters' fees tend to be higher than bachelor's, they clearly drive high pay levels upon graduation. Some universities also see a high proportion of their students start their careers in the high paying financial sector, with a clear aim: pay off their debts and polish off their formal education with hands on experience before moving to other horizons."

Subscribe to the City A.M. newsletter to have our top stories delivered directly to your inbox.

PhD Handbook

PhD Stipend in ...

PhD Stipend in Germany: How to Find a Good Job In Germany After PhD?

All countries offer financial support to PhD students in their ways, but Germany takes doctoral research particularly seriously. German PhD funding takes numerous forms, reflecting the diverse ways you can complete a PhD in Germany. The PhD programs in the country are well structured and have a practice-oriented curriculum, giving students a chance to learn the subject from the grassroots level. 

The popular PhD programs in Germany are mathematics, computer science, physics, economics and engineering. International students have the flexibility to complete their PhD thesis in English and join their field of work without hassle. Also, Doctoral students are often supported by traditional academic scholarships and fellowships, but German universities and research institutes offer salaried assistantships for their PhD researchers. Based on a full-time position, doctoral students accept between 46,000 and 56,000 EUR gross per year ((INR 36,61,472 to INR 44,57,444), depending on how much experience the doctoral student already has.

PhD Stipend in Germany For International Students

International students can apply for internships during and after the degree. While pursuing a degree course, you can apply for internships at the university itself as an assistant to the professor or research assistant at the lab. Here we have presented some of the important points regarding PhD student stipend in Germany:

• International students pursuing a PhD in German universities receive a monthly stipend. The average stipend for PhD students in Germany is 24,500 EUR/year (INR 19,53,189/year approximately).
• Besides being a PhD student, one can intern at public and private organisations with an average stipend of 500 EUR/month (INR 39,848/month approximately).
• Doctoral students starting at entry experience level should validate that their bond runs for at least 12 months, as employment agreements of less than 1 year are not measured as relevant professional experience.

Types of Universities in Germany

Job & Salary After PhD in Germany

After completion of the PhD, the salary of a student is determined by several factors. These important factors are industry, years of experience, candidate’s skills and the job position. We have listed down some of the job positions offered to PhD graduate students in Germany with their average annual salaries -

High Paying Jobs In Germany

There are various high paying jobs in Germany that are offered to international students after completing their Phd course from top universities. 

Part Time Jobs for Students

Top Recruiters & Salary After PhD in Germany  

Depending on a student's level of knowledge and years of experience, a plethora of job opportunities will come for a PhD graduate. Some of the important industries in Germany that offer placements to PhD students are as follows:

Studying In Germany!

How to Find a Job After PhD in Germany?

The top cities in Germany attract a lot of PhD graduate students for their lucrative job market. Let’s look at the top cities in the country for international students.

• Berlin, the capital of Germany is known to offer jobs in the marketing sector.
• Frankfurt is a hub for the financial sector
• Munich is known for its automobile industry

Since Germany has a skilled labour shortage of more than 400,000 people, PhD graduates can conveniently get a job in Germany. Here is how international students can find jobs in Germany post degree completion -

1. Public German Job Sites

The Federal Employment Agency is one of the largest recruiting service providers in Germany. It has more than 700 offices in the country and has a platform named “International Placement Service” through which international students can find work. Make a profile on their website and mention your qualifications to get matched with a job position. 

2. Private German Job Sites

There are several websites through which PhD graduate students can search for specialised jobs. 

• Academics is a website where students can look for research-related work
• Jobware for vacancies in the field of management
• Staufenbiel and Stepstone for internships and graduate jobs 
• Students can also check Jobooh for working in startups. 

3. German Recruitment Agencies

International students who have completed their PhH course from German universities can also look for a job position in "German Yellow Pages" which has an employment section named ‘Arbeitsvermittlung’ dedicated to recruiting agencies. If the recruiting agencies are a member of the Federal Employer’s Association of Personnel Service Providers, then they can be trusted for international students. 

4. German Newspapers

For academic and governmental jobs, look through the job sections in the Sunday editorials of the following newspapers -

• Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung

It has the widest newspaper circulation in Germany and 148 more countries. It is a centre-right, liberal conservative newspaper.

• Süddeutsche Zeitung

It is one of the largest daily newspapers in Germany and is published in Munich. It is a centre-left, progressive-liberal newspaper.

It is the flagship newspaper daily of the Axel Springer publishing group and is printed in Bonn.

• Handelsblatt  

It is a German-language business newspaper published by Handelsblatt Media Group. The English language version of the newspaper is known as Handelsblatt Global Edition.

Germany is one of the top 3 countries in the world to welcome more than 30,000 students in their PhD programs. The comprehensiveness of the PhD courses helps in the overall development of students and makes them job-ready. Wondering how to apply to the best universities for a PhD? Subscribe to Yocket Premium and get one-on-one personalised guidance on the admission and scholarship process. 

Frequently Asked Questions About Germany PhD Stipend

What is the PhD student salary in Germany after tax?

Usually, student stipend in Germany is tax-free when it is awarded from public sources like public universities or government scholarships. However, if you are doing internships at laboratories and private institutions, the average PhD student salary in Germany after tax is about 24,500 EUR per year (INR 19,53,189 per year approximately).

How can I work in Germany after PhD?

In order to work in Germany after your PhD, you will require a residence permit and a German work visa/employment permit. To apply for a Blue Card or work permit, you must have a job offer of 45,000 EUR/year (INR 35,87,490 approximately) before taxes.

Does the average PhD stipend in Germany increase?

The average PhD stipend in Germany per month is 2500 EUR (INR 99,305 approximately). The PhD fellowship stipend will be increased at the start of every academic year. 

What are the top academic jobs in Germany after a PhD?

The top academic jobs in Germany after PhD are that of professors, lecturers, scientists and researchers. The average PhD stipend in Germany for these jobs is between 60,000 EUR to 75,000 EUR per year (INR 47,83,320 to INR 59,79,150 approximately) depending on the candidate’s experience.

What are the top non-academic jobs in Germany after a PhD?

The top non- academic jobs in Germany after PhD are that of an actuary, data analyst, operation analyst, business analyst and product developer. The average PhD stipend in Germany for these jobs is between 68,000 EUR to 80,000 EUR per year (INR 54,21,096 to INR 63,77,760 approximately).

Articles you might like

25,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today

Here’s your new year gift, one app for all your, study abroad needs, start your journey, track your progress, grow with the community and so much more.

Verification Code

An OTP has been sent to your registered mobile no. Please verify

Thanks for your comment !

Our team will review it before it's shown to our readers.

• Study in Europe /

PhD in Economics in Europe

• Updated on  
• Jan 4, 2024

Are you considering pursuing a PhD in Economics in Europe? Then you’re in the right place! Europe is home to some of the world’s most prestigious universities that offer doctoral programs in economics. The Doctoral Programme in Economics (DPE) at the University of Helsinki is one such program that promotes doctoral education in economics by providing courses and seminars based on a program launched in 1990. Similarly, there are many such universities across the continent offering doctoral programs in Economics at affordable fees. Read on to know more about pursuing an Doctorate in Economics in Europe!

This Blog Includes:

Phd in economics in europe: overview, phd in economics: the course, why choose europe for phd, top universities for phd in economics in europe, phd within the framework of the european higher education area, cost of phd in economics in europe, careers and scope.

A PhD , also known as a Doctor of Philosophy degree, is a doctorate awarded by a university to an academic who has completed all required qualifications and is now considered a doctor in his or her academic field. Those who study economics first learn the distinctions between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is concerned with the behaviour and interactions of individual markets, such as households and firms. On the other hand, macroeconomics is focused on the state of the economy as a whole. Over 4,000 higher education institutions are located in Europe, ranging from world-class research organizations to small, teaching-focused universities. Europe, which expands from the Arctic Circle to the African coast, is not unlike other continents.

• A PhD in Economics typically includes coursework in both macroeconomics and microeconomics. However, if you want to teach or conduct formal research in economic subjects, this is a useful degree. Once the proposal is approved and the oral exam is passed, the final years of enrollment are devoted to dissertation research, writing, and defence.
• The major opportunity in the field of Economics is that it is primarily involved in research. A PhD degree should be pursued only if a person has a strong interest in research-oriented work. PhDs are typically pursued by individuals involved in the academic field. This may lead to a better understanding of the specific field or subject.
• After completing the PhD in Economics course, students will be able to understand a wide range of theoretical debates in economics and business, analyse economic problems, and evaluate the implications for economic policy and business planning and strategy.
• Most economist jobs require a master’s degree or a PhD in Economics. For advancement to higher-level positions, an advanced degree is sometimes required.

Also Read: Find the Best PhD in Europe to Study

Europe is a popular destination for postgraduate study. There are numerous reasons why people choose to pursue their master’s or PhD programme in Europe, not the least of which is Europe’s excellent reputation in terms of high educational standards, as well as the general way of life, vast amounts of choices and options, and cultural diversity. Here are some of the main reasons why you should pursue your PhD in Economics in Europe:

• Great Experience

Many students choose to pursue a postgraduate degree in Europe because of the overall experience it can provide. The ability to get cheap trains and flights to visit a variety of countries within Europe during a free weekend or the Christmas or Easter holidays is one of the benefits. If you live and study at a university in Europe, the rest of the continent is right on your doorstep, waiting to be explored.

• Quality of Education

Europe’s university quality is extremely high, with some of the world’s top-ranked institutions such as University College London, the University of Cambridge, and the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. These universities, along with many others in Europe, are all held in high regard around the world and demonstrate Europe’s ability to provide an exceptional standard of teaching for postgraduate students.

• Budget Friendly

Pursuing a master’s degree or PhD programme in Europe can also be financially advantageous because tuition fees can be much lower than those in other countries such as America. Postgraduate course fees in Europe typically range from €5,000 (INR 4,10 Lakh) to €25,000 (INR 20.5 Lakh), depending on the university’s status and the course topic. Most postgraduate courses for international students cost €15,000 (INR 12.3 Lakh), which is significantly less than those in the United States.

• Possibilities for employment

Studying in a European city is advantageous for your future career because their student populations are large and diverse. This gives the postgraduate student a broader life experience while also providing excellent networking opportunities. Potential employers are well aware of the high quality of higher education institutions in Europe, which can undoubtedly help you along your chosen career path. Your chosen European university is likely to impress potential employers, which can help you advance your career.

According to the most recent international rankings, the following are the best economics schools for PhD in Economics in Europe:

• London School of Economics and Political Sciences (LSE), UK
• University of Oxford, UK
• University of Cambridge, UK
• University College London (UCL), UK
• Bocconi University, Italy
• University of Warwick, UK
• Tilburg University, Netherlands
• University of Zurich, Switzerland
• London Business School, UK
• ETH Zurich, Switzerland

EHEA is a network of 48 countries that use the same university degree system. It consists of all 28 EU members (including the United Kingdom) as well as other countries from Europe and Eurasia.

The Bologna Process, which was signed in 1999 at the University of Bologna (Europe’s oldest university), is followed by all EHEA members. This divides academic degrees into three categories:

• Bachelor’s degrees are first-cycle degrees that typically take 3 years to complete. 
• Master’s degrees are second-cycle degrees that typically last 2 years.
• Doctorates (such as PhDs) are third-cycle degrees that typically take three to four years to complete.

Academic degrees obtained in one EHEA country are automatically recognised in others. This makes studying abroad in different parts of Europe or working in another European country with your doctorate much easier.

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, a PhD in Economics in Europe costs an average of $19,314 (INR 15.9 Lakh) per year. This amount represents the average graduate tuition charged by both public and private institutions between the years 2018 and 2019. Tuition fees vary by school, and private universities are frequently more expensive than public universities.

Also Read: PhD in Germany

A PhD in Economics in Europe will provide you with career stability and financial security. Career opportunities in economics are excellent, as employment in these fields is expected to grow faster than the national average. Continue reading for a list of some of the best PhD in Economics jobs for graduates, as well as an overview of their annual salaries. According to PayScale, the average salary for someone with a PhD in Economics is $110,000 (INR 90.66 Lakh) per year. This value varies depending on your career path, the company you work for, and even the industry in which you work.

A PhD in Economics in Europe is well worth the investment. Obtaining a PhD in economics is an excellent way to gain valuable skills for the econ job market, improve your overall communication, and ensure financial security and stability throughout your career.

Economics PhD graduates have the option of conducting research and teaching in prestigious institutions, prestigious government positions, or ongoing work at some of the highest-paying private institutions.

Relevant Reads:

Many universities depend on outside funding to establish PhD positions. External funding is frequently provided in the form of research grants for specific research projects. The European Commission and national scientific research councils are two common funding sources.

In general, a PhD in Europe takes at least four years to complete, though there are three- and five-year programmes, as well as part-time options.

In Europe, the average monthly minimum salary for a PhD student is €2,600. It is important to note that this figure includes all disciplines, not just science and engineering.

Consider an economics PhD if you want to work in research, are good at math (i.e., quant GRE score above 165), and have a demonstrated interest in economics research.

To help you shortlist colleges/universities in Europe or any other country, please contact Leverage Edu . You can also call us at 1800 57 2000 for a free 30-minute counselling session.

Vidisha Dewan

Graduated with English as a major, I’m a writing enthusiast. Writing helps me blend my passion and profession to achieve creative satisfaction. I am an opinionated person, but always open to change. Try to keep my work surroundings creative and fun, with a space for constructive feedback.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Contact no. *

Leaving already?

8 Universities with higher ROI than IITs and IIMs

Grab this one-time opportunity to download this ebook

Connect With Us

25,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. take the first step today..

Resend OTP in

Need help with?

Study abroad.

UK, Canada, US & More

IELTS, GRE, GMAT & More

Scholarship, Loans & Forex

Country Preference

New Zealand

Which English test are you planning to take?

Which academic test are you planning to take.

Not Sure yet

When are you planning to take the exam?

Already booked my exam slot

Within 2 Months

Want to learn about the test

Which Degree do you wish to pursue?

When do you want to start studying abroad.

September 2024

January 2025

What is your budget to study abroad?

How would you describe this article ?

Please rate this article

We would like to hear more.