football in pakistan essay

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Sport > South Asian

The history of football in pakistan.

The World Cup is currently underway in Qatar but there are no South Asian sides. We look at the history of football in Pakistan.

Pakistan has never participated in a major event outside of South Asia.

With the World Cup currently underway, countries around the world are enjoying football festivities.

However, South Asia has once again failed to put the region on the map, with Pakistan not qualifying for the FIFA World Cup yet again.

The year 2022 isn’t Pakistan’s first attempt at qualifying for the big competition.

Despite football existing in Pakistan, the sport hasn’t solidified a position on the world stage.

Nevertheless, Pakistan’s presence in the sport is not unheard of, whether this means team involvement, or supplying the tools needed for high-profile games.

DESIblitz will look at the history of football in Pakistan from the 1950s to the present day.

The 1950s – Early History

Pakistan made their international debut during a tour of Iran and Iraq in October 1950, while the inaugural National Championship was established in Karachi the same year.

For the first time, Pakistan and India played to a scoreless tie in the Colombo Cup.

Pakistan played in the Asian Games that were held in the Philippines in 1954 and in Japan in 1958.

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Due to poor game organisation in the nation and irregular international involvement, the standard attained during this time could not be maintained.

Unlike India, Pakistan has never participated in a major event outside of South Asia.

India qualified for the World Cup in 1950, however, they withdrew.

Due to the dominance of cricket in Pakistan and South Asia as a whole, football never fulfilled its potential in Pakistan.

1960s & 1970s

Abdul Ghafoor Majna, known as ‘Pakistani Pele’, was one of the country’s finest players.

When Pakistan’s national football team was one of the top ten teams in Asia, Ghafoor was a member of the lineup.

According to reports, he was “the last man living from the days when the Pakistan football squad was good enough to beat USSR, UAE, and China – a long cry from the situation right now”.

In 1967, Pakistan’s Asian Cup qualifying matches against Burma and Cambodia ended in losses, while their last game against India was a draw.

Due to East Pakistan being transformed into The People’s Republic of Bangladesh as a result of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, the Pakistani squad was no longer permitted to use Bengali players.

Early participation by the national team in the 1970s was limited to the Asian Games in 1974, and one friendly match against South Korea in 1978.

This period’s most significant outcome was a 2-2 tie with Turkey.

1980s & 1990s

The period between the 1980s and 1990s experienced yet another decline for football in Pakistan.

Pakistan held Indonesia to a scoreless draw in the 1982 King’s Cup, the group’s first shutout since 1962.

Following a defeat to Thailand, they defeated Malaysia 3-2, and although dropping a tight match to China, they defeated Singapore 1-0 in their last match.

In 1982, Pakistan organised a friendly competition that included Iran, Bangladesh, Oman and Nepal.

The Green Shirts defeated Bangladesh 2-1 and things began to look good.

After losing to Iran, they defeated Nepal 2-0.

Pakistan finished the friendly tournament as runners-up when their final game against Oman concluded in a 0-0 draw.

However, in the 1984 Asian Cup qualifying matches, the national team won just one match, with the victory coming against North Yemen.

In 1985, the national team staged a different competition and invited North Korea, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Nepal.

The team gained confidence after a scoreless draw with the North Koreans and they defeated Nepal 1-0.

They were once again runners-up, nevertheless, due to defeats in the final two matches against Bangladesh and Indonesia.

Pakistan finished fourth at the South Asian Games after falling to Nepal in a penalty shootout.

They lost every game they played at the Asian Games in 1986.

A year later, the team had additional success at the South Asian Games, defeating Bangladesh 1-0 in the bronze medal match.

They failed to advance from any Asian Cup qualifiers in 1988.

In 1989, Pakistan attempted to enter the World Cup for the first time.

But they failed to succeed in any of their qualifying games.

The national team recovered when, a few months later, they won the South Asian Games by defeating Bangladesh 1-0.

1990s – 2003

In 1990, Pakistan lost all three of its games and was eliminated early from the Asian Games once more.

Pakistan won its second Gold medal in the 1991 South Asian Games by defeating the Maldives 2-0 in the championship match.

The national squad placed fourth at the first South Asian Football Federation (SAFF) Cup later that year, however, they were unable to go past the group stage at the 1993 games.

Based on the goal difference, Pakistan was eliminated from the SAFF Cup group stage in 1995.

But in the 1997 SAFF Cup, Pakistan finished third after defeating Sri Lanka 1-0.

Pakistan placed last in their group at the 1999 SAFF Cup, and they also were unable to advance beyond the opening round of the last South Asian Games to play full internationals.

All of Pakistan’s Asian Cup qualifying matches ended in losses.

However, thanks to Gohar Zaman’s hat trick in a 3-3 draw with Sri Lanka the next year, Pakistan earned their first point in the World Cup qualifying process.

All subsequent games, however, were losses.

A four-match series against Sri Lanka that Pakistan participated in in 2002 ended in defeat.

Pakistan lost 2-1 to India in the third-place playoff in the 2003 SAFF Cup, placing them fourth overall.

Pakistan defeated Macao 3-0 later that year to win their first Asian Cup qualifying match, although they were unable to advance.

They lost to Kyrgyzstan in the World Cup qualifying matches, capping up the year with losses.

2021 – The Suspension of PFF

The sport took a hit for the Pakistani women’s team when the Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) was suspended by FIFA for infighting and third-party interference.

Major clubs voiced their displeasure, Mohsin Gillani WFC announced its withdrawal, while Karachi United declared that it will obey FIFA’s demands to follow due procedure wholeheartedly.

The incident caused the Normalisation Committee (NC) to lose control over the PFF’s Lahore headquarters.

There was no football action in Pakistan, and the men’s Pakistan Premier League had not yet begun.

Since the PFF group, led by Syed Ashfaq Hussain Shah, is not recognised by FIFA or the Asian Football Confederation, the Pakistani Premier League did not have any formal status or significance.

2021 – The Michael Owen Promise & Global Soccer Ventures

To start the Pakistan Football League (PFL) and improve the country’s football infrastructure, the Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) inked a collaboration agreement with Global Soccer Ventures (GSV) in August 2021.

A modern “flagship” stadium was reportedly promised to be built in Karachi as part of the new enterprise.

Mike Farnan, a former managing director of Manchester United who supervised the club’s expansion as a worldwide marketing powerhouse around the turn of this century, joined the PFL as its chief operating officer.

GSV also enlisted some heavy hitters to start the six-team PFL.

In a tweet, Michael Owen announced his appointment as the PFL Brand Ambassador.

“Salam Pakistan! I’m absolutely delighted to announce that I’m the new Pakistan Football League (PFL) Ambassador and I hope to be visiting Pakistan soon!

“Hope you all are ready! FOOTBALL HOGA!”

Pakistan will begin on a journey of developing new players and identifying potential prospects in the country’s first franchise league, with GSV CEO Zake Bhan heading the effort, and Michael Owen serving as brand ambassador.

2022 – Supplying Footballs for Qatar

Despite not qualifying for the FIFA World Cup 2022, the country isn’t completely unaffiliated with this year’s event.

Pakistan is the nation supplying the footballs for the 2022 World Cup.

Forward Sports Company has been producing top-notch footballs for the World Cup in Sialkot for many years.

Previously, the organisation supplied the official footballs for the 2014 and 2018 World Cups.

Even though Pakistan’s national football team, which is ranked 200th out of 211 teams, isn’t competing in this World Cup, Pakistan-made footballs are flourishing in Doha.

As a footballing nation, Pakistan is nowhere near the top sides.

Although steps have been made to grow the sport , other factors such as the development of players are lacking.

Pakistan may have had some regional success in the past but they are a long way off from making it onto the international stage.

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Sports Organisation in Pakistan Report

The main commercial activities of pakistan football federation, the potential to develop commercial activities, the development of pr campaign, related to commercial activities.

At the given moment, Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) has very few opportunities for commercial activities, and the financial performance of this organization leaves much to be desired. In order to explain the underlying causes of this situation, we first need to discuss the functioning of Pakistan Premier League (PPL) that was established by PFF. A great number of players, participating in this tournament, are only semi-professionals (PFF, 2010, unpaged); as a result at the attendance of the stadiums is very low. Apart from that, media coverage of Pakistani Premier League is also insufficient, and this sport receives very little attention of the community (FootballPakistan.Com, 2010, unpaged).

Therefore, both clubs and PFF cannot earn sufficient profit through ticket sales. More importantly, neither local nor international channels want to purchase the rights to broadcast the matches of PPL. It should be borne in mind that the sales of television rights to broadcast are one of the largest sources of revenue for many European clubs (Stewart, 2006, p 68), while Pakistani clubs do take full advantage of this opportunity. We also need to mention that the majority of football clubs in PPL are not independent; as a rule, they represent a certain company or organization such as the Army (PFF, 2010, unpaged). This is why they have very little stimulus to boost their financial performance because any football club that continuously receives funding from another organization (in this case, it is a governmental agency), does not feel any necessity to improve its financial operations and become more profitable as an enterprise.

Another obstacle that we should not overlook is that these clubs are little known at the international level, and foreign broadcasting companies as well as fans are not very interested in their successes or failures. Besides, one should not forget that football is not the most popular kind of sports in Pakistan, and people are more willing to spend time and money on cricket (Deady, 2001, p 19). This is another reason why it PFF has very few chances for commercial activities. Poor financial results of PFF can also be explained by the fact that Pakistanis have an opportunity to watch foreign championships such as English Premier League, La Liga, Seria A and so forth, and local championship cannot stand the comparison with them. Many of Pakistani clubs cannot sign sponsorship contracts because private companies do not believe that such investment will bring any dividends to them. These are some of the barriers that do not allow to transform Pakistani football into a brand, enjoying demand among various stakeholders.

The situation with Pakistan National Football Team is very similar. This team has never played in FIFA World Cup or Asian Cup (PFF, 2010, unpaged), and it receives sufficient support only from local fans who want to buy the branded goods associated with this team. In this case, the term branded goods refers mostly to T-shirts and scarves. In turn, international fans know virtually nothing about them.

It is quite possible for us to argue that football in Pakistan has yet to become commercialized. To some extent, it can be ascribed to the absence of any successes at international level. As it has been pointed out earlier, a great number of players are not engaged in football on a full-time basis. Each of these factors prevents Pakistan Football Federation from becoming a commercially successful organization. However, one should not presume that there is no way to break this deadlock as the current President of PFF, Makhdoom Syed Faisal Saleh already tries to tries to popularize this sport in the country and make it more professional by inviting quality players from abroad (PFF, 2010, unpaged). Yet, this policy was put into execution only several years ago, and at this point, it only begins to produce results.

In this section of the paper I would like to discuss the potential of Pakistan Football Federation to develop commercial activities. The first and arguably is to make changes to the structure of Pakistan Premier League (PPL). At this point, this tournament gives room for fourteen teams and this number is too high. One should take it into consideration that in early nineties, many football associations, for example, in England, Italy, or Spain were forced to reduce the number of teams, participating in the top division (Stewart, 2006, p 39). The main purpose of this reduction was to improve the overall quality of football and make disparities among top-division teams less noticeable. Certainly, this policy will also widen the gap between the top league and the lower divisions but this is a necessary measure in a situation like this one. The key objective that has to be achieved is to enhance competition among the teams of PPL. This will subsequently enable Pakistan Football Federation to increase attendance at Pakistani stadiums and attract at least local investors that will be willing to become sponsors of Pakistani clubs. Another goal which this change has to attain is to attract local TV broadcasters to this tournament.

It is too early to make any far-fetched arguments, but maybe, this strategy would also improve the performance of Pakistani teams at an international level. In particular, we need to speak about AFC (Asian Football Federation) Champions League. Successful performance in this tournament can boost the development of Football in Pakistan. Another important issue that we should not overlook is the title of Pakistani football championship. It is called Premier League and this name is particularly reminiscent to English Premier League. The problem is that this comparison does not speak in favor of Pakistani football.

In addition to that, the football clubs of this country should receive a higher degree of autonomy. Nowadays, they are dependent on the organizations they represent. For instance, we may remember such clubs as Pakistan Army or Pakistan Railways (PFF, 2010, unpaged). To a great extent, they are just mere departments of these organizations. In fact, in the majority of European countries departmental clubs either ceased to exist or turned into private organizations. The thing is that a football club cannot and should not rely on external financing in order to develop infrastructure as this organization will not be able to make any progress.

Apart from that, one should not forget about the Pakistan National Football Teams. It is of the crucial importance that this team is able to play against the best national sides in Asia, South America, and Europe. Certainly, in order to organize such a match, PFF would have to make considerable expenses because it will be necessary to pay a substantial fee to the football associations of such countries as Brazil, Italy, Germany, or Spain. However, friendly matches against such rivals would definitely attract attention to this sport and make football more popular in the country. In the long term, such strategy may increase attendance at Pakistani stadiums.

However, none of these strategies would be of any avail, unless the PFF attempts to improve the quality of training in the country. The most critical challenge, faced by PFF is that many of its players and coaches cannot meet the international standards of performance because they have never had a chance to play at this level. This is why PFF should enable local players and managers to learn training techniques and methods, used in Europe or South America. The long-term goal of these strategies is to transform football in Pakistan into a trademark that would look attractive to both domestic and foreign sponsors.

The commercial success of football in Pakistan is utterly impossible without proper PR campaign. Pakistan Football Federation needs to create a new image of this sport in the country. First of all, they should address Pakistani football fans via print media, television and Internet (Theaker, 2004). The main message should convince people that the new structure of Pakistani Premier League will lead to a genuine qualitative breakthrough. It may also be prudent to film a TV commercial, showing that football in Pakistan has already passed through the period of stagnation.

In this case, we can single out various stakeholders that can boost commercial activities of Pakistan Football Federation. The first group of stakeholders includes football fans and those people who are interested in several sports, for instance, cricket and grass hockey. These stakeholders should be contracted through television, radio, and newspapers (Beech & Chadwick, 2006), The Marketing of Sport Prentice Hall). As it has been noted before, they must be convinced that Premier Football League has been changed in terms of quantity and quality. The second group of stakeholders is various businesses. They may be willing to advertise their products and services on billboards, located near stadiums or within the stadiums. Furthermore, they can sign sponsorship contracts with some of the teams. Pakistan Football Federation should send official letters to them that would explain the benefits of investing into this sport.

The third group of stakeholders includes international corporations. Many of them want to enter Pakistani markets, and they may be willing to film commercials with Pakistani football players. One of the most common examples is Coca Cola. It has to be admitted that in the majority of cases, they hire only internationally-known football players, who have already made considerable achievements in this sport. Nonetheless, very often, they use the services of local football stars who are known only within a certain country. These examples illustrate how PFF should communicate with various stakeholders and how these stakeholders can raise the profitability of Pakistan Football Federation.

In addition to that, Pakistan Football Federation should make everything to keep people’s interest in this sport. They need to broadcast the best goals, scored during each of the rounds (Desbordes, 2007, 188). One of the underlying causes of poor commercial performance of PFF is the inability to advertise Pakistani football. The most surprising thing is that many people in the country are actually unaware of the fact that there are some quality Pakistani players, who can really turn football into a spectacle. As a result, they tend to underestimate the entire Pakistani football. This is the reason why broadcasting of the best goals is so important for the needs of PFF. More importantly, it is vital that people are made more aware about the matches of Pakistan Premier League. They must know about the date of these fixtures and the locations where they will be held. It is also of the crucial importance that tickets are made affordable and accessible to football fans. They should be distributed through various sales outlets, and while setting the price, PFF should take into account the purchasing power of Pakistani people and their sports preferences. In other words, they need to know exactly how much people are ready to pay for the ticket and what they expect from this purchase.

The similar principle should be applied to the games of Pakistan National Football Team. People throughout the country should be made aware of the successes of this team, their best players and best matches. Their matches should attract the widest target audience. Football fans from every region of the country must have an opportunity to attend their matches. It is vital that these fixtures are advertised via television, radio, Internet, print, and billboards (Kitchens, 1997). Each of these communication channels has to be used in order to attract attention of the vast target audience. Again, we have to emphasize an idea that each of these strategies can bring improvements into commercial activities of PFF, only there will be a genuine breakthrough in the quality of Pakistani football. Without it football fans, who set very high standards for clubs and national team, will be disappointed by this discrepancy between what that they want to see and what Pakistani football can offer them. Therefore, the most important strategic objective of PFF is to raise the quality of players, otherwise numerous PR campaigns will be of little or no avail.

Overall, judging from this discussion we can single out several obstacles that hinder commercial development of Pakistan Football Federation: 1) low levels of awareness and interest toward football in the country; 2) financial dependence of the majority of football clubs; 3) inappropriate structure of the Pakistani Premier League; 4) inability to advertise football as a product; 5) lack of professional players. These findings indicate that only a complex set of measures can enable to PFF to fulfill its commercial potential. At this point, it is possible for us to single out the following strategies that can help to remove these barriers: 1) to open football schools that would raise professional football players; 2) to reduce the number of teams, participating in the first division as this can raise competitiveness in the league; 3) to increase people’s awareness of football in the country; 5) to better advertise Pakistani football, for example, by broadcasting the best goals of the round or of the season. These policies need to be implemented by Pakistan Football Federation. Finally, one should take it into account that they can yield results only in the long term, approximately ten or fifteen years, and these are the most favorable estimations.

Beech, J. & Chadwick, S. (2006), The Marketing of Sport. NY: Prentice Hall.

Deady K. (2001) Pakistan. NY: Capstone Press.

Desbordes. M. 2007. Marketing and football: an international perspective . Oxford. Butterworth-Heinemann.

FootballPakistan.Com. (2010) The Only Voice of Pakistani Football. Web.

Kitchen, P. J. (1997) Public Relations: Principles and Practice, London: International Thompson Business Press.

Pakistan Football Federation. (2010) The Official Website. Web.

Stewart B. 2006. Sport funding and finance. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Theaker, A. (2004), Public Relations Handbook. NY: Routledge Limited

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IvyPanda. (2021, March 19). Sports Organisation in Pakistan. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sports-organisation-in-pakistan/

"Sports Organisation in Pakistan." IvyPanda , 19 Mar. 2021, ivypanda.com/essays/sports-organisation-in-pakistan/.

IvyPanda . (2021) 'Sports Organisation in Pakistan'. 19 March.

IvyPanda . 2021. "Sports Organisation in Pakistan." March 19, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sports-organisation-in-pakistan/.

1. IvyPanda . "Sports Organisation in Pakistan." March 19, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sports-organisation-in-pakistan/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Sports Organisation in Pakistan." March 19, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sports-organisation-in-pakistan/.

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Essay on Pakistan: A Brief History and Overview

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• July 22, 2023
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“There is no power on earth that can undo Pakistan.” (Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah)

Introduction

Pakistan got its independence on 14 th August 1947. The country’s main purpose was to live life freely as Muslims. Pakistan is located in the south of Asia. It is in the south of the Arabian Sea. It has 4 neighboring countries. Pakistan is in 33 rd rank among other countries based on area.

It is also known to be the third largest country in Asia based on land area. Pakistan’s border in the east is with India, which has a border of 3,323 kilometers; Pakistan’s border with Afghanistan is in the northwest it has a border of 2,640 kilometers; Pakistan’s border with Iran is in the west it has a border of 909 kilometers whereas Pakistan border with China is 523 kilometers long and is located in the northeast.

Pakistan Army is ranked as the 6 th strongest army among the 145 countries. Pakistan has the world’s second-highest mountain K2, with the third highest, Tirch Mir, and the three highest mountain ranges, i.e., Hindukush, Karakoram & Himalayas. Pakistan also has the world’s deepest sea port in Gwadar. Pakistan’s Edhi Foundation is the world’s largest ambulance service provider.

Sialkot (a city in Pakistan) produces half of the world’s balls, which resulted in Pakistan becoming the world’s largest hand-sewed football; these footballs are also used in FIFA World Cups. Tarbela Dam is the world’s largest earth-filled dam. Pakistan is the only Muslim country that has nuclear power. 

The world’s fourth-largest irrigation system is also in Pakistan. Out of 100% population, 96.2 percent of Muslims in Pakistan, 1.6% Hindus, Christians 1.59%, etc. Cholistan, Thar, and Thal are some of the famous desserts in Pakistan. 

Before writing essay on Pakistan , lets disucss its history first. Muslims of the subcontinent were not given the proper rights and were harassed for living according to the Islamic way. Pakistan was a dream for Allama Muhammad Iqbal that came true after many sacrifices and struggles of many Muslims.

The major effort and struggle was of Quid e Azam M.A. Jinnah. This effort to get a separate country started when Muslims started facing persecution. The idea of two nation theory was presented that Muslims and Hindus are different nations that can’t live together peacefully.

Quaid e Azam succeeded on 14 Aug 1947 when a new country known as Pakistan was formed. Initially, Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan, but due to the 1971 civil war and political problems, East Pakistan (Bangladesh) proclaimed its independence.

When Pakistan got its independence, it faced several problems, such as unfair boundary distribution, economic problems, the Kashmir dispute, electricity problems, division of financial assets, etc. Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan Quaid e Azam was the first governor-general, and Liaquat Ali Khan was the prime minister. 

Pakistan is one of the lucky countries. It has all four seasons due to the location. Winter is from December to February, spring is from March to May, Summer is from June to September, and retiring monsoon or autumn is from October to November. This season and their time can differ according to the location, as Pakistan has all plains, plateaus, mountains, or hilly areas.

Pakistan has several rivers; the longest is Indus; other rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Kabul. The amazing thing is that the coastal areas are normally dry and hot, whereas the lowland plains are cooler than coastal areas, and the uplands or Himalayas are much cooler than the plain; this means at the same time, all seasons can be seen in Pakistan. 

Region & Demography

Pakistan has a total area of 796,095 square kilometers. Pakistan has a total population of 207.68 million. The capital of Pakistan is Islamabad. Pakistan has 4 provinces, i.e., Punjab, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Sindh. Punjab was given to this province because of Punj (five) and Aab (Water), i.e., land of river. The population of Punjab is 110 million, Balochistan is 12.34 million, Sindh is 47.89 million, and KPK is 35.53 million.

The area of Punjab is a total of 50,362 square kilometers. The area of Balochistan is 347,190 square kilometers. The area of Sindh is 140,914 square kilometers. The area of KPK is 101,741 square kilometers. There are 170 districts in Pakistan. These districts are further divided into tehsil and union councils.

These districts include all the districts in provinces, Azad Kashmir, the capital territory, and Gilgit Baltistan. Pakistan is considered a young nation as the average age is 23.4, and the 104 million population is the age bracket of 25 to 30. 

Language & Culture

The national language of Pakistan is Urdu. More than 60 languages are spoken in different areas of Pakistan. The common language in Punjab is Punjabi, whereas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the language spoken is Pashto, and in Sindh and Balochistan, Sindhi and Balochi, respectively. Hindko, Saraiki, Kashmiri, Gujarati, and other languages are spoken in Pakistan.

The culture of Pakistan is based on Islam, and the main reason for having Pakistan as a separate country is to establish the culture of Islam freely. Several festivals and events are important in Pakistan, such as Eid ul Fitr, Eid ul Adha, Ramadan, etc.

Other minorities can also easily celebrate their festivals, such as Christmas, Easter, Holi, Diwali, etc. Let’s talk about different people in provinces.

Punjab : People in Punjab are mostly warm-hearted and loving. Several tribes, clans, or castes have different cultures and traditions. Their culture and dresses are very bright and mix of colors.  

Balochistan : This province is considered to be barren lands and deserts and mountains, but this culture has a culture that is full of traditions, art, and craft, as well as embroidery females mostly do these things. These people are known for their festivals and tribes.  

Sindh : These people mostly have agricultural lifestyles. These people practice farming and fishing. These people are dominated by Sufis music. 

KPK : The people of KPK are mostly Pathans; they are the most hardworking people and always like to know more about their race; they are obsessed with the race. 

Economy is one of the important thing to discuss in this essay on Pakistan. The major sources of livelihood are agriculture, forestry as well as fishing. Pakistan is ranked in 43 of the major economies. Inflation will be approximately 19.87% in 2022. Around one-half of the laborers are doing these activities.

Several crops are the basis of a good economy, such as cotton, tobacco, pulses, chickpeas, sugarcane, wheat, rice, etc. Pakistan doesn’t have many minerals and energy resources. One-eighth of the labor is engaged in the manufacturing of products. The main imports of the nation are petroleum products, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers, etc., whereas the major exports are cotton, ready-made garments, dried fish, rice, leather goods, etc. 

Pakistan is one of the countries with great potential for providing education. Education is one of the most important factors in Pakistan. Although education is not up to the mark, many improvements are still being made, and many schools, colleges, and universities are being established.

HEC (Higher Education Commission) is the biggest institute in Pakistan responsible for overseeing, regulating, and accrediting the higher education efforts in Pakistan. The level of education depends on the financial resources and the commitment level of the government; in Pakistan, the resources are limited, and that’s why there are fewer teachers and education-providing facilities. There are a total of 218 universities in Pakistan. 

National Symbols 

The national symbols of Pakistan are

• Markhor (National Animal)
• Chukar (National Bird) 
• Deodar (National Tree)
• Jasmine (National Flower) 
• Allama Muhammad Iqbal (National Poet)
• Quaid e Azam (National Hero) 
• Shalwar Qameez (National Dress)
• Hockey (National Sports) 
• Indus River (National River)
• Okra (National Vegetable)
• Dolphin (National Aquatic Animal)
• Mango (National Fruit)

To conclude essay on Pakistan I would say that Pakistan has faced several challenges since its independence. But on the other hand, Pakistan is rich in culture and has a young population. This population can help Pakistan to become more economically stable and help Pakistan to prosper. This country had been faced several challenges, such as poverty, terrorism, and political instability, and done major improvements in many scenarios.

Pakistan’s strength is its location and size; this country also benefits from foreign aid and receives donations from IMF, World Bank, and the USA, which means that Pakistan has some good international relations. The major weakness of Pakistan is that people lack knowledge in different fields to become a more modernized society. Pakistan also lacks an efficient education system.

There is improper governance, a lack of an efficient education system, and health care problems that can lead to future difficulties for Pakistan . As Pakistan has faced many challenges in history, it can also face any other challenge with faith and strength. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

• How many times has martial law been applied in Pakistan? 

In total 4 martial laws have been applied 

First: 7th October 1958 (Iskandar Mirza)

Second: 25th March 1969 (Yahya Khan)

Third: 25th July 1997 (Zia ul Haq)

Fourth: 12th October 1999 (Pervaiz Musharraf) 

• Who was the first president of Pakistan?

The first president was Major General Iskandar Mirza; he was elected on 5th March 1956. 

• Who was the first Chief of Army Staff in Pakistan?

The first COAS of Pakistan was Lt. General Tikka Khan, appointed on 20th March 1972. 

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Why is 70% of world football made in pakistan a detailed case study.

Football has a massive fanbase across the world. The global and most prestigious tournament of football, FIFA World Cup has umpteen audiences from every nation, irrespective of the teams playing in the event. But has anyone ever wondered where these balls of the renowned sport are manufactured? 

The footballs are manufactured in the city of Sialkot of Pakistan. Sialkot is now a major manufacturer of football. The ball of the popular sport was earlier manufactured in India. Football was among the largest exported commodities of India until 2011 when footballs were hand-stitched. Traditionally, footballs were manufactured by stitching. However, Pakistan started manufacturing stitch-less balls.

Football manufactured in Pakistan

The footballs manufactured in Pakistan were stitch-less. The balls were made by sticking them together using heat. These balls are sturdy and bring out the shape of the ball even better. This new manufacturing technique of sticking the ball together using heat was fruitful for Pakistan. The Islamic nation got numerous contracts for the FIFA World Cups in 2014 and 2018. The football manufacturing business in Sialkot thrived. In Sialkot, Pakistan, approximately 70% of the world’s footballs are manufactured now. 

The procedure of manufacturing the footballs in Sialkot

The manufacturing process starts with a machine preparing sheets out of hot rubber. Then they cut them into round shapes, which outline the bladder or the inner lining of the football. These bladders are inflated and kept for a few minutes for hardening the rubber. Workers cut the patches for the balls to their external shapes. Leather was used earlier to make the outer surface, since it soaks up water, the factories now make use of synthetic material. Each ball is made up of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons, all are put together in different ways. The training and lower-end balls are made by machine stitching and the higher-end balls are made by a thermo-bonding mechanism. No stitches are used, the whole part is molded using advanced technology.

Footballs in Qatar FIFA World Cup 2022

In Qatar FIFA World Cup 2022, the Pakistan football team is not participating, but the country has made its presence at the global event in a unique way. The footballs being used at the global tournament have been manufactured in Pakistan by the renowned sports goods firm, Adidas. The name of this football is Al Rihla which means ‘The Journey’ in Arabic. The football goes by the name of Adidas but, has been manufactured in Pakistan.

The core of the ball provides consistency for fast-paced action with maximum rebound accuracy. The best footballs should rebound around 60 percent. That means if the ball is dropped from a height of around 1 meter above the ground, it should rebound up to 60 centimeters. The rebound should not be more, but should not be less either. Al Rihla balls fulfill these parameters. The crust of the ball has a new 20-piece panel shape. This crust or exterior improves accuracy, flight stability, and swerving.

A peek in the History

There is an amusing tale about how the football manufacturing industry started in Pakistan. The story dates back to the times of the British colonialism. The British soldiers and officers loved to play football. However, they had to place their orders to British manufacturers to supply them with footballs. These balls took days to arrive by ship.

One day a British officer asked a Sialkot-based saddle maker, who used to make saddles for his horses, to repair his saddle. When the saddle-maker did a great job, the officer felt that perhaps he could make footballs too. Then the officer placed an order for a dozen footballs. This is how the football manufacturing industry began and then prospered throughout the world. Pakistan-manufactured footballs ultimately met the strict FIFA standards.

FIFA football upgradation in 1982

Pakistan-manufactured footballs for the 1982 World Cup were an upgraded version of the Adidas Tango Ball. Adidas Tango Ball was initially presented for the 1978 FIFA Football World Cup. The 1982 World Cup ball was an upgraded version of the leather ball, with rubber inlaid over the seams for the first time to prevent water from leaking in. As a result, it was the first ever World Cup to be played with water-resistant balls.

 This was necessary since the ball would get heavier owing to water seepage through the seams. However, the rubber used to prevent water entrance would wear out by normal kicking and needed to be changed throughout the game. It was the last genuine leather World Cup football. 

Read more | FIFA World Cup Songs and Anthems From 1990 to 2022

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Today's Paper | April 24, 2024

Football serves a higher purpose in lyari.

KARACHI: In the heart of one of Pakistan's most dangerous neighbourhoods in the teeming city of Karachi, football pitches are keeping vulnerable teenagers from joining abundant gangs, kidnappers and extortion rackets.

Dozens of hard-scrabble football clubs give youngsters with few chances for education or work the opportunity to get off the streets and even dream of getting a nod to join a national team or a semi-professional club.

“There is so much talent in Lyari. It can be a great way of keeping these kids away from drugs and street crime especially if they are well paid and rewarded,” said Yaqoob Baloch, a football coach at one of the clubs.

Pakistan, a strategic US ally, spends less than 2 percent of its gross domestic product on education which translates into a lack of skills needed to find work for much of the young population of the country of nearly 180 million.

Pakistan's police and security forces also lack funds, making it easy for criminals to thrive in Lyari, a densely populated area in Karachi with dilapidated buildings, potholed streets and raw sewage.

More than 1,600 people were killed in Karachi last year in either political and sectarian violence or by drug dealers, mafia hitmen and extortionists, marking the worst bloodshed since the army was called in to ease street battles in the 1990s.

But football has proven to be a way out of the chaos for some.

“Because of my focus on football, my mind has never wandered off to other things like drugs or violence,” said Muneer Aftab, 15, who led Pakistan to victory in the under-16 South Asian Football Federation Championships in 2011, defeating arch-rival India.

“Playing football runs in my blood. I just want to play forever.”

But for people like Aftab, there is only limited time to practice and usually only after being worn down by the daily grind in the sprawling city of 18 million on the Arabian Sea.

He wakes up at the crack of dawn to play football, goes to school during the day and helps his father who drives a rickshaw along Karachi's chaotic streets, and goes back to the football pitch at night.

“I know I am chasing my dream. But it's not easy,” said Aftab, well-built, and shy.

Lyari is a little Brazil

Football is a big hit in Lyari, no small feat because cricket is by far the most popular sport in Pakistan. There are 98 registered football clubs, 11 football grounds and two stadiums in Lyari, home to over 600,000 people.

If a player gets recognised in Lyari, not only the national team comes into sight, but also the chance to play for teams sponsored by corporations and banks that pay players a monthly salary.

The National Bank of Pakistan, for instance, gives Aftab 10,000 rupees ($111) a month to play in the semi-professional league.

During the last football World Cup, violence dropped sharply in Lyari, as is the case every four years. Residents gathered in the evening to watch matches on projector screens, a welcome change in a place where nightime usually means gang warfare and abductions.

Ahmed Jan, a local coach and stadium manager, said Karachi's exposure to the sport began in the late 1950s.

Ships from Europe docked at the port. Sailors interacted with boys who worked as labourers and introduced them to football and kicked a few balls around.

The youngsters were so passionate about the game, they played barefoot and the cheap form of play spread, transcending ethnic, political and sectarian lines that brutally divide Karachi.

Still, Jan worries that without government support, the chance to get more youngsters off paths to violence remains slim.

“Most of the children's dreams get crushed. And they look towards other means of survival which a lot of the time includes picking up a gun,” said Jan.

In Karachi, youngsters who are disillusioned with the state also join militant groups like the Taliban and al Qaeda, who persuade them that holy war against the government and its Western backers is the solution to their problems.

Abdul Aziz, 24, also used football to improve his plight. He made it to Pakistan's national team but is pessimistic about the chances of others.

“In Pakistan there is no platform, there is no money for a secure future. And no support from the government for football,” he said.

Still, despite a lack of brand name shoes and flash jerseys, football still serves a higher purpose Pakistan, creating equality that comes as a welcome respite from fear of being targeted.

“The kids who come and play at this ground don't care which sect you belong to, what your background is,” said Jan.

“They all bond for the love of football.”

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Urdu Sports Vocabulary: 8 Popular Sports In Pakistan

• , July 22, 2022

Sports play a vital role in the mental development and physical fitness of a person. In this article, we are going to pay attention to Urdu Sports Vocabulary and Popular sports in Pakistan. Pakistanis love sport and the country has gone from strength to strength in many sporting areas since they gained independence from England.

Myself And Sports

I have been a quite sporty person since my childhood. I used to take part in lots of common sports like cricket, basketball, and football.

Pakistan has an immense number of sports that are played on a national level as well as on the international level. But people are less aware of a lot of them. The reason for less exposure to sports is that parents mostly do not let their children participate because for them sports overtake studies.

The same was the case with me. My parents wanted me to pay total attention to my studies. They never stopped me from playing but they always told me it was my second priority.  

Sports are part of my life and will always be till the end. It is not necessary to play it internationally; it can be a part-time commitment as well.

8 Popular Sports In Pakistan

Cricket: کرکٹ.

Cricket is considered the most popular sport in Pakistan. The business of cricket thrives in Pakistan. Although it is not the national game, it has gained immense popularity in the country. Pakistan has a national team as well as an international cricket team.

Pakistan has won lots of international events in cricket like the 1992 cricket world cup, the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy, and a lot more.

Imran Khan, Shahid Afridi, Wasim Akram, Muhammad Yosuf, etc are the stars of the Pakistan cricket team.

Hockey: ہاکی

Hockey is the national sport of Pakistan. It is also one of the most popular sports in the country. There are men’s as well as women’s national and international teams. The Pakistan hockey federation governs the sport.

The Pakistan hockey team has won three gold medals in the Olympic games and they are always ranked near the top of the international standings.

Squash: اسکواش کھیل

Pakistani players have won several world squash championships. Jhangir Khan and Jansher Khan are legendary Pakistani players. The Pakistan Squash Federation is the national institute of squash.

The Pakistan open tournament is the event that is held in Pakistan and on which every province makes their players ready for the matches.

The squash team of Pakistan has also contributed to various international events and raised the flag of Pakistan for many years. Hashim Khan, Mobillah Khan, and a female Squash player Carla Khan, who has won numerous women’s championships, are the most successful players in Squash.

Polo is known as the Mughal style as it originated in the Mughal period. There are lots of large annual competitions held within the country. Shandur Polo tournament is held every June and is played on the world’s highest polo ground.

Polo is played with the Nukra Horse which is the national horse of Pakistan.

Raja Samiullah, Hissam Ali Haider, and Raja Bangash are some of the notable players.

Table Tennis: ٹیبل ٹینس

Pakistan’s Table tennis federation is the organization responsible for table tennis events within the country. Although people in the country have not given it much importance, table tennis is now gaining popularity in the nation.

Farjab Saif has participated in the Olympics and also in Seoul Games and was ranked 25th in the Olympics. He has set a world record and become the only player who has won 7 times in a row. 

Tennis: ٹینس

Tennis is also a popular sport in Pakistan. The Pakistan tennis federation is the governing body. Khawaja Saeed Hai was the first tennis player who represented Pakistan internationally at the grand slam tournament at Wimbledon.

Haroon Rahim is another successful player in tennis for Pakistan. He won several ATP tournaments. Aisam-ul-Haq is the newest star in this field.

Badminton: بیڈمنٹن کھیل

Badminton is an important sport as well as a popular sport in Pakistan. An organization formed in 1953 named the Pakistan Badminton federation organizes many badminton events. Toqeer Shah, a popular player in Pakistan, won a gold medal at the Punjab level.

Irshad Ahmad and Elsie Hunt etc are important Badminton Players who have made it to the top for the nation’s standings.

Mahnoor Shehzad is the only player who has earned Olympic Badminton Qualification for Pakistan in the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics.

Snooker: سنوکر/ایک کھیل

The snooker federation organizes this popular sport in Pakistan. It was established in 1958. It is a famous sport in Pakistan. Snooker is known as Aik Kheil (ایک کھیل) in Urdu.

Muhammad Asif, Ahsan Ramzan, and Muhammad Yousuf have bought many titles home in snooker not only at the National level but also internationally.

Urdu sports vocabulary

Now that you have gained enough information about the popular sports in Pakistan, let’s broaden your language learning journey by helping you learn the most common Urdu words about sports.

Types of Sports in Urdu

Here is a list of different types of sports in Pakistan that you should definitely know about, so let’s get started!

Let’s now look at some common words for air sports in Urdu!

Athletic Sports

Finally, you should know about these athletic sports

These were some of the popular sports in Pakistan. In the concluding paragraph, we are going to discuss some amazing Pakistani players who have raised the reputation of Pakistan in the whole world.

• Malik Ata Muhammad Khan is best known for his successful attempts in promoting bull races and tent pegging.
• Amir Khan is a boxer who has done a commendable job in his field and won several world championships.
• Shahzad Mirza is a successful national-level shooter in Pakistan.

Wrapping Up

Urdu is a language that is spoken not only in Pakistan and India but also in Canada and many other places because the People from India and Pakistan are moving abroad in increasing numbers for higher education and work purposes etc. Considering these points, it becomes especially necessary to learn the language so that you can communicate well with other Urdu-speaking people.

The issue is that there are not many websites and apps teaching Urdu in English.

This is the reason why Ling App came up with this one solution for all the people who would like to learn Urdu. Enjoy the remarkable perks of learning on the Ling App.

Also, check out Common Urdu Daily Life Vocabulary and Flavors in Urdu . Download the Ling App from the  Google Playstore  and  App Store and start Learning Urdu now ! You can do it!

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Essay On Football for Students and Children

500+ words essay on football.

Essay On Football- Football is a game that millions of people around the world play and love. It can be called a universal game because every small and big nation plays it.

Moreover, it’s a great relaxer, stress reliever, teacher of discipline and teamwork . Apart from that, it keeps the body and mind fit and healthy. It’s a team game that makes it a more enjoyable game as it teaches people the importance of sportsmanship. Leadership, and unity .

History of Football

The history of football can be traced back to the ancient times of the Greeks. Everyone knows that the Greeks were great sportsmen and have invented many games.

Football happens to one of them. A similar game like football is played in many countries but the latest version of football that we knew originates in England. Likewise, England formulated the first rule of the game. From that day onwards the football has progressed in ways we can’t imagine.

Importance of Football

Football is an important game from the point of view of the spectator as well as the player. This 90 minutes game is full of excitement and thrill.

Moreover, it keeps the player mentally and physically healthy, and disciplined. And this ninety-minute game tests their sportsmanship, patience, and tolerance.

Besides, all this you make new friends and develop your talent. Above all, it’s a global game that promotes peace among countries.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

How to Learn Football

Learning any game is not an easy task. It requires dedication and hard work. Besides, all this the sport test your patience and insistence towards it. Moreover, with every new skill that you learn your game also improves. Above all, learning is a never-ending process so to learn football you have to be paying attention to every minute details that you forget to count or missed.

Football in India

If we look at the scenarios of a few years back then we can say that football was not a popular game in except West Bengal. Also, Indians do not take much interest in playing football. Likewise, the All India Football Federation (AIFF) has some limited resources and limited support from the government.

But, now the scenario has completely changed. At this time football matches the level of cricket in the country. Apart from that, the country organizes various football tournaments every year.

Above all, due to the unpopularity of football people do not know that we have under-17 and under-23, as well as a football team.

Football Tournaments

The biggest tournament of Football is the FIFA world cup which occurs every 4 years. Apart from that, there are various other tournaments like UEFA cup, Asian Cup (AFC), African completions (CAF) and many more.

To conclude, we can say that football is very interesting that with every minute takes the viewer’s breath away. Besides, you can’t predict what’s going to happen the next second or minute in football. Apart from all this football keeps the one playing it fit and healthy. Above all, it can be a medium of spreading the message of peace in the world as it is a global game.

{ “@context”: “https://schema.org”, “@type”: “FAQPage”, “mainEntity”: [{ “@type”: “Question”, “name”: “What are soccer and rugby?”, “acceptedAnswer”: { “@type”: “Answer”, “text”: “Soccer is another name of the world-famous game Football. While on the other hand, rugby is an American version of Football in which they carry the rugby ball in their hands.” } }, { “@type”: “Question”, “name”: “Is football a dangerous or safe game?”, “acceptedAnswer”: { “@type”: “Answer”, “text”:”For school students and youngsters it’s a much safer game as compared to professionals. Because professionals can suffer from injuries and can cost them their careers. But overall football is a dangerous game.”} }] }

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Why I Love Pakistan Essay | 400 & 500 Words

by Pakiology | Apr 21, 2024 | Essay , English | 2 comments

400 Words Essay on Why I Love Pakistan With Quotation

Pakistan is a country full of diversity and richness in culture, history, and natural beauty. From the towering peaks of the Karakoram range to the fertile plains of Punjab, Pakistan has a rich tapestry of landscapes and wonders to discover. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why we love Pakistan and why it is an incredibly special and unique country.

A Rich Cultural Heritage

Pakistan has a rich cultural heritage that is steeped in tradition and history. With a rich history dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization, Pakistan has been a hub of cultural exchange and trade for thousands of years. From the famous Mughal era monuments, such as the Lahore Fort and the Badshahi Mosque, to the vibrant traditional festivals such as the truck art and mango festival, Pakistan’s cultural heritage is rich and diverse.

Natural Beauty and Adventure

Pakistan is also home to some of the most breathtaking natural wonders in the world. From the towering peaks of the Karakoram range to the lush green valleys of Hunza, Pakistan’s natural beauty is truly awe-inspiring. Whether you are a seasoned mountaineer or just someone looking for a peaceful stroll in nature, Pakistan has something for everyone. Additionally, the country is also home to some of the world’s most challenging and exciting adventure sports, such as white-water rafting and trekking.

Hospitality and Generosity

The people of Pakistan are well known for their hospitality and generosity. Whether you are a visitor to the country or a local resident, you are sure to be welcomed with open arms and treated like royalty. The warmth and kindness of the people is one of the many reasons why we love Pakistan and it is a testament to the rich cultural heritage of the country.

A Land of Opportunity

Pakistan is a land of opportunity, with a young and growing population, a vibrant and expanding economy, and a rich cultural heritage. Whether you are an entrepreneur looking to start a new business, a student looking to further your education, or a tourist looking to explore the country’s many wonders, Pakistan has something for everyone.

In conclusion, Pakistan is a country full of diversity, richness, and beauty. From its rich cultural heritage to its stunning natural wonders, Pakistan has something for everyone. The warmth and hospitality of the people, combined with a land of opportunity, make Pakistan an incredibly special and unique country that we love and cherish.

500 Words Essay on Why I Love Pakistan

Pakistan is a country that is dear to my heart for many reasons. As a Pakistani, I am proud of my heritage and the rich culture and history of the country. I am inspired by the resilience and determination of its people, who have faced many challenges and obstacles but have always remained strong and united.

One of the things that I love about Pakistan is its natural beauty. From the towering mountains in the north to the beautiful beaches in the south, the country is blessed with a diverse and stunning landscape. The northern regions, with their snow-capped peaks and crystal-clear lakes, are particularly breathtaking. I have had the opportunity to visit many of these places, and they never fail to take my breath away.

I am also proud of Pakistan’s achievements in various fields. Despite facing many challenges, the country has made significant progress in areas such as science and technology, education, and sports. Pakistani scientists and engineers have made important contributions to the field of science and technology, and the country has a growing number of world-class educational institutions. In sports, Pakistani athletes have brought home many medals and accolades at international competitions. The success of Pakistani scientists, athletes, and scholars is a source of inspiration for me and for many other young people in the country.

The people of Pakistan are another reason why I love the country. They are hardworking, hospitable, and generous. I have had the privilege of meeting and interacting with many wonderful people from different parts of the country, and I am always struck by their kindness and warmth. Whether I am visiting a rural village or a bustling city, I am always welcomed with open arms and treated like a member of the family.

There are many other aspects of Pakistan that I love and admire. For example, I am proud of the country’s rich and diverse cultural heritage. Pakistan is home to a wide range of ethnic and linguistic groups, each with its own unique customs and traditions. This diversity adds to the richness and vibrancy of Pakistani culture, and it is something that I cherish and celebrate.

I also love the religious and spiritual diversity of Pakistan. The country is home to people of many different faiths, including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and others. This religious diversity is a source of strength and harmony, and it is something that I value and respect.

Pakistan is also a country with a rich culinary tradition. From the spicy curries of Punjab to the savory kebabs of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistani cuisine is diverse, delicious, and full of flavor. I love trying new dishes and experiencing the diverse culinary traditions of the country.

Pakistan is a country that I love and cherish for many reasons. Its culture, beauty, achievements, and people are all sources of pride and inspiration for me. I am grateful to be a Pakistani, and I am confident that the country will continue to grow and thrive in the years ahead.

In conclusion, I love Pakistan for its culture, beauty, achievements, and people. It is my home, and I am proud to be a Pakistani. Despite the challenges and difficulties that the country faces, I am confident that its people will continue to overcome them and build a better future for themselves and for future generations.

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فٹ بال پر ایک مضمون | My Favourite Game Football Essay in Urdu

Back to: Urdu Essays List 2

یورپ کے ملکوں میں فٹبال کھیلنے کا بہت رواج ہے۔انگلستان والے تو اسے قومی کھیل کا درجہ دیتے ہیں۔اب ہندوستان میں بھی یہ کھیل مقبول ہو چکا ہے۔ جگہ جگہ میچ ہوتے ہیں، فوجی بھی اسے بہت پسند کرتے ہیں۔اکثر ٹورنامنٹ ہوتے ہیں اور جیتنے والوں کو ٹرافی اور انعامات دیے جاتے ہیں۔

فٹبال چمڑے کا ہوتا ہے اور اس کے اندر ربڑ کا بلیڈر ڈال دیا جاتا ہے جس میں ہوا بھر کر گرا لگا دی جاتی ہے۔کھیل کا میدان 110 گز لمبا اور 60 گز چوڑا ہوتا ہے۔اس میدان کی حد بندی کے لیے گھاس پر قلعی چھڑک کر خط کھینچے جاتے ہیں۔چوڑائی والے خطوں کے وسط میں دو دو لکڑی کے کمرے نصب ہوتے ہیں۔ ان کھمبوں کی اونچائی 8 فٹ کے قریب اور درمیانی فاصلہ 25 فٹ کے لگ بھگ ہوتا ہے۔دونوں کھمبوں کے سروں کو اوپر سے ایک لکڑی سے ملا دیا جاتا ہے۔اس مستطیل کھڑے ڈھانچے کا نام گول ہوتا ہے۔۔فٹبال کو ٹھکراتے ہوئے مخالف فریق کے گول میں سے گزار دینا کھلاڑیوں کا نصب العین ہوتا ہے۔

فٹبال کے دو فریق ہوتے ہیں اور ہر فریق میں گیارہ کھلاڑی ہوتے ہیں۔گول کے نزدیک ایک طاقتور جوان کھڑا کردیا جاتا ہے جسے گول کا محافظہ یعنی گولچی کہا جاتا ہے۔گولچی سے کچھ دور دو کھلاڑی کھڑے ہوتے ہیں یہ فل بیک کہلاتے ہیں۔ان کے آگے تین ہاف بیک ہوتے ہیں جن کا کام مخالف فریق کی مدافعت اور اپنے فریق کی معاونت ہوتی ہے۔

مرکز کے قریب چوڑائی والے حصوں میں متوازی پانچ پیشرو کھڑے ہوتے ہیں۔ان کا کام فٹبال کو مقابل کے گول کی طرف لے جانا اور گول میں سے گزرنا ہوتا ہے۔مقابل کی ٹیم کے کھلاڑی بھی اسی ترتیب سے میدان کے دوسرے آدھے حصے میں کھڑے ہوتے ہیں۔ان 22 کھلاڑیوں کے علاوہ ایک نگران مصنف ہوتا ہے جسے ریفری کہتے ہیں۔ریفری کا کام میچ شروع کروانا اور کھیل کے قواعد کے مطابق انجام دلوانا ہوتا ہے۔

پچھلے سال ایس-پی کالج سرینگر کے وسیع احاطے میں فٹبال کی مختلف ٹیموں کے درمیان میچ ہوئے۔ہندوستان کی مختلف یونیورسٹیوں کے کھلاڑی ان میں شامل ہوئے۔ہر روز دو ٹیموں کے درمیان مقابلہ ہوتا تھا، آخری یعنی فائنل میچ دہلی اور ممبئی کی ٹیموں میں ہوا۔اس روز تماشائیوں کا بڑا ہجوم تھا، کیا روح پرور فضا تھی، اور کیا خوب رونق تھی۔میدان کے ایک طرف تھوڑی دور کرسیوں کی قطاریں تھیں۔خوش پوش بوڑھے نوجوان اور بچے بیٹھے تھے۔

ہر شخص ہہی چاہتا تھا کہ کھیل شروع ہو۔کوئی جیب سے گھڑی نکال کر دیکھتا تھا، کسی کی بیتاب نگاہیں ریفری پر جمی تھیں، کوئی کھلاڑیوں کی آمد کا منتظر تھا۔آخر خدا خدا کرکے ریفری کی وسل بجی اور دونوں ٹیمیں میدان میں اتر آئیں۔انہوں نے اپنی اپنی جگہ سنبھال لی، کیا شیڈیول تھے،چہروں پر بشاشت ناچ رہی تھی۔ ریفری نے پیسہ اچھال کر قرںہ نکالا۔ قرعہ بمبئی والوں کے حق میں نکلا ان کے دو پیشرو مرکز کے پاس کھڑے ہوگئے۔ریفری کی وسل پر ایک پیشرو نے بال کو آہستہ سے ٹھوکر لگا کر دوسرے کے حوالے کردیا۔کشمکش شروع ہوگئی، تماشائی چونک اٹھے۔

تھوڑی ہی دیر میں کھلاڑیوں میں جوش پیدا ہو گیا وہ تیزی اور ہوشیاری سے کام لینے لگے۔بال کو ایسے انداز سے ادھر ادھر ٹھوکر لگاتے کہ مخالف منہ دیکھتا رہ جاتا۔اس زور سے ٹھکراتے کہ بال ستارہ بننے لگتا۔نیچے آتا تو غضب کے ڈھب سے سر پر لے لیتے اور اپنے ساتھیوں کی طرف اچھال لیتے۔حریف کو جل دینے کے لیے طرح طرح کے کرتب دکھاتے، بال کا تعاقب کرنے میں گولی بن کر تماشائیوں کے رونگٹے کھڑے کر دیتے۔کسی کھلاڑی نے شرائط کی خلاف ورزی کی تو ریفری نے سیٹی بجا کر گیند وہیں رکھوا لیا۔فریق ثانی کو ایک ٹھوکر یاخط کے قریب سے گیند اچھالنے کا حق حاصل ہو گیا۔

یہ تصادم بڑا جوش افزا تھا، گیند کی جان پر بن گئی، تین چار کھلاڑی آپس میں گتھم گتھا ہوئے۔جسم کی لچک اور پھرتی کا پورا پورا مظاہرہ کرنے لگے۔ تماشائی تالیاں بجانے لگے، ایک چھوٹے قد کا تیز رفتار کھلاڑی پاؤں کی دلکش ہیر پھیر سے گوئے سبقت لے گیا۔دیکھتے ہی دیکھتے بال کو دشمن کی چھاؤنی میں لے آیا۔مقابل کے فل بیک ابھی لپکنے ہی والے کہ تھے کہ اس نے بال کو اپنے ایک ساتھی کی طرف لڑھکا دیا۔اس نے گول کی طرف ایک ایسی زناٹے کی ٹھوکر لگائی کے بال سیدھا محافظہ کی تھوڑی میں جالگا۔ گول کیپر نے بال کو ہاتھوں میں تھام کر اور کچھ قدم دوڑ کر ایسی ضرب لگائی کہ تھوڑی کا بدلہ چکا لیا۔اتنے میں رفیری نے سیٹی بجا کر وقفے کا اعلان کردیا۔

پھر سیٹی بجی اور وقفہ ختم ہوا، کھیل شروع ہوگیا، تمام دہلی کے کھلاڑی سامنے سے ہٹ گئے۔صرف گول کیپر ہی گول میں رہ گیا۔ ممبئی کی ٹیم کے پیشرو نے ایسی بے پناہ ٹھوکر لگائی کہ گیند پار نکل گیا۔بمبئی والوں کی جیت ہوئی۔ یہ بے پناہ ٹھوکر دہلی کی ٹیم کو دنڈ تھا۔دہلوی ٹیم کے فل بیک نے گول کے نزدیک غلطی سے گیند کو ہاتھ سے چھو لیا تھا۔

اب دونوں ٹیموں میں نیا جوش پیدا ہوا دونوں فریق جی توڑ کر کھیلنے لگے۔دہلی والوں نے آنآفانا دو گول کر دیے اور اب تھوڑا سا وقت باقی تھا ممبئی والوں نے بے حد کوشش کی کہ کم از کم ایک گول کرلیں تو عزت رہ جائے لیکن آخر میدان دہلی والوں کے ہاتھ رہا۔ریفری نے وسل کر دی اور ممبئی والوں کی آخری امید پر اوس پڑ گئی۔ میچ بند ہوا،ہپ ہپ ہرے کے نعرے لگنے لگے، دنوں ٹیموں کے سالاروں نے ہاتھ ملائے۔ بمبئی کی ٹیم کے کپتان نے بلا افسوس اپنی شکست تسلیم کرلی اور مخالف حریف کو مبارکباد کہی۔اس طرح ایک پرجوش میچ کا خاتمہ ہوا۔

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Guest Essay

The Troubling Trend in Teenage Sex

By Peggy Orenstein

Ms. Orenstein is the author of “Boys & Sex: Young Men on Hookups, Love, Porn, Consent and Navigating the New Masculinity” and “Girls & Sex: Navigating the Complicated New Landscape.”

Debby Herbenick is one of the foremost researchers on American sexual behavior. The director of the Center for Sexual Health Promotion at Indiana University and the author of the pointedly titled book “Yes, Your Kid,” she usually shares her data, no matter how explicit, without judgment. So I was surprised by how concerned she seemed when we checked in on Zoom recently: “I haven’t often felt so strongly about getting research out there,” she told me. “But this is lifesaving.”

For the past four years, Dr. Herbenick has been tracking the rapid rise of “rough sex” among college students, particularly sexual strangulation, or what is colloquially referred to as choking. Nearly two-thirds of women in her most recent campus-representative survey of 5,000 students at an anonymized “major Midwestern university” said a partner had choked them during sex (one-third in their most recent encounter). The rate of those women who said they were between the ages 12 and 17 the first time that happened had shot up to 40 percent from one in four.

As someone who’s been writing for well over a decade about young people’s attitudes and early experience with sex in all its forms, I’d also begun clocking this phenomenon. I was initially startled in early 2020 when, during a post-talk Q. and A. at an independent high school, a 16-year-old girl asked, “How come boys all want to choke you?” In a different class, a 15-year-old boy wanted to know, “Why do girls all want to be choked?” They do? Not long after, a college sophomore (and longtime interview subject) contacted me after her roommate came home in tears because a hookup partner, without warning, had put both hands on her throat and squeezed.

I started to ask more, and the stories piled up. Another sophomore confided that she enjoyed being choked by her boyfriend, though it was important for a partner to be “properly educated” — pressing on the sides of the neck, for example, rather than the trachea. (Note: There is no safe way to strangle someone.) A male freshman said “girls expected” to be choked and, even though he didn’t want to do it, refusing would make him seem like a “simp.” And a senior in high school was angry that her friends called her “vanilla” when she complained that her boyfriend had choked her.

Sexual strangulation, nearly always of women in heterosexual pornography, has long been a staple on free sites, those default sources of sex ed for teens . As with anything else, repeat exposure can render the once appalling appealing. It’s not uncommon for behaviors to be normalized in porn, move within a few years to mainstream media, then, in what may become a feedback loop, be adopted in the bedroom or the dorm room.

Choking, Dr. Herbenick said, seems to have made that first leap in a 2008 episode of Showtime’s “Californication,” where it was still depicted as outré, then accelerated after the success of “Fifty Shades of Grey.” By 2019, when a high school girl was choked in the pilot of HBO’s “Euphoria,” it was standard fare. A young woman was choked in the opener of “The Idol” (again on HBO and also, like “Euphoria,” created by Sam Levinson; what’s with him ?). Ali Wong plays the proclivity for laughs in a Netflix special, and it’s a punchline in Tina Fey’s new “Mean Girls.” The chorus of Jack Harlow’s “Lovin On Me,” which topped Billboard’s Hot 100 chart for six nonconsecutive weeks this winter and has been viewed over 99 million times on YouTube, starts with, “I’m vanilla, baby, I’ll choke you, but I ain’t no killer, baby.” How-to articles abound on the internet, and social media algorithms feed young people (but typically not their unsuspecting parents) hundreds of #chokemedaddy memes along with memes that mock — even celebrate — the potential for hurting or killing female partners.

I’m not here to kink-shame (or anything-shame). And, anyway, many experienced BDSM practitioners discourage choking, believing it to be too dangerous. There are still relatively few studies on the subject, and most have been done by Dr. Herbenick and her colleagues. Reports among adolescents are now trickling out from the United Kingdom , Australia , Iceland , New Zealand and Italy .

Twenty years ago, sexual asphyxiation appears to have been unusual among any demographic, let alone young people who were new to sex and iffy at communication. That’s changed radically in a short time, with health consequences that parents, educators, medical professionals, sexual consent advocates and teens themselves urgently need to understand.

Sexual trends can spread quickly on campus and, to an extent, in every direction. But, at least among straight kids, I’ve sometimes noticed a pattern: Those that involve basic physical gratification — like receiving oral sex in hookups — tend to favor men. Those that might entail pain or submission, like choking, are generally more for women.

So, while undergrads of all genders and sexualities in Dr. Herbenick’s surveys report both choking and being choked, straight and bisexual young women are far more likely to have been the subjects of the behavior; the gap widens with greater occurrences. (In a separate study , Dr. Herbenick and her colleagues found the behavior repeated across the United States, particularly for adults under 40, and not just among college students.) Alcohol may well be involved, and while the act is often engaged in with a steady partner, a quarter of young women said partners they’d had sex with on the day they’d met also choked them.

Either way, most say that their partners never or only sometimes asked before grabbing their necks. For many, there had been moments when they couldn’t breathe or speak, compromising the ability to withdraw consent, if they’d given it. No wonder that, in a separate study by Dr. Herbenick, choking was among the most frequently listed sex acts young women said had scared them, reporting that it sometimes made them worry whether they’d survive.

Among girls and women I’ve spoken with, many did not want or like to be sexually strangled, though in an otherwise desired encounter they didn’t name it as assault . Still, a sizable number were enthusiastic; they requested it. It is exciting to feel so vulnerable, a college junior explained. The power dynamic turns her on; oxygen deprivation to the brain can trigger euphoria.

That same young woman, incidentally, had never climaxed with a partner: While the prevalence of choking has skyrocketed, rates of orgasm among young women have not increased, nor has the “orgasm gap” disappeared among heterosexual couples. “It indicates they’re not doing other things to enhance female arousal or pleasure,” Dr. Herbenick said.

When, for instance, she asked one male student who said he choked his partner whether he’d ever tried using a vibrator instead, he recoiled. “Why would I do that?” he asked.

Perhaps, she responded, because it would be more likely to produce orgasm without risking, you know, death.

In my interviews, college students have seen male orgasm as a given; women’s is nice if it happens, but certainly not expected or necessarily prioritized (by either partner). It makes sense, then, that fulfillment would be less the motivator for choking than appearing adventurous or kinky. Such performances don’t always feel good.

“Personally, my hypothesis is that this is one of the reasons young people are delaying or having less sex,” Dr. Herbenick said. “Because it’s uncomfortable and weird and scary. At times some of them literally think someone is assaulting them but they don’t know. Those are the only sexual experiences for some people. And it’s not just once they’ve gotten naked. They’ll say things like, ‘I’ve only tried to make out with someone once because he started choking and hitting me.’”

Keisuke Kawata, a neuroscientist at Indiana University’s School of Public Health, was one of the first researchers to sound the alarm on how the cumulative, seemingly inconsequential, sub-concussive hits football players sustain (as opposed to the occasional hard blow) were key to triggering C.T.E., the degenerative brain disease. He’s a good judge of serious threats to the brain. In response to Dr. Herbenick’s work, he’s turning his attention to sexual strangulation. “I see a similarity” to C.T.E., he told me, “though the mechanism of injury is very different.” In this case, it is oxygen-blocking pressure to the throat, frequently in light, repeated bursts of a few seconds each.

Strangulation — sexual or otherwise — often leaves few visible marks and can be easily overlooked as a cause of death. Those whose experiences are nonlethal rarely seek medical attention, because any injuries seem minor: Young women Dr. Herbenick studied mostly reported lightheadedness, headaches, neck pain, temporary loss of coordination and ear ringing. The symptoms resolve, and all seems well. But, as with those N.F.L. players, the true effects are silent, potentially not showing up for days, weeks, even years.

According to the American Academy of Neurology, restricting blood flow to the brain, even briefly, can cause permanent injury, including stroke and cognitive impairment. In M.R.I.s conducted by Dr. Kawata and his colleagues (including Dr. Herbenick, who is a co-author of his papers on strangulation), undergraduate women who have been repeatedly choked show a reduction in cortical folding in the brain compared with a never-choked control group. They also showed widespread cortical thickening, an inflammation response that is associated with elevated risk of later-onset mental illness. In completing simple memory tasks, their brains had to work far harder than the control group, recruiting from more regions to achieve the same level of accuracy.

The hemispheres in the choked group’s brains, too, were badly skewed, with the right side hyperactive and the left underperforming. A similar imbalance is associated with mood disorders — and indeed in Dr. Herbenick’s surveys girls and women who had been choked were more likely than others (or choked men) to have experienced overwhelming anxiety, as well as sadness and loneliness, with the effect more pronounced as the incidence rose: Women who had experienced more than five instances of choking were two and a half times as likely as those who had never been choked to say they had been so depressed within the previous 30 days they couldn’t function. Whether girls and women with mental health challenges are more likely to seek out (or be subjected to) choking, choking causes mood disorders, or some combination of the two is still unclear. But hypoxia, or oxygen deprivation — judging by what research has shown about other types of traumatic brain injury — could be a contributing factor. Given the soaring rates of depression and anxiety among young women, that warrants concern.

Now consider that every year Dr. Herbenick has done her survey, the number of females reporting extreme effects from strangulation (neck swelling, loss of consciousness, losing control of urinary function) has crept up. Among those who’ve been choked, the rate of becoming what students call “cloudy” — close to passing out, but not crossing the line — is now one in five, a huge proportion. All of this indicates partners are pressing on necks longer and harder.

The physical, cognitive and psychological impacts of sexual choking are disturbing. So is the idea that at a time when women’s social, economic, educational and political power are in ascent (even if some of those rights may be in jeopardy), when #MeToo has made progress against harassment and assault, there has been the popularization of a sex act that can damage our brains, impair intellectual functioning, undermine mental health, even kill us. Nonfatal strangulation, one of the most significant indicators that a man will murder his female partner (strangulation is also one of the most common methods used for doing so), has somehow been eroticized and made consensual, at least consensual enough. Yet, the outcomes are largely the same: Women’s brains and bodies don’t distinguish whether they are being harmed out of hate or out of love.

By now I’m guessing that parents are curled under their chairs in a fetal position. Or perhaps thinking, “No, not my kid!” (see: title of Dr. Herbenick’s book above, which, by the way, contains an entire chapter on how to talk to your teen about “rough sex”).

I get it. It’s scary stuff. Dr. Herbenick is worried; I am, too. And we are hardly some anti-sex, wait-till-marriage crusaders. But I don’t think our only option is to wring our hands over what young people are doing.

Parents should take a beat and consider how they might give their children relevant information in a way that they can hear it. Maybe reiterate that they want them to have a pleasurable sex life — you have already said that, right? — and also want them to be safe. Tell them that misinformation about certain practices, including choking, is rampant, that in reality it has grave health consequences. Plus, whether or not a partner initially requested it, if things go wrong, you’re generally criminally on the hook.

Dr. Herbenick suggests reminding them that there are other, lower-risk ways to be exploratory or adventurous if that is what they are after, but it would be wisest to delay any “rough sex” until they are older and more skilled at communicating. She offers language when negotiating with a new partner, such as, “By the way, I’m not comfortable with” — choking, or other escalating behaviors such as name-calling, spitting and genital slapping — “so please don’t do it/don’t ask me to do it to you.” They could also add what they are into and want to do together.

I’d like to point high school health teachers to evidence-based porn literacy curricula, but I realize that incorporating such lessons into their classrooms could cost them their jobs. Shafia Zaloom, a lecturer at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, recommends, if that’s the case, grounding discussions in mainstream and social media. There are plenty of opportunities. “You can use it to deconstruct gender norms, power dynamics in relationships, ‘performative’ trends that don’t represent most people’s healthy behaviors,” she said, “especially depictions of people putting pressure on someone’s neck or chest.”

I also know that pediatricians, like other adults, struggle when talking to adolescents about sex (the typical conversation, if it happens, lasts 40 seconds). Then again, they already caution younger children to use a helmet when they ride a bike (because heads and necks are delicate!); they can mention that teens might hear about things people do in sexual situations, including choking, then explain the impact on brain health and why such behavior is best avoided. They should emphasize that if, for any reason — a fall, a sports mishap or anything else — a young person develops symptoms of head trauma, they should come in immediately, no judgment, for help in healing.

The role and responsibility of the entertainment industry is a tangled knot: Media reflects behavior but also drives it, either expanding possibilities or increasing risks. There is precedent for accountability. The European Union now requires age verification on the world’s largest porn sites (in ways that preserve user privacy, whatever that means on the internet); that discussion, unsurprisingly, had been politicized here. Social media platforms have already been pushed to ban content promoting eating disorders, self-harm and suicide — they should likewise be pressured to ban content promoting choking. Traditional formats can stop glamorizing strangulation, making light of it, spreading false information, using it to signal female characters’ complexity or sexual awakening. Young people’s sexual scripts are shaped by what they watch, scroll by and listen to — unprecedentedly so. They deserve, and desperately need, models of interactions that are respectful, communicative, mutual and, at the very least, safe.

Peggy Orenstein is the author of “Boys & Sex: Young Men on Hookups, Love, Porn, Consent and Navigating the New Masculinity” and “Girls & Sex: Navigating the Complicated New Landscape.”

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An earlier version of this article misstated the network on which “Californication” first appeared. It is Showtime, not HBO. The article also misspelled a book and film title. It is “Fifty Shades of Grey,” not “Fifty Shades of Gray.”

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