essay on promotion

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How to write a persuasive essay on getting a promotion.

When you're asking for a promotion, the standard way to do it is to meet one-on-one with your boss , laying out the reasons in person. Often, bosses won't be willing to give you an answer right then and there though, and that's where your persuasive essay -- really more of a letter -- is going to come in handy. The ideal letter will remind your boss why you're worth promoting long after your meeting is done. Like all persuasive letters, it should talk about your accomplishments and your contributions to the company, while keeping personal arguments to a minimum.

Starting Out

Begin your letter by thanking your boss for the opportunity to work with him. Don't gush; just briefly express your gratitude. Then state your intention for a promotion to a specific position. You might say something like, "Because I so enjoy working here, it's my intention to work here long-term in X position." Your boss will appreciate you getting right to the point.

List your Accomplishments

In order to get promoted, you have to establish your value with the company. Start doing that in the second paragraph. Before you write the letter, make a list of your biggest accomplishments in the company, and then try to quantify them. For example, don't just say, "increased sales," but instead, say, "increased book sales by 10 percent in two months." Then list three of your main accomplishments -- or the ones that will pertain to the job that you're now pursuing -- in the letter. Be specific and confident. Say something like, "I am well-suited for the position because…" and then list what you've done.

Personal Issues and Threats

If you need help deciding what's important for the position, look at the biographies of other people who do it, or read past job postings to find out what the company is looking for. Whatever you do, don't list personal circumstances as a reason for the boss to give you the promotion, as that's not what your boss cares about. In these types of negotiations, don't make any threats or mention that you're considering other jobs, reminds Wake Forest University's Executive Director of Personal and Career Development Dr. Katharine Brooks in an article in "Forbes."

End with Action

As with all persuasive essays, yours should end with a call to action. Don't make threats of leaving, as that's not going to motivate your boss. Instead, mention that you'd like to hear back by a certain date, or that you'll be calling for another meeting within a certain length of time. At the very end of the letter, restate your commitment to the company, and sign the letter cordially.

Related Articles

How to write a job promotion letter →.

How to Write a Letter of Voluntary Demotion →

How to Write a Thank-You Card to Your Boss →

How to Write a Letter of Interest for a Promotion →

How to Write a Personal & Professional Goal Statement →

How to Write a Cover Letter for a Job →

• Fox and Company: How to Write a Persuasive Business Letter
• Forbes: Seven No-Nos When Asking for a Raise
• Forbes: Moving On Up: How to Ask for a Promotion
• Forbes: 14 Tips For Getting A Raise When They're Not Handing Them Out

Nicole Vulcan has been a journalist since 1997, covering parenting and fitness for The Oregonian, careers for CareerAddict, and travel, gardening and fitness for Black Hills Woman and other publications. Vulcan holds a Bachelor of Arts in English and journalism from the University of Minnesota. She's also a lifelong athlete and is pursuing certification as a personal trainer.

Francesco Cantone / EyeEm/EyeEm/GettyImages

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How You Promote People Can Make or Break Company Culture

• Jessica Rohman,
• Chinwe Onyeagoro,
• Michael C. Bush

A perception of unfairness erodes trust.

A survey of over 400,000 U.S. workers found that when people believe promotions are managed effectively, they’re more than twice as likely to give extra effort at work and to plan a long-term future with their company. They are also five times as likely to believe leaders act with integrity. However, if promotions aren’t managed well, one person’s success can foster feelings of resentment in others, and the career aspirations of employees across the company can be left unrealized. To improve how your team feels about promotions, make sure you have conversations with people about their aspirations before a new role even opens up. And when there is a promotion opportunity available, encourage people to apply — don’t wait for them to put up their hand. Finally, once a decision has been made, be transparent about why the person who got it deserved it.

Managing promotions effectively is one of the most powerful ways leaders can drive their company’s success. We surveyed over 400,000 U.S. workers in the past year and found that when people believe promotions are managed effectively, they’re more than twice as likely to give extra effort at work and to plan a long-term future with their company. They are also five times as likely to believe leaders act with integrity — a key underpinning of the high-trust, high-performing companies we’ve studied for the past three decades as part of the FORTUNE 100 Best Companies to Work For ranking.

• Jessica Rohman is Director of Content at Great Place to Work, a San Francisco-based global research and consulting firm.
• Chinwe Onyeagoro is President and Chief Strategy Officer of Great Place to Work, a San Francisco-based global research and consulting firm.
• Michael C. Bush is CEO at Great Place to Work, a San Francisco-based global research and consulting firm. Bush is the author of A Great Place to Work for All , to be published in March 2018.

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Ideas Made to Matter

Women are less likely than men to be promoted. Here’s one reason why

Meredith Somers

Apr 12, 2022

Since they first entered the workforce, women have been dogged by persistent gender bias in their quest for career advancement.

Now, a study from MIT Sloan associate professor Danielle Li  finds that female employees are less likely to be promoted than their male counterparts, despite outperforming them and being less likely to quit. And her research points to at least one reason why.

In the paper, “ ’Potential’ and the Gender Promotion Gap ,” Li found that on average, women received higher performance  ratings than male employees, but received 8.3% lower ratings for potential than men. The result was that female employees on average were 14% less likely to be promoted than their male colleagues.

To determine whether women and men were assessed the same in terms of their potential, Li and co-researchers Alan Benson and Kelly Shue studied data on 30,000 management-track employees at a large North American retail chain between February 2009 and October 2015. Women made up about 56% of entry-level workers at the company. Rising through the ranks, women made up 48% of department managers, 35% of store managers, and 14% of district managers.

The company uses the Nine Box rating system — a numerical talent assessment tool that compares performance and potential using a 3x3 square grid and a low, medium, and high scale. The researchers used the Nine Box data for comparing male and female employees.

At the firm, “potential ratings strongly predict promotions,” Li writes.

An employee moving from medium to high potential in a Nine Box assessment corresponds to a 75% increase in the likelihood of promotion, compared to only a 27% increase in the likelihood of promotion when moving from a medium to high performance rating.

“Taken together, we find that gender differences in potential ratings can explain up to 50% of the overall gender promotion gap,” according to the paper.

What’s more, relative to men with the same scores for potential, women outperformed their previous year’s score. Yet they were still given lower potential ratings heading into the next year.

According to research on a large North American retail chain, female employees on average were 14% less likely to be promoted than their male colleagues.

“The result I found most depressing in the paper is the result in which women outperform their stated potential,” Li said in an interview. “Women have to hit a higher threshold of future performance in order to justify the same potential score.”

Along with potential and performance ratings, the researchers examined stereotypes around women supporting women, and women’s decisions to remain with a company.

While there’s a belief that a female manager might be better at mentoring women and providing unbiased evaluation of female employees, Li’s research found that female managers “give everyone lower scores.”

“As a result, it's not obvious that assigning women to be managed by other women would solve this problem,” she said.

Li also found that men who were passed over for a promotion were 35% – 40% more likely to leave than female employees, and male employees with the highest performance ratings who weren’t promoted were 40% –50% more likely to leave. Women with the highest performance ratings were only 10% more likely to leave after being passed over for a promotion. 

The firm realized this likelihood of attrition, Li writes in the paper, but rather than viewing this risk of loss as a sign that a male employee is more likely to leave his job, the retail chain “appears to reward at-risk workers with higher potential ratings, pay, and promotions.”

“Taken together, it appears that the firm grants higher potential scores to men who are less likely to perform well in the future and more likely to leave the firm altogether,” Li writes.

Ways to close the promotions gap

The problem with evaluating potential is that it’s poorly defined, which leaves a lot of room for interpretation, Li said. While it does make sense to evaluate people on performance and potential, and the Nine Box does provide a metric for those evaluations, the problems start when a manager’s imagination comes into play to help predict potential.

“You're trying to figure out how well would someone do if we gave them an opportunity that they haven't previously had,” Li said. “The moment you veer off metrics, that's where people’s stereotypes and perceptions now have room to exist.”

For example, the stereotypes associated with leadership are traditionally associated with stereotypes around male qualities (ex. outspoken, dominant, aggressive), and a manager might struggle to visualize a woman in a leadership role. Or there’s the belief that “diversity is fundamentally seen as the enemy of performance,” Li said, which can prompt organizations to resist diversity-related efforts .

Since predictions around employee potential do require a mix of intuitiveness and insight into the unknown, there’s no way to get around imagination. But there are ways to mitigate stereotypes and perceptions, whether an organization uses Nine Box or another method for evaluating employees.

One thing managers can do is define potential and what they’re trying to measure .

“When you end up with scoring systems that are essentially the number that you attach to the ‘vibe’ that someone gives, if there's not some accountability in that it allows things to go wild,” Li said. “Defining the thing that you're trying to measure is forcing some amount of accountability in how people measure it.”

Another way to address the potential gap is to update how managers provide feedback , Li said. A manager should be able to define what they’re trying to measure when considering potential, but they should also be able to justify the score they give an employee.

Accepting that there might be some noisy data — thanks to preconceptions and imagination — defining potential, and keeping track of the relationship between what managers measure and how employees ultimately fare in their work performance, will help with the accuracy of promotion potential.

More accurate projections mean improved organizational performance because managers are elevating workers best suited to handle more responsibility and leadership. And as shown in the case of the retail chain, those best workers are women.

So all those organizations that say they only want the highest performers — they can keep those goals, Li said. But be aware of that misallocation of talent that’s likely happening between male and female employees.

“If you’re an organization and you just want to do well and you don't care about gender equality, you should measure people’s future performance and you should promote more women,” Li said, “because you are leaving talent on the table.”

Read: What these 9 female leaders learned from their allies

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• Job Application Documents

How to Write an Application for Promotion

Last Updated: February 8, 2024 References

This article was co-authored by Michael McCutcheon, PhD . Dr. Michael McCutcheon is a career coach, psychologist, and award-winning public speaker who specializes in procrastination elimination, goal achievement, and increasing life satisfaction. With a background as a counseling psychologist, he guides clients toward becoming more aware of their desires and anxieties to break old patterns, create new habits, and achieve life-changing results. He also helps clients improve organization skills, embark on a new career, get promoted, get admitted into graduate schools, and transition from school to the working world. He is a published author and lecturer in graduate psychology courses at New York University (NYU), a position he has twice won the Teaching Award (2014 & 2019). His work has appeared in the press as a lifestyle and career expert for The Washington Post/The Associated Press, The New York Post, Scholastic, Lifehacker, and The Coca-Cola Company. He has served as a contributing writer for Out Magazine and featured panelist on National Public Radio (NPR). This article has been viewed 172,271 times.

Knowing how to write a clear, concise, and convincing application for a promotion will greatly enhance your chances of getting promoted to the next level of seniority in your company. Writing an application for a promotion involves using the correct format and materials, opening with an introduction in which you state your interest in a promotion, where you heard about the position, and a brief overview of your accomplishments for the company, and an explanation why you think you'd be the right person for this position. Luckily, with a little bit of work and some knowledge, you’ll be able to write the letter you need to get the job.

Identifying Your Audience

• If there is one, read the job listing of the position very carefully. Note every qualification desired and experience required.
• If you know someone in a similar position, ask them exactly what the new position entails.
• If you know someone who already works under your potential new supervisor, ask them what kind of attributes their boss likes as well as any other information that might benefit you when writing the application. [1] X Research source

• Read up on your new potential boss and find out what they are like, what their education and experience is, and what their employment record is like. Even if they don't make the hiring decision, your research will give you a better idea about who they are.
• The new supervisor may not always determine the promotion. In this case, identify who will be making the decision, how the process will work, and key factors that will determine the decision.
• Approach your current or new potential supervisor and let them know your interest. Ask them about the position and tell them about your qualifications. Be confident and energetic. Odds are they are at least involved in the hiring process for the position. [3] X Research source [4] X Research source

Writing Your Cover Letter

• After reading your letter for promotion, your boss should have no question in his or her mind about your merits and your ability to succeed after being promoted.

• Most companies use standard application forms for in-house promotions, so the cover letter is crucial to making your application stand out.

• ”Please accept this as my letter of application for the position of General Manager of Sports X advertised on the Sports X website.”
• ”I am writing to apply for a promotion from Assistant Manager to General Manager of Sports X.”
• Your exact wording can and may vary, depending on the specifics of the position.

• State your full name and current position. “My name is Thomas Higginson and I am currently an Assistant Manager for Sports X located in Mobile, Alabama.
• You can include any other information that identifies you and your relationship with the company, such as the amount of time you’ve worked there or the branch you're currently working at.
• Try to be short and concise with this section. Don’t use it as an opportunity to list your qualifications and experience, but rather just simply identify yourself as a current employee. [6] X Research source

• How previous experience at the company has prepared you for a promotion.
• How the promotion will help you realize your career goals.
• Why, based on your experience at the company, you as an individual are uniquely qualified.
• If you have been recommended by a supervisor for promotion, mention this here. [7] X Research source

• Explain how your education has provided you with the intellectual background for the desired promotion.
• Explain how your experience with the company has prepared you for this promotion.
• Explain how your unique mix of education, experience, and qualifications make you the best candidate for the job.

• If your promotion is a natural, linear promotion, be prepared to provide evidence that you've mastered your current position and are familiar with the new position's responsibilities. Point out any awards or recognitions you've received.
• If your promotion is non-linear, be prepared to demonstrate you are qualified. For example, if you have experience with people from the division you're applying to, point it out.
• If you are a natural leader or manager, provide evidence. For example, highlight a time when you took lead on a project and led a group to success.

• Enumerate specific skills that will enhance the operation.
• Explain your goal for the job and explain how your previous experience at the company will help you meet that goal.
• Discuss your work philosophy. [10] X Research source

Formatting the Cover Letter

• Include your full name and address.
• Position the contact information on the left hand side
• Reserve phone number and email for a header, footer, or for the last paragraph of the application letter.

• On the right hand side at the top of the letter.
• On the left hand side under your contact information.
• The date should never be centered.

• Do not indent your paragraphs
• Make sure each text block is clear, concise, and focused.
• Block paragraphs should be single spaced and separated by one line.

• Address the reader in the most specific way possible, such “Dear Mr. Walters.” Avoid phrases like “To Whom It May Concern” unless you have no other information.
• Salutations can vary, depending on the purpose of the letter of application and the audience. They might include, “Dear,” “To whom it may concern,” or “To the committee.”
• Avoid being too informal. Don’t use informal salutations like “Hi,” “Hey,” or even “My Friend.” [11] X Research source

• If space permits, quickly revisit the top reasons why you are the best candidate for the job. Don’t repeat, but remind the reader.
• Demonstrate your enthusiasm again.
• End the final paragraph with a sentence such as “Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to hearing about your decision in the future.”
• Provide a professional closing phrase such as “Sincerely yours.”
• Sign letters by hand, if you can. Electronic signatures are permissible, but hand signatures demonstrate more interest and commitment to securing the position. [12] X Research source

Expert Q&A

• Always ask your referee's consent before using her name in your application. At the same time, remember to ask her if she's willing to write a letter of recommendation for you. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• When it comes to your accomplishments, you should list them completely and honestly. This is the part of your application for a promotion where you start to build your case for the promotion. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Be confident, concise and clear about your application. Demonstrate that you know what you are talking about. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://www.themuse.com/advice/how-to-stalk-your-future-employer-without-being-creepy
• ↑ Michael McCutcheon, PhD. Career Coach & Psychologist. Expert Interview. 24 February 2021.
• ↑ http://www.youthcentral.vic.gov.au/jobs-careers/applying-for-jobs/how-to-write-a-cover-letter
• ↑ http://www.forbes.com/sites/bonniemarcus/2014/09/17/5-things-you-need-to-do-to-get-the-promotion-you-deserve/#2b0504a52c93
• ↑ https://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/outside-voices-careers/articles/2017-06-20/7-mistakes-of-cover-letter-writing

About This Article

Start your application for a promotion with a clear statement of intent that names the position you want and identifies you as a current employee. Next, explain why you deserve the promotion and how it aligns with your career goals, so hiring managers know you're a serious candidate. After that, briefly describe your education and experience to highlight your qualifications, making sure to include specific examples of projects you've worked on in the past—especially ones that earned you recognition or prove you're ready for new challenges. Finally, wrap up with a persuasive conclusion that summarizes how your promotion will benefit the company overall. For more advice from our co-author, like how to properly format your cover letter, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Advertising and Promotion, Essay Example

Pages: 4

Words: 1112

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In the first chapter of Advertising and Promotion, Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) is introduced and discussed. As part of IMC, advertising and promotion are both a vital communication system as part of the social and economic landscape (Belch 5). Advertising and promotion give businesses the ability to specifically target their audience and consumers in hopes of driving sales and attracting new customers (Belch 5-6). Advertising expenditure increased immensely over the course of the last 20-30 years and there are currently many options for a complete and comprehensive marketing plan to attract customers, whether they are public consumers or businesses and professions services (Belch 5-6).

In relation to this increase of advertising, interactive marketing has become an integral aspect of promotion, as well. Interactive marketing involves the customer directly and appeals to their needs and wants through different marketing and advertising techniques. Interactive marketing specifically involves the individual’s response and relies on internet technology for its dissemination and platform. Interactive marketing is constantly evolving and also extremely effective in spreading brand awareness and recognition of a product or service while at the same time allowing the customer to have some control and power over the messages they receive from the brand (Belch 21-23). The brand can reflect specific ideals for the customer, while also doing the same for other customers. This is because of new advertising and marketing tools integrated with technological advances, such as social media, mobile phone applications, search engines, among other forms of online communication.

By utilizing these forms of communication, advertising opens up a completely new realm of product and service awareness for the consumer. The consumer can become an expert on a product or service and tailor its service to their needs. It’s exceptionally flexible and unique in that it gives more power to the viewer instead of to the advertisement. An example of interactive marketing and advertising includes the feature of QR codes. QR codes look like barcodes and are meant for the viewer to scan with their smartphones in order to receive added information about whatever is being advertised (Korhan). These can be used by restaurants, real estate agencies, major international brands. They are found on electrical posts along the sidewalks, in front of restaurants so you can immediately see their menu, magazines, pretty much anywhere you can post a paper, you can post a QR code. No longer is the consumer passive in its viewing of advertisement, but they seek out brands in hopes of finding a product, unlike in the past when advertising was neither targeted nor interactive.

As businesses use interactive marketing to promote their products or services, there are specific tools and processes by which they follow. This is all part of their marketing strategy and plan, which provides detailed data and information about how the product or service works, who the target audience is, how the product can appeal to the target audience, how and when to implement advertising techniques all the way up to their proposed methods of revenue increase (Belch 43). Marketing is essential to a business or a product. It is what provides the link between the product or service to the consumer and without a full marketing strategy in place, it will most likely fail to compete in such a saturated market full of highly developed marketing techniques aimed to reach, claim and keep customers.

In choosing in advertisement to reflect upon, interactive marketing seems to be the most relevant and timely method of advertising used by businesses and marketing firms today. The concept of interactive marketing is discussed and examined in terms of historical approaches to advertising in Chapter 1 of the textbook. In relation to historical advertising, interactive marketing is new and uses technological aspects to draw in potential customers. According to Belch, “interactive marketing allow for a back-and-forth flow of information whereby users can participate in and modify the form and content of the information they receive in real time” (21).  Belch also discusses the different methods and platforms that can be utilized in marketing, which “in addition to the Internet, other forms of interactive media include kiosks, interactive television, and mobile phones” (21). These interactive approaches to marketing appeal to a diverse audience of all ages, backgrounds, economic backgrounds and locations in the world. Interactive marketing can reach people around the world in an instant. Because of the ease of use and speed of content delivery, interactive and experiential advertising is often highly successful in implemented and executed properly.

With the diversity of interaction in online advertising, print ads have somewhat lost their effectiveness and are often overlooked (“Online Vs. Print”). When print ads are able to create a unique, fun and interactive experience for its audience, it will be instantly noticed by its viewers, whether they are seeking out that particular product or not. Interactive marketing is clearly displayed in the following Motorola magazine ad published in 2014 (Kapoor). Motorola is an internationally recognized brand, so their advertising does not need much description or background, as consumers are already aware of their purpose. Instead, Motorola chooses to take a unique approach and include the technological interaction directly in a magazine ad. The ad entices its audience to interact with features that include the individual as an integral part of the designing of the product in the terms of the potential consumer’s likes and dislikes.

In the ad, Motorola asks the viewer to choose which color they prefer for the phone. The ad includes technological features that allow for the colors to change once the viewer pushes the color-coded buttons. Not only is this ad pulling in the viewer by interaction, but also providing a unique and fun experience in the viewing of the ad. The ad is experiential and appeals to the audiences desire to control their ad-viewing experience but also gives a glimpse of what the personalized product would look like after purchased. This is unique to magazine advertising, and definitely invites attention and interaction to the individual flipping through the pages. As discussed in Chapter 1, interactive marketing and advertising is effective in pulling in consumer engagement, in fact, that is its intended purpose and outcome, and this Motorola ad demonstrates that purpose and outcome.

Works Cited

Belch George, E., and A. Belch Michael. “Advertising and promotion.” An Integrated Marketing  Communications Perspective. New York: MacGraw Hill Higher Education (2012).

Kapoor, Vipul. “12 Most Innovative Print Ads of 2014.” BWD . 16 Mar. 2015. Web. 9 Sept. 2015. <http://www.bestwebsitedesigners.net/blog/12-most-innovative-print-ads-of-2014/>.

Korhan, Jeff. “How QR Codes Can Grow Your Business.” Social Media Examiner RSS . 7 Feb. 2011 Web. 9 Sept. 2015.

“Online vs. Print Advertising, Why Print Is Losing – SMCPros.” SMCPros Online vs Print Advertising Why Print Is Losing Comments . 8 May 2013. Web. 9 Sept. 2015.<http://smcpros.com/2013/05/online-vs-print-advertising-why-print-is-losing/>.

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Search this blog, job promotion - why should i be promoted essay example / letter / email, top reasons for deserving a promotion.

• I have been with the company for a long time and have contributed to its growth.
• I have consistently performed well and met or exceeded all expectations.
• I have taken on additional responsibilities and gone above and beyond what was asked of me.
• I am a team player who is always willing to help out and contribute to the success of the team.
• I am proactive and always looking for ways to improve my skill set and knowledge.

These are just a few reasons. Many promotions will depend on the particular circumstances and requirements of the workplace.

How To Request A Promotion

We all want to get on in our professional life at work. When we work hard and do the right things, it's nice to get some positive feedback in return. But getting promoted can be difficult because there are so many other people who want to get ahead too - and the selection process can be competitive. Just remember, nobody is perfect. We all have a few flaws, and you may be just as deserving of a promotion as anyone else!

Here are some ideas for you to consider as you prepare to ask your boss for a promotion .

It doesn't matter what job you choose in life; the key thing is to maintain a positive attitude and get the most out of it. One of the best ways to do this is to show your boss that you have a genuine interest in your career.

It's impossible to say what degree of success you might achieve or how long it will take, but there are some things you can do now which will put you ahead of most people looking for a promotion.

How to Write Powerful Essays for Promotions

One of the most important things to remember when writing good essays for job promotions is that you need to be persuasive.

To do this, you'll want to ensure and include several key promotion justification points in your essay.

• Demonstrate why you are the best candidate for the position. Highlight your accomplishments and skills that align with the requirements of the new role.
• Explain how you will be an asset to the company in the new role. Outlining how you will contribute to the company's growth and success.
• Show that you are committed to the company and the new position. Discuss your long-term goals and how these align with the company's mission and values.

By including these key points, you can surpass writing just satisfactory essays, and write persuasive and powerful essays that will increase your chances of getting a promotion.

Sample Essay for Job Promotion

When it comes time to ask for a promotion, it's important to put your best foot forward and make a case for why you deserve the boost in responsibility and compensation.

When writing a Promotion Essay:

• Highlight your accomplishments and how they've benefited the company
• Focus on your future goals and how a promotion at work would help you meet them
• Be specific about what you would do with the additional responsibility and what makes you the best candidate for the job.

Job Promotion - Why Should I be Promoted / Why I deserve a Promotion Essay Example

As I have been working at [company] for several years, I feel that it is time for me to move up into the role of [position]. Over this period, as every member of staff does in their way, I have made a valuable contribution to the success of my department and, as I am sure they have too, my team.

I am aware that other staff members in the company are also eager to progress in their careers. However, I believe that after a great deal of consideration, you will conclude that I am the ideal candidate for [position]. Therefore, I have decided to take the time to highlight what I have achieved while working here at [company], my strengths, and also reasons why promoting me is such an attractive idea at this time.

Reasons why I should be promoted:

Helping other employees with tasks and projects: this is something I undertake daily and is very important to the running of this department. I maintain a high level of communication with all staff and make sure they are clear about what they need to do, how to go about it, and I give feedback on their performance.

I have been able to create effective working relationships with our company’s clients. As a result, our customer satisfaction ratings are high, as well as low-risk customer complaints. I aim to make sure all customers are happy with our services and always try to go the extra mile for my clients, even if it means working overtime or on weekends when needed.

I have made several changes to improve efficiency and effectiveness within the department. Through this, I was able to reduce operating costs while improving sales. I have utilized my innovative skills to develop new sales products as well as improving customer satisfaction.

Empowering and motivating other employees around me: I firmly believe in motivating others to be their best selves. This trait is evident in my ability to identify the individual potential of each member of my team and encourage them to make the most of their abilities. I help other employees reach higher levels of performance by empowering them with additional responsibility.

Outstanding leadership and supervisory skills: I have a proven track record for building positive relationships with colleagues, both inside and outside of work.

Volunteering for additional responsibilities: I am always keen to take on extra tasks and more responsibility to further the goals of the company. Doing so has allowed me to develop my leadership and management skills, and interpersonal communication through roles at work and outside of it.

Excellent communicator: My approachable manner, positive attitude, and excellent team-building skills allow me to communicate effectively with a range of people from all levels and areas within the organization.

Future goals: I plan to continue my education and a promotion would give me the opportunity to attend conferences and seminars that would contribute to my professional development, and benefit the company. Additionally, a promotion would give me increased responsibility and authority within the organization, help further develop my leadership skills, and could lead to more opportunities for advancement within the company in the future.

The above demonstrate my suitability for the position in question. I believe that my skills and experience make me an ideal candidate for [position].

Writing Templates

Why Should I Be Promoted Example Letter / Why I Deserve a Promotion Example Letter

Here's an example letter to a superior explaining why you should be promoted at work.

Dear (name of superior/manager),

I would like to explain why I believe I should be promoted to the leadership position of (job title).

First and foremost, I have been with the company for four years and have proven to be a reliable and consistent employee. An example of this is when I was given the XYZ project to lead and completed it ahead of schedule, which pleased everyone.

Second, I have continuously taken on additional responsibilities outside of my job description and excelled in them. You will recall when I stepped up to fill in as the lead customer service representative for three months when Jane was out on maternity leave. I not only maintained the same high level of customer satisfaction that Jane always achieved but increased it by 2%, consistently receiving positive feedback from customers and clients. This shows that I can handle more responsibility and therefore am deserving of a promotion.

Third, I am always looking for ways to improve processes and procedures in the workplace. Recently, I created a new system for organizing our inventory that has already saved us two hours each day.

Finally, I am always willing to help out other employees, whether with their work or personal matters. I believe that this demonstrates my leadership skills and my ability to be a productive team member.

I believe these reasons demonstrate why I deserve promotionand would be well suited to the (job title) position.

Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to discussing this opportunity with you further.

(Your name)

What should I include in a job promotion letter?

When you write a letter seeking a promotion at work, there are some essential points to include:

• A brief explanation of why you are writing
• A mention of your previous accomplishments and how they have benefited the company
• An explanation of what you feel you could contribute to the company in a higher position
• A request for an interview or meeting to discuss the possibility of a promotion
• If you have a good relationship with your boss or supervisor, it is also polite to include a thank you for their time and consideration.

Writing a letter is often the best way to approach most supervisors asking for a promotion, as it shows more initiative and that you are willing to put some extra effort into getting what you want.

Top skills valued by employers for promotion

When it comes to being promoted, employers a few key skills above all else.

Collaborative team player . They want to see that you can work well with others and that you can take direction.

Excellent communication skills . You must be able to communicate effectively, both in writing and in person.

Self-motivated . They want to see you have a strong work ethic, are always looking for ways to improve, and are willing to put in the extra effort when needed.

Problem-solving / critical thinking skills . Finally, they will also look at your ability to analyze and solve problems. They want to see that you can think critically and are resourceful.

If you demonstrate these skills, you will be well on your way to being promoted.

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Essay on Sales Promotion: Top 4 Essays | Sales | Marketing

In this essay we will discuss about ‘Sales Promotion’. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Sales Promotion’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Sales Promotion

Essay Contents:

• Essay on the Role of ‘Promotion’ in Marketing

Essay # 1. Definition of Sales Promotion:

Sales promotion work is conceived of in two different senses. In a narrow sense, sales promotion work means such activities as are necessary for aiding personal selling and advertising. In a broad sense, sales promotion work includes all those activities which are directed towards promoting or bolstering sales.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

From this standpoint, sales promotion work encompasses activities like personal selling, adverti­sing, and innovations in products, pricing or in marketing methods in addi­tion to some auxiliary efforts to personal and impersonal salesmanship.

Promotion is a marketing tool and used both for commercial as well as non-commercial purposes. Promotion is a type of communication from the producer/manufacturer/wholesaler and all those who are in possession of products and/or services and have an intention to part away with the some at a given consideration.

Sales needs stimulation from time to time and persuasive communication to the existing and potential customers is the best way to stimulate and promote sales in any marketing effort. Herein lies the concept of sales promotion.

That is why; Philip Kotler defines sales promotion as an activity which encompasses all the tools in the mar­keting mix whose major role is persuasive communication.

According to Ameri­can Marketing Association, sales promotion consists of “those marketing activities other than personal selling, advertising and publicity that stimulate consumer purchasing and dealer effectiveness such as displays, shows and expositions, demonstrations at various non-current selling efforts not in the ordinary routine”.

Essay # 2. Objectives of Sales Promotion:

From the above discussions and definition, we can deduce that sales promotion aims at:

(i) Stimulating the consumers’ decision in favour of the products and services offered;

(ii) Stimulating the dealers’ actions in favour of the products and services dealt in by them with a view to attracting consumers towards the offers so made by them; and

(iii) Maintaining continuous efforts to convince the consumers in such manner and depth that they start purchasing the product of a given quality at a given price and remain with the firm today, tomorrow and day after.

To be specific and precise, the objectives of sales promotion are:

1. To create a brand-image of the product and/or services by way of regular information to the customers regarding the quality, uses, diff­erent applications of the product, etc.

2. To educate the consumers in such manner that they are convinced about the usefulness of the products and thereby inclined to take a decision in favour of the product.

3. To let the consumers know of what they want and of the devices with the aid of which they can satisfy their wants.

4. To assist the own sales personnel and to induce the middlemen like wholesalers and retailers so that they can reach the consumers without difficulty and with a minimum of effort.

5. To remove the dissatisfaction of the consumers by adopting a policy or a strategy which would keep the good points of the product in their mind and reinforce a feeling among than that they are getting better deal.

6. To bridge the gap between advertising and personal selling, the two methods of promotion, so that the consumers remain in touch with the product and continue to use or consume the same.

7. To increase the sales of the product by changing the elasticity of demand through various promotional techniques like free gifts, cash discounts, samples, credit facilities, etc.

Essay # 3. Methods of Sales Promotion:

The various methods or devices or programmes that can be used for sales promotion may be shown in the following chart and divided into three basic categories or groups.

These are discussed below in brief:

A. Consumer Promotion:

Sales promotion programmes or efforts directed towards the consumers are done with a view to:

(i) Increasing the consumers’ knowledge about the uses, price, and want-satisfying qualities of the products;

(ii) Attracting the new consumers; and

(iii) Meeting the competitor’s promotional activities.

A firm, in view of the above, attempts to reach the consumers through a place of business or retail shops with the help of the following media of efforts:

(i) Free Samples:

For the introduction of new products in the market, free samples are distributed to the selected customers particularly in the case of cosmetics, perfumes and like products. This system is confined to those products of small value which have off-repeated sales.

To economies the costs, sample packets of smaller sizes are made out by many firms. This system is an effective device of sales promotion as the consumers are provided with an opportunity to examine the product and to see its merits before purchase. Usually, an explanatory literature is added detail­ing the mode of use and the features of the product.

(ii) Sales Contests:

Contests for consumers are held on the subject of writing a statement. Such statements center round the questions as to the likings of a customer for the product, suggestions in respect of new uses for a product, or formulation of new advertising idea for the product. Such contests give an opportunity to the consumer to win prizes, free travel trip or articles. This is an indirect method of introducing a new product.

(iii) Coupons:

A coupon is small-sized document entitling a consumer to a specified saving on the purchase of a specified product. These coupons are usually issued by the manufacturers through the retailers. The retailers get reimbursement of the value of coupons from the manufacturers. This scheme is useful to attract new customers or to introduce a new article at a concessional rate.

(iv) Premium or Bonus:

On the purchase of some specific product, the premium is given to the buyer by way of either supplying a gift article or providing the opportunity to purchase an article at a greatly reduced price.

According to the mode of offering premiums, the premium scheme falls into two categories:

(1) Premium articles, and

(2) Premium coupons.

In the case of premium article, the gift article is enclosed in the package of products in question and is available at the point of purchase. But the success of the premium article depends upon the wise selection of both gift articles and the specific product that earns premium.

Gift article should be one of good taste and it must be looked upon as the proud possess­ion on the part of buyers because of non-availability of such articles in the market.

As regards the product earning premiums, it must be of small size, of common use as well as short lasting in character. The premium coupons attract rewards in various ways. Certain minimum number of coupons may be exchanged for sane enumerated gifts, for obtaining other products at concessional rates or for cash amounts.

(v) Bonus Stamps:

The consumers are given bonus stamps in proportion to their purchase values. They collect these stamps and stock for a suffici­ent quantity to obtain the desired merchandise in exchange of the stamps.

(vi) Money Refund Offer:

This scheme is usually mentioned in the advertisement itself to the effect that the manufacturer will return the price within a stipulated period- if the consumer is not satisfied with the product. The product ‘Bull-worker exerciser’ was promoted this way.

(vii) Price-Cut Offer:

This is a kind of price reduction for a temporary period. The consumers are offered a certain amount of money off from the regular price of the product for a specific period only. This is adopted to attract the customers from other brands.

(viii) Demonstrations:

These are arranged with the help of technical experts or sales demonstrators either at a centrally located place or at fairs and exhibitions during festive seasons to promote and popularise the new and existing products. They provide ample opportunities to the manufacturers, both large and small, for explaining the special features and usefulness, and hence for extending the sales horizon of the business.

In addition to sales promotion and buyers’ education in the use of products, these demonstrations can give significant ideas to the industrialists for innovating their products or services to the benefit of all concerned in any business.

(ix) Miscellaneous:

Various other methods, such as counter display cards, prizes, gift cards, etc. are also made use of to induce the consumers to buy the product.

B. Trade Promotion:

The trade promotions refer to the sates promotional programmes or efforts through the middlemen like wholesalers or retailers or dealers or all. These are undertaken with a view to inducing the middlemen to keep large stock of the products and increase the sales volume thereby.

The following auxiliary efforts fall within this group:

(i) Extra Trade Discount:

This involves an offer of higher rate of trade discount to the dealers with a view to inducing them to buy and resale the manufacturer’s product to the ultimate consumers. Such extra or higher rate of discount is given usually on a minimum value of purchase during a defined period of time.

(ii) Buy-Back Allowance:

Under this scheme of sales promotion, a cer­tain amount of money is offered by the manufacturer to the dealer for addi­tional trade based on the quantum of purchases made on the first trade deal.

(iii) Dealers’ Contests:

The contests for dealers are intended for inducing them to devote greater efforts or for obtaining new sales idea in the task of sales promotion. Prizes are given to the best group of dealers or marketers on the basis of their sales performances.

The success of consumers requires the enlistment of a sufficiently large number of participants, competent judging of entries and absolute fairness to all contestants in declaring results. The rewards are given in cash or in merchandise.

(iv) Display and Advertising Allowance:

This allowance is given to a dealer by a manufacturer on the basis of space provided by such dealer to display the manufacturer’s product in the shop.

(v) Dealer-Listed Promotion:

This method involves the incorporation of the names and addresses of the dealers on the advertisements and publi­city materials like diaries and calendars, etc. The two-fold functions of consumer education and convincing of dealers are achieved in this effort.

(vi) Push Money:

This is a kind of incentive payment in cash or in kind to the dealers for sales promotion of products and is generally deter­mined at a fixed rate per product sold.

C. Sales Force Promotion:

Personal selling or salesmanship is by far the best method of sales promotion. So, the sales persons employed by a firm should be adequately rewarded.

In these respects, a firm adopts the following types of programmes:

The firm fixes a quota of sale per sales person per period of time and also a rate of bonus to be paid when the actual sales exceed the quota. This induces the sales person to augment the sales.

(ii) Sales Faroe Contests:

Same as dealers’ contests.

(iii) Sales Conferences:

These are organised by the manufacturers to educate the sales force for new products and novel selling techniques.

Essay # 4. Role of ‘Promotion’ in Marketing:

Promotion plays a very important role in marketing. The term ‘promotion’ in the field of marketing, refers to a function which is directed towards persuading the existing and potential customers to go in for a given product or service.

It is persuasion, communication and information—all combined in a judicious manner – the direct result of which is the customers’ inducement either to continue or to start reposing confidence in or to switching over to the firm’s product of a given quality at a given price. ‘Promotion’ is a broad term which is conceived of as a ‘marketing communication mix’ by Philip Kotler.

According to Philip Kotler, ‘promotion’ consists of, and combines in it, the functional elements of:

(i) Sales promotion,

(ii) Adver­tising,

(iii) Salesmanship, and

(iv) Public relations and publicity.

This is represented below in a schematic diagram:

The basic role of ‘promotion’ in marketing is that it is a powerful tool for increasing sales and combating competition when properly planned. Promotion is something extra which either precedes or follows the actual selling.

It is an action-packed and strategy-oriented programme which estab­lishes and reinforces the feeling among all who are concerned with the selling and also among the consumers that they are being dealt with appro­priately and being taken in a right stride. It is a direct as well as in­direct inducement which strikes when the iron is hot and thus a favourable decision comes forth.

Related Articles:

• Essay on Sales Promotion: Top 4 Essays | Functions | Marketing Management
• Sales Promotion: Meaning and Types
• Essay on Advertising: Top 9 Essays | Product Promotion | Marketing
• Sales Promotion: Meaning, Merits, Limitations and Methods

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Sales Promotion: Essay on Sales Promotion!

The word promotion originates from the Latin word ‘Promovere’ means “to move forward” or to push forward. Sales and promotion are two different words and sales promotion is the combination of these two words.

Image Courtesy : upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/RIAN_archive_sale.jpg

Sales Promotion is another important component of the marketing communications mix. It is essentially a direct and immediate inducement. It adds extra value to the product and hence prompts the dealer/consumer to buy the product.

According to American Marketing Association, “These marketing activities, other than personal selling, advertising and publicity that stimulate consumer purchasing and dealer effectiveness such as display shows and exhibitions, demonstrations and various non-recurrent selling efforts not in the ordinary routine”.

According to Philip Kotler, “Promotion encompasses all the tools in the marketing mix whose major role is persuasive communication”.

It includes activities other than advertising, personal selling publicity and public relations which are used in promoting sales of the product or in persuading the customer to purchase the product. Distribution of samples, premium coupon, point of purchase display, off-price selling, etc. is the examples of sales promotion techniques.

Many international sales promotions can be found in grocery stores. In- store demonstrations with product giveaways and cooking demonstrations are popular along with end-of-aisle gondolas that highlight new products. Some companies even give away recipe cards as an incentive to buy the product if it’s an item consumers may not be familiar with.

Sales promotions are marketing activities that simulate consumer purchases and improve retailer or middlemen effectiveness and cooperation. Cents off in store demonstrations samples, coupons gifts, product tie ins contests, sweepstakes sponsorship of special events such as concerts and fairs, and point of purchase displays are types promotion devices designed to supplement advertising and personal selling in promotional mix.

Sales promotions are short term efforts directed to the consumer or retailer to achieve such specific objectives as consumer product trial or immediate purchase, consumer introduction to the store, gaining retail point of purchase displays encouraging stores to stock the product, and supporting and augmenting advertising and personal sales efforts.

For example, Procter & Gamble’s introduction of Ariel detergent in Egypt included the Ariel Road show a puppet show (not the little Mermaid!) that was taken to local markets in villages where more than half of all Egyptians still live.

The show drew huge crowds entertained people, told about Ariel’s better performance without the use of additives and sold the brand through a distribution van at nominal discount. Besides, creating brand awareness for Ariel, the road show helped overcome the reluctance of the rural retailers to handle the premium priced Ariel.

In markets where the consumer is hard to reach because of media limitations, the percentage of the promotional budget allocated to sales promotions may have to be increased. In some less developed countries sales promotions constitute the major portion of the promotional effort in rural and less accessible parts of the market. In parts of Latin America a portion of the advertising sales budget for both Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola is spent o carnival trucks, which make frequent trips to outlying villages to promise their products.

When a carnival truck makes a stop in a village it may show a movie or provide some other kind of entertainment; the price of admission is an unopened bottle of the product purchased from the local retailer. The unopened bottle is to be exchange for a cold bottle plus a coupon for another bottle.

This promotional effort tends to stimulate sales and encourages local retailers who are given prior notice of the carnival’s truck’s arrival, to stock the product. Nearly 100 per cent coverage of retailers in the villages is achieved with this type of promotion. In other situations village merchants may be given free samples have the outsides of their stores painted, or receive clock signs in attempts to promote sales.

Related Articles:

• Promotion Mix: 4 Factors that a Company must consider for Improving their Promotion Mix
• Sales Promotion: Meaning, Definition, Objectives and Importance of Sales Promotion

Sales Promotion

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Mental Health Prevention and Promotion—A Narrative Review

Associated data.

Extant literature has established the effectiveness of various mental health promotion and prevention strategies, including novel interventions. However, comprehensive literature encompassing all these aspects and challenges and opportunities in implementing such interventions in different settings is still lacking. Therefore, in the current review, we aimed to synthesize existing literature on various mental health promotion and prevention interventions and their effectiveness. Additionally, we intend to highlight various novel approaches to mental health care and their implications across different resource settings and provide future directions. The review highlights the (1) concept of preventive psychiatry, including various mental health promotions and prevention approaches, (2) current level of evidence of various mental health preventive interventions, including the novel interventions, and (3) challenges and opportunities in implementing concepts of preventive psychiatry and related interventions across the settings. Although preventive psychiatry is a well-known concept, it is a poorly utilized public health strategy to address the population's mental health needs. It has wide-ranging implications for the wellbeing of society and individuals, including those suffering from chronic medical problems. The researchers and policymakers are increasingly realizing the potential of preventive psychiatry; however, its implementation is poor in low-resource settings. Utilizing novel interventions, such as mobile-and-internet-based interventions and blended and stepped-care models of care can address the vast mental health need of the population. Additionally, it provides mental health services in a less-stigmatizing and easily accessible, and flexible manner. Furthermore, employing decision support systems/algorithms for patient management and personalized care and utilizing the digital platform for the non-specialists' training in mental health care are valuable additions to the existing mental health support system. However, more research concerning this is required worldwide, especially in the low-and-middle-income countries.

Introduction

Mental disorder has been recognized as a significant public health concern and one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, particularly with the loss of productive years of the sufferer's life ( 1 ). The Global Burden of Disease report (2019) highlights an increase, from around 80 million to over 125 million, in the worldwide number of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) attributable to mental disorders. With this surge, mental disorders have moved into the top 10 significant causes of DALYs worldwide over the last three decades ( 2 ). Furthermore, this data does not include substance use disorders (SUDs), which, if included, would increase the estimated burden manifolds. Moreover, if the caregiver-related burden is accounted for, this figure would be much higher. Individual, social, cultural, political, and economic issues are critical mental wellbeing determinants. An increasing burden of mental diseases can, in turn, contribute to deterioration in physical health and poorer social and economic growth of a country ( 3 ). Mental health expenditure is roughly 3–4% of their Gross Domestic Products (GDPs) in developed regions of the world; however, the figure is abysmally low in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) ( 4 ). Untreated mental health and behavioral problems in childhood and adolescents, in particular, have profound long-term social and economic adverse consequences, including increased contact with the criminal justice system, lower employment rate and lesser wages among those employed, and interpersonal difficulties ( 5 – 8 ).

Need for Mental Health (MH) Prevention

Longitudinal studies suggest that individuals with a lower level of positive wellbeing are more likely to acquire mental illness ( 9 ). Conversely, factors that promote positive wellbeing and resilience among individuals are critical in preventing mental illnesses and better outcomes among those with mental illness ( 10 , 11 ). For example, in patients with depressive disorders, higher premorbid resilience is associated with earlier responses ( 12 ). On the contrary, patients with bipolar affective- and recurrent depressive disorders who have a lower premorbid quality of life are at higher risk of relapses ( 13 ).

Recently there has been an increased emphasis on the need to promote wellbeing and positive mental health in preventing the development of mental disorders, for poor mental health has significant social and economic implications ( 14 – 16 ). Research also suggests that mental health promotion and preventative measures are cost-effective in preventing or reducing mental illness-related morbidity, both at the society and individual level ( 17 ).

Although the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity,” there has been little effort at the global level or stagnation in implementing effective mental health services ( 18 ). Moreover, when it comes to the research on mental health (vis-a-viz physical health), promotive and preventive mental health aspects have received less attention vis-a-viz physical health. Instead, greater emphasis has been given to the illness aspect, such as research on psychopathology, mental disorders, and treatment ( 19 , 20 ). Often, physicians and psychiatrists are unfamiliar with various concepts, approaches, and interventions directed toward mental health promotion and prevention ( 11 , 21 ).

Prevention and promotion of mental health are essential, notably in reducing the growing magnitude of mental illnesses. However, while health promotion and disease prevention are universally regarded concepts in public health, their strategic application for mental health promotion and prevention are often elusive. Furthermore, given the evidence of substantial links between psychological and physical health, the non-incorporation of preventive mental health services is deplorable and has serious ramifications. Therefore, policymakers and health practitioners must be sensitized about linkages between mental- and physical health to effectively implement various mental health promotive and preventive interventions, including in individuals with chronic physical illnesses ( 18 ).

The magnitude of the mental health problems can be gauged by the fact that about 10–20% of young individuals worldwide experience depression ( 22 ). As described above, poor mental health during childhood is associated with adverse health (e.g., substance use and abuse), social (e.g., delinquency), academic (e.g., school failure), and economic (high risk of poverty) adverse outcomes in adulthood ( 23 ). Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for setting the ground for physical growth and mental wellbeing ( 22 ). Therefore, interventions promoting positive psychology empower youth with the life skills and opportunities to reach their full potential and cope with life's challenges. Comprehensive mental health interventions involving families, schools, and communities have resulted in positive physical and psychological health outcomes. However, the data is limited to high-income countries (HICs) ( 24 – 28 ).

In contrast, in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) that bear the greatest brunt of mental health problems, including massive, coupled with a high treatment gap, such interventions remained neglected in public health ( 29 , 30 ). This issue warrants prompt attention, particularly when global development strategies such as Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) realize the importance of mental health ( 31 ). Furthermore, studies have consistently reported that people with socioeconomic disadvantages are at a higher risk of mental illness and associated adverse outcomes; partly, it is attributed to the inequitable distribution of mental health services ( 32 – 35 ).

Scope of Mental Health Promotion and Prevention in the Current Situation

Literature provides considerable evidence on the effectiveness of various preventive mental health interventions targeting risk and protective factors for various mental illnesses ( 18 , 36 – 42 ). There is also modest evidence of the effectiveness of programs focusing on early identification and intervention for severe mental diseases (e.g., schizophrenia and psychotic illness, and bipolar affective disorders) as well as common mental disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression, stress-related disorders) ( 43 – 46 ). These preventive measures have also been evaluated for their cost-effectiveness with promising findings. In addition, novel interventions such as digital-based interventions and novel therapies (e.g., adventure therapy, community pharmacy program, and Home-based Nurse family partnership program) to address the mental health problems have yielded positive results. Likewise, data is emerging from LMICs, showing at least moderate evidence of mental health promotion intervention effectiveness. However, most of the available literature and intervention is restricted mainly to the HICs ( 47 ). Therefore, their replicability in LMICs needs to be established and, also, there is a need to develop locally suited interventions.

Fortunately, there has been considerable progress in preventive psychiatry over recent decades, including research on it. In the light of these advances, there is an accelerated interest among researchers, clinicians, governments, and policymakers to harness the potentialities of the preventive strategies to improve the availability, accessibility, and utility of such services for the community.

The Concept of Preventive Psychiatry

Origins of preventive psychiatry.

The history of preventive psychiatry can be traced back to the early 1900's with the foundation of the national mental health association (erstwhile mental health association), the committee on mental hygiene in New York, and the mental health hygiene movement ( 48 ). The latter emphasized the need for physicians to develop empathy and recognize and treat mental illness early, leading to greater awareness about mental health prevention ( 49 ). Despite that, preventive psychiatry remained an alien concept for many, including mental health professionals, particularly when the etiology of most psychiatric disorders was either unknown or poorly understood. However, recent advances in our understanding of the phenomena underlying psychiatric disorders and availability of the neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques concerning mental illness and its prognosis has again brought the preventive psychiatry in the forefront ( 1 ).

Levels of Prevention

The literal meaning of “prevention” is “the act of preventing something from happening” ( 50 ); the entity being prevented can range from the risk factors of the development of the illness, the onset of illness, or the recurrence of the illness or associated disability. The concept of prevention emerged primarily from infectious diseases; measures like mass vaccination and sanitation promotion have helped prevent the development of the diseases and subsequent fatalities. The original preventive model proposed by the Commission on Chronic Illness in 1957 included primary, secondary, and tertiary preventions ( 48 ).

The Concept of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention

The stages of prevention target distinct aspects of the illness's natural course; the primary prevention acts at the stage of pre-pathogenesis, that is, when the disease is yet to occur, whereas the secondary and tertiary prevention target the phase after the onset of the disease ( 51 ). Primary prevention includes health promotion and specific protection, while secondary and tertairy preventions include early diagnosis and treatment and measures to decrease disability and rehabilitation, respectively ( 51 ) ( Figure 1 ).

The concept of primary and secondary prevention [adopted from prevention: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary by Bauman et al. ( 51 )].

The primary prevention targets those individuals vulnerable to developing mental disorders and their consequences because of their bio-psycho-social attributes. Therefore, it can be viewed as an intervention to prevent an illness, thereby preventing mental health morbidity and potential social and economic adversities. The preventive strategies under it usually target the general population or individuals at risk. Secondary and tertiary prevention targets those who have already developed the illness, aiming to reduce impairment and morbidity as soon as possible. However, these measures usually occur in a person who has already developed an illness, therefore facing related suffering, hence may not always be successful in curing or managing the illness. Thus, secondary and tertiary prevention measures target the already exposed or diagnosed individuals.

The Concept of Universal, Selective, and Indicated Prevention

The classification of health prevention based on primary/secondary/tertiary prevention is limited in being highly centered on the etiology of the illness; it does not consider the interaction between underlying etiology and risk factors of an illness. Gordon proposed another model of prevention that focuses on the degree of risk an individual is at, and accordingly, the intensity of intervention is determined. He has classified it into universal, selective, and indicated prevention. A universal preventive strategy targets the whole population irrespective of individual risk (e.g., maintaining healthy, psychoactive substance-free lifestyles); selective prevention is targeted to those at a higher risk than the general population (socio-economically disadvantaged population, e.g., migrants, a victim of a disaster, destitute, etc.). The indicated prevention aims at those who have established risk factors and are at a high risk of getting the disease (e.g., family history of psychiatric illness, history of substance use, certain personality types, etc.). Nevertheless, on the other hand, these two classifications (the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention; and universal, selective, and indicated prevention) have been intended for and are more appropriate for physical illnesses with a clear etiology or risk factors ( 48 ).

In 1994, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Prevention of Mental Disorders proposed a new paradigm that classified primary preventive measures for mental illnesses into three categories. These are indicated, selected, and universal preventive interventions (refer Figure 2 ). According to this paradigm, primary prevention was limited to interventions done before the onset of the mental illness ( 48 ). In contrast, secondary and tertiary prevention encompasses treatment and maintenance measures ( Figure 2 ).

The interventions for mental illness as classified by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Prevention of Mental Disorders [adopted from Mrazek and Haggerty ( 48 )].

Although the boundaries between prevention and treatment are often more overlapping than being exclusive, the new paradigm can be used to avoid confusion stemming from the common belief that prevention can take place at all parts of mental health management ( 48 ). The onset of mental illnesses can be prevented by risk reduction interventions, which can involve reducing risk factors in an individual and strengthening protective elements in them. It aims to target modifiable factors, both risk, and protective factors, associated with the development of the illness through various general and specific interventions. These interventions can work across the lifespan. The benefits are not restricted to reduction or delay in the onset of illness but also in terms of severity or duration of illness ( 48 ).On the spectrum of mental health interventions, universal preventive interventions are directed at the whole population without identifiable risk factors. The interventions are beneficial for the general population or sub-groups. Prenatal care and childhood vaccination are examples of preventative measures that have benefited both physical and mental health. Selective preventive mental health interventions are directed at people or a subgroup with a significantly higher risk of developing mental disorders than the general population. Risk groups are those who, because of their vulnerabilities, are at higher risk of developing mental illnesses, e.g., infants with low-birth-weight (LBW), vulnerable children with learning difficulties or victims of maltreatment, elderlies, etc. Specific interventions are home visits and new-born day care facilities for LBW infants, preschool programs for all children living in resource-deprived areas, support groups for vulnerable elderlies, etc. Indicated preventive interventions focus on high-risk individuals who have developed minor but observable signs or symptoms of mental disorder or genetic risk factors for mental illness. However, they have not fulfilled the criteria of a diagnosable mental disorder. For instance, the parent-child interaction training program is an indicated prevention strategy that offers support to children whose parents have recognized them as having behavioral difficulties.

The overall objective of mental health promotion and prevention is to reduce the incidence of new cases, additionally delaying the emergence of mental illness. However, promotion and prevention in mental health complement each other rather than being mutually exclusive. Moreover, combining these two within the overall public health framework reduces stigma, increases cost-effectiveness, and provides multiple positive outcomes ( 18 ).

How Prevention in Psychiatry Differs From Other Medical Disorders

Compared to physical illnesses, diagnosing a mental illness is more challenging, particularly when there is still a lack of objective assessment methods, including diagnostic tools and biomarkers. Therefore, the diagnosis of mental disorders is heavily influenced by the assessors' theoretical perspectives and subjectivity. Moreover, mental illnesses can still be considered despite an individual not fulfilling the proper diagnostic criteria led down in classificatory systems, but there is detectable dysfunction. Furthermore, the precise timing of disorder initiation or transition from subclinical to clinical condition is often uncertain and inconclusive ( 48 ). Therefore, prevention strategies are well-delineated and clear in the case of physical disorders while it's still less prevalent in mental health parlance.

Terms, Definitions, and Concepts

The terms mental health, health promotion, and prevention have been differently defined and interpreted. It is further complicated by overlapping boundaries of the concept of promotion and prevention. Some commonly used terms in mental health prevention have been tabulated ( Table 1 ) ( 18 ).

Commonly used terms in mental health prevention.

Mental Health Promotion and Protection

The term “mental health promotion” also has definitional challenges as it signifies different things to different individuals. For some, it means the treatment of mental illness; for others, it means preventing the occurrence of mental illness; while for others, it means increasing the ability to manage frustration, stress, and difficulties by strengthening one's resilience and coping abilities ( 54 ). It involves promoting the value of mental health and improving the coping capacities of individuals rather than amelioration of symptoms and deficits.

Mental health promotion is a broad concept that encompasses the entire population, and it advocates for a strengths-based approach and tries to address the broader determinants of mental health. The objective is to eliminate health inequalities via empowerment, collaboration, and participation. There is mounting evidence that mental health promotion interventions improve mental health, lower the risk of developing mental disorders ( 48 , 55 , 56 ) and have socioeconomic benefits ( 24 ). In addition, it strives to increase an individual's capacity for psychosocial wellbeing and adversity adaptation ( 11 ).

However, the concepts of mental health promotion, protection, and prevention are intrinsically linked and intertwined. Furthermore, most mental diseases result from complex interaction risk and protective factors instead of a definite etiology. Facilitating the development and timely attainment of developmental milestones across an individual's lifespan is critical for positive mental health ( 57 ). Although mental health promotion and prevention are essential aspects of public health with wide-ranging benefits, their feasibility and implementation are marred by financial and resource constraints. The lack of cost-effectiveness studies, particularly from the LMICs, further restricts its full realization ( 47 , 58 , 59 ).

Despite the significance of the topic and a considerable amount of literature on it, a comprehensive review is still lacking that would cover the concept of mental health promotion and prevention and simultaneously discusses various interventions, including the novel techniques delivered across the lifespan, in different settings, and level of prevention. Therefore, this review aims to analyze the existing literature on various mental health promotion and prevention-based interventions and their effectiveness. Furthermore, its attempts to highlight the implications of such intervention in low-resource settings and provides future directions. Such literature would add to the existing literature on mental health promotion and prevention research and provide key insights into the effectiveness of such interventions and their feasibility and replicability in various settings.

Methodology

For the current review, key terms like “mental health promotion,” OR “protection,” OR “prevention,” OR “mitigation” were used to search relevant literature on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane library databases, considering a time period between 2000 to 2019 ( Supplementary Material 1 ). However, we have restricted our search till 2019 for non-original articles (reviews, commentaries, viewpoints, etc.), assuming that it would also cover most of the original articles published until then. Additionally, we included original papers from the last 5 years (2016–2021) so that they do not get missed out if not covered under any published review. The time restriction of 2019 for non-original articles was applied to exclude papers published during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic as the latter was a significant event, bringing about substantial change and hence, it warranted a different approach to cater to the MH needs of the population, including MH prevention measures. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the flooding of novel interventions for mental health prevention and promotion, specifically targeting the pandemic and its consequences, which, if included, could have biased the findings of the current review on various MH promotion and prevention interventions.

A time frame of about 20 years was taken to see the effectiveness of various MH promotion and protection interventions as it would take substantial time to be appreciated in real-world situations. Therefore, the current paper has put greater reliance on the review articles published during the last two decades, assuming that it would cover most of the original articles published until then.

The above search yielded 320 records: 225 articles from Google scholar, 59 articles from PubMed, and 36 articles from the Cochrane database flow-diagram of records screening. All the records were title/abstract screened by all the authors to establish the suitability of those records for the current review; a bibliographic- and gray literature search was also performed. In case of any doubts or differences in opinion, it was resolved by mutual discussion. Only those articles directly related to mental health promotion, primary prevention, and related interventions were included in the current review. In contrast, records that discussed any specific conditions/disorders (post-traumatic stress disorders, suicide, depression, etc.), specific intervention (e.g., specific suicide prevention intervention) that too for a particular population (e.g., disaster victims) lack generalizability in terms of mental health promotion or prevention, those not available in the English language, and whose full text was unavailable were excluded. The findings of the review were described narratively.

Interventions for Mental Health Promotion and Prevention and Their Evidence

Various interventions have been designed for mental health promotion and prevention. They are delivered and evaluated across the regions (high-income countries to low-resource settings, including disaster-affiliated regions of the world), settings (community-based, school-based, family-based, or individualized); utilized different psychological constructs and therapies (cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral interventions, coping skills training, interpersonal therapies, general health education, etc.); and delivered by different professionals/facilitators (school-teachers, mental health professionals or paraprofessionals, peers, etc.). The details of the studies, interventions used, and outcomes have been provided in Supplementary Table 1 . Below we provide the synthesized findings of the available research.

The majority of the available studies were quantitative and experimental. Randomized controlled trials comprised a sizeable proportion of the studies; others were quasi-experimental studies and, a few, qualitative studies. The studies primarily focussed on school students or the younger population, while others were explicitly concerned with the mental health of young females ( 60 ). Newer data is emerging on mental health promotion and prevention interventions for elderlies (e.g., dementia) ( 61 ). The majority of the research had taken a broad approach to mental health promotion ( 62 ). However, some studies have focused on universal prevention ( 63 , 64 ) or selective prevention ( 65 – 68 ). For instance, the Resourceful Adolescent Program (RAPA) was implemented across the schools and has utilized cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal therapies and reported a significant improvement in depressive symptoms. Some of the interventions were directed at enhancing an individual's characteristics like resilience, behavior regulation, and coping skills (ZIPPY's Friends) ( 69 ), while others have focused on the promotion of social and emotional competencies among the school children and attempted to reduce the gap in such competencies across the socio-economic classes (“Up” program) ( 70 ) or utilized expressive abilities of the war-affected children (Writing for Recover (WfR) intervention) ( 71 ) to bring about an improvement in their psychological problems (a type of selective prevention) ( 62 ) or harnessing the potential of Art, in the community-based intervention, to improve self-efficacy, thus preventing mental disorders (MAD about Art program) ( 72 ). Yet, others have focused on strengthening family ( 60 , 73 ), community relationships ( 62 ), and targeting modifiable risk factors across the life course to prevent dementia among the elderlies and also to support the carers of such patients ( 61 ).

Furthermore, more of the studies were conducted and evaluated in the developed parts of the world, while emerging economies, as anticipated, far lagged in such interventions or related research. The interventions that are specifically adapted for local resources, such as school-based programs involving paraprofessionals and teachers in the delivery of mental health interventions, were shown to be more effective ( 62 , 74 ). Likewise, tailored approaches for low-resource settings such as LMICs may also be more effective ( 63 ). Some of these studies also highlight the beneficial role of a multi-dimensional approach ( 68 , 75 ) and interventions targeting early lifespan ( 76 , 77 ).

Newer Insights: How to Harness Digital Technology and Novel Methods of MH Promotion and Protection

With the advent of digital technology and simultaneous traction on mental health promotion and prevention interventions, preventive psychiatrists and public health experts have developed novel techniques to deliver mental health promotive and preventive interventions. These encompass different settings (e.g., school, home, workplace, the community at large, etc.) and levels of prevention (universal, selective, indicated) ( 78 – 80 ).

The advanced technologies and novel interventions have broadened the scope of MH promotion and prevention, such as addressing the mental health issues of individuals with chronic medical illness ( 81 , 82 ), severe mental disorders ( 83 ), children and adolescents with mental health problems, and geriatric population ( 78 ). Further, it has increased the accessibility and acceptability of such interventions in a non-stigmatizing and tailored manner. Moreover, they can be integrated into the routine life of the individuals.

For instance, Internet-and Mobile-based interventions (IMIs) have been utilized to monitor health behavior as a form of MH prevention and a stand-alone self-help intervention. Moreover, the blended approach has expanded the scope of MH promotive and preventive interventions such as face-to-face interventions coupled with remote therapies. Simultaneously, it has given way to the stepped-care (step down or step-up care) approach of treatment and its continuation ( 79 ). Also, being more interactive and engaging is particularly useful for the youth.

The blended model of care has utilized IMIs to a varying degree and at various stages of the psychological interventions. This includes IMIs as a supplementary approach to the face-to-face-interventions (FTFI), FTFI augmented by behavior intervention technologies (BITs), BITs augmented by remote human support, and fully automated BITs ( 84 ).

The stepped care model of mental health promotion and prevention strategies includes a stepped-up approach, wherein BITs are utilized to manage the prodromal symptoms, thereby preventing the onset of the full-blown episode. In the Stepped-down approach, the more intensive treatments (in-patient or out-patient based interventions) are followed and supplemented with the BITs to prevent relapse of the mental illness, such as for previously admitted patients with depression or substance use disorders ( 85 , 86 ).

Similarly, the latest research has developed newer interventions for strengthening the psychological resilience of the public or at-risk individuals, which can be delivered at the level of the home, such as, e.g., nurse family partnership program (to provide support to the young and vulnerable mothers and prevent childhood maltreatment) ( 87 ); family healing together program aimed at improving the mental health of the family members living with persons with mental illness (PwMI) ( 88 ). In addition, various novel interventions for MH promotion and prevention have been highlighted in the Table 2 .

Depiction of various novel mental health promotion and prevention strategies.

a/w, associated with; A-V, audio-visual; b/w, between; CBT, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; CES-Dep., Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale; CG, control group; FU, follow-up; GAD, generalized anxiety disorders-7; IA, intervention arm; HCWs, Health Care Workers; LMIC, low and middle-income countries; MDD, major depressive disorders; mgt, management; MH, mental health; MHP, mental health professional; MINI, mini neuropsychiatric interview; NNT, number needed to treat; PHQ-9, patient health questionnaire; TAU, treatment as usual .

Furthermore, school/educational institutes-based interventions such as school-Mental Health Magazines to increase mental health literacy among the teachers and students have been developed ( 80 ). In addition, workplace mental health promotional activities have targeted the administrators, e.g., guided “e-learning” for the managers that have shown to decrease the mental health problems of the employees ( 102 ).

Likewise, digital technologies have also been harnessed in strengthening community mental health promotive/preventive services, such as the mental health first aid (MHFA) Books on Prescription initiative in New Zealand provided information and self-help tools through library networks and trained book “prescribers,” particularly in rural and remote areas ( 103 ).

Apart from the common mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and behavioral disorders in the childhood/adolescents, novel interventions have been utilized to prevent the development of or management of medical, including preventing premature mortality and psychological issues among the individuals with severe mental illnesses (SMIs), e.g., Lets' talk about tobacco-web based intervention and motivational interviewing to prevent tobacco use, weight reduction measures, and promotion of healthy lifestyles (exercise, sleep, and balanced diets) through individualized devices, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disorders ( 83 ). Similarly, efforts have been made to improve such individuals' coping skills and employment chances through the WorkingWell mobile application in the US ( 104 ).

Apart from the digital-based interventions, newer, non-digital-based interventions have also been utilized to promote mental health and prevent mental disorders among individuals with chronic medical conditions. One such approach in adventure therapy aims to support and strengthen the multi-dimensional aspects of self. It includes the physical, emotional or cognitive, social, spiritual, psychological, or developmental rehabilitation of the children and adolescents with cancer. Moreover, it is delivered in the natural environment outside the hospital premises, shifting the focus from the illness model to the wellness model ( 81 ). Another strength of this intervention is it can be delivered by the nurses and facilitate peer support and teamwork.

Another novel approach to MH prevention is gut-microbiota and dietary interventions. Such interventions have been explored with promising results for the early developmental disorders (Attention deficit hyperactive disorder, Autism spectrum disorders, etc.) ( 105 ). It works under the framework of the shared vulnerability model for common mental disorders and other non-communicable diseases and harnesses the neuroplasticity potential of the developing brain. Dietary and lifestyle modifications have been recommended for major depressive disorders by the Clinical Practice Guidelines in Australia ( 106 ). As most childhood mental and physical disorders are determined at the level of the in-utero and early after the birth period, targeting maternal nutrition is another vital strategy. The utility has been expanded from maternal nutrition to women of childbearing age. The various novel mental health promotion and prevention strategies are shown in Table 2 .

Newer research is emerging that has utilized the digital platform for training non-specialists in diagnosis and managing individuals with mental health problems, such as Atmiyata Intervention and The SMART MH Project in India, and The Allillanchu Project in Peru, to name a few ( 99 ). Such frameworks facilitate task-sharing by the non-specialist and help in reducing the treatment gap in these countries. Likewise, digital algorithms or decision support systems have been developed to make mental health services more transparent, personalized, outcome-driven, collaborative, and integrative; one such example is DocuMental, a clinical decision support system (DSS). Similarly, frameworks like i-PROACH, a cloud-based intelligent platform for research outcome assessment and care in mental health, have expanded the scope of the mental health support system, including promoting research in mental health ( 100 ). In addition, COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in wider dissemination of the applications based on the evidence-based psycho-social interventions such as National Health Service's (NHS's) Mind app and Headspace (teaching meditation via a website or a phone application) that have utilized mindfulness-based practices to address the psychological problems of the population ( 101 ).

Challenges in Implementing Novel MH Promotion and Prevention Strategies

Although novel interventions, particularly internet and mobile-based interventions (IMIs), are effective models for MH promotion and prevention, their cost-effectiveness requires further exploration. Moreover, their feasibility and acceptability in LMICs could be challenging. Some of these could be attributed to poor digital literacy, digital/network-related limitations, privacy issues, and society's preparedness to implement these interventions.

These interventions need to be customized and adapted according to local needs and context, for which implementation and evaluative research are warranted. In addition, the infusion of more human and financial resources for such activities is required. Some reports highlight that many of these interventions do not align with the preferences and use the pattern of the service utilizers. For instance, one explorative research on mental health app-based interventions targeting youth found that despite the burgeoning applications, they are not aligned with the youth's media preferences and learning patterns. They are less interactive, have fewer audio-visual displays, are not youth-specific, are less dynamic, and are a single touch app ( 107 ).

Furthermore, such novel interventions usually come with high costs. In low-resource settings where service utilizers have limited finances, their willingness to use such services may be doubtful. Moreover, insurance companies, including those in high-income countries (HICs), may not be willing to fund such novel interventions, which restricts the accessibility and availability of interventions.

Research points to the feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating such novel interventions in routine services such as school, community, primary care, or settings, e.g., in low-resource settings, the resource persons like teachers, community health workers, and primary care physicians are already overburdened. Therefore, their willingness to take up additional tasks may raise skepticism. Moreover, the attitudinal barrier to moving from the traditional service delivery model to the novel methods may also impede.

Considering the low MH budget and less priority on the MH prevention and promotion activities in most low-resource settings, the uptake of such interventions in the public health framework may be lesser despite the latter's proven high cost-effectiveness. In contrast, policymakers may be more inclined to invest in the therapeutic aspects of MH.

Such interventions open avenues for personalized and precision medicine/health care vs. the traditional model of MH promotion and preventive interventions ( 108 , 109 ). For instance, multivariate prediction algorithms with methods of machine learning and incorporating biological research, such as genetics, may help in devising tailored, particularly for selected and indicated prevention, interventions for depression, suicide, relapse prevention, etc. ( 79 ). Therefore, more research in this area is warranted.

To be more clinically relevant, greater biological research in MH prevention is required to identify those at higher risk of developing given mental disorders due to the existing risk factors/prominent stress ( 110 ). For instance, researchers have utilized the transcriptional approach to identify a biological fingerprint for susceptibility (denoting abnormal early stress response) to develop post-traumatic stress disorders among the psychological trauma survivors by analyzing the expression of the Peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profiles ( 111 ). Identifying such biological markers would help target at-risk individuals through tailored and intensive interventions as a form of selected prevention.

Similarly, such novel interventions can help in targeting the underlying risk such as substance use, poor stress management, family history, personality traits, etc. and protective factors, e.g., positive coping techniques, social support, resilience, etc., that influences the given MH outcome ( 79 ). Therefore, again, it opens the scope of tailored interventions rather than a one-size-fits-all model of selective and indicated prevention for various MH conditions.

Furthermore, such interventions can be more accessible for the hard-to-reach populations and those with significant mental health stigma. Finally, they play a huge role in ensuring the continuity of care, particularly when community-based MH services are either limited or not available. For instance, IMIs can maintain the improvement of symptoms among individuals previously managed in-patient, such as for suicide, SUDs, etc., or receive intensive treatment like cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for depression or anxiety, thereby helping relapse prevention ( 86 , 112 ). Hence, such modules need to be developed and tested in low-resource settings.

IMIs (and other novel interventions) being less stigmatizing and easily accessible, provide a platform to engage individuals with chronic medical problems, e.g., epilepsy, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, etc., and non-mental health professionals, thereby making it more relevant and appealing for them.

Lastly, research on prevention-interventions needs to be more robust to adjust for the pre-intervention matching, high attrition rate, studying the characteristics of treatment completers vs. dropouts, and utilizing the intention-to-treat analysis to gauge the effect of such novel interventions ( 78 ).

Recommendations for Low-and-Middle-Income Countries

Although there is growing research on the effectiveness and utility of mental health promotion/prevention interventions across the lifespan and settings, low-resource settings suffer from specific limitations that restrict the full realization of such public health strategies, including implementing the novel intervention. To overcome these challenges, some of the potential solutions/recommendations are as follows:

• The mental health literacy of the population should be enhanced through information, education, and communication (IEC) activities. In addition, these activities should reduce stigma related to mental problems, early identification, and help-seeking for mental health-related issues.
• Involving teachers, workplace managers, community leaders, non-mental health professionals, and allied health staff in mental health promotion and prevention is crucial.
• Mental health concepts and related promotion and prevention should be incorporated into the education curriculum, particularly at the medical undergraduate level.
• Training non-specialists such as community health workers on mental health-related issues across an individual's life course and intervening would be an effective strategy.
• Collaborating with specialists from other disciplines, including complementary and alternative medicines, would be crucial. A provision of an integrated health system would help in increasing awareness, early identification, and prompt intervention for at-risk individuals.
• Low-resource settings need to develop mental health promotion interventions such as community-and school-based interventions, as these would be more culturally relevant, acceptable, and scalable.
• Utilizing a digital platform for scaling mental health services (e.g., telepsychiatry services to at-risk populations) and training the key individuals in the community would be a cost-effective framework that must be explored.
• Infusion of higher financial and human resources in this area would be a critical step, as, without adequate resources, research, service development, and implementation would be challenging.
• It would also be helpful to identify vulnerable populations and intervene in them to prevent the development of clinical psychiatric disorders.
• Lastly, involving individuals with lived experiences at the level of mental health planning, intervention development, and delivery would be cost-effective.

Clinicians, researchers, public health experts, and policymakers have increasingly realized mental health promotion and prevention. Investment in Preventive psychiatry appears to be essential considering the substantial burden of mental and neurological disorders and the significant treatment gap. Literature suggests that MH promotive and preventive interventions are feasible and effective across the lifespan and settings. Moreover, various novel interventions (e.g., internet-and mobile-based interventions, new therapies) have been developed worldwide and proven effective for mental health promotion and prevention; such interventions are limited mainly to HICs.

Despite the significance of preventive psychiatry in the current world and having a wide-ranging implication for the wellbeing of society and individuals, including those suffering from chronic medical problems, it is a poorly utilized public health field to address the population's mental health needs. Lately, researchers and policymakers have realized the untapped potentialities of preventive psychiatry. However, its implementation in low-resource settings is still in infancy and marred by several challenges. The utilization of novel interventions, such as digital-based interventions, and blended and stepped-care models of care, can address the enormous mental health need of the population. Additionally, it provides mental health services in a less-stigmatizing and easily accessible, and flexible manner. More research concerning this is required from the LMICs.

Author Contributions

VS, AK, and SG: methodology, literature search, manuscript preparation, and manuscript review. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.898009/full#supplementary-material

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Health Promotion Reflective Essay Sample

Health Promotion Reflection and Rationale for the creation of a Poster

Introduction

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) definition of health refers to not only the absence of disease but complete social, mental, and physical well-being (WHO, 2021). "Health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they learn, work, play and love" (WHO, 1986, pp.3). From a medical perspective, illness refers to the feeling of and health which is personal and innate to the individual. It is often associated with the disease, but the disease may not be declared, such as cancer in its early stages (Boyd, 2000). Health promotion is a means of empowering and enabling a particular target group to use the available resources to promote action-oriented and competent-based health that is sustainable to reduced inequalities (Grabowski et al., 2017). Several tools and instruments are used to relay health promotion messages, such as the use of media, leaflets, one-on-one discussions, and focus groups; nonetheless, the current essay pays particular attention to using the poster as a health promotional tool. The following essay will provide a brief discussion on the process used to develop a health promotion poster (See Appendix 1) and later discuss the application of health promotion strategies for preventing illness and making every contact count across the lifespan.

However, the conceptualization of health by WHO described above has been criticised due to its unrealistic nature, inability to promote health, and lack of distinct parameters to measure it. Hence, Hubers et al. (2011) concept of health and well-being is favoured, which refers to the capacity to adapt and self-manage; this conceptualisation empowers individuals to be a salient force in determining their health. It also means that health is different from one person to the next depending on their situation in need (hence it considers the wider determinants of health). The principles of health promotion include: conceptualising health broadly and positively, involvement in addition to participation, a perspective on the individual setting, health equity, and development of action and its competence (Gregg and O'Hara, 2007). Health promotion strategies should be based on a life-course approach, which involves health promotion and health education measures, which are then supported by protective and preventive measures, with curative approaches being the last line of defence to quality of life and well-being (Eriksson and Lindström, 2008).

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According to an integrated review by Kemppainen et al. (2013), nurses have three roles in health promotion. One is the traditional general role of disease prevention in encouraging healthy behaviour. The second role involves patient-focused health promotion. The nurse identifies health promotion needs in different groups and gives specific advice based on their broad knowledge of various diseases and symptoms. Three, the nurses are seen as managers of health promotion projects through implementing health promotion plans, coordinating educational plans within the health facility and in the community, and being involved in health promotion activities for the person, their family, and even the community.

The poster being applied as a medium for communication transmits the message through graphical synthesis that combines images and text to draw the attention of the intended audience (Akister et al., 2000). The posters are considered a hybrid of paper and speech. This is because they offer more detail than speech but less detailed than paper and allows for more interactivity than both (Boggu and Singh, 2015). A poster should be visually appealing and have slogans and images that pull the audience's attention. A poster has a positive appeal, making it readily transcends public acceptance on an emotional, social, intellectual, sensorial, and economic level (Akister et al., 2000).

Before developing a health promotion strategy, one requires to perform a needs assessment. Information required is with regards to the size and nature of the population, identification of areas of unmet needs as well as those that are already met, the prevalence of the disease or condition one is interested in, the efficacy of available interventions, the available services in addition to their capacity, quality and effectiveness (Lawrence, 2020). The group notably used national statistics to define the UK population's problem, whereby 62% of the population is overweight while over 25% of adults are classified as obese (Public Health England [PHE], 2020). Obesity has been linked to metabolic syndrome, which triggers most chronic conditions such as diabetes heart disease and contributes to the National Health Service's significant disease burden. Complications of being overweight are estimated to cost the NHS 6.1 billion GBP every year (Scarborough et al., 2011).

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Additionally, the group drew information from the current political climate of the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic posed two obvious challenges; people were less likely to exercise because of the lockdown, which encouraged weight gain and being obese and overweight increases one's susceptibility to the Coronavirus through a decreased immune response and significantly higher inflammation levels (PHE, 2020). Nurses must recognise themselves as health promotion agents by making every contact count (MECC), which is a role that has been amplified by the Coronavirus, which minimizes community interventions due to the lockdown. Working with patients at the individual level denotes the nurse can tailor the interventions to every contact, consistent with the principles of person-centred care (NICE, 2019). Additionally, the MECC approach is a requirement of all nursing practitioners within the NHS. The team also ensured that the poster was brief per the national institute for healthcare excellence guidelines, which states that the interventions should be between 30 seconds to a couple of minutes for easy delivery during routine appointments where the nurse can take advantage of the contact to foster and promote health through behavioural change interventions. The nurse can use the poster to support the brief advice discussion, and patients can have a reference tool for audio-visual learning (NICE, 2019).

The team also considered the life-course approach in promoting health and well-being. Even though the intervention focused on adults, it recognises the intergenerational approach to health improvement (PHE, 2019). It is important to note that when adults change their diet, it creates a healthy environment for the dependents and children, who will also be exposed to healthier food choices (Caswell et al., 2013). Hence, reducing the likelihood of also developing obesity later in life. Also, the adults being more active will create a mental schema that will encourage them to be more active through the enculturation process (Caswell et al., 2013). Research by Fuemmeler et al. (2013) obesity in parents increases the likelihood of children becoming obese. When parents are obese, the children have a 10 to 12 fold chance of becoming obese.

One of the most salient stakeholders relied upon when making the health promotion poster is the government's department of health and social care (DHSC) new obesity strategy dubbed " Tackling obesity: empowering adults and children to live healthier lives" developed in 2020 which aims at getting people fit and healthy to protect themselves against covid-19. The UK government recognises obesity as a ticking time bomb due to the risk of severe illness and death from COVID-19. The NHS services will encourage health practitioners to become coaches of a healthy weight through training delivered by Public Health England. Excess weight is considered by the DHSC (2020) as one of the few factors that can be modified to reduce the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Concerning health, a strategy chosen, the Ottawa charter developed by WHO suggests three dimensions to health promotion that mediate, enable, and advocate (Saan and Wise, 2011; WHO, 2009). The mediation dimension requires coordination of all concerned stakeholders such as government sectors, voluntary organisations, local authorities, the industries, and the media to mediate the different interests in society to achieve better health outcomes (Saan and Wise, 2011; WHO, 2009). The enable dimension focuses on ensuring health equity is attained by reducing current health status differences and ensuring equal access to health resources, ensuring that one has the best health outcomes regardless of one demographic profile. The advocacy dimension aims at improving the conditions of an individual's political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural, and biological factors to ensure an improved quality of life (Saan and Wise, 2011; WHO, 2009).

The health promotion poster developed focused on their advocacy domain and specifically changed the behavioural factors to improve the individuals' quality of life by reducing their susceptibility to the Coronavirus (WHO, 2009). Health promotion aims to bolster one's personal and social skills development by providing the audience information about health and enhancing their life skills and how to ensure their choices promote their well-being (WHO, 2009).

The potential strategy that will be applied to convey the health promotion poster's information is a caring conversation developed by Dewar, which involves delivering compassionate care to human relationships (Dewar and MacBride, 2017). The 'caring conversations' aim at conversing with the patient at a deeper level and knowing who they are, what is important to them, and the experiences they have had, and their feelings towards them. In having a caring conversation, the nurse ought to have seven key attributes: courage, emotional connection, consideration of other perspectives, curiosity, collaboration, celebration, and compromise (Bullington et al., 2019). It is critical to be open to the patient's experience and point of view for them to field part of the intervention as opposed to being one-sided and providing a prescriptive approach rather than involving them and collaborating with them in developing the intervention, which is consistent with person-centred care (Dewar and MacBride, 2017). The person-centred approach allows for tailoring the nursing communication to consider the patient's disabilities to ensure that they understand the message relayed (Bullington et al., 2019). The caring conversation approach is consistent with the NMC (2018) code, which advocates that communication should be adapted and tailored to meet a person's needs.

Regarding health literacy, the poster used words that were easy to understand (Osborne, 2012). The words aimed to push the audience into understanding that obesity was a modifiable factor in helping them become more resilient to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the poster used numerous images and applied words sparingly to relay people's message to understand the language regardless of their ethnicities readily. The use of pictures is a universal language that creates visual appeal, and the fact that it transcends language barriers common in London due to the high percentage of black and ethnic minorities (BME) communities (Sany et al., 2020).

In conclusion, using the poster as a health promotional tool was effective, especially if the nurse combined it with less jargon and a caring conversation approach. The caring approach ensures avoidance of a one-size-fits-all approach to the conversational delivery but being considerate of the towards understanding them personally and adopting the approach of delivery to fit their context. It is also critical to underline the fact that the essay adopted Hubers et al. concept of health and well-being as a capacity to adapt and self-manage, which relegates the domain of health as being something that can be modified through behavioural change. The nurse focused on the advocacy role and specifically behavioural modification following the Ottawa charter's health promotion model. Evidence shows that the nurse has a role in health promotion, primarily through making every contact count. This role has been amplified by reducing communal avenues due to the lockdown brought on by the Coronavirus pandemic. Additionally, the poster applied a life-course approach by ensuring that adults in the family understood the role of behavioural change in weight and the benefits gained, extending to their children.

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Dewar, B. and MacBride, T. (2017). Developing caring conversations in care homes: An appreciative inquiry. Health & social care in the community , 25 (4), pp.1375-1386.

DHSC (2020). Policy paper -Tackling obesity: empowering adults and children to live healthier lives . [online]. gov.uk. Available at: <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tackling-obesity-government-strategy/tackling-obesity-empowering-adults-and-children-to-live-healthier-lives> [Accessed  10 March 2021].

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Fuemmeler, B.F., Lovelady, C.A., Zucker, N.L. and Østbye, T. (2013). Parental obesity moderates the relationship between childhood appetitive traits and weight. Obesity , 21 (4), pp.815-823.

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Norwich 1-0 Ipswich: Marcelino Nunez's first-half free-kick settles East Anglian derby to shake up promotion race

Report and free match highlights from the Sky Bet Championship match between Norwich City and Ipswich Town at Carrow Road on Saturday | Marcelino Nunez's first-half free-kick secures victory which dents Ipswich's automatic promotion hopes

Saturday 6 April 2024 17:18, UK

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Marcelino Nunez's first-half free-kick settled the East Anglian derby as Norwich enhanced their promotion hopes and dented Ipswich's with a 1-0 win at Carrow Road.

Ipswich arrived as Championship table-toppers to face their greatest rivals having failed to beat them in their previous 13 attempts, and rarely looked like ending that hoodoo against an organised Norwich side, who thoroughly deserved victory.

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The game had all the tension of a derby with few clear-cut chances at either end, but an increasing number of niggly fouls given away by the visitors before half-time.

Norwich finally made one of those count when Nunez's dipping free-kick caught out Vaclav Hladky at his near post six minutes before the break in the only shot on target of the first period.

It took over an hour for Ipswich to finally register one of their own and more than 80 minutes to trouble the Norwich goal when they mounted their trademark late onslaught and Omari Hutchinson's lob was blocked by Angus Gunn.

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But there were to be no last-gasp heroics from the visitors this time, as they opened the door to Leicester who eventually leapfrogged them later on Saturday.

Norwich's victory laid down a marker for Coventry below them, with even the Sky Blues' later win over Leeds only enough to keep the gap between the two clubs at four points.

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How Norwich's perfect day unfolded

After a predictably tight start, the home side began to take the initiative, winning a series of free-kicks deep in Ipswich territory.

They made the fourth count, with Nunez edging his side in front six minutes before the break after Sam Morsy had shoved Josh Sargent to the ground some 30 yards out in a central position.

A goal looked a long shot, quite literally, but the Chilean comfortably beat Town's two-man wall with a low curler which eluded Hladky's desperate dive to the left and went in off the post.

Ten minutes earlier Sargent had been brought down by Axel Tuanzebe in a seemingly more dangerous position, after being put in by a delightful Ashley Barnes through ball, but on this occasion, Gabriel Sara's free-kick came to nothing.

Overall the Canaries had the better of a tight opening period, with Ipswich looking nothing like a side challenging for automatic promotion. Their only effort on or off target was Massimo Luongo's header from a corner which sailed harmlessly over.

Sam McCallum's long ball from the back almost caught the visitors out in the early stages of the second half, with Borja Sainz's lob only narrowly off target.

Sargent then went down on the edge of the box under a last-ditch challenge from Morsy, only for referee Matthew Donohue to infuriate the home fans by waving play on.

As the game entered its final quarter Sargent burst through again and cut the ball back for Sainz, only for the Spaniard to guide a first-time effort high and wide.

Ipswich were struggling to make any impact in the final third, although Conor Chaplin finally produced an effort worthy of the name on 70 minutes, firing just over after being picked out by Leif Davis' cross.

Substitute Ali Al-Hamadi was then thwarted by Angus Gunn's quick reaction as he chased a long ball but Norwich defended well to see out a well-deserved derby win.

The managers

Norwich boss David Wagner :

"I've played a few derbies in Germany and England as well and to win them is always something very big. Not only for the supporters [but] for us, the coaches, the staff and the team.

"If you do it in the manner we have, we had the better chances, more clear-cut chances too, Chaplin was the first chance they had and we defended super well.

"The goal we scored was a fantastic free-kick. We always looked very solid defensively, it took a while for them to have a chance, we kept them out of dangerous areas and we had chances on the break where we should have killed the game.

"We've had some defeats, against Leeds and Leicester, but we've bounced back. This dressing room has a big advantage; they have seen the dark days. They have come from 17th in the table and marched on. This energy, this belief, it's important to have.

"I have the feeling this dressing room has everything, the experience to go until the end."

Ipswich boss Kieran McKenna :

"We didn't hit our best level, for sure. It wasn't a very high-quality game, neither team created too many chances and they've won it with a 30-yard free-kick.

"We focus on the bits we can control, and now we want to deliver a performance on Wednesday. That's all that matters now.

"In the first half, there wasn't much in the game, I don't think either team performed to a very high level. But we've had three big games in a week, maybe it's that, maybe being a big derby match for these boys and a big atmosphere, but we didn't find our intensity or bravery on the ball in the first 20 minutes.

"There were a spell of set plays, quite a few of them soft. I think the free-kick for the goal too, I haven't seen a close-up instance but if there was a different angle where it did look like [a free-kick] then fair enough.

"Any defeat at this stage of the season for a team going for anything is going to hurt, but we've been through disappointments before. This group always find the right response."

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Nutrition and Health Promotion Essay

Nutritiousness involves the process of the body taking in food and vital nutrients from it that are required for life. Nutrition is central to health promotion because it plays a critical role in a person’s body, including providing physical growth, recovering from injury and fighting diseases, lactation, reproduction, and general development (Vilar-Compte et al., 2021). Thus, a person with a specific nutritional deficiency is likely to have health problems. This study will evaluate the nutritional challenges for emerging populations and the roles of nutritional deficiency and nutritional excess on diseases.

In the modern world, emerging populations face various challenges, which have led to increased obesity and nutrition-related diseases. These may include the high availability of unhealthy foods with high fat, sugar, calories, and salt. The other factor is advanced marketing systems which significantly impact children’s eating decisions (Vilar-Compte et al., 2021). Sometimes, populations cannot access healthy foods due to poverty and geographic location. Finally, nutrition information is unavailable for most populations; hence they do not know the foods to take at a given age and how it impacts their body.

Nutritional deficiency or nutritional excess plays a significant role in disease management. For instance, high nutritional levels of refined fats and carbohydrates integrated with physical inactivity can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and obesity (Muscaritoli, 2021). On the contrary, when a person lacks various essential nutrients, they are likely to have poor immune functions, stunted growth, and other conditions such as depression, scurvy, xerophthalmia, and osteoporosis (Muscaritoli, 2021). A high intake of amino acids, short-chain fatty acids, and oligosaccharides can lead to anti-inhibitory functions in the body. This shows that nutritional balance is essential in the development of a body, and thus excess or deficient intake can lead to health complications.

Muscaritoli, M. (2021). The Impact of Nutrients on Mental Health and Well-Being: Insights From the Literature. Frontiers in Nutrition , 8 (2).

Vilar-Compte, M., Burrola-Méndez, S., Lozano-Marrufo, A., Ferré-Eguiluz, I., Flores, D., Gaitán-Rossi, P., Teruel, G., & Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2021). Urban poverty and nutrition challenges associated with accessibility to a healthy diet: a global systematic literature review. International Journal for Equity in Health , 20 (1).

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IvyPanda. (2023, May 26). Nutrition and Health Promotion. https://ivypanda.com/essays/nutrition-and-health-promotion/

"Nutrition and Health Promotion." IvyPanda , 26 May 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/nutrition-and-health-promotion/.

IvyPanda . (2023) 'Nutrition and Health Promotion'. 26 May.

IvyPanda . 2023. "Nutrition and Health Promotion." May 26, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/nutrition-and-health-promotion/.

1. IvyPanda . "Nutrition and Health Promotion." May 26, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/nutrition-and-health-promotion/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Nutrition and Health Promotion." May 26, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/nutrition-and-health-promotion/.

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