congressional research service (crs) report in july 2020

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Answered By: Katie Hutchison Last Updated: Mar 27, 2020     Views: 36271

Author, A. A. (Year).  Title of report in sentence case and italics  (CRS Report No. xxxxxxx). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: URL

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Erwin, M. C. (2011).  Intelligence issues for Congress  (CRS Report No. RL33539). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf

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• APA 7th doesn't use "retrieved from" and "website" anymore. by Peter Coogan on Sep 24, 2020

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Congressional research service reports on nuclear weapons, wmd proliferation and related topics.

• Energy and Water Development Appropriations for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation: In Brief , updated April 18, 2024
• Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer , updated March 1, 2024
• AUKUS Nuclear Cooperation , CRS In Focus, updated November 15, 2023
• State Authority to Regulate Nuclear Power: Federal Preemption Under the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) , updated November 1, 2023
• Energy and Water Development Appropriations for Nuclear Weapons Activities: In Brief , August 21, 2023
• Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements , updated July 11, 2023
• 2022 Nuclear Posture Review: Selected Programmatic Issues , CRS In Focus, March 23, 2023
• Advanced Nuclear Reactors: Technology Overview and Current Issues , updated February 17, 2023
• Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N) , CRS In Focus, updated December 16, 2022
• 2022 Nuclear Posture Review , CRS In Focus, December 6, 2022
• National Counterproliferation and Biosecurity Center , CRS In Focus, September 30, 2022
• U.S.-Proposed Missile Technology Control Regime Changes , CRS In Focus, updated May 10, 2022
• Russia's Nuclear Weapons: Doctrine, Forces, and Modernization , updated April 21, 2022
• U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy: Considering "No First Use" , CRS Insight, updated March 29, 2022
• Illicit Fentanyl and Weapons of Mass Destruction: International Controls and Policy Options , CRS Insight, March 28, 2022
• Energy and Water Development Appropriations: Nuclear Weapons Activities , updated March 14, 2022
• Biological Security Engagement in Ukraine: U.S. Cooperation and Threat Reduction Programs , CRS Insight, March 11, 2022
• Resurgence of Chemical Weapons Use: Issues for Congress , CRS Insight, updated March 11, 2022
• Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons , updated March 7, 2022
• Nuclear Arms Control After the Biden-Putin Summit , CRS Insight, updated February 28, 2022
• The New START Treaty: Central Limits and Key Provisions , updated February 2, 2022
• U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Background, Developments, and Issues , updated December 14, 2021
• Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW): Budget and U.S. Contributions , CRS In Focus, August 25, 2021
• Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles: Background and Issues , updated July 16, 2021
• The Open Skies Treaty: Background and Issues , CRS Insight, updated June 7, 2021
• IAEA Budget and U.S. Contributions: In Brief , updated April 5, 2021
• The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: Overview of Department of Energy Sites , updated March 31, 2021
• Long-Term Federal Management of Uranium Mill Tailings: Background and Issues for Congress , updated February 22, 2021
• Status of U.S.-Russian Nuclear Arms Control Talks , CRS Insight, updated February 3, 2021
• The Nuclear Ban Treaty: An Overview , CRS Insight, updated January 25, 2021
• A Low-Yield, Submarine-Launched Nuclear Warhead: Overview of the Expert Debate , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2021
• Nuclear Command, Control, and Communications (NC3) Modernization , CRS In Focus, December 8, 2020
• U.S. Nuclear Weapons Tests , CRS In Focus, updated December 4, 2020
• The Nuclear Ban Treaty: An Overview , CRS Insight, updated October 29, 2020
• Uranium Reserve Program Proposal: Policy Implications , CRS In Focus, April 16, 2020
• Nuclear Waste Storage Sites in the United States , CRS In Focus, updated April 13, 2020
• U.S. Withdrawal from the INF Treaty: What's Next? , CRS In Focus, updated January 2, 2020
• Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund: Status and Funding Issues , CRS In Focus, November 27, 2019
• Russian Compliance with the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty: Background and Issues for Congress , updated August 2, 2019
• The Front End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Current Issues , updated July 29, 2019
• Nuclear Cooperation: Part 810 Authorizations , CRS In Focus, April 18, 2019
• U.S. Withdrawal from the INF Treaty , CRS Insight, updated February 1, 2019
• Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) , August 9, 2018
• New Nuclear Warheads: Legislative Provisions , CRS Insight, February 5, 2018
• Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Plant and Plutonium Disposition: Management and Policy Issues , December 14, 2017
• Can Congress Limit the President's Power to Launch Nuclear Weapons? , CRS Legal Sidebar, November 9, 2017
• Legislation Limiting the President's Power to Use Nuclear Weapons: Separation of Powers Implications , CRS Memo, November 3, 2017
• States' Obligations Under Additional Protocols to IAEA Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements , CRS memorandum, October 23, 2017
• Redeploying U.S. Nuclear Weapons to South Korea: Background and Implications in Brief , September 14, 2017
• Recent Developments in U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Cooperation , CRS Insight, October 13, 2016
• Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Background and Current Developments , September 1, 2016
• U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Turkey , CRS Insight, August 2, 2016
• Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons , August 1, 2016
• The March 2016 Nuclear Security Summit , CRS Insight, March 14, 2016
• Iran-North Korea-Syria Ballistic Missile and Nuclear Cooperation , February 26, 2016
• The Evolution of Cooperative Threat Reduction: Issues for Congress , updated November 23, 2015
• Renegotiating Arms Control Agreements: A Brief Review , CRS Insights, September 2, 2015
• Arms Control Ratification: Opportunities for Modifying Agreements , CRS Insights, September 2, 2015
• U.S.-Republic of Korea Nuclear Cooperation Agreement , CRS Insights, June 30, 2015
• Energy and Water Development: FY2016 Appropriations for Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Stewardship , June 5, 2015
• In Brief: Options to Help Meet a Congressional Requirement for Nuclear Weapon "Pit" Production , May 22, 2015
• Nuclear Weapon "Pit" Production: Options to Help Meet a Congressional Requirement , May 14, 2015
• Ballistic Missile Defense in the Asia-Pacific Region: Cooperation and Opposition , April 3, 2015
• Nuclear Energy Cooperation with Foreign Countries: Issues for Congress , December 8, 2014
• Syria's Chemical Weapons: Progress and Continuing Challenges , CRS Insights, October 1, 2014
• Russia's Compliance with the INF Treaty , CRS Insights, September 18, 2014
• U.S.-Vietnam Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Issues for Congress , September 15, 2014
• Manufacturing Nuclear Weapon "Pits": A Decisionmaking Approach for Congress , August 15, 2014
• Bond v. United States: Validity and Construction of the Federal Chemical Weapons Statute , June 20, 2014
• In Brief: U.S. Nuclear Weapon "Pit" Production: Background and Options , March 20, 2014
• U.S. Nuclear Weapon "Pit" Production Options for Congress , February 21, 2014
• Next Steps in Nuclear Arms Control with Russia: Issues for Congress , January 6, 2014
• Syria's Chemical Weapons: Issues for Congress , September 30, 2013
• Chemical Weapons: A Summary Report of Characteristics and Effects , September 13, 2013
• Nuclear Weapons R&D Organizations in Nine Nations , May 1, 2013
• Nuclear Regulatory Commission 10 C.F.R. 37, A New Rule to Protect Radioactive Material: Background, Summary, Views from the Field , December 14, 2012
• Proliferation Control Regimes: Background and Status , October 25, 2012
• Managing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Policy Implications of Expanding Global Access to Nuclear Power , October 19, 2012
• U.S. Nuclear Cooperation With India: Issues for Congress , June 26, 2012
• Proliferation of Precision Strike: Issues for Congress , May 14, 2012
• Securing Nuclear Materials: The 2012 Summit and Issues for Congress , March 7, 2012
• Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union , March 6, 2012
• Fukushima Nuclear Crisis , January 18, 2012
• Monitoring and Verification in Arms Control , December 23, 2011
• "Dirty Bombs": Technical Background, Attack Prevention and Response, Issues for Congress , June 24, 2011
• "Dirty Bombs": Background in Brief , June 24, 2011
• Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty , February 7, 2011
• U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Issues for Congress , January 11, 2011
• The United Arab Emirates Nuclear Program and Proposed U.S. Nuclear Cooperation , December 20, 2010
• U.S.-Australia Civilian Nuclear Cooperation: Issues for Congress , December 1, 2010
• Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, and Missile Proliferation Sanctions: Selected Current Law , November 30, 2010
• Detection of Nuclear Weapons and Materials: Science, Technologies, Observations , June 4, 2010
• Ballistic Missile Defense and Offensive Arms Reductions: A Review of the Historical Record , May 25, 2010
• 2010 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference: Key Issues and Implications , May 3, 2010
• Strategic Arms Control After START: Issues and Options , March 4, 2010
• The Reliable Replacement Warhead Program: Background and Current Developments , July 27, 2009
• Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: Updated "Safeguards" and Net Assessments , June 3, 2009
• The Global Nuclear Detection Architecture: Issues for Congress , updated March 25, 2009
• Japan's Nuclear Future: Policy Debate, Prospects, and U.S. Interests , February 19, 2009
• Nuclear Waste Disposal: Alternatives to Yucca Mountain , February 6, 2009
• Conventional Warheads For Long-Range Ballistic Missiles: Background and Issues for Congress , updated January 26, 2009
• Nuclear Weapons in U.S. National Security Policy: Past, Present, and Prospects , updated December 30, 2008
• Nuclear Cooperation Agreement with Russia: Statutory Procedures for Congressional Consideration , updated November 26, 2008
• Extending NASA's Exemption from the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act , updated October 1, 2008
• Advanced Nuclear Power and Fuel Cycle Technologies: Outlook and Policy Options , July 11, 2008
• U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Issues for Congress , updated June 26, 2008
• Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing: U.S. Policy Development , updated March 27, 2008
• Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Issues and Arguments , updated March 12, 2008
• Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons and Missiles: Status and Trends , updated February 20, 2008
• U.S. Nuclear Weapons: Changes in Policy and Force Structure , updated January 23, 2008
• Nuclear Warheads: The Reliable Replacement Warhead Program and the Life Extension Program , updated December 3, 2007
• Radioactive Tank Waste from the Past Production of Nuclear Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress , updated January 3, 2007
• India's Nuclear Separation Plan: Issues and Views , updated December 22, 2006
• Nuclear Testing and Comprehensive Test Ban: Chronology Starting September 1992 , updated December 18, 2006
• U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation: A Side-By-Side Comparison of Current Legislation , updated November 22, 2006
• Globalizing Cooperative Threat Reduction: A Survey of Options , updated October 5, 2006
• Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) , updated September 14, 2006
• Banning Fissile Material Production for Nuclear Weapons: Prospects for a Treaty (FMCT) , July 14, 2006
• Nuclear Command and Control: Current Programs and Issues , May 3, 2006
• "Bunker Busters": Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator Issues, FY2005-FY 2007 , updated February 21, 2006
• Nuclear Terrorism: A Brief Review of Threats and Responses , updated February 10, 2006
• Nuclear Weapons Complex Reconfiguration: Analysis of an Energy Department Task Force Report , updated February 1, 2006
• Nuclear Nonproliferation Issues , updated January 20, 2006
• Arms Control and Nonproliferation Activities: A Catalog of Recent Events , updated January 19, 2006
• Nuclear Arms Control: The U.S.-Russian Agenda , updated January 3, 2006
• Loss-of-Use Damages From U.S. Nuclear Testing in the Marshall Islands: Technical Analysis of the Nuclear Claims Tribunal's Methodology and Alternative Estimates , August 12, 2005
• Vieques and Culebra Islands: An Analysis of Cleanup Status and Costs , updated July 7, 2005
• Pakistan's Nuclear Proliferation Activities and the Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission: U.S. Policy Constraints and Options , updated May 24, 2005
• NPT Compliance: Issues and Views , April 26, 2005
• The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference: Issues for Congress , May 16, 2005
• Nuclear Threat Reduction Measures for India and Pakistan , updated February 17, 2005
• "Bunker Busters": Sources of Confusion in the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator Debate , updated January 10, 2005
• Radiological Dispersal Devices: Select Issues in Consequence Management , updated December 7, 2004
• Terrorist "Dirty Bombs": A Brief Primer , updated April 1, 2004
• Nuclear Warhead "Pit" Production: Background and Issues for Congress , updated March 29, 2004
• Nuclear Weapon Initiatives: Low-Yield R&D, Advanced Concepts, Earth Penetrators, Test Readiness (PDF), updated March 8, 2004
• Missile Proliferation and the Strategic Balance in South Asia (PDF), October 17, 2003
• Weapons of Mass Destruction Counterproliferation: Legal Issues for Ships and Aircraft (PDF), October 1, 2003
• Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security: A Need for New Weapons Programs? , September 15, 2003
• Nuclear Earth Penetrator Weapons (PDF), updated January 27, 2003
• Cruise Missile Proliferation , July 3, 2002
• Chinese Nuclear and Missile Proliferation , CRS In Focus, updated October 24, 2023
• New U.S. Policy Regarding Nuclear Exports to China , CRS In Focus, December 17, 2018
• U.S.-China Nuclear Cooperation Agreement , August 18, 2015
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues , January 5, 2015
• China: Suspected Acquisition of U.S. Nuclear Weapon Secrets , updated February 1, 2006
• Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance with International Obligations , updated April 2, 2024
• Iran and Nuclear Weapons Production , CRS In Focus, updated March 20, 2024
• Iran's Nuclear Program and U.N. Sanctions Reimposition , CRS In Focus, updated September 23, 2022
• Possible U.S. Return to Iran Nuclear Agreement: Frequently Asked Questions , January 29, 2021
• Iran's Ballistic Missile and Space Launch Programs , CRS In Focus, updated January 9, 2020
• Iran's Nuclear Program: Status , updated December 20, 2019
• Iran: Efforts to Preserve Economic Benefits of the Nuclear Deal , CRS In Focus, updated February 26, 2019
• Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit , July 20, 2018
• Withdrawal from the Iran Nuclear Deal: Legal Authorities and Implications , CRS Legal Sidebar, May 17, 2018
• U.S. Decision to Cease Implementing the Iran Nuclear Agreement , May 9, 2018
• Procedures for Congressional Action in Relation to a Nuclear Agreement with Iran: In Brief , September 11, 2015
• Iran Nuclear Agreement: Selected Issues for Congress , August 6, 2015
• Iran's Ballistic Missile and Space Launch Programs , December 6, 2012
• Iran's Ballistic Missile Programs: An Overview , updated February 4, 2009
• Iranian Nuclear Sites , updated August 9, 2007
• Iran's Nuclear Program: Recent Developments , updated September 6, 2006
• Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses , updated July 31, 2006

North Korea

• North Korea's Nuclear and Ballistic Missile Programs , CRS In Focus, updated December 19, 2023
• Nuclear Negotiations with North Korea , updated December 11, 2023
• North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal Situation , July 27, 2018
• The North Korean Nuclear Challenge: Military Options and Issues for Congress , November 6, 2017
• Possible U.S. Policy Approaches to North Korea , CRS In Focus, September 4, 2017
• North Korea: A Comparison of S. 1747, S. 2144, and H.R. 757 , January 15, 2016
• North Korea's January 6, 2016, Nuclear Test , CRS Insight, January 7, 2016
• North Korea's Nuclear Weapons: Technical Issues , April 3, 2013
• North Korea's 2009 Nuclear Test: Containment, Monitoring, Implications , November 24, 2010
• North Korea's Second Nuclear Test: Implications of U.N. Security Council Resolution 1874 , April 15, 2010
• North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Development and Diplomacy , January 5, 2010
• North Korean Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States , updated February 24, 2009
• Weapons of Mass Destruction: Trade Between North Korea and Pakistan , updated November 28, 2006
• North Korea's Nuclear Test: Motivations, Implications, and U.S. Options , October 24, 2006
• North Korea's Nuclear Weapons: Latest Developments , updated October 18, 2006
• Arms Control and Strategic Nuclear Weapons: Unilateral vs. Bilateral Reductions , May 16, 2002
• Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Demarcation and Succession Agreements: Background and Issues , April 27, 2000