case study based questions on reproductive health class 12

Class 12 Biology Case Study Questions Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

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In Class 12 Boards there will be Case studies and Passage Based Questions will be asked, So practice these types of questions. Study Rate is always there to help you. Free PDF Downloads of CBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health Case Study and Passage-Based Questions with Answers were Prepared Based on the Latest Exam Pattern. Students can solve Class 12 Biology Case Study Questions Reproductive Health  to know their preparation level.

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In CBSE Class 12 Biology Paper, There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Reproductive Health Case Study Questions With Answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 12 Biology  Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Case Study/Passage-Based Questions

Case Study 1: Riya studies in II standards in a government school She belongs to a backward family and her parents did not get her properly vaccinated according to the immunization program. Once while playing in the school playground she fell down due to weakness and developed a high fever, headache, and stiffness in her neck.

What grade does Riya study in? A) I standard B) II standard C) III standard D) IV standard

What type of school does Riya attend? A) Private School B) Charter School C) Government School D) Boarding School

Why did Riya fall down while playing in the school playground? A) She was pushed by someone B) Equipment failure C) Weakness D) She tripped on an object

What symptoms did Riya develop after falling down? A) High fever, headache, and a broken arm B) High fever, headache, and stiffness in her neck C) Headache, stomachache, and dizziness D) Dizziness, vomiting, and a fractured leg

What was likely missing from Riya’s healthcare according to the scenario? A) Proper Nutrition B) Physical Therapy C) Proper Vaccination according to the Immunisation Programme D) Regular Check-ups with a Pediatrician

Which of the following can be inferred about Riya’s family background? A) They are wealthy B) They are from a backward family C) They are medical professionals D) They are school teachers

Case Study 2: A woman unable to conceive after many years of regular unprotected coitus went to specialized infertility clinic. On complete examination, the woman was found to be normal while the male partner was diagnosed with infertility. The male partner is unable to copulate with the female. The couple was advised to opt for assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Who was diagnosed with infertility in the couple? A) The Woman B) The Man C) Both the Man and the Woman D) Neither the Man nor the Woman

What specific problem was identified with the male partner? A) Low Sperm Count B) Unable to Copulate the Female C) Hormonal Imbalance D) Genetic Disorder

What was the couple advised to opt for after visiting the specialized infertility clinic? A) Hormone Therapy B) Surgery C) Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) D) Herbal Treatment

In the given case, which of the following statements is correct about the woman’s examination? A) She was diagnosed with infertility B) She was found to have a genetic disorder C) She was found to be normal D) She was advised surgery

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) encompasses a range of treatments. Which of the following is an example of ART? A) In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) B) Blood Transfusion C) Chemotherapy D) Antibiotic Therapy

What is generally the first step taken by a couple unable to conceive after many years of regular unprotected coitus? A) Immediate Adoption B) Using Over-the-Counter Medications C) Visiting a Specialized Infertility Clinic D) Changing Dietary Habits

Hope the information shed above regarding Case Study and Passage Based Questions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health with Answers Pdf free download has been useful to an extent. If you have any other queries about CBSE Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health Case Study and Passage Based Questions with Answers, feel free to comment below so that we can revert back to us at the earliest possible. By Team Study Rate

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Get here all the Important questions for Class 12 Biology chapter wise as free PDF download. Here you will get Extra Important Questions with answers, assertion reasoning and Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ's) chapter wise in Printable format. Class 12 Biology has 16 important chapters covering various important topics related to human physiology evolution, diseases, genetics, organisms, populations, etc.Solving Chapter wise questions is one of the best ways to prepare for the examination. Students are advised to understand the concepts and theories of Biology properly before the exam. You can easily find 1 Mark, 2 marks, 3 marks, and 5 marks questions from each chapter of Class 12 Biology and prepare for exam more effectively. These preparation material for Class 12 Biology , shared by teachers, parents and students, are as per latest NCERT and CBSE Pattern syllabus and assure great success in achieving high score in Final CBSE Board Examinations.

Latest MCQ's and Important Questions for CBSE Class 12 Biology

Reproduction in Organisms class 12 important questions pdf Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants class 12 important questions pdf Human Reproduction class 12 important questions pdf Reproductive Health class 12 important questions pdf Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 important questions pdf Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 important questions pdf Evolution class 12 important questions pdf Human Health and Diseases class 12 important questions pdf Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production class 12 important questions pdf Microbes in Human Welfare class 12 important questions pdf Biotechnology Principles and Processes class 12 important questions pdf Organisms and Populations class 12 important questions pdf Ecosystem class 12 important questions pdf Biodiversity and Conservation class 12 important questions pdf Environmental Issues class 12 important questions pdf important questions of chapter 1 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 2 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 3 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 4 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 5 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 6 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 7 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 8 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 9 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 10 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 11 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 12 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 13 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 14 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 15 biology class 12 important questions of chapter 16 biology class 12 Reproduction in Organisms class 12 mcq Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants class 12 mcq Human Reproduction class 12 mcq Reproductive Health class 12 mcq Principles of Inheritance and Variation class 12 mcq Molecular Basis of Inheritance class 12 mcq Evolution class 12 mcq Human Health and Diseases class 12 mcq Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production class 12 mcq Microbes in Human Welfare class 12 mcq Biotechnology Principles and Processes class 12 mcq Biotechnology: and its Application class 12 mcq Organisms and Populations class 12 mcq Ecosystem class 12 mcq Biodiversity and Conservation class 12 mcq Environmental Issues class 12 mcq case based questions class 12 biology chapter 1 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 2 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 3 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 4 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 5 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 6 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 7 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 8 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 9 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 10 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 11 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 12 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 13 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 14 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 15 case based questions class 12 biology chapter 16 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 1 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 2 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 3 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 4 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 5 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 6 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 7 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 8 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 9 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 10 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 11 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 12 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 13 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 14 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 15 Assertion Reason questions Biology Class 12 Chapter 16

Total Papers :

CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus

• Reproduction in Organisms
• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Human Reproduction
• Reproductive Health
• Principles of Inheritance and Variation
• Molecular Basis of Inheritance
• Human Health and Diseases
• Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
• Microbes in Human Welfare
• Biotechnology - Principles and Processes
• Biotechnology and its Application
• Organisms and Populations
• Biodiversity and its Conservation
• Environmental Issues

Course Syllabus Details

Unit vi. reproduction.

Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms

• A characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species
• Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction
• Modes-Binary fission
• Sporulation
• Fragmentation
• vegetative propagation in plants

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Flower structure
• Development of male and female gametophytes
• Outbreeding devices
• Pollen-Pistil interaction
• Double fertilization
• Post fertilization Events-Development of endosperm and embryo
• Development of seed and formation of fruit
• Parthenocarpy
• Polyembryony
• Significance of seed and fruit formation

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

• Male and female reproductive systems
• Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary
• Spermatogenesis
• Menstrual cycle
• Fertilisation embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea)
• Parturition (Elementary idea)
• Lactation (Elementary idea)

Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

• Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
• Need and Methods
• Contraception
• Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
• Amniocentesis
• GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness)

Unit VII. Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Mendelian Inheritance
• Incomplete dominance
• Co-dominance
• Multiple alleles
• Inheritance of blood groups
• Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
• Chromosome theory of inheritance
• Chromosomes and genes
• Linkage and crossing over
• Haemophilia
• Colour blindness
• Thalassemia
• Down's syndrome
• Klinefelter's syndromes

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material
• Structure of DNA and RNA
• DNA packaging
• DNA replication
• Central dogma
• Transcription, genetic code, translation
• Genome and human ganeome project
• DNA fingerprinting

Chapter 7: Evolution

• Origin of life
• Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence)
• Darwin's contribution
• Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution
• Variation (Mutation and Recombination)
• Natural Selection with examples
• Types of natural selection
• Gene flow and genetic drift
• Hardy - Weinberg's principle
• Adaptive Radiation
• Human evolution

Unit VIII. Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

• Common cold
• Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse

Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

• Plant breeding
• Tissue culture
• Single cell protein
• Biofortification
• Apiculature
• Animal husbandry

Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare

• In household food processing
• Industrial production
• Sewage treatment
• Energy generation and as biocontrol agents
• Biofertilizers
• Production and judicious use

Unit IX. Biotechnology and Its Applications

Chapter 11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes

• Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Application

• Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy
• Genetically modified organisms - Bt crops
• Transgenic Animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents

Unit X. Ecology and Environment

Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations

• Ecological adaptations
• Competition
• Age distribution

Chapter 14: Ecosystem

• Productivity
• Decomposition
• Energy flow
• Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
• Nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous)
• Ecological succession
• Carbon fixation
• Pollination
• Seed dispersal
• Oxygen release (in brief)

Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation

• Concept of biodiversity
• Patterns of biodiversity
• Importance of biodiversity
• Loss of biodiversity
• Endangered organisms
• Red data book
• Biosphere reserves
• National parks
• Sanctuaries
• Ramsar sites

Chapter-16: Environmental Issues

• Air pollution and its control
• Water pollution and its control
• Agrochemicals and their effects
• Solid waste management
• Radioactive waste management
• Greenhouse effect and climate change
• Ozone layer depletion
• Deforestation
• Any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).

Practical Works

Part A: List of Experiments

• Study pollen germination on a slide.
• Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
• Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organisms.
• Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at two widely different sites.
• Study of plant population density by quadrat method.
• Study of plant population frequency by quadrat method.
• Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
• Study the effect of different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch.
• Isolation of DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.

Part B: Study/observation of the following (Spotting)

• Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insect, bird).
• Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide.
• Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
• Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
• T.S. of blastula through permanent slides.
• Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.
• Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness.
• Controlled pollination - emasculation, tagging and bagging.
• Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Roundworm through permanent slides or specimens. Comment on symptoms of disease that they cause.
• Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
• Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.

Structure of CBSE Biology Sample Paper for Class 12 Science is

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Importance of Question Bank for Exam Preparation?

There are many ways to ascertain whether a student has understood the important points and topics of a particular chapter and is he or she well prepared for exams and tests of that particular chapter. Apart from reference books and notes, Question Banks are very effective study materials for exam preparation. When a student tries to attempt and solve all the important questions of any particular subject , it becomes very easy to gauge how much well the topics have been understood and what kind of questions are asked in exams related to that chapter.. Some of the other advantaging factors of Question Banks are as follows

• Since Important questions included in question bank are collections of questions that were asked in previous exams and tests thus when a student tries to attempt them they get a complete idea about what type of questions are usually asked and whether they have learned the topics well enough. This gives them an edge to prepare well for the exam.Students get the clear idea whether the questions framed from any particular chapter are mostly either short or long answer type questions or multiple choice based and also marks weightage of any particular chapter in final exams.
• CBSE Question Banks are great tools to help in analysis for Exams. As it has a collection of important questions that were asked previously in exams thereby it covers every question from most of the important topics. Thus solving questions from the question bank helps students in analysing their preparation levels for the exam. However the practice should be done in a way that first the set of questions on any particular chapter are solved and then solutions should be consulted to get an analysis of their strong and weak points. This ensures that they are more clear about what to answer and what can be avoided on the day of the exam.
• Solving a lot of different types of important questions gives students a clear idea of what are the main important topics of any particular chapter that needs to focussed on from examination perspective and should be emphasised on for revision before attempting the final paper. So attempting most frequently asked questions and important questions helps students to prepare well for almost everything in that subject.
• Although students cover up all the chapters included in the course syllabus by the end of the session, sometimes revision becomes a time consuming and difficult process. Thus, practicing important questions from Question Bank allows students to check the preparation status of each and every small topic in a chapter. Doing that ensures quick and easy insight into all the important questions and topics in each and every individual. Solving the important questions also acts as the revision process.

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Case Study and Passage Based Questions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 Human Reproduction

• Last modified on: 2 years ago
• Reading Time: 4 Minutes

In CBSE Class 12 Biology Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on  Assertion and Reason . There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Here, we have provided case based/passage based questions for Class 12 Biology  Chapter 3 Human Reproduction .

Case Study/Passage Based Questions for Class 12 Biology

Question 1:

Spermatogenesis is the production of sperms from male germ cells (spermatogonia) inside the testes (seminiferous tubule). This process begin at puberty. Observe the following flow diagram and answer the questions that follows-

(i) This happens during spermatogenesis (a) Meiosis (b) Mitosis (c) Meiosis and mitosis (d) None of these

(ii) The process of spermatogenesis is induced by (a) TSH (b) FSH (c) MSH (d) ACTH

(iii) The number of spermatozoa, a single primary spermatocyte finally produced in spermatogenesis is (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8

(iv) In spermatogenesis, the phases of maturation involve (a) formation of spermatids from primary spermatocyte through meiosis (b) growth of spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes (c) formation of spermatogonia from gonocytes through mitosis (d) formation of oogonia from spermatocyte through meiosis

(v) The correct sequence of cell stage in spermatogenesis is (a) spermatocyte → spermatids → spermatogonia → spermatozoa (b) spermatogonia → spermatids → spermatocyte → spermatozoa (c) spermatocytes → spermatogonia → spermatid → spermatozoa (d) spermatogonia → spermatocytes→ spermatids → spermatozoa

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Unit 4: Reproductive Health

About this unit.

Contraceptive methods, Sexually transmitted infections, and Infertility

Birth Control

• Natural methods of contraception (Opens a modal)
• Birth control - barrier methods and spermicides (Opens a modal)
• Birth control - Intrauterine devices and pills (Opens a modal)
• Birth control - surgical methods (Opens a modal)
• Contraceptives - natural, barrier, and surgical 7 questions Practice
• Contraceptives - IUDs and Pills - 1 4 questions Practice
• Contraceptives - IUDs and Pills - 2 4 questions Practice

Sexually Transmitted Infections

• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) (Opens a modal)

Infertility

• Artificial insemination and GIFT (Opens a modal)
• In vitro fertilization and surrogacy (Opens a modal)
• Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) 4 questions Practice

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12th Class Biology Reproductive Health Question Bank

Done case based (mcqs) - reproductive health total questions - 35.

A) 1.21 million done clear

B) 1.21 billion done clear

C) 2.21 million done clear

D) 2.21 billion done clear

question_answer 2) MMR regarding population stands for

A) Mumps Measles Rubella done clear

B) Malaria Measles Rubella done clear

C) Malaria Measles Rabies done clear

D) Maternal Mortality Rate done clear

question_answer 3) According to the 2001 census report, the population growth rate of India was around

A) 1.1% done clear

B) 1.5% done clear

C) 1.7% done clear

D) 1.9% done clear

question_answer 4) In India, marriageable age of the female is

A) 16 years done clear

B) 18 years done clear

C) 20 years done clear

D) 22 years done clear

question_answer 5) In India, marriageable age of the male is

A) 21 years done clear

B) 22 years done clear

C) 23 years done clear

D) 24 years done clear

A) Day 7 to 10 of the menstrual cycle done clear

B) Day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle done clear

C) Day 12 to 17 of the menstrual cycle done clear

D) Day 15 to 22 of the menstrual cycle done clear

question_answer 7) Day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle is referred as

A) Puberty period done clear

B) Menarche period done clear

C) Fertile period done clear

D) Menopausic period done clear

question_answer 8) In coitus interruptus, male usually avoid

A) Spermatogenesis done clear

B) Spermiogenesis done clear

C) Onsemination done clear

D) Spermiation done clear

question_answer 9) During lactational period in female, which of the following process wont take place

B) Ovulation done clear

C) Insemination done clear

D) Coitus done clear

A) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. done clear

B) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. done clear

C) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. done clear

D) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. done clear

A) Thick polyethylene sheath               done clear

B) Thin polyethylene sheath done clear

C) Thin rubber or latex sheath done clear

D) Thick rubber or latex sheath done clear

question_answer 12) Condoms used by male as well as female is a

A) Natural method of contraception done clear

B) Barrier method of contraception done clear

C) Chemical method of contraception done clear

D) Medicated method of contraception done clear

question_answer 13) Male condoms

A) Protect the user from STDs done clear

B) They are disposable done clear

C) Protect the user from AIDS done clear

D) All of the above done clear

question_answer 14) Diaphragm in female is

A) Fitted inside the oviduct done clear

B) Fitted inside the uterus done clear

C) Fitted inside the vagina done clear

D) Fitted inside the ampulla done clear

question_answer 15) Cervical cap for the contraception in female is

D) Fitted over the cervix done clear

A) Progestogens and LH done clear

B) Progestogens and estrogen done clear

C) Progestogens and relaxin done clear

D) Progestogens and FSH done clear

question_answer 17) Oral pills are used in the form of

A) Capsule done clear

B) Tablets done clear

C) Injection done clear

D) Implants done clear

question_answer 18) Oral pills inhibit which of the following process?

A) Ovulation i.e., release of ova done clear

B) Implantation i.e., fixation of embryo done clear

C) After the quality of cervical mucus done clear

question_answer 19) Saheli is the oral contraceptive pills for the females. It is

A) Steroidal composition done clear

B) Non-Steroidal composition done clear

C) Once a week pill done clear

D) B and C done clear

question_answer 20) Oral pills have to be taken by the females for a period of

A) 11 days starting within first five days of menstrual cycle done clear

B) 21 days starting within first five days of menstrual cycle done clear

C) 17 days starting within first five days of menstrual cycle done clear

D) 24 days starting within first five days of menstrual cycle done clear

D) Surgical method of contraception done clear

question_answer 22) Tubectomy is

question_answer 23) Two vasa deferntia are interrupted by giving cuts or ligation in

A) Tubectomy done clear

B) Vasectomy done clear

C) Appendicectomy done clear

D) Hepatectomy done clear

question_answer 24) In tubectomy, which of following structure is interrupted by giving cuts or ligation?

A) Right and left ovaries done clear

B) Right and left oviduct done clear

C) Uterus and epididymis done clear

D) Vagina and urethra done clear

question_answer 25) Tubectomy is responsible to cause

A) Surgical sterilization of male done clear

B) Surgical sterilization of female done clear

C) Surgical sterilization of eunuch done clear

D) Surgical sterilization of intersex done clear

A) 500 million done clear

B) 100 billion done clear

C) 8 billion done clear

D) 15 trillion done clear

question_answer 27) Oral contraceptives are prescribed in females to check :

A) Ovulation done clear

B) Fertilization done clear

C) Implantation done clear

D) Entry of sperms in vagina done clear

question_answer 28) "Saheli", a new oral contraceptive for the female was developed by scientists at

A) CDRI, Lucknow done clear

B) IISc. Bangalore done clear

C) CSIR, New Delhi done clear

D) ICMR, New Delhi done clear

question_answer 29) Oral contraceptive pills help in birth control by :

A) Killing sperms done clear

B) Killing ova done clear

C) Preventing ovulation done clear

D) Forming barrier between sperms and ova done clear

question_answer 30) Oral contraceptive pill is composed of

A) estrogen and progesterone done clear

B) estrogen and testosterone done clear

C) progesterone and testosterone done clear

D) estrogen and growth hormone done clear

A) ZIFT done clear

B) ICSI done clear

C) GIFT done clear

D) IUT done clear

question_answer 32) ZIFT involves transfer of embryo into the fallopian tube when it has

A) 8 blastomeres done clear

B) > 8 blastomeres done clear

C) 32 blastomeres done clear

D) 16 blastomeres done clear

question_answer 33) Test tube baby is a technique where :

A) Zygote is taken from ovary, cultured and then implanted in the uterus done clear

B) Ovum is taken from ovary, then fertilized outside and then implanted in the uterus done clear

C) Sperm and ovum are fertilized and grow in the test tube done clear

D) None of the above done clear

question_answer 34) Test tube baby means a baby born when :

A) It is developed in a test tube done clear

B) It develops from a non-fertilized egg done clear

C) The ovum is fertilized externally and there after implanted in uterus done clear

D) It is developed by tissue culture method done clear

question_answer 35) Assisted reproductive technology. IVF involves transfer of

A) Zygote into the uterus done clear

B) Embryo with 16 blastomeres into the fallopian tube done clear

C) Ovum into the fallopian tube done clear

D) Zygote into the fallopian tube done clear

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• NCERT Solutions
• NCERT Class 12
• NCERT 12 Biology
• Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 - Reproductive Health

Ncert solutions for class 12 biology chapter 4 – free pdf download.

* According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 3.

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health are developed by subject-matter experts having extensive knowledge in the field of Science. Students can refer to these NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology to prepare for the board examinations. Further, these solutions can be downloaded in PDF format for free.

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology are developed in the easiest and most interesting way, which enables students to grasp concepts and remember them for a longer time. The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 are one of the best preparation tools for the CBSE Class 12 students, as it provides solutions in accordance with the NCERT Textbook and the latest CBSE Syllabus 2023-24.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 – Reproductive Health

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Access Answers to Biology NCERT Chapter 4 – Reproductive Health

1. What do you think is the significance of reproductive health in society?

Reproductive health can be termed as total well-being in possibly all the aspects of reproduction, including emotional, physical, behavioural and social. Some diseases can be transferred from one individual to another through sexual contact, for example, gonorrhoea, AIDS, etc. They are referred to as sexually transmitted diseases. Sexual contact can also lead to unwanted pregnancies and further complications in case sexually transmitted diseases are contracted. Therefore, it is important to create awareness amongst people, the youth in particular, in the context of different topics related to reproduction. The youth is the future of the country. They are most susceptible to contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Hence, some preventive measures that can be adapted are creating awareness about different birth control methods available, sexually transmitted diseases and their preventive measures, and the importance of gender equality. These steps will greatly impact bringing up a socially conscious, healthy family. Also, creating awareness about the uncontrolled population growth and social evils that still exist in society will promote the concept of bringing up a reproductively healthy society.

2. Suggest the aspects of reproductive health which need to be given special attention in the present scenario.

Reproductive health can be termed as total well-being, possibly n all aspects of reproduction, including emotional, physical, behavioural and social well-being. The different aspects that require special attention are as follows:

• Awareness needs to be created in reproductive and child healthcare.
• Creating awareness amongst people by counselling about reproductive organs, adolescence, hygienic and safe sexual practices, different sexually transmitted diseases, such as AIDS, etc.
• Sex education needs to be introduced in schools. This helps eradicate misconceptions and myths in the context of sex-related topics.
• People should be educated about the different birth control options that are available, the care of pregnant mothers, the post-natal care of the mother and the newborn, and the significance of breastfeeding.
• Professional expertise, strong infrastructural facilities, material support to provide medical assistance and care for the patients facing reproductive issues, issues because of uncontrolled population growth, awareness about family planning, and social evils, such as sex abuse and sex-related crimes.

3. Is sex education necessary in schools? Why?

Yes, sex education is necessary in schools. It is because of the following reasons:

• Imparts apt and necessary information to students in order to save them from misconceptions and myths about sex-related topics.
• Provides appropriate knowledge about adolescence, reproductive organs and related concepts.
• Creates awareness amongst students about the need for hygienic and safe sexual practices and sexually transmitted diseases. This helps students, specifically those in adolescence, to lead a healthy reproductive life.

4. Do you think that reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years? If yes, mention some such areas of improvement.

Yes, there has certainly been an enormous improvement in reproductive health in the past 50 years. Listed below are the areas of improvement:

• The decrease in the infant mortality rate can be attributed to the massive child immunisation programme.
• Drastic decrease due to better post-natal care can be attributed to the maternal and infant mortality rate.
• The awareness created through the family planning programmes has seen people opting for smaller families.
• Decrease in the rate of sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies due to the use of contraceptives.

5. What are the suggested reasons for the population explosion?

Population explosion can be used to refer to the sudden, large increase in the size of a population. There is an increase in the population every day, leading to a population explosion. Two of the major reasons are as follows:

• Increase in the birth rate and longevity.
• Decrease in the death rate.

In the last 50 years, the death rate has decreased evidently. The decrease in the death rate and increase in the birth rate can be attributed to the various measures that have been adopted, such as diseases-control, measures taken to create awareness and spreading knowledge of the importance of reproductive health, measures taken to introduce sex-education topics at school level, better medical facilities, ensuring food supply and medical assistance during emergency times and so on. These reasons have also led to an increase in the longevity of people.

6. Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons.

Yes, the use of contraceptives is completely justified.

The human population is increasing exponentially. In order to regulate this population growth, keeping a check on the process of reproduction has become the need of the hour. For this purpose, different contraceptive devices have been circulated for use so as to reduce unwanted pregnancies, which have helped to lessen the recorded count of birth rate, thereby regulating the process of population explosion.

7. Removal of gonads cannot be considered a contraceptive option. Why?

Contraceptives are used in order to prevent unforeseen, unwanted pregnancies and to prevent the spreading of sexually transmitted diseases. Some other alternatives to prevent unwanted pregnancies are the oral, barrier, natural and surgical methods. But, the complete removal of gonads cannot be a contraceptive option, as it will lead to infertility and make several hormones unavailable, which are crucial for the normal functioning of accessory reproductive parts. Contraception is used to prevent any chance of fertilisation and not make a person infertile for life, as removal of gonads would do.

8. Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment.

Amniocentesis is a pre-natal diagnostic technique which is used to determine the sex and the metabolic ailments of the developing foetus in the uterus of the mother, which is carried out by observing chromosomal patterns. The method was deployed to determine the presence of any genetic disorder in the foetus. But unfortunately, this procedure has been misused for sex detection before the birth of the child, leading to female foeticide. Hence, to prevent this practice, a ban on the usage of amniocentesis for sex determination is necessary.

9. Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples in having children.

The inability of a couple to produce a baby in spite of unprotected sexual intercourse is termed infertility. This can arise due to congenital diseases and physical, psychological and immunological factors. The diagnostic and corrective measures for a few of these disorders can be carried out in specialised healthcare units and infertility clinics. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are the special techniques that can assist infertile couples in bearing children.

Listed below are some methods assisting infertile couples in having children:

• IUT (intra uterine transfer) The fertilised egg arrives at the 8-celled stage (blastomere). It is then transferred to the fallopian tube for further stages of development.
• ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer) In this method, the fertilised egg arrives at the 32-celled stage (advanced stages to the 8 blastomere stage) and is then transferred to the uterus for further stages.
• In vitro fertilisation – surrogacy

In this method, the embryo is formed in a fertile female, which is then transferred to the body of an infertile female who is not able to conceive. The success rate of this procedure is nearly 65%.

• Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

In this method, the unfertilised oocytes and the sperm are collected and transferred to the fallopian tube of another female who is unable to produce eggs but is able to offer a suitable ambience for fertilisation and development. The success rate of this procedure is around 30%.

• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

This method is carried out in a laboratory. Direct injection of sperms into the ovum for the formation of an embryo is done through ICSI. The success rate of this procedure is nearly 60-70%.

• Artificial insemination (AI)

In this method, semen that is collected either from a healthy donor or husband is introduced either into the uterus of the female or her vagina. The success rate of this procedure is about 20-40%.

10. What are the measures one has to take to prevent contracting STDs?

Listed below are the measures to be taken to avoid the contraction of STDs.

• Blood transfusion from an infected person or drug abuser must be avoided.
• Sharing surgical instruments and injection needles must be totally avoided.
• Having sexual intercourse with an unknown or multiple partners must be avoided.
• Always use precautions (condoms) during intercourse.
• In case of any doubt, early detection and cure must be taken through medical assistance from a qualified doctor.

11. State True/False with an explanation.

(a) Abortions could happen spontaneously too. (True/False)

(b) Infertility is defined as the inability to produce viable offspring and is always due to abnormalities/defects in the female partner. (True/False)

(c) Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception. (True/False)

(d) Creating awareness about sex-related aspects is an effective method to improve the reproductive health of people. (True/False)

• False Infertility is defined as the inability to produce viable offspring and can be due to abnormalities in either the male or the female partner.
• False Lactational amenorrhea or complete lactation can help as a natural method of contraception. But it is limited until the completion of the lactational period only, which is until six months after parturition.

12. Correct the following statements.

(a) Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.

(b) All sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable.

(c) Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among rural women.

(d) In E. T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus.

• Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete flow during the act of intercourse.
• Some STDs can be cured if detected early and treated appropriately. But AIDS still remains to be incurable.
• Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among urban women.
• In embryo transfer (E.T.) techniques, the 8-celled embryos are transferred into the fallopian tube. Whereas more than 8-celled embryos are directly transferred to the uterus.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 – Reproductive Health is grouped under Unit – Reproduction, based on the latest CBSE Syllabus for 2023-24. Reproduction is a fundamental process carried out by living entities. Through this process, a series of events occur, ultimately giving rise to offspring of the same kind. In some entities, the process is carried out sexually, while in some, it is carried out asexually.

Sexual reproduction deals with the process of fertilisation as a result of the fusion of male and female gametes, whereas asexual reproduction has the involvement of a single parent.

An analysis of previous chapters indicates that Unit – Reproduction carries 14 marks. This is to say that nearly 20% of the question paper would comprise questions from this Unit alone.

Practising these NCERT Solutions  and reading and understanding the concepts thoroughly can help students score good marks. Students can solve previous years’ question papers, along with sample question papers, in order to get an idea of questions appearing in the unit.

Important concepts mentioned in the chapter are given below

• Reproductive Health – Problems and Strategies
• Population Explosion and Birth Control
• Medical Termination of Pregnancy
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Infertility

Key Features of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

• NCERT Solutions are the ultimate preparation tool for CBSE students.
• Use clear diagrams and examples wherever necessary.
• Concepts are explained with the help of simple and easy-to-understand language.
• Content extracted from NCERT textbooks.
• Solutions are available for free download in PDF format.

Further, students can access NCERT Solutions for other classes and subjects for their doubt clearance and exam preparations. Opting for reliable reference material like this is a must for all students.

Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4

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Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions

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Biology topic Reproductive Health is an important lesson for students to master because various questions are asked from it. However, for assistance in CBSE Class 12 Biology board exam preparation here on this page, we have shared the direct link of Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions.

Along with the PDF link, we have also shared how the important questions on Reproductive Health play an important role.

Why Solve Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions?

Due to various reasons, Class 12 students should be thorough with Reproductive Health Class 12 important questions. A few reasons to solve CBSE Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health important questions are -

• To Enahce Grip on Reproductive Health: To develop a deeper-level understanding of Reproductive Health students should solve important questions on Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health. The important questions are generally considered a good level of question that enable students to use all of their acquired Biology knowledge to solve the questions.
• To Practise Numerous Board-Level Biology Questions: There is nothing better than solving actual board-level questions and therefore, CBSE Class 12 students should solve the PDF file of Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions because solving the PDF file will help students to not only practise numerous board-level Biology questions but to get instant answers too.
• For Boosting Confidence: Being able to solve actual board-level questions give students confidence, at the same time students refer to the Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions are able to boost their confidence. Overall, we can say that solving the important Class 12 Biology questions using the answers PDF helps students to level up their board exam preparation and gives them the confidence to answer questions in the actual board examination.
• To Prepare for Class 12 Reproductive Health Important Questions: The Reproductive Health important questions are a collection of those questions which have a higher possibility to be asked in the upcoming CBSE Class 12 Biology examination. However, students solving the important questions on this topic will be able to better prepare for the Class 12 Biology exam.

Features of CBSE Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions PDF

In this section, we are discussing the features of Class 12 Biology Important Questions PDF that will help students like you to better understand why the PDF provided here is the best to use.

• All Types of Questions: One mark to 5 marks all types of questions are mentioned in the PDF file of Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions.
• Biology Reproductive Health Questions with Answers: The subject experts have answered the Biology Reproductive Health important questions so, the solutions are 100% accurate and can be used by students to solve their unsolved questions.
• Diagrams are Used: Biology has lots of diagrams, images and graphics that play a crucial role in understanding the concepts and questions. Therefore, the subject matter experts have included the images and diagram in Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions PDF.
• Prepared by Biology Experts: To maintain the accuracy and authenticity of Class 12 Reproductive Health Important Questions and its solutions PDF, the subject experts have prepared the PDF file’s content.

How to Download Class 12 Reproductive Health Important Questions with Answers?

Here’s a step-by-step process to download the Class 12 Reproductive Health Important Questions with Answers PDF. 

• Go to Selfstudys.com using an internet browser
• After reaching the homepage of Selfstudys.com click on the navigation icon/button

• A side pop-up bar will appear, navigate CBSE and click on that

• It will bring more options to choose from, click on the previous year question paper

• A new page will load, click on “12th PYP Chapter Wise”

• Scroll the page a little and click on Biology then find the PDF file of Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions.

How to Use Important Questions for Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health PDF?

One can use important questions for Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health PDF in whatever way they want, however, there are certain ways that we think are a good way to utilise the important questions for Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health PDF.

• To Revise Important Portions of Reproductive Health: The PDF file of Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health can be a great study tool to revise the concepts and subtopics discussed in this lesson. Furthermore, the students can also use the same PDF file to recall the questions based on the Reproductive Health.
• To Do Last-Minute Exam Preparation: Students preparing for the CBSE Class 12 Board exam and are in the last-minute exam preparation process can use the PDF file of Reproductive Health important questions undoubtedly.
• Find Weakness to Improve: The Reproductive Health important question class 12 PDF can be a great study resource to find weak areas in this lesson. After finding those weaker areas students can use the answers provided to improve the errors and to learn something new. Students can also ask their elders, teachers or tutors to help them with the Reproductive Health important questions to master them.

When to Use Class 12 Reproductive Health Important Questions with Solutions PDF?

Once a Class 12 student has studied their Reproductive Health lesson completely can go for the important questions to practise. However, there are a few more times when a CBSE Class 12 student can utilise the PDF file of Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions 

• When Doing Board Exam Preparation: One can refer to the Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health important questions when they are doing the board exam preparation. At the time of preparation, referring to the PDF file is very helpful because it helps students better understand the types of questions that are asked in the CBSE Class 12 Biology Board examination. Also, solving the Class 12 Reproductive Health important questions during board exam preparation helps students refresh their answering methods for a variety of questions that can be asked from the chapter Reproductive Health.
• While Solving Chapter-End Questions: One of the best times to use the PDF file of CBSE Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health is when solving the Chapter-end questions. It is the best time because at this time students have a very fresh knowledge of Reproductive Health and therefore, they would be able to answer most of the important questions. However, if one struggles to answer the important questions given in the PDF file, one would be required to read the same chapter again to strengthen their grip.

Precautions to Take When Using Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions PDF

There are certain points that students should take care of when using Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions PDF. Those points are mentioned below:

• Read the Questions Carefully: It is essential to read the questions carefully to better understand the Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions and to answer them. Reading the questions carefully, ease the process of answering questions.
• Answer Questions Based on the Exam Pattern: The PDF file of CBSE Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health important questions contains details on whether a particular question is one word or long answer types of questions. So, it is advised students answer Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions following the exam pattern or as directed in the PDF file.
• Don’t Completely Rely on Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions PDF: No doubt, Reproductive Health important question Class 12 is a great study tool and it can help students better prepare for the board examination of Biology, however, students should make sure not to be dependent on the PDF file of Reproductive Health important question class 12.

How Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions PDF are Prepared?

Various study materials such as previous year question papers, sample question papers, CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus and several other study resources are used to prepare the Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions PDF.

• Using Previous Year Question Papers of Class 12 Biology: One of the ideal study materials that are used to prepare the CBSE Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health Important Questions are the sets of Previous Year Question Papers. It helps subject experts to find and match the most frequent and high-scoring Reproductive Health questions to add them to the PDF file.
• Taking Help of Class 12 Biology Syllabus: The Class 12 Biology Syllabus also plays an important role because it helps students better predict the important questions of Reproductive Health. It is possible because the syllabus contains a complete detail of the Reproductive Health weightage for the board examination.

How to Deal With CBSE Class 12 Reproductive Health Important but Difficult Questions?

While solving the CBSE Class 12 Reproductive Health important questions if a student feels stuck, they can use the following methods to deal with them.

• Use the Answers Provided in PDF: The PDF file of Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions with Solutions contains very accurate answers prepared by subject experts. The answers are easier to understand too so when feeling stuck at some Reproductive Health questions refer to the answers available in the PDF.
• Consult Teachers/Tutors: If provided answers don’t help much to the students then they should consult teachers or tutors for help. They will guide them in understanding the questions and answering them with ease.
• Use the Internet: If above mentioned things don’t help much the Internet will surely help students to understand and answers the important questions of Class 12 Reproductive Health. There are several resources on the internet that can help students better prepare for the exam.

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CBSE 12th Standard Biology Subject Reproductive Health Case Study Questions 2021

CBSE 12th Standard Biology Subject Reproductive Health Case Study Questions 2021 Shweta Sharma - Anantapur May-21 , 2021

QB365 Provides the updated CASE Study Questions for Class 12 Biology, and also provide the detail solution for each and every case study questions . Case study questions are latest updated question pattern from NCERT, QB365 will helps to get  more marks in Exams

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Final Semester - June 2015

Case Study Questions

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below: Intrauterine devices are most widely accepted methods of contraception. These are used by females and are inserted by doctor or nurses in the uterus through vagina. However these devices are not recommended for those who eventually intend to conceive. (i) How does CuT prevent conception?

(ii) Which of the following IUDs makes uterus unsuitable for implantation?

(iii) Identify the correct statement for IUDs,

(iv) Select the correct matched pair.

(v) Assertion : IUDs can cause excess menstrual bleeding and pain. Reason : IUD s can perforate uterus.

(ii) What is the function of Z?

(iii) Which of the following diseases can not be diagnosed by amniocentesis?

(iv) Assertion: Amniocentesis is legally banned for sex determination. Reason: Amniocentesis was being misused for aborting normal female fetus

(v) Which of these is a non-invasive technique of detecting fetal disorder?

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below : Rohan, a 13 year old school student has been diagnosed with AIDS. He often complains of fever, nausea, headache and lethargy. Doctor advised some drugs to prolong his life. (i) What could be the most likely mode of transmission of disease to Rohan?

(ii) Name the drug prescribed for treatment of this disease.

(iii) Assertion: AIDS is an incurable STD.  Reason : AIDS virus attacks helper T-Lymphocytes

(iv) AIDS cannot be diagnosed by

(v) AIDS can be transmitted, by

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below: Oral administration of small doses of hormones is contraceptive method used by the females. They are used in the form of tablets and hence called the pills. The oral pills are two types; mini pills and combined pills. (i) Mini pills contain

(ii) How do hormonal pills prevent pregnancy?

(iii) Pill containing non-steroidal preparation, centchroman is

(iv) Which among the following is incorrect for oral contraceptives?

(v) Assertion : Mala D, a combined contraceptive pill have to be taken daily without a break. Reason : Mala D contains synthetic progesterone and estrogen.

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Revision Notes for CBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 (Biology Reproductive Health) - Free PDF Download

Scoring high in 12th and getting admission into various entrance exams is the dream of many students. Class 12 biology Reproductive Health Revision Notes by the expert team of Vedantu will help you in it. Once you've read through these notes, you can better prepare for your examinations because the NCERT Class 12 Revision Notes biology chapter 4 solution is totally based on the new CBSE curriculum. To ensure that their concepts were understood at the core level, the subject matter experts at Vedantu produced the solution in a straightforward, step-by-step format.

Download CBSE Class 12 Biology Notes 2024-25 PDF

Also, check CBSE Class 12 Biology revision notes for other chapters:

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Related chapters.

Biology Reproductive Health Class 12 Notes Biology - Basic Subjective Questions

Section–a (1 mark questions).

1. What is reproductive health?

Ans. Reproductive health refers to the physical, mental and social well-being of an individual in all matters related to the reproductive system, its functions and processes.

2. Mention the primary aim of the “Assisted Reproductive Technology”(ART) programme.

Ans. The main aim of the “Assisted Reproductive Technology” programme is to assist the infertile couples and help them in conceiving a child.

3. Why is tubectomy considered a contraceptive method?

Ans. Tubectomy is the permanent method of sterilization in women. In this method, the fallopian tubes are blocked or cut so that the egg is stopped from travelling to the uterus. This eliminates any chances of pregnancy.

4. Males in whom testes fail to descend to the scrotum are generally infertile. Why?

Ans. In testes, sperm production takes place in the seminiferous tubules. This process is temperature sensitive. If the testes fail to descend in the scrotum before puberty, they will not produce sperms. Hence, the male will be infertile.

5. Name two STDs which are completely curable.

Ans. Two STDs that are curable are: 

Gonorrhoea 

Genital warts

Section–B (2 Marks Questions)

6. How can lactation amenorrhea be considered as a natural method of contraception?

Ans. Lactational amenorrhoea is a condition when a mother is breastfeeding her infant.

● During this period the mother cannot ovulate due to high levels of prolactin in the body. Hence, the chances of conception are zero.

● It is a natural method of contraceptive that does not include any pill, hence no side effects.

7. How do oral contraceptives function? What is the advantage of Saheli?

Ans. Oral contraceptives are known also as the pill or birth control pills. This medicine usually contains two types of hormones, oestrogens and progestins and when taken properly, prevents pregnancy. It works by stopping a woman's egg from fully developing each month. Saheli is a nonsteroidal pill which blocks the receptors of estrogen hormone. Hence, it has no side Effects.

8. How do Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults act as a barrier? Give two advantages of using barrier methods of contraception.

Ans. Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are barriers made of rubber that are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus. This prevents the entry of sperm and further avoids the fertilization of both the gametes. Hence, it is a method of contraception.The advantages of barrier methods are :

● Widely available and simple to use and only need to be used immediately before intercourse.

● They are protective against many STIs.

9. Strict conditions are to be followed in medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) procedures. Mention two reasons.

Ans. wo reasons for the need of strict conditions in MTP are as follows:

● Many people resort to MTP for female foeticide.

● It may result in serious consequences for the woman if performed at the wrong trimester of pregnancy.

10. What are the benefits of natural contraceptive methods over artificial methods?

Ans. Following are some of the advantages of natural methods of contraception over artificial methods:

● They are cost-effective.

● They do not have side effects.

● They do not disturb the normal sexual life of the couple.

PDF Summary - Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health Revision Notes Notes (Chapter 4)

Reproductive Health: The complete well-being with respect to all aspects of reproduction like physical, emotional, behavioural, and social. A community that supports reproduction has members who interact normally in terms of behaviour and emotion, as well as reproductive organs that are physically and functionally normal.

4.1: Reproductive Health- Problems and Strategies 

(i) In 1951, the strategies for family planning were introduced in India whose main aim was to achieve total reproductive health, and these strategies were evaluated every now and then. 

(ii) Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programs are being introduced in order to create awareness among people about various reproduction-related aspects and in building a reproductively healthy society by providing facilities and support. 

(iii) Steps to Achieve Reproductive Health: 

1. Use of audio-visual and media print by both the governmental and non-governmental agencies to create awareness programs.

2. Young adults and children must be provided with correct information by the responsible adults, teachers, parents, close relatives, and friends along with open dialogues to make them aware of reproductive health.

3. Sex education needs to be introduced in schools and colleges.

4. Awareness must be created about Sexually Transmitted Diseases or STDs.

5. There is a need to educate people about birth control options, pre ad post-natal care along with the importance of child care especially for fertile couples and marriageable individuals. They must also be made aware of the importance of breastfeeding, all this will result in the development of a conscious and healthy society and families. 

6. People must be made aware of the problems related to the population explosion, sex-related crimes, and sex abuse. 

7. To successfully implement the health plans there must be the availability of professional expertise, provision and availability of strong infrastructural facilities, and material support. 

8. The facilities that are provided must be newer and upgraded in accordance with the need of reproductive health.

9. Complete ban on fetal sex determination to check female foeticide. 

10. Large-scale child immunization programs.

Certain factors need to be under check in order to decrease the rate of maternal and infant mortality, these factors are: 

(i) Awareness must be created related to matters of sex. 

(ii) The deliveries need to be medically assisted.

(iii) Better post-natal care. 

Indicators to indicate the improved reproductive health of the society is: 

(i) Smaller families.

(ii) Early detection and cure for STDs.

(iii) Overall increased medical facilities. 

4.3: Population Explosion and Birth Control 

Population Explosion: After World War II, there is a sharp increase in the number of some species, particularly humans, in the world, which causes the birth rate to rise and the rates of pregnancy, childbirth, and maternal mortality to fall. The lifespan of people will also grow as a result of this.

This will result in increased stress on all resources. 

Causes: 

(i) The rapid decrease in the death rate.

(ii) The rapid decrease in the maternal mortality rate (MMR).

(iii) The rapid decrease in the infant mortality rate (IMR).

(iv) The increase in the period of life expectancy.

(v) The increase in the number of people belonging to the reproducible age.

Methods to Control Population Explosion: 

(i) Promoting the smaller families.

(ii) Promoting the use of contraceptive methods.

(iii) Increasing the legal age for marriage (18 years for females and 21 years for males).

(iv) Appreciative measures towards couples with smaller families. 

Ideal Contraceptive: 

(i) Should be used easily.

(ii) Should be available easily.

(iii) Should be effective.

(iv) Side effects must be absent or minimum.

(v) Should be reversible.

(vi) Should not affect the desire, sexual drive, or act of the individual.

Methods of Contraception: 

1. Natural or Traditional 

2. Barrier Methods 

3. Intra-uterine devices (IUDs) 

4. Oral contraceptives 

5. Injectable and implants 

6. Surgical Methods 

1. Natural Methods: 

It is based on principles related to avoiding the fusion of the sperms and the egg. 

(i) Periodic Abstinence: In this method, The couples prevent themselves from intercourse during the 10th and 17th day of the menstrual cycle since during this period the chances of ovulation are maximum, called the fertile period. Therefore, refraining from coitus during this period will result in a decrease in the chances of pregnancy. 

(ii) Withdrawal or Coitus interruptus: In this method, during the process of coitus, the male withdraws the penis from the vagina just before ejaculation. Thus, preventing the release of semen in the vagina which results in the prevention of insemination. 

(iii) Lactational amenorrhea: This method occurs during the lactation period when the menstrual cycle is absent in the females. During this period there will be no ovulation and this results in the decreased chances of pregnancy. This period continues only up to six months after the birth of the child (parturition) till the period of intense lactation. 

In the case of natural barriers, there is no use of chemicals leading to no side effects although its success rate is limited and the chances of failure are also high. They are not completely safe. 

2. Barrier Methods: 

In this method, there are certain physical barriers used that prevent the fusion of sperms and ovum. 

(i) Condoms: They are the physical barriers that are made up of thin rubber or latex sheath that cover the penis in males while in the case of females they cover the cervix. 

(ii) The condoms for both males and females can be easily disposed of. 

(iii) condoms are useful in preventing the transfer of STDs as stop the meeting of genital fluids of both partners. 

(iv) Ceratin other barriers like cervical caps, diaphragms, and vaults can also be used by the females to cover the cervix during the process of coitus that prevents the entry of sperms and these barriers are reusable.

(v) To increase the efficiency of these barriers various foams, gels, and spermicidal creams are used along with these barriers.

(i)Condoms for male

(ii)Condoms for female

3. Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs): 

They are those devices that are inserted into the uterus of the females through the vagina with the help of either doctors or expert nurses. IUDs are of various types:

(i) Non-medicated IUDs like Lippes Hoopes that lead to an increase in the phagocytosis of sperms.

(ii) Copper releasing IUDs like Copper-T, Copper-7, Multiload 375 that results in a decreased rate of sperms motility.

(iii) IUDs that release hormone-like Progestasert, LNG-20 are useful in making the uterus unsuitable for implantation and will also make the cervix hostile towards the sperms. 

These devices are ideal contraceptives and the most widely used method of contraception for females in order to maintain family planning. 

4. Oral Contraceptives: 

This method includes the usage of pills that are the combination of oral administration of progestogens or progesterone-estrogen. They are taken for 21 days and are skipped during the 7 days of the menstrual cycle and then after 7 days of the menstrual cycle, they are taken again and should only be stopped when the females wish to conceive. There is a development of newer pills called Saheli that are taken once a week and are non-steroidal pills with very few side effects and help in preventing ovulation and implantation and make the cervix hostile towards the sperms. 

5. Injectable and Implants:

There are certain implants or injections that can also be taken by the females under the skin. These are the combination of either progesterone alone or both progesterone and estrogens. They work almost similar to the pills but continue their effect for a longer time period. 

6. Surgical Methods: 

This method includes the interference of surgery in blocking the movement of gametes leading to failed conception. They are the terminal methods of contraception and are therefore also called sterilization. In the case of males, sterilization is called vasectomy while it is called tubectomy in the case of females.

(i) Vasectomy: Here, the Vas deferens of the male reproductive system are cut with the help of a small incision in the scrotum and then tied up.

(ii) Tubectomy: Here, the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system are cut with the help of a small incision in the abdomen or the vagina and then tied up. 

These methods are highly effective methods of contraception but the chances of their reversibility are very poor. 

The need for contraceptive methods is to help in checking the population explosion. But the use of various methods of contraception may also lead to various side effects that include abdominal pain,  nausea, irregular menstruation, breakthrough bleeding, breast cancer, etc.

4.3: Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP): 

The medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) is also called the induced abortion where the pregnancy is terminated intentionally before its full-term completion. Though MTP is used for the purpose of decreasing population growth, it sometimes plays a major role in decreasing population. In 1971, the use of MTP was legalized by the Government of India along with certain strict provisions to prevent its misuse. 

Why MTP? 

(i) To prevent unwanted pregnancies.

(ii) It is useful in certain cases where the continuation of the pregnancy may be fatal for either mother or fetus or both. In the first trimester of pregnancy, MTPs are safe while during the second trimester they become riskier. It is often observed that the MTPs are sometimes performed by quacks or unqualified doctors leading to fatality for the mothers. Also, the use of amniocentesis or other methods for the determination of pre-natal sex will results in female foeticide due to the preference of a male child over a female child is very high. 

4.4: Sexually Transmitted Diseases: 

Those diseases or infections that are transmitted through sexual activities and intercourse and are responsible for infecting the reproductive tract of a person are called sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or venereal diseases (VD) or reproductive tract infections (RTI). Common examples of STDs are Gonorrhea, genital herpes, syphilis, genital warts, chlamydiosis, hepatitis-B, trichomoniasis, HIV leading to AIDS. The most dangerous STDs among the above mentioned are HIV infection. 

Hepatitis-b and HIV are transmitted easily by simply sharing injections, syringes, or surgical tools. It can also be transmitted through transfusion of blood from an infected person to another, or even in the developing fetus if the mother is suffering from STDs. 

STDs when detected early, then are curable except for Hepatitis-B, HIV infections, and genital herpes. 

Some common symptoms for STDs include itching, slight pain, fluid discharge, swellings, etc. 

The STDs are asymptomatic for a long time in individuals thus leading to late detection of the disease making it incurable for the Individuals 

The STDs result in various complications that include abortions, pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), ectopic pregnancies, stillbirths, infertility, or even cancer of the reproductive tract. STDs act as a barrier to achieving a healthy society. Thus, in the case of STDs, the prime importance is given to prevention or early detection, and then the cure of these diseases under reproductive healthcare programs.

Steps to prevent STDs:

(i)  To avoid sex with strangers/multiple partners.

(ii) Use condoms during coitus must be checked.

(iii) If a slight irritation is observed contact an expert or a qualified doctor for early detection of disease and get treatment on time.

4.5: Infertility: 

The inability to produce children even after the process of unprotected coitus is called infertility. 

The reasons leading to infertility can be physical, diseases, congenital, immunological, drugs, or even psychological. 

It is noticed that in society mainly women are blamed for being childless but the problem can be in either of the male or the female. 

The disorders of infertility can be treated sometimes with the help of specialized health care units like infertility clinics and if these treatments are not effective then the couples can opt for Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). 

(i) In-vitro Fertilisation (IVF): The process involves the method of fusion of gametes outside the body mainly in the laboratories where the conditions that are similar to the body are maintained. The fertilized zygote formed will then be divided and results in the formation of the embryo which is then transferred into the uterus of the female. 

(ii) Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT): In this process, the transfer of zygote or early embryo (up to 8 blastomeres) into the fallopian tube of the female is performed. 

(iii) Intra-Uterine Transfer (IUT): It involves the transfer of embryos into the uterus of the female with more than 8 blastomeres.

(iv) Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT): This process involves the collection of the ovum from the donor female and is then introduced into the other female who cannot produce the ovum but the internal body conditions are suitable for the process of fertilization and embryo development. 

(v) Intracytoplasmic Sperm injection (ICSI): In this process, the sperms are directly injected into the ovum of the female that results in the formation of the embryo in the laboratory.

(vi) Artificial insemination (AI) technique: This technique involves the collection of semen that consists of sperm from either the husband or a healthy male donor and is then injected into either the vagina or the uterus (IUI – intra-uterine insemination) of the female body. 

All these methods are performed by certified experts who are highly experienced with the technologies used and also require instruments that are quite expensive. 

Another good option for couples who desire children is a legal adoption.

Class 12 Biology Revision Notes Solution Chapter 4 PDF Download

The entire Revision Notes Class 12 biology chapter 4 is available in PDF format at the official website of Vedantu. Students can easily download it from anywhere and later access it without being connected to the internet. The Class 12 Notes Reproductive Health can also be printed out so that you can have a group study with your friends.

Reproductive Health Class 12 Biology Revision Notes

Reproductive Health - This refers to the overall well-being, including physical, social, emotional, and behavioral aspects. A society is termed as reproductively healthy if it has a population with physically healthy reproductive organs and normal emotional and social behaviors. Some of the strategies applied to better the reproductive health of the society are:

In 1951 family planning measures were taken in India to obtain total reproductive health, and they were evaluated periodically.

RCH Programs - These are programs for reproductive and child health care to make people aware of various reproductive aspects. It also provides support and facilitates a reproductively, healthy society.

Create awareness about STDs (sexually transmitted diseases).

Population Explosion and Birth Control - Since the end of World War II, there has been an explosion of the population worldwide. This could be attributed to an increase in birth rates and a decrease in infant mortality. It could lead to stress in society and all resources. Various steps are being taken to overcome this issue:

Encourage smaller family units.

Explain the use and benefits of contraceptive measures.

Give incentive to couples who have smaller families.

Raise the minimum legal age for marriage - 18 for girls and 21 for boys.

Methods of Contraception - The NCERT solutions chapter 4 Class 12 Biology Revision Notes explain the concept of contraception in detail. These are the various methods employed as a means to keep the population in check:

Traditional or Natural - In this, couples either avoid coitus between the ovulation period, i.e., the 10th and 17th day of the menstrual cycle, or use the coitus interruptus method.

Barrier Methods - In this, the sperm and ovum have physical barriers; hence they can not meet. It is done with the use of both male and female condoms. To increase the efficiency of this method, many spermicidal creams, foams, and jellies are also used.

IUDs - The intra-uterine devices like Lippes Hoopes or copper releasing IUDs like Copper-7 or Copper-T decrease motility or increase phagocytosis of sperms, which makes pregnancy improbable. These are ideal as a female contraceptive and the most widely used method of contraception.

Oral Contraceptives - These are in the form of pills that are either progestogens or a progestin-estrogen combination. These are female contraceptives administered for 21 days that start within the first 5 days of the menstrual cycle.

MTP or Medical Termination of Pregnancy - When someone chooses to terminate pregnancy voluntarily or intentionally before completing full-term, it is referred to as medical termination of pregnancy. MTP has played a major role in decreasing population, though that is not the purpose of this process. In 1971, India's government legalized this method with a few strict guidelines so that no one can misuse it. Few important points about this process are:

It was legalized to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

It is also helpful if the continuation of the pregnancy is risky for either the mother or the fetus or both.

The MTP process is safe during the first trimester of pregnancy, and from the second trimester, it becomes riskier.

It should be done under proper medical care as it might prove fatal by other quacks or fake doctors.

In conclusion, the availability of free PDF download notes for CBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 on Reproductive Health is an invaluable resource for students studying this topic. Chapter 4 delves into the crucial aspects of reproductive health, including reproductive rights, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), contraception methods, infertility, and assisted reproductive technologies.

The free PDF download notes for CBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 on Reproductive Health provide students with a convenient and effective tool to enhance their understanding of this vital topic. These notes serve as a valuable resource for exam preparation, promoting a deeper appreciation for reproductive health and its significance in maintaining individual and societal well-being.

FAQs on Reproductive Health Class 12 Notes CBSE Biology Chapter 4 (Free PDF Download)

Q1. What are STDs and How can they be Prevented?

Ans. STDs or sexually transmitted diseases are infections or conditions that are transmitted by sexual activities. They are also called venereal diseases or RTI (reproductive tract infections). Few examples of STDs are syphilis, gonorrhea, hepatitis-B, HIV. Aids caused by HIV can also be transmitted by using the same injection with an infected person or any surgical implements like blood transfusion, transmission from infected mother to the fetus, etc. Some of the steps to prevent STDs are:

Avoid sex with multiple partners or unknown people.

Use of condoms during intercourse.

Seeking medical help, if in doubt, for early detection and treatment.

Q2. What is Infertility and What Methods can be Helpful in Infertility?

Ans. Even with unprotected intercourse, if a couple cannot have children, this is termed as infertility. There are numerous reasons for this, such as congenital, immunological, drugs, psychological, etc. Few techniques that can be helpful in the particular case of infertility are:

IVF or In Vitro Fertilization.

Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer.

Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer.

Q3. What are the different ways one could contract an STD?

Sexual intimacy is the most common route of infection, other modes of infection also exist based on the disease under study. Vaginal, oral and anal sex are the most common routes of infection. However, skin to skin contact can also be a route of transmission as in the case of herpes. Spread of infection through saliva can also occur in case of syphilis and herpes.

Q4. How to spread awareness regarding STDs and sexual health?

It is important to spread knowledge about Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Campaigns that address these topics can be held in government schools and universities. Posters can be put up on the notice boards of schools. Seminars conducted by healthcare workers in schools can help throw light on the importance of sexual health and reproductive wellbeing. 

Q5. Where can I find notes on Reproductive health and STDs?

You can find lesson wise notes prepared by experienced faculty on the Vedantu website and the app. These notes are easily understandable with well-labelled diagrams and verified facts. The notes found on the website can not only be used to understand the topic but can also help you in last-minute revisions before the exam. 

Q6. Is Chapter 4 of Class 12 Biology easy?

Class 12 biology can be considerably hard. But, the ease or difficulty of this chapter depends on the student. The main reason for this difficulty is because students find it a challenge to cope with the concept. There are many new concepts that are introduced in this chapter,  which demand attention and hence are time-consuming.  However, if a student dedicates enough time and tries to understand the concept that’s being taught, it can get easier.

Q7.  How to master Chapter 4 of Class 12 Biology?

The notes curated by Vedantu for this chapter provide a brief yet in-depth understanding of the chapter. Concepts are clearly explained with well-labelled diagrams and the notes are written by well-qualified faculty. These notes can be an efficient way to brush up on topics prior to the examination. Focusing on understanding the concept and fundamentals of the chapter will help in mastering this chapter. The revision notes can also be downloaded free of cost to study offline.

Study Materials for Class 12

Case Based Questions – Class 12 Biology

As per the CBSE sample papers released this year, there will be one case based question in the section-C. There will be a total of 6 questions based on the given case. This post Case Based Questions – Class 12 Biology has the links to chapter wise case based questions.

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Reproductive Health | Class 12 | Previous Years Questions and Answers (2018 to 2020)

  2. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

1.     (a) Expand ART.

(b) Suggest the ART which may be successful in the following condition:

i)      Inability of the male partner to inseminate the female.

ii)     Female cannot produce ovum but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development. (2)

(a) Assisted Reproductive Technologies.

(b)   i. Artificial insemination (AI) / Intra-Uterine insemination (IUI). Ii. Gamete Intra fallopian Transfer (GIFT).

2.     Observe the diagrams A and B given below related to contraceptive methods. (3)

(a)     Identify A and B.

(b)    Explain this surgical method.

(c)     Why this method is generally advised as a terminal method of contraception?

(a) A. Vasectomy         B. Tubectomy

(b) Vasectomy: A small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on scrotum.

Tubectomy: A small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.

(c) To prevent any more pregnancies.

1.     Name the technique of transferring embryos up to 8 blastomeres into the fallopian tube. (1)

(a) GIFT      (b)    ZIFT            (c)    ICSI             (d)    IUI

2.     Amniocentesis for sex determination is legally banned now. (2)

a.       What is amniocentesis?

b.      Why it is banned?

(a) Amniocentesis is a test in which amniotic fluid of the foetus is taken to analyse the foetal cells to test the presence of genetic disorders, survivability of the foetus etc.

(b) It is misused for finding out the sex of the embryo.

2019 SAY June

1.     There are several methods of in vitro fertilisation to assist couples who lack the ability of fertilisation. (3)

a.     Give the popular name of the programme.

b.     Suggest two techniques of in vitro fertilisation and their conditions of transfer to assist these people.

(a) Test Tube Baby Programme.

(b) ZIFT (Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer): Transfer of zygote or early embryo (with up to 8 blastomeres) into fallopian tube.

IUT (Intra Uterine Transfer): Transfer of embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into the uterus.

1.   A wide range of contraceptive methods are presently available. If so,

a.   Name one contraceptive method having least side effect.

b.   Which contraceptive method is generally advised for females as a termination method to prevent any more pregnancies?

c.   List out any two possible ill-effects of the usage of contraceptive methods. (2)

a.   Saheli

b.   Tubectomy (sterilization technique)

c.   Nausea, abdominal pain, breakthrough bleeding etc.

2.     (a) Expand STDs.

(b) Cite any two examples for STD.

(c) Suggest any two methods for the prevention of STDs. (3)

(a) Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

(b) Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis etc.

(c) Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.

Always use condoms during coitus.

1.     Study the relationship between the first two words and till the blank space with a suitable word. (1)

Sterilization in male: Vasectomy

Sterilization in female: ......................

2.     The incidence of STDs is reported more among the age group between 15-24 years. (2)

a.       What are STDs?

b.      Suggest methods to prevent STDs.

(a) STDs are the diseases transmitted through the sexual intercourse.

(b) Ÿ Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.

Ÿ Always use condoms during coitus.

1.     Different contraceptive methods are given below. Pick out the odd one. (1)

(a) Cu T                              (b) Saheli            

(c) Multiload 375              (d) Lippes loop

(b) Saheli      

2.     Sexually transmitted disease (STD) are mainly transmitted through sexual contact. (3)

(a) Name any two examples of sexually transmitted disease.

       (b) Explain any two methods adopted to prevent STDs.

(a) Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis etc.

(b) Ÿ   Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.

Ÿ   Always use condoms during coitus.