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Qualitative Research Designs

Case study design, using case study design in the applied doctoral experience (ade), applicability of case study design to applied problem of practice, case study design references.

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The field of qualitative research there are a number of research designs (also referred to as “traditions” or “genres”), including case study, phenomenology, narrative inquiry, action research, ethnography, grounded theory, as well as a number of critical genres including Feminist theory, indigenous research, critical race theory and cultural studies. The choice of research design is directly tied to and must be aligned with your research problem and purpose. As Bloomberg & Volpe (2019) explain:

Choice of research design is directly tied to research problem and purpose. As the researcher, you actively create the link among problem, purpose, and design through a process of reflecting on problem and purpose, focusing on researchable questions, and considering how to best address these questions. Thinking along these lines affords a research study methodological congruence (p. 38).

Case study is an in-depth exploration from multiple perspectives of a bounded social phenomenon, be this a social system such as a program, event, institution, organization, or community (Stake, 1995, 2005; Yin, 2018). Case study is employed across disciplines, including education, health care, social work, sociology, and organizational studies. The purpose is to generate understanding and deep insights to inform professional practice, policy development, and community or social action (Bloomberg 2018).

Yin (2018) and Stake (1995, 2005), two of the key proponents of case study methodology, use different terms to describe case studies. Yin categorizes case studies as exploratory or descriptive . The former is used to explore those situations in which the intervention being evaluated has no clear single set of outcomes. The latter is used to describe an intervention or phenomenon and the real-life context in which it occurred. Stake identifies case studies as intrinsic or instrumental , and he proposes that a primary distinction in designing case studies is between single and multiple (or collective) case study designs. A single case study may be an instrumental case study (research focuses on an issue or concern in one bounded case) or an intrinsic case study (the focus is on the case itself because the case presents a unique situation). A longitudinal case study design is chosen when the researcher seeks to examine the same single case at two or more different points in time or to capture trends over time. A multiple case study design is used when a researcher seeks to determine the prevalence or frequency of a particular phenomenon. This approach is useful when cases are used for purposes of a cross-case analysis in order to compare, contrast, and synthesize perspectives regarding the same issue. The focus is on the analysis of diverse cases to determine how these confirm the findings within or between cases, or call the findings into question.

Case study affords significant interaction with research participants, providing an in-depth picture of the phenomenon (Bloomberg & Volpe, 2019). Research is extensive, drawing on multiple methods of data collection, and involves multiple data sources. Triangulation is critical in attempting to obtain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under study and adds rigor, breadth, and depth to the study and provides corroborative evidence of the data obtained. Analysis of data can be holistic or embedded—that is, dealing with the whole or parts of the case (Yin, 2018). With multiple cases the typical analytic strategy is to provide detailed description of themes within each case (within-case analysis), followed by thematic analysis across cases (cross-case analysis), providing insights regarding how individual cases are comparable along important dimensions. Research culminates in the production of a detailed description of a setting and its participants, accompanied by an analysis of the data for themes or patterns (Stake, 1995, 2005; Yin, 2018). In addition to thick, rich description, the researcher’s interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations contribute to the reader’s overall understanding of the case study.

Analysis of findings should show that the researcher has attended to all the data, should address the most significant aspects of the case, and should demonstrate familiarity with the prevailing thinking and discourse about the topic. The goal of case study design (as with all qualitative designs) is not generalizability but rather transferability —that is, how (if at all) and in what ways understanding and knowledge can be applied in similar contexts and settings. The qualitative researcher attempts to address the issue of transferability by way of thick, rich description that will provide the basis for a case or cases to have relevance and potential application across a broader context.

Qualitative research methods ask the questions of "what" and "how" a phenomenon is understood in a real-life context (Bloomberg & Volpe, 2019). In the education field, qualitative research methods uncover educational experiences and practices because qualitative research allows the researcher to reveal new knowledge and understanding. Moreover, qualitative descriptive case studies describe, analyze and interpret events that explain the reasoning behind specific phenomena (Bloomberg, 2018). As such, case study design can be the foundation for a rigorous study within the Applied Doctoral Experience (ADE).

Case study design is an appropriate research design to consider when conceptualizing and conducting a dissertation research study that is based on an applied problem of practice with inherent real-life educational implications. Case study researchers study current, real-life cases that are in progress so that they can gather accurate information that is current. This fits well with the ADE program, as students are typically exploring a problem of practice. Because of the flexibility of the methods used, a descriptive design provides the researcher with the opportunity to choose data collection methods that are best suited to a practice-based research purpose, and can include individual interviews, focus groups, observation, surveys, and critical incident questionnaires. Methods are triangulated to contribute to the study’s trustworthiness. In selecting the set of data collection methods, it is important that the researcher carefully consider the alignment between research questions and the type of data that is needed to address these. Each data source is one piece of the “puzzle,” that contributes to the researcher’s holistic understanding of a phenomenon. The various strands of data are woven together holistically to promote a deeper understanding of the case and its application to an educationally-based problem of practice.

Research studies within the Applied Doctoral Experience (ADE) will be practical in nature and focus on problems and issues that inform educational practice.  Many of the types of studies that fall within the ADE framework are exploratory, and align with case study design. Case study design fits very well with applied problems related to educational practice, as the following set of examples illustrate:

Elementary Bilingual Education Teachers’ Self-Efficacy in Teaching English Language Learners: A Qualitative Case Study

The problem to be addressed in the proposed study is that some elementary bilingual education teachers’ beliefs about their lack of preparedness to teach the English language may negatively impact the language proficiency skills of Hispanic ELLs (Ernst-Slavit & Wenger, 2016; Fuchs et al., 2018; Hoque, 2016). The purpose of the proposed qualitative descriptive case study was to explore the perspectives and experiences of elementary bilingual education teachers regarding their perceived lack of preparedness to teach the English language and how this may impact the language proficiency of Hispanic ELLs.

Exploring Minority Teachers Experiences Pertaining to their Value in Education: A Single Case Study of Teachers in New York City

The problem is that minority K-12 teachers are underrepresented in the United States, with research indicating that school leaders and teachers in schools that are populated mainly by black students, staffed mostly by white teachers who may be unprepared to deal with biases and stereotypes that are ingrained in schools (Egalite, Kisida, & Winters, 2015; Milligan & Howley, 2015). The purpose of this qualitative exploratory single case study was to develop a clearer understanding of minority teachers’ experiences concerning the under-representation of minority K-12 teachers in urban school districts in the United States since there are so few of them.

Exploring the Impact of an Urban Teacher Residency Program on Teachers’ Cultural Intelligence: A Qualitative Case Study

The problem to be addressed by this case study is that teacher candidates often report being unprepared and ill-equipped to effectively educate culturally diverse students (Skepple, 2015; Beutel, 2018). The purpose of this study was to explore and gain an in-depth understanding of the perceived impact of an urban teacher residency program in urban Iowa on teachers’ cultural competence using the cultural intelligence (CQ) framework (Earley & Ang, 2003).

Qualitative Case Study that Explores Self-Efficacy and Mentorship on Women in Academic Administrative Leadership Roles

The problem was that female school-level administrators might be less likely to experience mentorship, thereby potentially decreasing their self-efficacy (Bing & Smith, 2019; Brown, 2020; Grant, 2021). The purpose of this case study was to determine to what extent female school-level administrators in the United States who had a mentor have a sense of self-efficacy and to examine the relationship between mentorship and self-efficacy.

Suburban Teacher and Administrator Perceptions of Culturally Responsive Teaching to Promote Connectedness in Students of Color: A Qualitative Case Study

The problem to be addressed in this study is the racial discrimination experienced by students of color in suburban schools and the resulting negative school experience (Jara & Bloomsbury, 2020; Jones, 2019; Kohli et al., 2017; Wandix-White, 2020). The purpose of this case study is to explore how culturally responsive practices can counteract systemic racism and discrimination in suburban schools thereby meeting the needs of students of color by creating positive learning experiences. 

As you can see, all of these studies were well suited to qualitative case study design. In each of these studies, the applied research problem and research purpose were clearly grounded in educational practice as well as directly aligned with qualitative case study methodology. In the Applied Doctoral Experience (ADE), you will be focused on addressing or resolving an educationally relevant research problem of practice. As such, your case study, with clear boundaries, will be one that centers on a real-life authentic problem in your field of practice that you believe is in need of resolution or improvement, and that the outcome thereof will be educationally valuable.

Bloomberg, L. D. (2018). Case study method. In B. B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation (pp. 237–239). SAGE. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/nu.edu?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmethods.sagepub.com%2FReference%2Fthe-sage-encyclopedia-of-educational-research-measurement-and-evaluation%2Fi4294.xml

Bloomberg, L. D. & Volpe, M. (2019). Completing your qualitative dissertation: A road map from beginning to end . (4th Ed.). SAGE.

Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. SAGE.

Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 443–466). SAGE.

Yin, R. (2018). Case study research and applications: Designs and methods. SAGE.

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• Case Study | Definition, Examples & Methods

Case Study | Definition, Examples & Methods

Published on 5 May 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on 30 January 2023.

A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organisation, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.

A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods , but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing , comparing, evaluating, and understanding different aspects of a research problem .

Table of contents

When to do a case study, step 1: select a case, step 2: build a theoretical framework, step 3: collect your data, step 4: describe and analyse the case.

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case.

Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation . They keep your project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.

You might use just one complex case study where you explore a single subject in depth, or conduct multiple case studies to compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.

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Once you have developed your problem statement and research questions , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to:

• Provide new or unexpected insights into the subject
• Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories
• Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem
• Open up new directions for future research

Unlike quantitative or experimental research, a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem.

If you find yourself aiming to simultaneously investigate and solve an issue, consider conducting action research . As its name suggests, action research conducts research and takes action at the same time, and is highly iterative and flexible. 

However, you can also choose a more common or representative case to exemplify a particular category, experience, or phenomenon.

While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to:

• Exemplify a theory by showing how it explains the case under investigation
• Expand on a theory by uncovering new concepts and ideas that need to be incorporated
• Challenge a theory by exploring an outlier case that doesn’t fit with established assumptions

To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a literature review of sources related to the topic and develop a theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation.

There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews, observations, and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data .

The aim is to gain as thorough an understanding as possible of the case and its context.

In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject.

How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or thesis, with separate sections or chapters for the methods , results , and discussion .

Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyse its meanings and implications (for example, by using textual analysis or discourse analysis ).

In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates.

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• Writing a Case Study
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• Acknowledgments

A case study research paper examines a person, place, event, condition, phenomenon, or other type of subject of analysis in order to extrapolate  key themes and results that help predict future trends, illuminate previously hidden issues that can be applied to practice, and/or provide a means for understanding an important research problem with greater clarity. A case study research paper usually examines a single subject of analysis, but case study papers can also be designed as a comparative investigation that shows relationships between two or more subjects. The methods used to study a case can rest within a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method investigative paradigm.

Case Studies. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Mills, Albert J. , Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010 ; “What is a Case Study?” In Swanborn, Peter G. Case Study Research: What, Why and How? London: SAGE, 2010.

How to Approach Writing a Case Study Research Paper

General information about how to choose a topic to investigate can be found under the " Choosing a Research Problem " tab in the Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper writing guide. Review this page because it may help you identify a subject of analysis that can be investigated using a case study design.

However, identifying a case to investigate involves more than choosing the research problem . A case study encompasses a problem contextualized around the application of in-depth analysis, interpretation, and discussion, often resulting in specific recommendations for action or for improving existing conditions. As Seawright and Gerring note, practical considerations such as time and access to information can influence case selection, but these issues should not be the sole factors used in describing the methodological justification for identifying a particular case to study. Given this, selecting a case includes considering the following:

• The case represents an unusual or atypical example of a research problem that requires more in-depth analysis? Cases often represent a topic that rests on the fringes of prior investigations because the case may provide new ways of understanding the research problem. For example, if the research problem is to identify strategies to improve policies that support girl's access to secondary education in predominantly Muslim nations, you could consider using Azerbaijan as a case study rather than selecting a more obvious nation in the Middle East. Doing so may reveal important new insights into recommending how governments in other predominantly Muslim nations can formulate policies that support improved access to education for girls.
• The case provides important insight or illuminate a previously hidden problem? In-depth analysis of a case can be based on the hypothesis that the case study will reveal trends or issues that have not been exposed in prior research or will reveal new and important implications for practice. For example, anecdotal evidence may suggest drug use among homeless veterans is related to their patterns of travel throughout the day. Assuming prior studies have not looked at individual travel choices as a way to study access to illicit drug use, a case study that observes a homeless veteran could reveal how issues of personal mobility choices facilitate regular access to illicit drugs. Note that it is important to conduct a thorough literature review to ensure that your assumption about the need to reveal new insights or previously hidden problems is valid and evidence-based.
• The case challenges and offers a counter-point to prevailing assumptions? Over time, research on any given topic can fall into a trap of developing assumptions based on outdated studies that are still applied to new or changing conditions or the idea that something should simply be accepted as "common sense," even though the issue has not been thoroughly tested in current practice. A case study analysis may offer an opportunity to gather evidence that challenges prevailing assumptions about a research problem and provide a new set of recommendations applied to practice that have not been tested previously. For example, perhaps there has been a long practice among scholars to apply a particular theory in explaining the relationship between two subjects of analysis. Your case could challenge this assumption by applying an innovative theoretical framework [perhaps borrowed from another discipline] to explore whether this approach offers new ways of understanding the research problem. Taking a contrarian stance is one of the most important ways that new knowledge and understanding develops from existing literature.
• The case provides an opportunity to pursue action leading to the resolution of a problem? Another way to think about choosing a case to study is to consider how the results from investigating a particular case may result in findings that reveal ways in which to resolve an existing or emerging problem. For example, studying the case of an unforeseen incident, such as a fatal accident at a railroad crossing, can reveal hidden issues that could be applied to preventative measures that contribute to reducing the chance of accidents in the future. In this example, a case study investigating the accident could lead to a better understanding of where to strategically locate additional signals at other railroad crossings so as to better warn drivers of an approaching train, particularly when visibility is hindered by heavy rain, fog, or at night.
• The case offers a new direction in future research? A case study can be used as a tool for an exploratory investigation that highlights the need for further research about the problem. A case can be used when there are few studies that help predict an outcome or that establish a clear understanding about how best to proceed in addressing a problem. For example, after conducting a thorough literature review [very important!], you discover that little research exists showing the ways in which women contribute to promoting water conservation in rural communities of east central Africa. A case study of how women contribute to saving water in a rural village of Uganda can lay the foundation for understanding the need for more thorough research that documents how women in their roles as cooks and family caregivers think about water as a valuable resource within their community. This example of a case study could also point to the need for scholars to build new theoretical frameworks around the topic [e.g., applying feminist theories of work and family to the issue of water conservation].

Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. “Building Theories from Case Study Research.” Academy of Management Review 14 (October 1989): 532-550; Emmel, Nick. Sampling and Choosing Cases in Qualitative Research: A Realist Approach . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2013; Gerring, John. “What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for?” American Political Science Review 98 (May 2004): 341-354; Mills, Albert J. , Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010; Seawright, Jason and John Gerring. "Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research." Political Research Quarterly 61 (June 2008): 294-308.

Structure and Writing Style

The purpose of a paper in the social sciences designed around a case study is to thoroughly investigate a subject of analysis in order to reveal a new understanding about the research problem and, in so doing, contributing new knowledge to what is already known from previous studies. In applied social sciences disciplines [e.g., education, social work, public administration, etc.], case studies may also be used to reveal best practices, highlight key programs, or investigate interesting aspects of professional work.

In general, the structure of a case study research paper is not all that different from a standard college-level research paper. However, there are subtle differences you should be aware of. Here are the key elements to organizing and writing a case study research paper.

I.  Introduction

As with any research paper, your introduction should serve as a roadmap for your readers to ascertain the scope and purpose of your study . The introduction to a case study research paper, however, should not only describe the research problem and its significance, but you should also succinctly describe why the case is being used and how it relates to addressing the problem. The two elements should be linked. With this in mind, a good introduction answers these four questions:

• What is being studied? Describe the research problem and describe the subject of analysis [the case] you have chosen to address the problem. Explain how they are linked and what elements of the case will help to expand knowledge and understanding about the problem.
• Why is this topic important to investigate? Describe the significance of the research problem and state why a case study design and the subject of analysis that the paper is designed around is appropriate in addressing the problem.
• What did we know about this topic before I did this study? Provide background that helps lead the reader into the more in-depth literature review to follow. If applicable, summarize prior case study research applied to the research problem and why it fails to adequately address the problem. Describe why your case will be useful. If no prior case studies have been used to address the research problem, explain why you have selected this subject of analysis.
• How will this study advance new knowledge or new ways of understanding? Explain why your case study will be suitable in helping to expand knowledge and understanding about the research problem.

Each of these questions should be addressed in no more than a few paragraphs. Exceptions to this can be when you are addressing a complex research problem or subject of analysis that requires more in-depth background information.

II.  Literature Review

The literature review for a case study research paper is generally structured the same as it is for any college-level research paper. The difference, however, is that the literature review is focused on providing background information and  enabling historical interpretation of the subject of analysis in relation to the research problem the case is intended to address . This includes synthesizing studies that help to:

• Place relevant works in the context of their contribution to understanding the case study being investigated . This would involve summarizing studies that have used a similar subject of analysis to investigate the research problem. If there is literature using the same or a very similar case to study, you need to explain why duplicating past research is important [e.g., conditions have changed; prior studies were conducted long ago, etc.].
• Describe the relationship each work has to the others under consideration that informs the reader why this case is applicable . Your literature review should include a description of any works that support using the case to investigate the research problem and the underlying research questions.
• Identify new ways to interpret prior research using the case study . If applicable, review any research that has examined the research problem using a different research design. Explain how your use of a case study design may reveal new knowledge or a new perspective or that can redirect research in an important new direction.
• Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies . This refers to synthesizing any literature that points to unresolved issues of concern about the research problem and describing how the subject of analysis that forms the case study can help resolve these existing contradictions.
• Point the way in fulfilling a need for additional research . Your review should examine any literature that lays a foundation for understanding why your case study design and the subject of analysis around which you have designed your study may reveal a new way of approaching the research problem or offer a perspective that points to the need for additional research.
• Expose any gaps that exist in the literature that the case study could help to fill . Summarize any literature that not only shows how your subject of analysis contributes to understanding the research problem, but how your case contributes to a new way of understanding the problem that prior research has failed to do.
• Locate your own research within the context of existing literature [very important!] . Collectively, your literature review should always place your case study within the larger domain of prior research about the problem. The overarching purpose of reviewing pertinent literature in a case study paper is to demonstrate that you have thoroughly identified and synthesized prior studies in relation to explaining the relevance of the case in addressing the research problem.

III.  Method

In this section, you explain why you selected a particular case [i.e., subject of analysis] and the strategy you used to identify and ultimately decide that your case was appropriate in addressing the research problem. The way you describe the methods used varies depending on the type of subject of analysis that constitutes your case study.

If your subject of analysis is an incident or event . In the social and behavioral sciences, the event or incident that represents the case to be studied is usually bounded by time and place, with a clear beginning and end and with an identifiable location or position relative to its surroundings. The subject of analysis can be a rare or critical event or it can focus on a typical or regular event. The purpose of studying a rare event is to illuminate new ways of thinking about the broader research problem or to test a hypothesis. Critical incident case studies must describe the method by which you identified the event and explain the process by which you determined the validity of this case to inform broader perspectives about the research problem or to reveal new findings. However, the event does not have to be a rare or uniquely significant to support new thinking about the research problem or to challenge an existing hypothesis. For example, Walo, Bull, and Breen conducted a case study to identify and evaluate the direct and indirect economic benefits and costs of a local sports event in the City of Lismore, New South Wales, Australia. The purpose of their study was to provide new insights from measuring the impact of a typical local sports event that prior studies could not measure well because they focused on large "mega-events." Whether the event is rare or not, the methods section should include an explanation of the following characteristics of the event: a) when did it take place; b) what were the underlying circumstances leading to the event; and, c) what were the consequences of the event in relation to the research problem.

If your subject of analysis is a person. Explain why you selected this particular individual to be studied and describe what experiences they have had that provide an opportunity to advance new understandings about the research problem. Mention any background about this person which might help the reader understand the significance of their experiences that make them worthy of study. This includes describing the relationships this person has had with other people, institutions, and/or events that support using them as the subject for a case study research paper. It is particularly important to differentiate the person as the subject of analysis from others and to succinctly explain how the person relates to examining the research problem [e.g., why is one politician in a particular local election used to show an increase in voter turnout from any other candidate running in the election]. Note that these issues apply to a specific group of people used as a case study unit of analysis [e.g., a classroom of students].

If your subject of analysis is a place. In general, a case study that investigates a place suggests a subject of analysis that is unique or special in some way and that this uniqueness can be used to build new understanding or knowledge about the research problem. A case study of a place must not only describe its various attributes relevant to the research problem [e.g., physical, social, historical, cultural, economic, political], but you must state the method by which you determined that this place will illuminate new understandings about the research problem. It is also important to articulate why a particular place as the case for study is being used if similar places also exist [i.e., if you are studying patterns of homeless encampments of veterans in open spaces, explain why you are studying Echo Park in Los Angeles rather than Griffith Park?]. If applicable, describe what type of human activity involving this place makes it a good choice to study [e.g., prior research suggests Echo Park has more homeless veterans].

If your subject of analysis is a phenomenon. A phenomenon refers to a fact, occurrence, or circumstance that can be studied or observed but with the cause or explanation to be in question. In this sense, a phenomenon that forms your subject of analysis can encompass anything that can be observed or presumed to exist but is not fully understood. In the social and behavioral sciences, the case usually focuses on human interaction within a complex physical, social, economic, cultural, or political system. For example, the phenomenon could be the observation that many vehicles used by ISIS fighters are small trucks with English language advertisements on them. The research problem could be that ISIS fighters are difficult to combat because they are highly mobile. The research questions could be how and by what means are these vehicles used by ISIS being supplied to the militants and how might supply lines to these vehicles be cut off? How might knowing the suppliers of these trucks reveal larger networks of collaborators and financial support? A case study of a phenomenon most often encompasses an in-depth analysis of a cause and effect that is grounded in an interactive relationship between people and their environment in some way.

NOTE:   The choice of the case or set of cases to study cannot appear random. Evidence that supports the method by which you identified and chose your subject of analysis should clearly support investigation of the research problem and linked to key findings from your literature review. Be sure to cite any studies that helped you determine that the case you chose was appropriate for examining the problem.

IV.  Discussion

The main elements of your discussion section are generally the same as any research paper, but centered around interpreting and drawing conclusions about the key findings from your analysis of the case study. Note that a general social sciences research paper may contain a separate section to report findings. However, in a paper designed around a case study, it is common to combine a description of the results with the discussion about their implications. The objectives of your discussion section should include the following:

Reiterate the Research Problem/State the Major Findings Briefly reiterate the research problem you are investigating and explain why the subject of analysis around which you designed the case study were used. You should then describe the findings revealed from your study of the case using direct, declarative, and succinct proclamation of the study results. Highlight any findings that were unexpected or especially profound.

Explain the Meaning of the Findings and Why They are Important Systematically explain the meaning of your case study findings and why you believe they are important. Begin this part of the section by repeating what you consider to be your most important or surprising finding first, then systematically review each finding. Be sure to thoroughly extrapolate what your analysis of the case can tell the reader about situations or conditions beyond the actual case that was studied while, at the same time, being careful not to misconstrue or conflate a finding that undermines the external validity of your conclusions.

Relate the Findings to Similar Studies No study in the social sciences is so novel or possesses such a restricted focus that it has absolutely no relation to previously published research. The discussion section should relate your case study results to those found in other studies, particularly if questions raised from prior studies served as the motivation for choosing your subject of analysis. This is important because comparing and contrasting the findings of other studies helps support the overall importance of your results and it highlights how and in what ways your case study design and the subject of analysis differs from prior research about the topic.

Consider Alternative Explanations of the Findings Remember that the purpose of social science research is to discover and not to prove. When writing the discussion section, you should carefully consider all possible explanations revealed by the case study results, rather than just those that fit your hypothesis or prior assumptions and biases. Be alert to what the in-depth analysis of the case may reveal about the research problem, including offering a contrarian perspective to what scholars have stated in prior research if that is how the findings can be interpreted from your case.

Acknowledge the Study's Limitations You can state the study's limitations in the conclusion section of your paper but describing the limitations of your subject of analysis in the discussion section provides an opportunity to identify the limitations and explain why they are not significant. This part of the discussion section should also note any unanswered questions or issues your case study could not address. More detailed information about how to document any limitations to your research can be found here .

Suggest Areas for Further Research Although your case study may offer important insights about the research problem, there are likely additional questions related to the problem that remain unanswered or findings that unexpectedly revealed themselves as a result of your in-depth analysis of the case. Be sure that the recommendations for further research are linked to the research problem and that you explain why your recommendations are valid in other contexts and based on the original assumptions of your study.

V.  Conclusion

As with any research paper, you should summarize your conclusion in clear, simple language; emphasize how the findings from your case study differs from or supports prior research and why. Do not simply reiterate the discussion section. Provide a synthesis of key findings presented in the paper to show how these converge to address the research problem. If you haven't already done so in the discussion section, be sure to document the limitations of your case study and any need for further research.

The function of your paper's conclusion is to: 1) reiterate the main argument supported by the findings from your case study; 2) state clearly the context, background, and necessity of pursuing the research problem using a case study design in relation to an issue, controversy, or a gap found from reviewing the literature; and, 3) provide a place to persuasively and succinctly restate the significance of your research problem, given that the reader has now been presented with in-depth information about the topic.

Consider the following points to help ensure your conclusion is appropriate:

• If the argument or purpose of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize these points for your reader.
• If prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the significance of your findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the conclusion of your paper to describe your main points and explain their significance.
• Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration of the case study's findings that returns the topic to the context provided by the introduction or within a new context that emerges from your case study findings.

Note that, depending on the discipline you are writing in or the preferences of your professor, the concluding paragraph may contain your final reflections on the evidence presented as it applies to practice or on the essay's central research problem. However, the nature of being introspective about the subject of analysis you have investigated will depend on whether you are explicitly asked to express your observations in this way.

Problems to Avoid

Overgeneralization One of the goals of a case study is to lay a foundation for understanding broader trends and issues applied to similar circumstances. However, be careful when drawing conclusions from your case study. They must be evidence-based and grounded in the results of the study; otherwise, it is merely speculation. Looking at a prior example, it would be incorrect to state that a factor in improving girls access to education in Azerbaijan and the policy implications this may have for improving access in other Muslim nations is due to girls access to social media if there is no documentary evidence from your case study to indicate this. There may be anecdotal evidence that retention rates were better for girls who were engaged with social media, but this observation would only point to the need for further research and would not be a definitive finding if this was not a part of your original research agenda.

Failure to Document Limitations No case is going to reveal all that needs to be understood about a research problem. Therefore, just as you have to clearly state the limitations of a general research study , you must describe the specific limitations inherent in the subject of analysis. For example, the case of studying how women conceptualize the need for water conservation in a village in Uganda could have limited application in other cultural contexts or in areas where fresh water from rivers or lakes is plentiful and, therefore, conservation is understood more in terms of managing access rather than preserving access to a scarce resource.

Failure to Extrapolate All Possible Implications Just as you don't want to over-generalize from your case study findings, you also have to be thorough in the consideration of all possible outcomes or recommendations derived from your findings. If you do not, your reader may question the validity of your analysis, particularly if you failed to document an obvious outcome from your case study research. For example, in the case of studying the accident at the railroad crossing to evaluate where and what types of warning signals should be located, you failed to take into consideration speed limit signage as well as warning signals. When designing your case study, be sure you have thoroughly addressed all aspects of the problem and do not leave gaps in your analysis that leave the reader questioning the results.

Case Studies. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Gerring, John. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007; Merriam, Sharan B. Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education . Rev. ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1998; Miller, Lisa L. “The Use of Case Studies in Law and Social Science Research.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 14 (2018): TBD; Mills, Albert J., Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010; Putney, LeAnn Grogan. "Case Study." In Encyclopedia of Research Design , Neil J. Salkind, editor. (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010), pp. 116-120; Simons, Helen. Case Study Research in Practice . London: SAGE Publications, 2009;  Kratochwill,  Thomas R. and Joel R. Levin, editors. Single-Case Research Design and Analysis: New Development for Psychology and Education .  Hilldsale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992; Swanborn, Peter G. Case Study Research: What, Why and How? London : SAGE, 2010; Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods . 6th edition. Los Angeles, CA, SAGE Publications, 2014; Walo, Maree, Adrian Bull, and Helen Breen. “Achieving Economic Benefits at Local Events: A Case Study of a Local Sports Event.” Festival Management and Event Tourism 4 (1996): 95-106.

Writing Tip

At Least Five Misconceptions about Case Study Research

Social science case studies are often perceived as limited in their ability to create new knowledge because they are not randomly selected and findings cannot be generalized to larger populations. Flyvbjerg examines five misunderstandings about case study research and systematically "corrects" each one. To quote, these are:

Misunderstanding 1 :  General, theoretical [context-independent] knowledge is more valuable than concrete, practical [context-dependent] knowledge. Misunderstanding 2 :  One cannot generalize on the basis of an individual case; therefore, the case study cannot contribute to scientific development. Misunderstanding 3 :  The case study is most useful for generating hypotheses; that is, in the first stage of a total research process, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building. Misunderstanding 4 :  The case study contains a bias toward verification, that is, a tendency to confirm the researcher’s preconceived notions. Misunderstanding 5 :  It is often difficult to summarize and develop general propositions and theories on the basis of specific case studies [p. 221].

While writing your paper, think introspectively about how you addressed these misconceptions because to do so can help you strengthen the validity and reliability of your research by clarifying issues of case selection, the testing and challenging of existing assumptions, the interpretation of key findings, and the summation of case outcomes. Think of a case study research paper as a complete, in-depth narrative about the specific properties and key characteristics of your subject of analysis applied to the research problem.

Flyvbjerg, Bent. “Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 12 (April 2006): 219-245.

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What is case study research?

Last updated

8 February 2023

Reviewed by

Cathy Heath

Suppose a company receives a spike in the number of customer complaints, or medical experts discover an outbreak of illness affecting children but are not quite sure of the reason. In both cases, carrying out a case study could be the best way to get answers.

Organization

Case studies can be carried out across different disciplines, including education, medicine, sociology, and business.

Most case studies employ qualitative methods, but quantitative methods can also be used. Researchers can then describe, compare, evaluate, and identify patterns or cause-and-effect relationships between the various variables under study. They can then use this knowledge to decide what action to take. 

Another thing to note is that case studies are generally singular in their focus. This means they narrow focus to a particular area, making them highly subjective. You cannot always generalize the results of a case study and apply them to a larger population. However, they are valuable tools to illustrate a principle or develop a thesis.

Analyze case study research

Dovetail streamlines case study research to help you uncover and share actionable insights

• What are the different types of case study designs?

Researchers can choose from a variety of case study designs. The design they choose is dependent on what questions they need to answer, the context of the research environment, how much data they already have, and what resources are available.

Here are the common types of case study design:

Explanatory

An explanatory case study is an initial explanation of the how or why that is behind something. This design is commonly used when studying a real-life phenomenon or event. Once the organization understands the reasons behind a phenomenon, it can then make changes to enhance or eliminate the variables causing it. 

Here is an example: How is co-teaching implemented in elementary schools? The title for a case study of this subject could be “Case Study of the Implementation of Co-Teaching in Elementary Schools.”

Descriptive

An illustrative or descriptive case study helps researchers shed light on an unfamiliar object or subject after a period of time. The case study provides an in-depth review of the issue at hand and adds real-world examples in the area the researcher wants the audience to understand. 

The researcher makes no inferences or causal statements about the object or subject under review. This type of design is often used to understand cultural shifts.

Here is an example: How did people cope with the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami? This case study could be titled "A Case Study of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and its Effect on the Indonesian Population."

Exploratory

Exploratory research is also called a pilot case study. It is usually the first step within a larger research project, often relying on questionnaires and surveys . Researchers use exploratory research to help narrow down their focus, define parameters, draft a specific research question , and/or identify variables in a larger study. This research design usually covers a wider area than others, and focuses on the ‘what’ and ‘who’ of a topic.

Here is an example: How do nutrition and socialization in early childhood affect learning in children? The title of the exploratory study may be “Case Study of the Effects of Nutrition and Socialization on Learning in Early Childhood.”

An intrinsic case study is specifically designed to look at a unique and special phenomenon. At the start of the study, the researcher defines the phenomenon and the uniqueness that differentiates it from others. 

In this case, researchers do not attempt to generalize, compare, or challenge the existing assumptions. Instead, they explore the unique variables to enhance understanding. Here is an example: “Case Study of Volcanic Lightning.”

This design can also be identified as a cumulative case study. It uses information from past studies or observations of groups of people in certain settings as the foundation of the new study. Given that it takes multiple areas into account, it allows for greater generalization than a single case study. 

The researchers also get an in-depth look at a particular subject from different viewpoints.  Here is an example: “Case Study of how PTSD affected Vietnam and Gulf War Veterans Differently Due to Advances in Military Technology.”

Critical instance

A critical case study incorporates both explanatory and intrinsic study designs. It does not have predetermined purposes beyond an investigation of the said subject. It can be used for a deeper explanation of the cause-and-effect relationship. It can also be used to question a common assumption or myth. 

The findings can then be used further to generalize whether they would also apply in a different environment.  Here is an example: “What Effect Does Prolonged Use of Social Media Have on the Mind of American Youth?”

Instrumental

Instrumental research attempts to achieve goals beyond understanding the object at hand. Researchers explore a larger subject through different, separate studies and use the findings to understand its relationship to another subject. This type of design also provides insight into an issue or helps refine a theory. 

For example, you may want to determine if violent behavior in children predisposes them to crime later in life. The focus is on the relationship between children and violent behavior, and why certain children do become violent. Here is an example: “Violence Breeds Violence: Childhood Exposure and Participation in Adult Crime.”

Evaluation case study design is employed to research the effects of a program, policy, or intervention, and assess its effectiveness and impact on future decision-making. 

For example, you might want to see whether children learn times tables quicker through an educational game on their iPad versus a more teacher-led intervention. Here is an example: “An Investigation of the Impact of an iPad Multiplication Game for Primary School Children.” 

• When do you use case studies?

Case studies are ideal when you want to gain a contextual, concrete, or in-depth understanding of a particular subject. It helps you understand the characteristics, implications, and meanings of the subject.

They are also an excellent choice for those writing a thesis or dissertation, as they help keep the project focused on a particular area when resources or time may be too limited to cover a wider one. You may have to conduct several case studies to explore different aspects of the subject in question and understand the problem.

• What are the steps to follow when conducting a case study?

1. Select a case

Once you identify the problem at hand and come up with questions, identify the case you will focus on. The study can provide insights into the subject at hand, challenge existing assumptions, propose a course of action, and/or open up new areas for further research.

2. Create a theoretical framework

While you will be focusing on a specific detail, the case study design you choose should be linked to existing knowledge on the topic. This prevents it from becoming an isolated description and allows for enhancing the existing information. 

It may expand the current theory by bringing up new ideas or concepts, challenge established assumptions, or exemplify a theory by exploring how it answers the problem at hand. A theoretical framework starts with a literature review of the sources relevant to the topic in focus. This helps in identifying key concepts to guide analysis and interpretation.

3. Collect the data

Case studies are frequently supplemented with qualitative data such as observations, interviews, and a review of both primary and secondary sources such as official records, news articles, and photographs. There may also be quantitative data —this data assists in understanding the case thoroughly.

4. Analyze your case

The results of the research depend on the research design. Most case studies are structured with chapters or topic headings for easy explanation and presentation. Others may be written as narratives to allow researchers to explore various angles of the topic and analyze its meanings and implications.

In all areas, always give a detailed contextual understanding of the case and connect it to the existing theory and literature before discussing how it fits into your problem area.

• What are some case study examples?

What are the best approaches for introducing our product into the Kenyan market?

How does the change in marketing strategy aid in increasing the sales volumes of product Y?

How can teachers enhance student participation in classrooms?

How does poverty affect literacy levels in children?

Case study topics

Case study of product marketing strategies in the Kenyan market

Case study of the effects of a marketing strategy change on product Y sales volumes

Case study of X school teachers that encourage active student participation in the classroom

Case study of the effects of poverty on literacy levels in children

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All You Wanted to Know About How to Write a Case Study

What do you study in your college? If you are a psychology, sociology, or anthropology student, we bet you might be familiar with what a case study is. This research method is used to study a certain person, group, or situation. In this guide from our dissertation writing service , you will learn how to write a case study professionally, from researching to citing sources properly. Also, we will explore different types of case studies and show you examples — so that you won’t have any other questions left.

What Is a Case Study?

A case study is a subcategory of research design which investigates problems and offers solutions. Case studies can range from academic research studies to corporate promotional tools trying to sell an idea—their scope is quite vast.

What Is the Difference Between a Research Paper and a Case Study?

While research papers turn the reader’s attention to a certain problem, case studies go even further. Case study guidelines require students to pay attention to details, examining issues closely and in-depth using different research methods. For example, case studies may be used to examine court cases if you study Law, or a patient's health history if you study Medicine. Case studies are also used in Marketing, which are thorough, empirically supported analysis of a good or service's performance. Well-designed case studies can be valuable for prospective customers as they can identify and solve the potential customers pain point.

Case studies involve a lot of storytelling – they usually examine particular cases for a person or a group of people. This method of research is very helpful, as it is very practical and can give a lot of hands-on information. Most commonly, the length of the case study is about 500-900 words, which is much less than the length of an average research paper.

The structure of a case study is very similar to storytelling. It has a protagonist or main character, which in your case is actually a problem you are trying to solve. You can use the system of 3 Acts to make it a compelling story. It should have an introduction, rising action, a climax where transformation occurs, falling action, and a solution.

Here is a rough formula for you to use in your case study:

Problem (Act I): > Solution (Act II) > Result (Act III) > Conclusion.

Types of Case Studies

The purpose of a case study is to provide detailed reports on an event, an institution, a place, future customers, or pretty much anything. There are a few common types of case study, but the type depends on the topic. The following are the most common domains where case studies are needed:

• Historical case studies are great to learn from. Historical events have a multitude of source info offering different perspectives. There are always modern parallels where these perspectives can be applied, compared, and thoroughly analyzed.
• Problem-oriented case studies are usually used for solving problems. These are often assigned as theoretical situations where you need to immerse yourself in the situation to examine it. Imagine you’re working for a startup and you’ve just noticed a significant flaw in your product’s design. Before taking it to the senior manager, you want to do a comprehensive study on the issue and provide solutions. On a greater scale, problem-oriented case studies are a vital part of relevant socio-economic discussions.
• Cumulative case studies collect information and offer comparisons. In business, case studies are often used to tell people about the value of a product.
• Critical case studies explore the causes and effects of a certain case.
• Illustrative case studies describe certain events, investigating outcomes and lessons learned.

Need a compelling case study? EssayPro has got you covered. Our experts are ready to provide you with detailed, insightful case studies that capture the essence of real-world scenarios. Elevate your academic work with our professional assistance.

Case Study Format

The case study format is typically made up of eight parts:

• Executive Summary. Explain what you will examine in the case study. Write an overview of the field you’re researching. Make a thesis statement and sum up the results of your observation in a maximum of 2 sentences.
• Background. Provide background information and the most relevant facts. Isolate the issues.
• Case Evaluation. Isolate the sections of the study you want to focus on. In it, explain why something is working or is not working.
• Proposed Solutions. Offer realistic ways to solve what isn’t working or how to improve its current condition. Explain why these solutions work by offering testable evidence.
• Conclusion. Summarize the main points from the case evaluations and proposed solutions. 6. Recommendations. Talk about the strategy that you should choose. Explain why this choice is the most appropriate.
• Implementation. Explain how to put the specific strategies into action.
• References. Provide all the citations.

How to Write a Case Study

Let's discover how to write a case study.

Setting Up the Research

When writing a case study, remember that research should always come first. Reading many different sources and analyzing other points of view will help you come up with more creative solutions. You can also conduct an actual interview to thoroughly investigate the customer story that you'll need for your case study. Including all of the necessary research, writing a case study may take some time. The research process involves doing the following:

• Define your objective. Explain the reason why you’re presenting your subject. Figure out where you will feature your case study; whether it is written, on video, shown as an infographic, streamed as a podcast, etc.
• Determine who will be the right candidate for your case study. Get permission, quotes, and other features that will make your case study effective. Get in touch with your candidate to see if they approve of being part of your work. Study that candidate’s situation and note down what caused it.
• Identify which various consequences could result from the situation. Follow these guidelines on how to start a case study: surf the net to find some general information you might find useful.
• Make a list of credible sources and examine them. Seek out important facts and highlight problems. Always write down your ideas and make sure to brainstorm.
• Focus on several key issues – why they exist, and how they impact your research subject. Think of several unique solutions. Draw from class discussions, readings, and personal experience. When writing a case study, focus on the best solution and explore it in depth. After having all your research in place, writing a case study will be easy. You may first want to check the rubric and criteria of your assignment for the correct case study structure.

Read Also: ' WHAT IS A CREDIBLE SOURCES ?'

Although your instructor might be looking at slightly different criteria, every case study rubric essentially has the same standards. Your professor will want you to exhibit 8 different outcomes:

• Correctly identify the concepts, theories, and practices in the discipline.
• Identify the relevant theories and principles associated with the particular study.
• Evaluate legal and ethical principles and apply them to your decision-making.
• Recognize the global importance and contribution of your case.
• Construct a coherent summary and explanation of the study.
• Demonstrate analytical and critical-thinking skills.
• Explain the interrelationships between the environment and nature.
• Integrate theory and practice of the discipline within the analysis.

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Case Study Outline

Let's look at the structure of an outline based on the issue of the alcoholic addiction of 30 people.

Introduction

• Statement of the issue: Alcoholism is a disease rather than a weakness of character.
• Presentation of the problem: Alcoholism is affecting more than 14 million people in the USA, which makes it the third most common mental illness there.
• Explanation of the terms: In the past, alcoholism was commonly referred to as alcohol dependence or alcohol addiction. Alcoholism is now the more severe stage of this addiction in the disorder spectrum.
• Hypotheses: Drinking in excess can lead to the use of other drugs.
• Importance of your story: How the information you present can help people with their addictions.
• Background of the story: Include an explanation of why you chose this topic.
• Presentation of analysis and data: Describe the criteria for choosing 30 candidates, the structure of the interview, and the outcomes.
• Strong argument 1: ex. X% of candidates dealing with anxiety and depression...
• Strong argument 2: ex. X amount of people started drinking by their mid-teens.
• Strong argument 3: ex. X% of respondents’ parents had issues with alcohol.
• Concluding statement: I have researched if alcoholism is a disease and found out that…
• Recommendations: Ways and actions for preventing alcohol use.

Writing a Case Study Draft

After you’ve done your case study research and written the outline, it’s time to focus on the draft. In a draft, you have to develop and write your case study by using: the data which you collected throughout the research, interviews, and the analysis processes that were undertaken. Follow these rules for the draft:

• Your draft should contain at least 4 sections: an introduction; a body where you should include background information, an explanation of why you decided to do this case study, and a presentation of your main findings; a conclusion where you present data; and references.
• In the introduction, you should set the pace very clearly. You can even raise a question or quote someone you interviewed in the research phase. It must provide adequate background information on the topic. The background may include analyses of previous studies on your topic. Include the aim of your case here as well. Think of it as a thesis statement. The aim must describe the purpose of your work—presenting the issues that you want to tackle. Include background information, such as photos or videos you used when doing the research.
• Describe your unique research process, whether it was through interviews, observations, academic journals, etc. The next point includes providing the results of your research. Tell the audience what you found out. Why is this important, and what could be learned from it? Discuss the real implications of the problem and its significance in the world.
• Include quotes and data (such as findings, percentages, and awards). This will add a personal touch and better credibility to the case you present. Explain what results you find during your interviews in regards to the problem and how it developed. Also, write about solutions which have already been proposed by other people who have already written about this case.
• At the end of your case study, you should offer possible solutions, but don’t worry about solving them yourself.

Use Data to Illustrate Key Points in Your Case Study

Even though your case study is a story, it should be based on evidence. Use as much data as possible to illustrate your point. Without the right data, your case study may appear weak and the readers may not be able to relate to your issue as much as they should. Let's see the examples from essay writing service :

‍ With data: Alcoholism is affecting more than 14 million people in the USA, which makes it the third most common mental illness there. Without data: A lot of people suffer from alcoholism in the United States.

Try to include as many credible sources as possible. You may have terms or sources that could be hard for other cultures to understand. If this is the case, you should include them in the appendix or Notes for the Instructor or Professor.

Finalizing the Draft: Checklist

After you finish drafting your case study, polish it up by answering these ‘ask yourself’ questions and think about how to end your case study:

• Check that you follow the correct case study format, also in regards to text formatting.
• Check that your work is consistent with its referencing and citation style.
• Micro-editing — check for grammar and spelling issues.
• Macro-editing — does ‘the big picture’ come across to the reader? Is there enough raw data, such as real-life examples or personal experiences? Have you made your data collection process completely transparent? Does your analysis provide a clear conclusion, allowing for further research and practice?

Problems to avoid:

• Overgeneralization – Do not go into further research that deviates from the main problem.
• Failure to Document Limitations – Just as you have to clearly state the limitations of a general research study, you must describe the specific limitations inherent in the subject of analysis.
• Failure to Extrapolate All Possible Implications – Just as you don't want to over-generalize from your case study findings, you also have to be thorough in the consideration of all possible outcomes or recommendations derived from your findings.

How to Create a Title Page and Cite a Case Study

Let's see how to create an awesome title page.

Your title page depends on the prescribed citation format. The title page should include:

• A title that attracts some attention and describes your study
• The title should have the words “case study” in it
• The title should range between 5-9 words in length
• Your name and contact information
• Your finished paper should be only 500 to 1,500 words in length.With this type of assignment, write effectively and avoid fluff

Here is a template for the APA and MLA format title page:

There are some cases when you need to cite someone else's study in your own one – therefore, you need to master how to cite a case study. A case study is like a research paper when it comes to citations. You can cite it like you cite a book, depending on what style you need.

Citation Example in MLA ‍ Hill, Linda, Tarun Khanna, and Emily A. Stecker. HCL Technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing, 2008. Print.

Citation Example in APA ‍ Hill, L., Khanna, T., & Stecker, E. A. (2008). HCL Technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing.

Citation Example in Chicago Hill, Linda, Tarun Khanna, and Emily A. Stecker. HCL Technologies.

Case Study Examples

To give you an idea of a professional case study example, we gathered and linked some below.

Eastman Kodak Case Study

Case Study Example: Audi Trains Mexican Autoworkers in Germany

To conclude, a case study is one of the best methods of getting an overview of what happened to a person, a group, or a situation in practice. It allows you to have an in-depth glance at the real-life problems that businesses, healthcare industry, criminal justice, etc. may face. This insight helps us look at such situations in a different light. This is because we see scenarios that we otherwise would not, without necessarily being there. If you need custom essays , try our research paper writing services .

Get Help Form Qualified Writers

Crafting a case study is not easy. You might want to write one of high quality, but you don’t have the time or expertise. If you’re having trouble with your case study, help with essay request - we'll help. EssayPro writers have read and written countless case studies and are experts in endless disciplines. Request essay writing, editing, or proofreading assistance from our custom case study writing service , and all of your worries will be gone.

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Crafting a case study is not easy. You might want to write one of high quality, but you don’t have the time or expertise. Request ' write my case study ' assistance from our service.

What Is A Case Study?

How to cite a case study in apa, how to write a case study, related articles.

Case Study Thesis Statement

A case study is a deep and comprehensive study of a specific subject, such as individuals, groups, or events, in their real-life context. Crafting a compelling thesis statement for a case study ensures that readers are primed to engage with the detailed analysis that follows. It sets the tone and provides a roadmap for what’s to be explored. Whether you’re examining a business scenario, a societal issue, or a psychological condition, a well-constructed thesis sets the foundation. Let’s delve into examples, writing techniques, and tips to perfect this art.

What is a Case Study Thesis Statement? – Definition

A case study thesis statement is a concise summary that outlines the central point or argument of a case study. It encapsulates the primary findings, insights, or conclusions drawn from the detailed analysis of a particular subject or situation in its real-life context. This statement serves as a guide for readers, offering a snapshot of what the case study will explore and the significance of its findings.

What is an example of a Case Study thesis statement?

“In the analysis of XYZ Corporation’s marketing strategies during the fiscal year 2020-2021, it’s evident that the company’s innovative use of social media advertising not only boosted its brand visibility among millennials but also led to a 15% increase in sales, demonstrating the power of digital platforms in modern business models.”

This Specific thesis statement provides a clear insight into the focus of the case study (XYZ Corporation’s marketing strategies) and highlights the primary conclusion (success in using social media advertising to boost sales).

100 Case Study Thesis Statement Examples

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Case study thesis statements provide a concise encapsulation of the primary conclusions or insights gleaned from an in-depth analysis of a subject. They serve as a roadmap for readers, informing them of the study’s focal points and key findings. To craft an effective case study thesis, it’s imperative to be specific, evidence-based, and relevant to the subject being explored. Below are 100 examples spanning various fields and scenarios:

• Analyzing the success of Apple’s iPhone X launch, it’s evident that the blend of technological innovation and targeted marketing resulted in record-breaking sales figures globally.
• A deep dive into London’s urban planning post-2000 reveals a significant push towards sustainable infrastructure, reducing the city’s carbon footprint by 12%.
• In studying patient recovery rates at the ABC Rehabilitation Center, it becomes clear that personalized therapy programs yield a 25% faster recovery time compared to generic methods.
• A review of Brazil’s reforestation efforts in the last decade demonstrates that community involvement is a pivotal factor, with local engagement accelerating afforestation by 18%.
• Exploring the financial collapse of Company XYZ in 2019, mismanagement of funds and a lack of internal audits were the predominant causes leading to its bankruptcy.
• The rise in mental health issues among high school students from 2015-2020, as examined in Region A, strongly correlates with increased social media usage and cyberbullying incidents.
• A detailed analysis of Japan’s public transport system reveals that timely investments in technology and maintenance are primary reasons for its 99% punctuality rate.
• Studying the diet patterns of Mediterranean regions provides insights into lower cardiovascular disease rates, highlighting the benefits of olive oil, fish, and whole grains.
• The decline in print media sales from 2000-2020, as evident in the case of Magazine ABC, is largely due to the surge in digital content consumption and changing reader habits.
• In assessing the success of the ‘Clean River’ campaign in City B, it’s observed that public awareness drives and stricter industrial regulations reduced water pollution by 30%
• An examination of solar energy adoption in Rural Region X indicates that governmental subsidies coupled with community workshops played a pivotal role in increasing installations by 40% in five years.
• By delving into the cultural revival in City Y, it’s apparent that grassroots movements and local art festivals were instrumental in rejuvenating traditional art forms and bolstering tourism.
• A study of telecommuting trends during the 2020 pandemic reveals that companies with pre-existing digital infrastructure reported a smoother transition and a mere 5% drop in productivity.
• Through analyzing the public health response in Country Z during the measles outbreak, it’s clear that rapid immunization drives and public awareness campaigns curbed the spread by 60%.
• A review of the organic farming movement in Region P shows that farmer cooperatives and government-backed training sessions were crucial in tripling organic produce output in a decade.
• Assessing the success factors behind Brand Q’s viral ad campaign, a blend of humor, social relevance, and effective online targeting resulted in a 300% ROI.
• An in-depth look at the urban wildlife conservation initiative in City R suggests that integrating green corridors and public education were key to increasing urban biodiversity by 20%.
• Studying the economic turnaround of City S post-recession, it emerges that a combination of SME incentives, infrastructure investments, and tourism promotions led to a steady 7% GDP growth.
• Exploring the education overhaul in District T, the introduction of experiential learning methods and teacher training programs significantly improved student performance metrics across all grades.
• The analysis of e-commerce trends in Country U during the festive season underscores that localized marketing campaigns and easy return policies boosted sales by an unprecedented 45%
• An exploration of the rehabilitation programs in Prison V reveals that the integration of vocational training reduced recidivism rates by 15% over three years.
• Investigating the decline of traditional crafts in Region W, it becomes apparent that globalized market pressures and a generational shift in career preferences were primary contributors.
• The analysis of startup ecosystem growth in City X demonstrates that mentorship programs and venture capital accessibility were crucial drivers, leading to a 50% increase in successful startup launches.
• In evaluating the healthcare system of Country Y, the strategic placement of clinics and telemedicine integration were central to achieving a 90% accessibility rate in remote areas.
• Studying the architectural evolution in City Z, the emphasis on eco-friendly designs and green spaces has significantly enhanced residents’ quality of life and reduced energy consumption.
• A detailed assessment of the digital literacy program in District A1 indicates that hands-on workshops and collaboration with tech companies led to a 30% increase in digital skills among the elderly.
• The case study of the MNO Music Festival shows that blending international and local artists, along with immersive cultural experiences, resulted in a tripling of international attendees.
• In examining the rebranding strategy of Company B2, leveraging user-generated content and transparency in production processes garnered a 60% boost in brand loyalty.
• Exploring the impact of the ‘Green School’ initiative in Region C3, schools that integrated environmental education witnessed a marked increase in student-led sustainability projects.
• By delving into the tourism dynamics of Island D4, it’s observed that the emphasis on eco-tourism and cultural preservation led to sustained tourism growth without ecological degradation.
• A deep dive into the public transport upgrades in City E5 reveals that the inclusion of smart ticketing systems and real-time tracking improved user satisfaction rates by 25%.
• Analyzing the performance of the XYZ sports team over a decade, the focus on grassroots talent recruitment and continuous training regimes was key to their championship victories.
• A study of the fast-food industry shifts in Region F6 showcases that the introduction of plant-based menu options was instrumental in capturing a new health-conscious demographic.
• Through assessing the cybersecurity reforms in Organization G7, proactive threat monitoring and employee training drastically reduced security breaches by 80%.
• An examination of the ‘Urban Forest’ project in City H8 underlines that community participation and periodic maintenance drives ensured a 90% survival rate of planted trees.
• Investigating the cultural festival in Village I9, the collaboration with local artisans and digital promotions drew an unprecedented global audience, revitalizing the local economy
• The scrutiny of e-learning trends in School J10 revealed that blending video tutorials with interactive assignments resulted in higher student engagement and a 20% improvement in test scores.
• In studying the revamp of the K11 shopping mall, the introduction of experiential retail spaces and diversified dining options significantly increased footfall and monthly sales.
• By analyzing the success of the L12 mobile banking app, user-friendly interfaces combined with robust security measures led to a user adoption rate surpassing 70% within the first year.
• The comprehensive review of NGO M13’s outreach programs indicates that localized content and leveraging social media influencers amplified awareness, doubling donations received.
• An in-depth study of the transportation overhaul in City N14 highlights that integrating cycling lanes and pedestrian zones reduced vehicular traffic by 15% and enhanced urban livability.
• A case study on the O15 biotech startup’s rapid growth identifies that collaborations with academic institutions and a focus on sustainable solutions were critical success factors.
• Investigating the wildlife conservation measures in Park P16, the integration of community-based surveillance and eco-tourism initiatives resulted in a 10% rise in endangered species populations.
• Exploring the dynamics of the Q17 film festival, the embrace of indie filmmakers and diversification into virtual screenings expanded the global audience base by threefold.
• Through a detailed assessment of the R18 smart city project, data-driven decision-making and public-private partnerships accelerated infrastructure development and improved resident satisfaction.
• A study of the resurgence of traditional crafts in Village S19 underscores that governmental grants combined with e-commerce platforms enabled artisans to reach global markets and triple their income.
• By analyzing the mental health initiative in University T20, the introduction of peer counseling and mindfulness workshops led to a 30% decrease in reported student stress levels.
• In evaluating the U21 sustainable farming project, the practice of crop rotation and organic pest control methods doubled yields without compromising soil health.
• A deep dive into the V22 robotics industry shows that investments in research and development, coupled with industry-academia partnerships, positioned the region as a global leader in automation solutions.
• The case study of the W23 urban renewal initiative reveals that preserving historical sites while integrating modern amenities revitalized the district and boosted tourism by 40%
• Exploring the telehealth revolution in Hospital X24, it’s evident that user-centric design coupled with real-time patient support drastically reduced waiting times and enhanced patient satisfaction.
• A review of the Z25 green tech startup’s rise showcases how tapping into emerging markets and prioritizing local adaptations enabled a 250% growth rate over two years.
• By analyzing the Y26 literary festival’s global success, forging partnerships with international publishers and leveraging livestreamed sessions captured a diversified and engaged global readership.
• In evaluating the urban art projects of City A27, integrating community artists and sourcing local materials led to culturally resonant artworks and rejuvenated public spaces.
• The detailed study of B28’s freshwater conservation strategies highlights that community education, combined with sustainable fishing practices, restored marine life balance within a decade.
• Through a comprehensive look at the C29 space tech firm’s accomplishments, early investments in satellite miniaturization positioned it as a front-runner in commercial space solutions.
• By delving into the digital transformation of Retailer D30, the integration of augmented reality for virtual try-ons significantly boosted online sales and reduced return rates.
• A study of the E31 desert afforestation initiative reveals that harnessing native drought-resistant flora and community-based irrigation systems successfully greened over 10,000 hectares.
• Exploring F32’s inclusive education reforms, a curriculum designed with multi-modal teaching techniques led to improved learning outcomes for differently-abled students.
• In examining the eco-tourism drive of Island G33, maintaining a balance between visitor volume and ecological sustainability ensured steady revenue without environmental degradation.
• Analyzing the H34 online gaming platform’s surge in popularity, community engagement features and regional game localization were instrumental in its global user base expansion.
• A review of the I35 urban cycling initiative shows that creating cyclist-friendly infrastructure, coupled with public awareness campaigns, led to a 20% increase in daily cycling commuters.
• In studying J36’s public library modernization project, the fusion of digital archives with interactive learning zones increased visitor numbers and enhanced community learning.
• By evaluating the K37 corporate wellness program, a holistic approach encompassing mental health, fitness, and nutrition resulted in a 15% reduction in employee sick days.
• A detailed look at the L38 organic coffee farming cooperative identifies that fair-trade certifications and eco-friendly processing techniques doubled farmer profits and market reach.
• Exploring the M39 microfinance model in developing regions shows that leveraging mobile technology and community leaders made financial services accessible to previously unbanked populations.
• The case study of N40’s anti-pollution drive reveals that using technology for real-time air quality monitoring and public alerts led to actionable civic interventions and clearer skies.
• Analyzing the O41 cultural dance revival initiative, collaborations with schools and televised events reintroduced traditional dances to younger generations, preserving cultural heritage.
• Through studying the P42 renewable energy project, community-owned solar and wind farms not only achieved energy self-sufficiency but also created local employment opportunities.
• By examining Q43’s digital archival project, crowdsourcing contributions and integrating multimedia storytelling resurrected historical narratives for a global digital audience.
• In reviewing the R44 disaster response initiative, utilizing drones and AI-driven analytics for real-time situation assessment led to a 30% faster rescue response.
• Exploring the success of the S45 women’s empowerment project, localized workshops and financial literacy programs led to the establishment of over 500 women-led businesses.
• Analyzing the T46 urban farming revolution, rooftop gardens and vertical farming technologies not only reduced the carbon footprint but also bolstered local food security.
• Through a detailed examination of U47’s mental health awareness campaign, leveraging celebrity ambassadors and social media channels destigmatized mental health discussions among young adults.
• The study of V48’s coastal conservation initiative reveals that coral transplantation and sustainable tourism practices significantly enhanced marine biodiversity and local livelihoods.
• By scrutinizing the W49 digital arts program, collaborations with global tech firms and virtual exhibitions brought contemporary art to a wider and more diversified audience.
• In evaluating the X50 grassroots sports initiative, talent scouting at school levels and offering specialized training camps led to a surge in regional sports achievements.
• Exploring the Y51 urban greenery project, the symbiotic integration of flora with urban structures, like bus stops and building facades, transformed the cityscape and improved air quality.
• Through analyzing the Z52 elderly wellness initiative, mobile health check-ups and community gathering events significantly improved the well-being and social connectedness of seniors.
• A deep dive into A53’s tech literacy drive for rural regions showcases that mobile classrooms and gamified learning tools bridged the digital divide, empowering communities.
• Investigating B54’s smart waste management project, sensor-fitted bins and data-driven route optimization for collection trucks minimized operational costs and improved city cleanliness.
• The case study of C55’s heritage restoration initiative highlights that a blend of traditional craftsmanship with modern conservation techniques revitalized historical landmarks, boosting tourism.
• In studying D56’s alternative education model, experiential outdoor learning and community projects fostered holistic student development and real-world problem-solving skills.
• By analyzing E57’s urban transit solution, electric buses paired with dynamic route algorithms resulted in reduced traffic congestion and a decrease in emissions.
• The examination of F58’s sustainable fashion movement indicates that upcycling workshops and eco-conscious designer collaborations led to a greener fashion industry with reduced waste.
• Through a deep dive into G59’s wildlife rehabilitation project, mobile veterinary units and habitat restoration measures significantly increased the population of endangered species.
• In assessing H60’s collaborative workspace model, creating modular designs and fostering community events led to increased startup incubation and knowledge exchange.
• Studying the I61 teletherapy initiative, the integration of wearable tech for biometric feedback and real-time counseling support made mental health care more accessible and tailored.
• The review of J62’s community theater resurgence underlines that offering free training workshops and forging school partnerships enriched cultural landscapes and nurtured local talent.
• By evaluating K63’s clean water initiative in remote areas, solar-powered desalination units and community-led maintenance ensured uninterrupted access to potable water.
• Exploring the L64 sustainable architecture movement, it’s evident that the incorporation of passive solar design and green roofs reduced building energy consumption by up to 40%.
• Through a detailed analysis of the M65 virtual reality (VR) in education program, integrating VR expeditions and interactive simulations led to a 20% increase in student comprehension.
• The study of N66’s eco-village development project reveals that community-owned renewable energy systems and permaculture designs fostered self-sufficiency and resilience.
• By reviewing the O67’s inclusive playground initiative, universally designed play equipment and sensory-friendly zones catered to children of all abilities, promoting inclusivity and joy.
• Investigating the P68’s digital heritage preservation, utilizing 3D scanning and augmented reality brought ancient monuments and artifacts to life for global audiences.
• By scrutinizing the Q69’s local organic produce movement, direct farmer-to-consumer platforms and community-supported agriculture initiatives revitalized local economies and promoted healthy living.
• A deep dive into the R70’s urban beekeeping project indicates that rooftop apiaries and bee-friendly green spaces boosted pollinator populations, benefiting both biodiversity and urban agriculture.
• In evaluating the S71’s community radio station initiative, platforms that prioritized local news and indigenous languages fostered civic participation and cultural pride.
• Exploring the success of T72’s renewable energy transition, investments in grid-tied wind and solar farms led to the region achieving carbon neutrality within a decade.
• The review of U73’s zero-waste community challenge highlights that community workshops on composting, recycling, and upcycling drastically reduced landfill contributions and elevated environmental consciousness.

These statements encompass a diverse range of endeavors, from technological innovations and educational transformations to environmental conservation and cultural preservation. Each thesis offers a concise yet compelling entry point, illustrating the multifaceted nature of case studies and their potential to drive change across various sectors.

Case Study Thesis Statement Example for Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay’s thesis statement presents a debatable claim about a particular scenario or situation, seeking to persuade the reader of its validity. It combines evidence from the case study with a clear stance on the matter, aiming to convince through both factual data and logical reasoning.

• Despite the surge in e-commerce, a case study on Brick & Mortar Retail Y1 reveals that experiential in-store shopping can significantly boost customer loyalty and overall sales.
• Examining the X2 city’s public transport model, it’s evident that prioritizing bicycles over cars results in healthier urban environments and happier citizens.
• By studying vegan diets through the Z3 health initiative, there is undeniable evidence that plant-based diets lead to improved overall health metrics when compared to omnivorous diets.
• Through a deep dive into the A4’s shift to remote work, productivity levels and employee well-being evidently increase when offered flexible work arrangements.
• In the debate over renewable versus fossil fuels, the B5 country’s successful transition showcases the undeniable economic and environmental advantages of renewable energy.
• Analyzing the C6 city’s urban greening project, it’s clear that community gardens play a pivotal role in crime reduction and social cohesion.
• A study on the D7’s educational reforms reveals that continuous assessment, as opposed to one-off exams, offers a more comprehensive understanding of student capabilities.
• By evaluating the E8’s plastic ban initiative, environmental rejuvenation and improved public health metrics affirm the necessity of eliminating single-use plastics.
• Exploring the F9’s universal healthcare model, there’s a robust argument that public health services lead to more equitable societies and better health outcomes.
• The success of the G10’s work-life balance policies underscores that a shorter workweek can lead to heightened productivity and enhanced employee satisfaction.

Case Study Thesis Statement Example for Research Paper

Case Study for  research paper thesis statement serves as a central hypothesis or primary insight derived from the chosen case. It succinctly captures the essence of the research findings and the implications they might hold, offering a foundation upon which the paper’s arguments and conclusions are built.

• An extensive analysis of the H11 city’s water conservation techniques presents innovative methodologies that have achieved a 30% reduction in urban water consumption.
• Investigating the I12’s coral reef restoration projects, recent advancements in marine biology have been instrumental in rejuvenating dying reef ecosystems.
• The in-depth research on J13’s forest management strategies reveals the successful intersection of indigenous knowledge and modern conservation techniques.
• A comprehensive study on the K14’s biodynamic farming practices demonstrates their impact on soil health and crop yield enhancement.
• Researching L15’s approach to mental health, community-based interventions, and localized therapy models have shown significant efficacy.
• By delving into M16’s urban waste management, innovative recycling technologies are revolutionizing urban sustainability and waste reduction.
• The examination of N17’s digital literacy programs for seniors demonstrates adaptive pedagogies tailored for older learners, resulting in improved tech proficiency.
• In-depth research on O18’s tidal energy projects presents groundbreaking advancements in harnessing marine energy for sustainable power generation.
• A study of P19’s green building materials showcases the potential for sustainable construction without compromising on durability or aesthetics.
• Extensive research on Q20’s citizen science initiatives has shed light on the profound impact of public engagement in scientific discoveries.

Case Study Essay Thesis Statement Example for Essay Writing

In essay writing, the case study thesis statement offers a central idea or perspective about the case at hand. It provides a roadmap for readers, indicating the essay’s direction and focus, and typically draws on the unique aspects of the case study to make broader observations or arguments.

• The revitalization of the R21 town square serves as a testament to the profound impact of urban design on community engagement and cultural preservation.
• Exploring the journey of S22’s artisanal chocolate brand offers insights into the nuances of combining traditional recipes with modern marketing.
• The success story of the T23’s community library initiative illustrates the timeless importance of books and shared spaces in fostering community spirit.
• Through a narrative on U24’s eco-tourism model, the delicate balance between conservation, commerce, and community involvement comes to the fore.
• V25’s transformation from a tech-averse community to a digital hub showcases the ripple effects of targeted tech education and infrastructure investment.
• The tale of W26’s fight against deforestation illuminates the intertwining of grassroots activism, governmental policy, and global collaboration.
• X27’s journey in preserving endangered languages paints a vivid picture of the role of technology in safeguarding cultural heritage.
• Diving into Y28’s transition from coal to solar energy portrays the challenges, victories, and transformative power of collective will.
• The story of Z29’s grassroots sports academy gives a glimpse into the potential of talent nurtured through community support and dedication.
• A narrative on A30’s urban art movement elucidates the transformative power of public art in redefining cityscapes and fostering local talent.

Does a case study have a thesis statement?

Yes, a case study often has a thesis statement, especially if it is intended for academic or formal publication. While the nature of case studies is to explore, analyze, and present specific situations or phenomena in detail, a thesis statement helps provide direction, focus, and clarity to the study. It serves as a clear indication of the main point or argument the author wishes to make, derived from their analysis of the case.

What is a thesis statement for a case study analysis?

A thesis statement for a case study analysis is a concise summary of the main insight or argument derived from reviewing and analyzing a particular case. It should be specific and based on the evidence found within the study, aiming to encapsulate the core findings or implications. This statement will guide the reader’s understanding of what the case study is ultimately trying to convey or the conclusions the author has drawn from their analysis.

How do you write a thesis statement for a case study? – Step by Step Guide

• Select Your Case: Before you can write a thesis statement, you need to choose a case that offers enough substance and relevance. Your case should be representative or unique enough to provide meaningful insights.
• Conduct Thorough Research: Dive deep into the details of your case. Understand its history, the key players involved, its significance, and its outcomes.
• Identify Key Themes or Patterns: As you research, note down recurring themes or patterns that emerge. These will often hint at the broader implications of the case.
• Formulate Your Argument: Based on your observations, craft an argument or insight about the case. Ask yourself what the case reveals about a broader phenomenon or what makes this case particularly significant.
• Be Specific: Your thesis statement should be precise. Avoid vague or overly broad statements. Instead, focus on the specific insights or conclusions you’ve drawn from the case.
• Write and Refine: Draft your thesis statement. It should be one or two sentences long, capturing the essence of your argument. Revisit and refine it to ensure clarity and conciseness.

Tips for Writing a Case Study Thesis Statement

• Keep it Focused: Your thesis statement should be concise and directly related to the case in question. Avoid generalities or unrelated observations.
• Be Evidence-Based: Ensure that your thesis statement can be backed up with evidence from the case study. It should be a result of your analysis, not a preconceived notion.
• Avoid Jargon: Keep your thesis statement accessible. It should be understandable even to those unfamiliar with the specifics of the case.
• Stay Objective: While your thesis statement will represent your analysis and perspective, it’s crucial to base it on facts and avoid unnecessary biases.
• Seek Feedback: Once you’ve crafted your thesis statement, share it with peers or mentors. Their feedback can help refine your thesis and ensure it captures the essence of your case study effectively.

In conclusion, while a case study delves deep into specific instances, having a clear thesis statement is crucial to give direction to your study and offer readers a concise understanding of the case’s significance and your analysis.

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Thesis Guide

How to Write a Case Study

Most good empirical software engineering papers that contain a study follow the same structure for its presentation. As far as I know, this structure was not invented by a single researcher, but developed gradually over the course of many publications.

Professional readers expect your case study to follow this structure, too. The audience that really matters for your publication—your thesis supervisor, his PhD advisor or program committee members—all are professional readers.

The goal of this article is to describe this structure: the basic building blocks of thesis chapters or paper sections that make up case study presentations. It is meant as an introduction and thus necessarily skips details. For further reading, this article contains links at the end.

Basic Anatomy

The typical structure comprises these sections:

• Research questions

Study Objects

Study design.

Study Procedure

Results & Interpretation

Threats to Validity.

As a reader, I expect each section to answer a specific set of questions. In the following, I describe the gist of each section, its set of questions and common mistakes.

To make the sections more tangible, I use part of a study from one of our papers . The study investigates inconsistencies in code clones.

Research Questions

This section states the questions that the study aims to answer and their rationale. It should contain:

• What the questions are. In my paper, RQ 1 is Are clones changed inconsistently? .

Why the research questions are relevant.

A frequent mistake is missing rationale. In such papers, the motivation behind the research question often remains unclear or unconvincing.

Some background on the example paper: code clones are duplicated pieces of source code in a software systems. Clones are typically created by copy & paste. They hinder software maintenance, since changes must often be made to all clone instances. If a clone gets forgotten during such a change, the code becomes inconsistent. This inconsistency can be a bug.

What I wanted to investigate with my study, was how big of a problem this is in practice. One the one hand, I had seen some instances of inconsistent clones that suspiciously looked like bugs. On the other hand, I had no idea how frequently this occurred, and if this really was problematic in practice. My study goal was to quantify this by analyzing clones (and their inconsistencies) in real systems.

The rationale of the first research question was to understand if inconsistent changes to clones happen at all, and how often. If they are very rare, they probably do not deserve further investigation (which is performed by the later research questions in the paper).

This section outlines the study objects (e.g. software systems), which the study analyzes to answer its research questions. It should contain:

• The names of the study objects and their characteristics (those properties that are relevant for the study). In the example, the study objects were the 5 systems that I searched for clones. The relevant characteristics comprise programming language, size, age, number of developers and a short description of their functionality.

Why (and maybe how) those objects were chosen. This is relevant, since choice can influence study result validity. For the example, a large number of study objects (and ideally their random selection from a large pool of potential study objects), would increase the generalizability of the study results.

In the clone paper, however, I needed to do interviews with the system’s developers for later questions. I thus had to rely on our industry contacts to get hold of these developers. This limited my choices and thus potentially affects generalizability of the results (which is mentioned in the threats to validity section).

A frequent mistake is to not mention why those objects were chosen and what the consequences of the choice are. As a reader, this makes me wonder if the selection was manipulated to better produce the answers the author was looking for.

If a study involves data from industry, the study object names are often anonymized (e.g. replaced by A , B , C , …). As a reader, I don’t care about this, since the names of proprietary industrial systems are meaningless to me anyway. For the authors, however, it makes it much easier to get clearance to publish these results.

This section describes how the study, using the information from the study objects, attempts to answer the research questions.

For the clone study, I computed the percentage of inconsistent clones among all clones. For this, I defined two sets:

• C : The set C of consistent clones. The clones in each clone group are consistent (i.e. contain no differences or only small ones, like renamed variables).

IC : Set of inconsistent clones , i.e. clone groups with substantial differences between clones, such as missing statements.

As the answer to the research question, I computed the inconsistent clone ratio as |C| / |IC|. Intuitively, it denotes the probability that a clone group in the system contains at least one inconsistency.

A common mistake is to interleave study design, procedure and implementation details.

This section describes the nitty gritty details required to implement the study design in reality. In principle, they could also be included directly in the description of the study design. However, it is easier for the reader to first understand the general idea, and then the details.

For the clone study, this section states detection parameters (like minimal clone length and number of allowed differences between clones). It also treats handling of false positives, generated code and overlapping clone groups.

This section describes the results and interprets them with respect to the research questions. Since there is often a lot of data, this section should guide the reader through the results. In studies with large amounts of data, it is often easier to read to separate description of the data from its interpretation.

In the example, the paper presents the results for each study object and then the aggregated ratio. On average, 52% of the clone groups contained inconsistencies. The paper thus answers the question positively: yes, clones are changed inconsistently.

A common mistake is to mix the results with the discussion. This makes it harder for the reader to separate backed-up results from speculation.

Interpretation of the results that go further than the research questions. This can, e.g., contain implications for software development.

The clone paper (based on the above presented and further questions) concludes, that clones are a threat to program correctness, implying that their proper management deserves more attention.

Threats to Validity

This section lists all threats, i.e. reasons why the study results could be wrong. Ideally, it then treats every single threat and describes what you did to make sure that this threat does not invalidate your study results.

Threats to validity are often classified into internal and external threats.

Internal threats are reasons why the results could be invalid for your study objects. In the example, the parameter values of the clone detector have a strong impact on the detected clones. The section states that we mitigated the threat through a pre-study we performed in order to validate the chosen parameter values.

(To be honest, this is a weak mitigation. What it really says is that we tinkered with the values until they felt good and then did the study. A stronger mitigation would be to also perform the study with different parameter values and investigate whether the general results still hold. Since this distracts from the main study, such back-up studies are often only described in a much abbreviated fashion in the threats section itself.)

External threats are reasons why the results encountered for the study objects might not be transferable to other objects. In the example, the way we chose the study objects (through our personal network) might bias our results. To mitigate this threat, we at least chose systems that had different characteristics, such as programming language, development contractor and age.

The most common mistake is to ignore threats entirely. Much better (but still improvable) is to state a threat without giving a mitigation or an estimation of its severity.

Variation Points

The case study structure described in this article can be used in two different decomposition styles. The most common one is described in this article. It orders by section first and by research question second:

• Research questions 1.1: RQ 1 … 1.2: RQ 2 …

Study Objects 2.1 For RQ 1: … 2.2 For RQ 2: …

Study Design 2.1 For RQ 1: … 2.2 For RQ 2: …

Is most frequent alternative, however, is to order by research question first and by section second:

• RQ 1 1.1 Research question 1 … 1.2 Study Objects for RQ 1 … 1.3 Study Design for RQ 1… …

RQ 2 2.1 Research question 2 … 2.2 Study Object for RQ 2 … 2.3 Study Design for RQ 2 … …

Both decomposition styles have advantages and drawbacks. I use these heuristics to select the decomposition level:

This is the case in the clone paper example. Research questions two and three ask whether the inconsistencies between clones are unintentional, and if so, whether they represent a fault. RQ n thus builds upon the results of RQ n-1 . Since the study sections share so much, describing them in isolation would create a lot of redundancy. They are thus easier to read all at once. Decomposition by study section facilitates this.

By research questions : when each study has its own study objects, design and procedure.

In this paper we wrote , the study objects, design and procedure of research questions one and three have nothing in common. Since there is little synergy between them, it is easier to read a complete study—from question to results interpretation—before reading the next one.

Apart from the above examples, there are mixed cases as well (where some RQs share objects and design, but others in the same paper don’t). For them, simply choose the decomposition style that feels right, but stick to it for the entire study description. Don’t mix decomposition styles, since this confuses the reader.

From my experience, you only really get to feel if a style feels right, once you write it down, often two times, once in each decomposition style. This is tedious, but pays off, since a suitable decomposition style strongly increases the readability of your study.

Further reading:

• Guidelines for conducting and reporting case study research in software engineering by Per Runeson & Martin Höst.

Case Study Research. Design and Methods by Robert K. Yin.

Thanks to Rainer Koschke and Stefan Wagner for literature suggestions and to Daniela Steidl for reading drafts of this.

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Published by elmarjuergens.

Informatiker, Software-Analyst, Sprecher, Wein- und Biertrinker. View all posts by ElmarJuergens

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Writing A Case Study

Case Study Examples

Brilliant Case Study Examples and Templates For Your Help

15 min read

People also read

A Complete Case Study Writing Guide With Examples

Simple Case Study Format for Students to Follow

Understand the Types of Case Study Here

It’s no surprise that writing a case study is one of the most challenging academic tasks for students. You’re definitely not alone here!

Most people don't realize that there are specific guidelines to follow when writing a case study. If you don't know where to start, it's easy to get overwhelmed and give up before you even begin.

Don't worry! Let us help you out!

We've collected over 25 free case study examples with solutions just for you. These samples with solutions will help you win over your panel and score high marks on your case studies.

So, what are you waiting for? Let's dive in and learn the secrets to writing a successful case study.

• 1. An Overview of Case Studies
• 2. Case Study Examples for Students
• 3. Business Case Study Examples
• 4. Medical Case Study Examples
• 5. Psychology Case Study Examples 
• 6. Sales Case Study Examples
• 7. Interview Case Study Examples
• 8. Marketing Case Study Examples
• 9. Tips to Write a Good Case Study

An Overview of Case Studies

A case study is a research method used to study a particular individual, group, or situation in depth. It involves analyzing and interpreting data from a variety of sources to gain insight into the subject being studied. 

Case studies are often used in psychology, business, and education to explore complicated problems and find solutions. They usually have detailed descriptions of the subject, background info, and an analysis of the main issues.

The goal of a case study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Typically, case studies can be divided into three parts, challenges, solutions, and results. 

Here is a case study sample PDF so you can have a clearer understanding of what a case study actually is:

Case Study Sample PDF

How to Write a Case Study Examples

Learn how to write a case study with the help of our comprehensive case study guide.

Case Study Examples for Students

Quite often, students are asked to present case studies in their academic journeys. The reason instructors assign case studies is for students to sharpen their critical analysis skills, understand how companies make profits, etc.

Below are some case study examples in research, suitable for students:

Case Study Example in Software Engineering

Qualitative Research Case Study Sample

Software Quality Assurance Case Study

Social Work Case Study Example

Ethical Case Study

Case Study Example PDF

These examples can guide you on how to structure and format your own case studies.

Struggling with formatting your case study? Check this case study format guide and perfect your document’s structure today.

Business Case Study Examples

A business case study examines a business’s specific challenge or goal and how it should be solved. Business case studies usually focus on several details related to the initial challenge and proposed solution. 

To help you out, here are some samples so you can create case studies that are related to businesses: 

Here are some more business case study examples:

Business Case Studies PDF

Business Case Studies Example

Typically, a business case study discovers one of your customer's stories and how you solved a problem for them. It allows your prospects to see how your solutions address their needs. 

Medical Case Study Examples

Medical case studies are an essential part of medical education. They help students to understand how to diagnose and treat patients. 

Here are some medical case study examples to help you.

Medical Case Study Example

Nursing Case Study Example

Want to understand the various types of case studies? Check out our types of case study blog to select the perfect type.

Psychology Case Study Examples 

Case studies are a great way of investigating individuals with psychological abnormalities. This is why it is a very common assignment in psychology courses. 

By examining all the aspects of your subject’s life, you discover the possible causes of exhibiting such behavior. 

For your help, here are some interesting psychology case study examples:

Psychology Case Study Example

Mental Health Case Study Example

Sales Case Study Examples

Case studies are important tools for sales teams’ performance improvement. By examining sales successes, teams can gain insights into effective strategies and create action plans to employ similar tactics.

By researching case studies of successful sales campaigns, sales teams can more accurately identify challenges and develop solutions.

Sales Case Study Example

Interview Case Study Examples

Interview case studies provide businesses with invaluable information. This data allows them to make informed decisions related to certain markets or subjects.

Interview Case Study Example

Marketing Case Study Examples

Marketing case studies are real-life stories that showcase how a business solves a problem. They typically discuss how a business achieves a goal using a specific marketing strategy or tactic.

They typically describe a challenge faced by a business, the solution implemented, and the results achieved.

This is a short sample marketing case study for you to get an idea of what an actual marketing case study looks like.

 Here are some more popular marketing studies that show how companies use case studies as a means of marketing and promotion:

“Chevrolet Discover the Unexpected” by Carol H. Williams

This case study explores Chevrolet's “ DTU Journalism Fellows ” program. The case study uses the initials “DTU” to generate interest and encourage readers to learn more. 

Multiple types of media, such as images and videos, are used to explain the challenges faced. The case study concludes with an overview of the achievements that were met.

Key points from the case study include:

• Using a well-known brand name in the title can create interest.
• Combining different media types, such as headings, images, and videos, can help engage readers and make the content more memorable.
• Providing a summary of the key achievements at the end of the case study can help readers better understand the project's impact.

“The Met” by Fantasy

“ The Met ” by Fantasy is a fictional redesign of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, created by the design studio Fantasy. The case study clearly and simply showcases the museum's website redesign.

The Met emphasizes the website’s features and interface by showcasing each section of the interface individually, allowing the readers to concentrate on the significant elements.

For those who prefer text, each feature includes an objective description. The case study also includes a “Contact Us” call-to-action at the bottom of the page, inviting visitors to contact the company.

Key points from this “The Met” include:

• Keeping the case study simple and clean can help readers focus on the most important aspects.
• Presenting the features and solutions with a visual showcase can be more effective than writing a lot of text.
• Including a clear call-to-action at the end of the case study can encourage visitors to contact the company for more information.

“Better Experiences for All” by Herman Miller

Herman Miller's minimalist approach to furniture design translates to their case study, “ Better Experiences for All ”, for a Dubai hospital. The page features a captivating video with closed-captioning and expandable text for accessibility.

The case study presents a wealth of information in a concise format, enabling users to grasp the complexities of the strategy with ease. It concludes with a client testimonial and a list of furniture items purchased from the brand.

Key points from the “Better Experiences” include:

• Make sure your case study is user-friendly by including accessibility features like closed captioning and expandable text.
• Include a list of products that were used in the project to guide potential customers.

“NetApp” by Evisort 

Evisort's case study on “ NetApp ” stands out for its informative and compelling approach. The study begins with a client-centric overview of NetApp, strategically directing attention to the client rather than the company or team involved.

The case study incorporates client quotes and explores NetApp’s challenges during COVID-19. Evisort showcases its value as a client partner by showing how its services supported NetApp through difficult times. 

• Provide an overview of the company in the client’s words, and put focus on the customer. 
• Highlight how your services can help clients during challenging times.
• Make your case study accessible by providing it in various formats.

“Red Sox Season Campaign,” by CTP Boston

The “ Red Sox Season Campaign ” showcases a perfect blend of different media, such as video, text, and images. Upon visiting the page, the video plays automatically, there are videos of Red Sox players, their images, and print ads that can be enlarged with a click.

The page features an intuitive design and invites viewers to appreciate CTP's well-rounded campaign for Boston's beloved baseball team. There’s also a CTA that prompts viewers to learn how CTP can create a similar campaign for their brand.

Some key points to take away from the “Red Sox Season Campaign”: 

• Including a variety of media such as video, images, and text can make your case study more engaging and compelling.
• Include a call-to-action at the end of your study that encourages viewers to take the next step towards becoming a customer or prospect.

“Airbnb + Zendesk” by Zendesk

The case study by Zendesk, titled “ Airbnb + Zendesk : Building a powerful solution together,” showcases a true partnership between Airbnb and Zendesk. 

The article begins with an intriguing opening statement, “Halfway around the globe is a place to stay with your name on it. At least for a weekend,” and uses stunning images of beautiful Airbnb locations to captivate readers.

Instead of solely highlighting Zendesk's product, the case study is crafted to tell a good story and highlight Airbnb's service in detail. This strategy makes the case study more authentic and relatable.

Some key points to take away from this case study are:

• Use client's offerings' images rather than just screenshots of your own product or service.
• To begin the case study, it is recommended to include a distinct CTA. For instance, Zendesk presents two alternatives, namely to initiate a trial or seek a solution.

“Influencer Marketing” by Trend and WarbyParker

The case study "Influencer Marketing" by Trend and Warby Parker highlights the potential of influencer content marketing, even when working with a limited budget. 

The “Wearing Warby” campaign involved influencers wearing Warby Parker glasses during their daily activities, providing a glimpse of the brand's products in use. 

This strategy enhanced the brand's relatability with influencers' followers. While not detailing specific tactics, the case study effectively illustrates the impact of third-person case studies in showcasing campaign results.

Key points to take away from this case study are:

• Influencer marketing can be effective even with a limited budget.
• Showcasing products being used in everyday life can make a brand more approachable and relatable.
• Third-person case studies can be useful in highlighting the success of a campaign.

Marketing Case Study Example

Marketing Case Study Template

Now that you have read multiple case study examples, hop on to our tips.

Tips to Write a Good Case Study

Here are some note-worthy tips to craft a winning case study 

• Define the purpose of the case study This will help you to focus on the most important aspects of the case. The case study objective helps to ensure that your finished product is concise and to the point.
• Choose a real-life example. One of the best ways to write a successful case study is to choose a real-life example. This will give your readers a chance to see how the concepts apply in a real-world setting.
• Keep it brief. This means that you should only include information that is directly relevant to your topic and avoid adding unnecessary details.
• Use strong evidence. To make your case study convincing, you will need to use strong evidence. This can include statistics, data from research studies, or quotes from experts in the field.
• Edit and proofread your work. Before you submit your case study, be sure to edit and proofread your work carefully. This will help to ensure that there are no errors and that your paper is clear and concise.

There you go!

We’re sure that now you have secrets to writing a great case study at your fingertips! This blog teaches the key guidelines of various case studies with samples. So grab your pen and start crafting a winning case study right away!

Having said that, we do understand that some of you might be having a hard time writing compelling case studies.

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Dr. Barbara is a highly experienced writer and author who holds a Ph.D. degree in public health from an Ivy League school. She has worked in the medical field for many years, conducting extensive research on various health topics. Her writing has been featured in several top-tier publications.

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Sustainable and Green Hospital: An Innovative Approach

SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

A 375 BEDS MULTI-SPECIALITY (DISTRICT)

HOSPITAL Thesis 2021 | School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

Abhishek Anand (A/2896/2016)

HOSPITAL, DWARKA SECTOR O9, NEW DELHI Thesis Report

Guides - Dr. Mandeep Singh, Mr. Amit Bahl Co-Ordinator - Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover

Abhishek Anand A/2896/2016

Candidate Declaration

31st May 2021

The thesis titled A Sustainable and Green Hospital : An Innovative Approach a requisite of the Bachelors Program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi – 110002, was completed by the undersigned in January – June 2021 The supervisors were Dr. Mandeep Singh and Mr. Amit Bahl (names of all guides) The undersigned hereby declares that this is his/her original work and has not been plagiarized in part or full from any source. Furthermore this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other University.

(candidate signature) Name:-

Abhishek Anand

Roll No:- A/2896/2016 Section :- A

Certificate

We certify that the Thesis titled A Sustainable and Green Hospital : An Innovative Approach by Abhishek Anand roll no A/2896/2016 was guided by us in January – June 2021 and placed in front of the Jury by the candidate on 31st May and 1st June 2021. On completion of the report in all respects including the last chapter by the candidate and based on the declaration by the candidate hereinabove, we forward the report to the Department to be placed in the library of the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

Dr. Mandeep Singh

Mr. Amit Bahl

(Design and Technology Guide)

(Design and Research Guide)

Acknowledgement

This thesis was completed during very hard times and it would have been the next to impossible task without encouragement, critical insights, and unquestioned support offered by peoples all around. I am grateful and appreciate every person who helped me along in this and keeps me motivated every time. First and foremost, I would like to thank my family. Throughout the semester, they not only bared my ‘work attitude” but also ensure and maintain a cheerful environment around me. My sister is a medical student and she helped me to understand the complexity of hospital departments like how in-patient, the out-patient, emergency department works. Apart from these, their emotional support got me through tough times and made this journey possible. I would like to thanks my thesis guides:- Dr. Mandeep Singh and Mr. Amit Bahl for their guidance during this project. They took out numerous hours to discuss the project at every stage and also always available to discuss new and different ideas of our design proposals. I would also like to thank my thesis Coordinators:- Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover and Dr. Jaya Kumar, who were a constant source of inspiration and always present for guidance. This thesis was also shaped by critical insights, support, and guidance from many seniors and friends. Thesis Projects by Ar. Sandal Kapoor, Ankit Kumar, Anam Nasim, and Veeresh Angiras were constant sources of guidance and inspiration. Few discussions and suggestions by Wahaj, Himalaya, Himanshu helped shape the project. I am very thankful to Wahaj, Dishant, Nabh, Sandrupthy, and Smiriti Guglani who helped me to provide vital information that helped me out to understand the complexity of Hospital Design and the Project. This thesis has been never completed without the support of ‘ Thesis help’. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Sovit Deo, Abhinav Kumar, Esthasam Ahmed, and Vivek who have been continuously supported me during the oddest hours.I would also like to apologize if, I would have missed any names. I am very lucky over the years, many peoples have helped me to learn and grow in their ways. Last, but not least I want to thank me and every person who had encouraged me during my tough tim es. Thank you so much.

Synopsis India has a universal healthcare model that is mostly administrated at the state level rather than the federal lavel. The India Constitution makes the provision of healthcare in India the responsinility of the state governments rather than central federal government. Hospitals have existed from ancient times. Even in 6th Centuary BC.during time of Buddha there were several Medical Hubs where they look after the handicapped and the poor. The state of healthcare infrastructure in India, is extremly miserable in terms of Quality and Quantity, whencompared with many other developing nations. The number of beds required per 1000 population comes out to be adequate in other developing nations compared to india. However, In India cities like Chandigarh, New Delhi, Allahabad, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad have some adequate medical Infrastructure but the fact is often disregarded that these cities have patients beyond city limits. As per recent data, almost about 55% of inpatients in an urban medical hubs are found to be non-residents, at the given time, his results in tremendous pressure on these medical hubs. The Project proposes a Sustainable and green hospital - A District Hospital where Multi- Speciality and Super-Speciality treatments are available and they are sustainable, works on efficient tecnology and can be seen as a place that can heal, smart, brings out sensative character of architecture. An extended space that integrates multiple functions and serves as a best medical hub, the rehabilation centre which is vibrant, relaxed and open to all and also proposes Residential facilities for doctors, nurses, Staffs. The Project operates as a 2 Phase development. First, a 375 bedded Multi- Speciality Hospital with Rehab Centre, 20% Residential facility and having different kinds of public/ Private spaces, courtyards for better air circulation and interactive spaces, Green terraces, Double heighted waiting areas, canteen facilities etc. Also focuses on providing right facilities for the patients and the right kind of environment which could really enhance the healing process of the patients. Second, a 125 bedded Super Speciality Hospital having cancer treatment speciality. It will also have courtyards, Green terraces, effcient tecnology which will really help in healing process of the patients. Finally, the project presents a design for Sustainable and green Hospital. It aims at creating an interesting building typology which helps all kinds of patients, staffs and visitors offering spaces alongside specialized program facilities, and it promotes sustainabile character of architecture.

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Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................... ........................................................................16 - 19 Preposition Phenomenon Project CHAPTER 2 AREA OF RESEARCH &amp; CASE STUDIES ..........................................................................................21 - 65 2. Area of Research History : Hospital Design Ancient History Medievial History Modern History

The Problem? Challenges! Objective Understanding the Hospital Planning Ineter-depatment Relationship

Sustainability: Hospital Design Healing Environment

Conclusion and Design Directives Case Studies Fortis Multi-Speciality Hospital, Mohali Assuta Medical Center, Israel Appolo Indraprastha Hospital, New Delhi Paras Multi-Speciality Hospital Conclusion and Design Directives CHAPTER 3 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT.............................................................................................................67 - 83 Introduction Detailed Program Development CHAPTER 4 PROJECT SITE AND ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................85 - 102

Site Location Transportation Climate Analysis Figure Ground Site and Surroundings Land Use Site Views &amp; 3D Modelling Site Details and Bye Laws CHAPTER 5 TECHNOLOGIES....................................................................................................................105 - 120 Introduction Architecture Structure Energy Water Waste Manangement Lighting System Air-Pressure System Oxygen, Hygene, Infection Control CHAPTER 6 DESIGN DIRECTIVES..............................................................................................................123 - 131 Inferences Zoning Concept- Project Vision Concept:- Building Massing Zoning :- Bubble Diagrams Movement Systems Inter-Connected Spaces DESIGN TRANSLATION CHAPTER 7 FORM DEVELOPMENT.........................................................................................................132 &amp; 133 CHAPTER 8 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT.......................................................................................................134 - 147 CHAPTER 9 FINAL DESIGN.......................................................................................................................148 - 169 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................................170 - 171

Table of Figures

1 Introduction Fig. 1.2.1. All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi....................................................................20 Fig. 1.2.2 Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Delhi.........................................................................20 Fig .1.2.3 Appolo, Delhi......................................................................................................................20 Fig .1.3.1 Site Views and Surroundings road Connectivity, Dwarka 09, Delhi..............................21 Fig .1.3.2 3D Site View, SKP...............................................................................................................21

2 Area of Research &amp; Case Studies Fig. 2.1.1 During Vedic Period...........................................................................................................25 Fig. 2.1.2 During Buddhist Period.......................................................................................................25 Fig. 2.1.3 During Mughal Period........................................................................................................25 Fig. 2.1.4 Shows Portuguesl arrival in India.......................................................................................25 Fig. 2.1.5 Major transport system in hospital....................................................................................26 Fig. 2.1.6 Patient Safety: healing environment................................................................................27 Fig. 2.1.7 Sustainable and Green environment...............................................................................27 Fig. 2.1.8 Hospital Planning &amp; functions............................................................................................28 Fig. 2.1.9 Site Main Entrance itration................................................................................................30 Fig. 2.1.10 A typical site Plan with site entrances marked.............................................................30 Fig. 2.1.11 A typical Ground Parking...................................................................................................31 Fig. 2.1.12 A typical Basement Parking.............................................................................................31 Fig. 2.1.13 A typical Ambulance Parking.........................................................................................31 Fig. 2.1.14 A typical Emergency Drop off in Hospital......................................................................33 Fig. 2.1.15 Lobby &amp; Waiting Area....................................................................................................33 Fig. 2.1.16 Reception &amp; Waiting Area: ...........................................................................................33 Fig. 2.1.17 Corridor Plan – width clear of handrails.........................................................................34 Fig. 2.1.18 Corridor Plan – disabled access....................................................................................34 Fig. 2.1.19 Functional Relationship Diagram: Administration.........................................................34 Fig. 2.1.20 Rehab Centre Iteration...................................................................................................34 Fig. 2.1.21 Rehabilitation Relationship dagram..............................................................................34 Fig. 2.1.22 Emergency Department Iteration.....................................................................................35 Fig. 2.1.23 EmergencyUnitFunctionalRelationsDiagram.................................................................35 Fig. 2.1.24 SingleCorridorAccessmodel.............................................................................................36 Fig. 2.1.25 Single Corridor Access model............................................................................................36 Fig. 2.1.26 I ntensive Care Unit Functional Relationship Diagram......................................................37 Fig. 2.1.27 unctional Relationship Diagram: Operating Unit – Single Corridor Model...................37 Fig. 2.1.28 Functional Relationship Diagram: Birthing Unit.........................................................38 Fig. 2.1.29 3D Visualization of Inpatient ward..................................................................................39 Fig. 2.1.30 3D Typical layout of Inpatient ward..............................................................................39

Fig. 2.1.31 3D Typical layout of open plan bed bays....................................................................39 Fig. 2.1.32 Inpatient Accommodation Unit Functional Relationship Diagram................................39 Fig. 2.1.33 Medical Imaging-General Functional Relationship Diagram..........................................40 Fig. 2.1.34 The ideal functional Relationship diagram........................................................................41 Fig. 2.1.35 Pharmacy Unit Functional Relationship Diagram..............................................................41 Fig. 2.1.36 Blood Bank Functional Relationship Diagram....................................................................43 Fig. 2.1.37 Cleaning &amp; Housekeeping Unit Fnl. Diagram..................................................................43 Fig. 2.1.37 Cleaning &amp; Housekeeping Unit Fnl. Diagram..................................................................43 Fig. 2.1.38 Supply Unit Functional Relationship Diagram.................................................................43 Fig. 2.1.39 WM Functional Relationship Diagram.............................................................................43 Fig. 2.1.40 Hospital services relationship diagram............................................................................44 Fig. 2.1.41 Civil Services flow chart.....................................................................................................44 Fig. 2.1.42 Electrical Services flow chart.............................................................................................44 Fig. 2.1.43 Medical Services flow chart...............................................................................................45 Fig. 2.1.44 Mechanicall Services flow chart.......................................................................................45 Fig. 2.1.45 Fire Services flow chart........................................................................................................45 Fig. 2.1.46 Iteration of Sustainable Environment................................................................................46 Fig. 2.1.47 Iteration of clean waiting space......................................................................................46 Fig. 2.2.1 3D view of Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital Mohali...........................................................48 Fig. 2.2.2 Location Plan of Fortis Hospital, Mohali.............................................................................48 Fig. 2.2.3 Zoning of Blocks in Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital Mohali.............................................49 Fig. 2.2.4 Mortuary ..............................................................................................................................49 Fig. 2.2.5 Parking..................................................................................................................................49 Fig. 2.2.6 Physical Model of Fortis Hospital, Mohali..........................................................................49 Fig. 2.2.7 OPD Entry of Fortis Hospital, Mohali....................................................................................49 Fig. 2.2.8 3D Basement Plan Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali...........................................50 Fig. 2.2.9 Services Plan Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali.....................................................50 Fig. 2.2.10 Waiting Area Outside the consultation room................................................................51 Fig. 2.2.11 Consultation Room...........................................................................................................51 Fig. 2.2.12 OPD Clinic with Examination Room.................................................................................51 Fig. 2.2.13 OPD Clinic...........................................................................................................................51 Fig. 2.2.14 OPD Reception..................................................................................................................51 Fig. 2.2.15 Inpatient Entry.....................................................................................................................51 Fig. 2.2.16 Ground Plan of Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali................................................51 Fig. 2.2.17 First Floor Plan of Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali.............................................52 Fig. 2.2.18 Second Floor Plan of Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali......................................53 Fig. 2.2.19 Third Floor Plan of Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali............................................54 Fig. 2.2.20 Showing Double Glazing of Fortis Hospital, Mohali........................................................54 Fig. 2.2.21 Water treatment Pump room in Basement....................................................................55 Fig. 2.2.22 AC Plant Room, Cooling Towers &amp; Generator Room..................................................55 Fig. 2.2.23 3D View of Assuta Medical Comlex, Israel.....................................................................56

Fig. 2.2.24 Ground Plan and views of Assuta Medical Comlex, Israel.........................................57 Fig. 2.2.25 Ground Plan with department markings.......................................................................58 Fig. 2.2.26 Section B B’ cutting through staircase...........................................................................58 Fig. 2.2.27 Shows Section A A’ of Assuta Medical Comlex, Israel...............................................59 Fig. 2.2.28 Shows Main Staircase of Assuta Medical Comlex, ....................................................59 Fig. 2.2.31 3D Physical Model of Appolo, Indraprasta, Delhi........................................................60 Fig. 2.2.32 view of Appolo, Indraprasta, Delhi................................................................................61 Fig. 2.2.33 Key Plan Appolo, Indraprasta, Delhi.............................................................................61 Fig. 2.2.34 Main Block Ground Floor, Indraprasta, Delhi...............................................................61 Fig. 2.2.35 OPD Block Plan, Indraprasta, Delhi..............................................................................61 Fig. 2.2.36 Atrium of Appolo, Indraprasta.......................................................................................62 Fig. 2.2.37 Corridoor of Appolo, Indraprasta, Delhi.......................................................................62 Fig. 2.2.38 Ground Zoning Plan of Appolo, Indraprasta,...............................................................62 Fig. 2.2.39 Typical Ward Floor of Appolo, Indraprasta..................................................................63 Fig. 2.2.40 Fortis Multi-Speciality Hospital, Mohali..........................................................................64 Fig. 2.2.41 Assuta Multi-Speciality Hospital, Israel..........................................................................64 Fig. 2.2.42 Appolo Multi-Speciality Hospital, Delhi.........................................................................65 Fig. 2.2.43 Paras Hospital, Patna.....................................................................................................65

3 Program Development Fig. 3.1.1 Area distribution between Hospital and Residential block.........................................70 Fig. 3.1.2 Area distribution between Multi,Super Speciality &amp; Residence..................................70

4 Project Site &amp; Analysis Fig. 4.1.1 Master plan of Delhi 2021................................................................................................88 Fig. 4.1.2 Site Location Plan.............................................................................................................90 Fig. 4.1.3 Sector 9 and Surrounding Sectors. ................................................................................91 Fig. 4.1.4 Delhi Public Transport Network.......................................................................................92 Fig. 4.1.5 IGI International Airport , Delhi........................................................................................93 Fig. 4.1.6 New Delhi Railway Station...............................................................................................93 Fig. 4.1.7 Old Delhi Railway Station.................................................................................................93 Fig. 4.1.8 Nearest Public Transport..................................................................................................96 Fig. 4.1.9 Precipitation days in a month.........................................................................................97 Fig. 4.1.10 Average temperatures and Precipitation...................................................................97 Fig. 4.1.11 Pie Chart of Precipitation amounts..............................................................................98 Fig. 4.1.12 Pie Chart of wind speed................................................................................................98 Fig. 4.1.13 Wind rose diagram.........................................................................................................98 Fig. 4.1.14 Figure Ground.................................................................................................................99

Fig. 4.1.15 Fig. 4.1.16 Fig. 4.1.17 Fig. 4.1.18

Immediate Surroundings................................................................................................100 Site Views.........................................................................................................................101 Land use Plan.................................................................................................................102 Site 3D view.....................................................................................................................103

5 Technology Fig. 5.1.1 Orientation of Hospital Block...........................................................................................108 Fig. 5.1.2 Shadow as on 21st June 10AM........................................................................................109 Fig. 5.1.3 Shadow as on 21st Dec 10AM.........................................................................................109 Fig. 5.1.4 Shadow as on 21st June 2PM..........................................................................................109 Fig. 5.1.5 Shadow as on 21st Dec 2PM...........................................................................................109 Fig. 5.1.6 Horizontal Shading in South direction.............................................................................110 Fig. 5.1.7 Vertical Shading in west direction..................................................................................110 Fig. 5.1.8 Thermal Analysis ( 2st March)..........................................................................................110 Fig. 5.1.9 Iteration showing Cool Island Effect...............................................................................111 Fig. 5.1.10 3D Visualition of courtyard spaces................................................................................111 Fig. 5.1.11 IInsulation wall.................................................................................................................111 Fig. 5.1.12 Average Energy Consumption in Hospital...................................................................112 Fig. 5.1.13 Average water Consumption.......................................................................................113 Fig. 5.1.14 Water System for Healthcare Facilities.........................................................................113

6 Design Directives Fig.6.1.1 Site Plan with edges connectivity....................................................................................126 Fig.6.1.2 Stage 1:- Initial zoning.......................................................................................................127 Fig.6.1.3 Stage 2:- Initial zoning of Entry/Exit. ................................................................................127 Fig.6.1.4 Inter-Connected Spaces in Ground Floor......................................................................128 Fig.6.1.5 large Central Courtyard for Passive Cooling.................................................................128 Fig.6.1.6 Stepping Masses:- With Green Terraces.........................................................................128 Fig.6.1.7 Courtyard Spaces for better lighting and Ventilation...................................................128

Chapter 1 Introduction

A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

1.1 Proposition India is a country in South Asia which is officially known as the Republic of India. It is the world’s second most populous country, the seventh largest by landmass, and the world’s most populous democracy.. Every citizens of our country does have a fundamental need and right to health care. Hospitals, nursing homes, pharmacies, medical camps, and other medical facilities serve as the foundation for this healthcare delivery, which is supported by physicians, nurses, and other medical personnel. Unfortunately, India has a massive and rapidly growing population but have few hospitals. The minimum 5 beds are required as per geography based on WHO requirements for a population of 1000 people. As per latest metadata (2017) the no. of beds per 1000 is 0.53, which is far less than the minimum average and the country’s capital has 2.71 beds per 1000 of the population. Over time, the health care system has evolved into a three-tiered system, with primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare services. The District Health System is the foundation for applying different health policy, healthcare delivery, and healthcare services management for a given geographic region. The district hospital is indeed an important part of the public health system because it serves as a secondary level of treatment for the district’s residents, providing curative, emergency, and promotional healthcare. The Indian government is committed to enhancing the health sector in order to improve the population’s health.

Throughout the post-independence period, a number of solutions have been proposed towards this end for strengthening referral services, becomes the specific measure. and the provision of specialized services at the district and local levels and various clinicians have been appointed to the district headquarter hospital, including surgeons, physician, obstetricians and gynecologists, cardiologists, neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists, anesthetists, ENT specialists, and dentists. The healthcare facilities represent the district’s urban (district headquarters town and surrounding areas) as well as rural residents. The district health authority must act not just as a curative center, but also as an intermediary with institutions outside of it, such as those operated by semi-government and private voluntary healthcare organizations. In today’s fast-changing world, a district hospital’s priorities must combine scientific thinking with realistic operations, attempting to integrate management strategies, behavioral actions, and decision-making models in order to serve the system and increase its performance and effectiveness. The size of a district hospital is determined by the number of hospital beds required, which is determined by the population served.The number of beds needed for a district with a population of 10 lakhs would be about 300 beds if the annualized average of registration is 1 per 50 people and the average length of stay in a hospital is 5 days.

This thesis intend to make a 375 beded Multi-Speciality District Hospital which will establish other side of the coin, can be viewd in the terms of urge of an architect to design spaces that can heal, sustainable, and smart which will seen as a sensative Character of the architecture at its best.

1.2 Phenomenon :-

Need of Hospital in

Delhi Delhi is among India’s most rapidly expanding cities, with a perfect mix of modern and traditional architecture. It also serves as the legislative and judicial heart of the nation. The district, which spans 1,483 square kilometers and is 216 meters above the sea level, is bordered by two states: Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

to the problem was to provide primary healthcare through Mohalla clinics to a population of 10,000 people, allowing them to seek medical care without having to travel more than two kilometers. Previously, a dispensary was scheduled for a population of 30,000-50,000 people. It’s was also suggested to add 10,000 additional beds by evaluating the ongoing construction of three new hospitals and increasing their bed strength during the construction phase,

Healthcare profile &amp; delivery system (DELHI) Mohalla Clinics Polyclinics Secondary Care Hospital Tertiary Care Hospital

Fig.1.2.1 All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi

The Government of NCT of Delhi is taking all possible measures to develop an accessible, affordable, and quality model of health care delivery system in the National Capital, with a four-tier system that includes Mohalla clinics and many other health schemes. People in the national capital have made health a top priority because it is a state subject. Despite a growing body of services provided by various government bodies such as the Central Government, Municipal Corporations, and the New Delhi Municipal Council, as well as AIIMS and over 1000 private hospitals/nursing homes, the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi realized that the services were still insufficient With the growing population, the state faced a significant challenge in expanding the existing repositories of facilities each year to meet the demands of residents living in Delhi or visiting

Best Medical Facilities in Delhi

Fig.1.2.2 Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Delhi

Fig .1.2.3 Appolo, Delhi

1.3 Project The project is propose to be developed in two phases consisting 375 beded Multi-Speciality District Hospital with 125 beded Super-Speciality Cancer Hospital. 1st Phase:- 375 beded Multi-Speciality Hospital with Rehab Facility. 2nd Phase:- 125 beded Super-Speciality Cancer Hospital. The proposed Hospital shall have a capacity of 375 Beds which will include:

Fig .1.3.1 Site Views and Surroundings road Connectivity, Dwarka 09, Delhi

User Type: Public Administrative Department Diagnostics Centre Emergency Pharmacy IPD Central Kitchen OPD NICU(Neonatal) ICU Hospital and Waste Management Operation Theatre Unit CSSD Rehabilitation Centre(24beds) Laundry Laboratories Blood Bank Delivery Suite Unit The Proposed Residential Facility shall have: 3BHK For Doctors and Administration 2BHK For Nurses and Paramedics 1BHK For Interns

Fig .1.3.2 3D Site View, SKP

Chapter 2 Area of Research &amp; Case Studies

2.1 Area of Research 2.1.1 History? : Hospital Design

Healthcare facilities have developed in India since ancient times. During the time of Buddha, throughout the 6th century BC, there seem to be a numbers of healthcare facilities for the severely disabled and the needy. Some of India’s most impressive hospitals were built by King Ashoka (273–232 BC). In the nineteenth century, systematic medical education system began. The medical history has been categorised in three phases:-

physical and mental aspects of good health, as evidenced by Yajur Veda (16/4), which states that the world should really be free of illnesses and also that (almost everyone) should really have a positive mindset. The Ayur Veda is the philosophy of life and tells us about How to Live a Longer Life. In the Ayur Veda, there are many figures. Ayur Veda is the foundation of traditional medicine. A court physician named Charak which was further elaborated by King Kanishka. Many people were introduced by Dhanvantari, the principal god of Indian medicine. Sushruta, the renowned physician of his time, received the knowledge and handed it on to him.

Ancient Period

During his tenure, Akbar (1555–1605) urged the unification of the Unani and Herbal medicine systems. The conversion of medical textbooks into Arabic, Persian, and finally Urdu was perhaps the most impressive achievement. The influence of Muslim dominance was tangible. After the Portugal occupied Goa in 1510, it began to decline. Fig. 2.1.2 During Buddhist Period

Fig. 2.1.1 During Vedic Period

Vedic Period Even though Aryans introduced their own gods and medical knowledge, the Indus valley culture was so advanced that it assimilated the Aryan culture. The four Vedas are the primary sources of Aryan culture and medical knowledge. The Atharva Veda is full of hymns and prayers that describe how to safeguard people from various illnesses and environmental disasters. People in the Vedic period were concerned about both

Fig. 2.1.3 During Mughal Period

The Great Ashoka built numerous hospitals across the country. Middle eastern doctors educated in the Unani system made a huge impact as Islamic rule spread from the tenth century onward. The curative approach had the greatest effect.

The Buddhist Period Lord Buddha was an active supporter of medical research. Furthermore, due to the extreme Ahinsa doctrine, Indian surgery suffered a setback during this time. Lord Buddha then used to personally attend to the sick. Taking care of the sick was considered a noble cause. During his travels to spread Buddhism, Buddha established Buddhist Viharas in various locations, with special attention given to the sick and medical education in each Vihara.

Medieval Period

Modern Period

Fig. 2.1.4 Shows Portuguesl arrival in India

Throughout 1510 and 1515, the Portuguese built the Royal Hospital in Goa, and the Jesuits later added a simple standard medical training sys-

tem. This was transformed into a medical and surgical school in 1842. Despite the fact that the Portugal were the first to introduce modern medicine to India, it was the French as well as the British who advanced it. In 1664 and 1668, simultaneously, the first hospitals were built. In the year1846, the first medical school was established in Calcutta and it was followed by Madras. Locals were displaced as British rule spread across the region. Dispensaries were required to be established at the sub-division and district levels by the authorities. At the regional governments the hospitals were upgraded into teaching hospitals.tals affiliated with medical schools on various levels. In the year 1885, there were 1250 hospitals and dispensaries in British India. Slow steps were taken, then on the day of independence, the nation had 7400 hospitals and dispensaries with 1,13,000 beds, a bed population ratio of 0.24 per 1000 people. At the moment, the country had 47,000 physicians and 7000 nurses, 19 medical schools, and 28 medical colleges. The Good Medical facilities play an important role in healing of patients. At that time Ayurveda and other natural medicine was used with living in nature as the time passes medicine changes due to the development of tecnology but sometimes patients required much more than only medicine which can lead to less stay time in hospital and increase the health of several users. India has a universal healthcare model that is

the federal level.The Indian Constitution makes the provision of healthcare in India the responsibility of the state governments, rather than the central federal government. Health has become the number one priority as our faith in the steady progress and improvement of society at large. The increasing concern and obsession with health and wellness, being amongst both urban and rural populations, triggers an inevitable increase and demand for healthcare facilities. The state of healthcare infrastructure in India, is extremly miserable in terms of Quality and Quantity, when compared with many other developing nations. The number of beds required per 1000 population comes out to be adequate in other developing nations compared to India. However, In India cities like Chandigarh, New Delhi, Allahabad, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad have some adequate medical infrastructure but the fact is often disregarded that these cities have patients beyond city limits. As per recent data, almost about 55% of inpatients in an urban medical Hubs are found to be non-residents, at the given time. his results in tremendous pressure on these medical Hubs..

area is 5 beds. As per latest metadata (2017) the no. of beds per 1000 is 0.53, which is far less than the minimum and the country’s capital has 2.71 beds per 1000 of the population.

2.1.3 Challanges? Hospital architecture is not just providing the right facilities for the patients but also focusing on the right kind of environment which could really enhance the healing process of the patients. Throughout the rush to design health-care facilities, basic concerns such as ecological, social, mental, and spiritual health and happiness are often ignored. The focus should be on efficiency of functionility of the building and taking care relationship between spaces and heal Currently, If we see Hospital Architecture in India the design of facilities focused on the support of Patient health only, not focusing on patients requirement. Accessibility

2.1.2 The Problem?

Demand of Public

Fig. 2.1.5 Major transport system in hospital.

Deficiency in Supply

As per WHO norms for a population of 1000, the minimum bed requirement in the geographical

Hospital Architecture should focus on attempt to create healthy spaces, rather than space just provide Health. Whenever a healthcare facility

becomes inaccessible to the public due to the location or inadequate infrastructure, may as well not even exist. Patient Safety

2.1.4 The Objective

Understanding the Complexity of Hospital Design.

Understanding and Integrating the application of Sustainability. Fig.2.1.6 Patient Safety: healing environmentl.

Patient safety is amongst the most important needs in healthcare design and operation, and a growing body of research shows that planning and development considerations have a direct effect on it. Providing handrails, designing flushed flooring transitions, and allowing direct, undisturbed paths to commonly areas such as toilets are all evidence-based design strategies to minimize safety issues such as patient falls.

Understanding and Implimenting the Healing Environment Concept.

Sustainability

Fig.2.1.7 Sustainable and Green environment

A hospital is among the most energy-intensive buildings, and sustainable design is critical for reducing natural energy consumption and lowering life cycle costs. To reduce waste of any kind, it is critical to apply the principles of efficient design, efficient operations, and simplified design. A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Understanding and Implimenting Efficient Tecnology for Sustainability

2.1.5 Understanding the Hospital Planning.

ical personnel early on.include major insight from the investor and key.

All hospitals, regardless of their location, size, or budget, should share certain characteristics:-

The basic form of a hospital is, ideally, based on its functions:

• They must Promote staff efficiency by minimizing distance of necessary travel between frequently used space.

Emergency bed-related inpatient functions outpatient-related functions diagnostic and treatment functions administrative functions Rehab functions OT functions service functions (food, supply) research and teaching functions Circulation and Parking

Fig. 2.1.8 Hospital Planning &amp; functions.

Hospitals are considered as very complicated structures. Each hospital offers a wide range of facilities and operational departments. Clinical laboratories, ultrasound, emergency departments, and surgery are examples of diagnosis and treatment services; hospitality functions such as food service and housekeeping; and basic inpatient care or bed-related services such as food service and housekeeping are examples of hospitality functions. This culture is reflected in the breadth and complexity of the rules, codes, and supervision that govern hospital design and operations. In addition to accommodating a wide variety of facilities, hospitals must accommodate and support a diverse range of users and participants. The design process should, in theory, med

The Hospital building configuration has an impact on the road networks, and the configuration is heavily reliant on the transportation systems. Site constraints and opportunities, environment, surrounding facilities, budget, and available technology all influence hospital layout. Because the layout of a typical nursing unit can be repeated several times in a medium and large hospitals, it is a key component of the overall design. Nursing units are more compact than they were in the past, with elongated rectangles being the most common shape. In an effort to reduce the space between the nurse station as well as the patient’s bed, compact rectangles, modified triangles, and even circles have been used. The solution selected is heavily influenced by program concerns including the nursing program’s organization, the number of beds in a nursing unit, and the number of beds in a patient room are designed as per guidelines provided by the Healthcare Authorithy of the nation.

• Make effective use of space by placing support spaces near adjacent functional departments so that they can be shared, and by using multi-purpose spaces wisely.Places like the surgical intensive care unit next to the operating room for optimum functional adjacencies. These connections should be based on a comprehensive functional plan that outlines the hospital’s planned activities in terms of patients, staff, and supplies. • Each project should include a “way-finding” process. Patients, visitors, and staff must all know where they are, what they’re doing and, or where to go and back. Creating spaces easy to discover, recognize, and use without asking for help increases a patient’s sense of efficacy. External walls, colors, textures, and pattern, as well as paintings and advertising, should all provide cues. • Trash, recyclables, and soiled materials should be kept separate from food and clean supplies, and both should be kept away from patient and visitor pathways. • Ensure whether reception zones are designed to handle patients who adapt to dark and light at a slower rate; clearly mark glass walls and doors so that their presence is obvious. • Safe control of violent or unstable patients

Interdepartment Relationship The hospital’s layout is determined by the physical interactions between these functions. Certain connections between the various functions are needed, as shown in the system analysis below. RESIDENTIAL FACILITY

RESIDENCE ENTRY NURSING STATION

CSSID ACCIDENT &amp; EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

EMERGENCY ENTRY

EMERGENCY LOBBY DELIVERY SUITES

INPATIENT DEPARTMENT &amp; DAY CARE

SERVICES LABROTARIES

NICU BLOOD BANK VISITOR’S ENTRY

PHARAMACY REHAB CENTRE

MAIN ENTRANCE A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

OUT PATIENT DEPARTMENT OPD

SERVICE ENTRY

The point of entry to the site should always be viewed as a portal to the hospital. The planning, detail, and maintenance of this area must exercise subtle but clear control over the site entrance and main entrance, providing a suitable approach route and allowing effective site circulation.

Fig. 2.1.9 Site Main Entrance itration.

Site Entrance

A clear visual objective and a landmark for orientation while approaching the building are provided by a direct view of the main entrance canopy from the point of arrival onto the site. Alignlng the approach road with the entrance canopy before directlng cars away to the vlsitors’ car parking.

The main entrance design should conider these factors: • • • •

ensure a moderate local climate; avoid strong winds; give shelter from the prevailing weather; provide sunlight areas to the associated external and internal spaces

For the incoming visitor or patient, the entrance gate canopy and external entrance area serve as the initial focus and objective. The layout should provide weather protection while also allowing for the numerous activities associated with people arriving and departing.

The Site entrance location will have an impact on circulation and connections within the hospital. Generally, the entrance of the Hospital Site is designed after considering number of criteria: • • • • • • • • • • •

Hospital layout Plan; Relationship to site functions; Relationship to public transport facilities; relationshlp to available parking areas to minimise walking distances, existing site landscape features; localised climate; site circulation; future development proposals, characteristics of adjacent sites. The main entrance would be located in relation to several other services as part of an overall plan for the hospital’s internal layout. Connections to the hospital street and specific services like outpatient clinics, emergency care, and rehabilitation should be scheduled with the primary goal of minimizing internal circulation distances.

Fig. 2.1.10 A typical site Plan with site entrances marked.: Foothills Medical Centre A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Fig. 2.1.11 A typical Ground Parking

Fig. 2.1.12 A typical Basement Parking

Parking The availability, location, and design of car parking should be considered early in the site planning process to avoid obstructing the foreground and approach to the hospital with unnatural looking parking areas. Visitors should not have to walk long distances from the parking lot to the main entrance. Parking for patients and visitors, staff, disabled users, and temporary parking for medical transport and service vehicles is all part of a comprehensive site strategy. Key factors:• location of adequate parking as close as possible the main entrance, including designated areas or disabled users; • easy wayfinding, clear signing; • retention of existing landscape features and extensive landscaping of parking areas; • designated areas for bicycles and motorcycles; • separate parking for staff; • control of unauthorised parking; • security against vandalism and theft; • suitable night lighting. A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Fig. 2.1.13 A typical Ambulance Parking

T Y P I C A L P A R K I N G A T 9 0 31

Ambulance Bays:-

Parallel Parking Bays: with Obstructions

Provide the following minimum drive through area for ambulances:

Parallel spaces shall be located at least 300 mm clear of obstructions higher than 150 mm such as walls, fences and columns. If the opposite side of the aisle is bounded by obstructions higher than 150 mm then the aisle width (W) should be increased by at least 300 mm. If a single space is obstructed at both ends the dimensions of the space shall be increased by 300 mm. Parking Aisles

Minimum width is 5200 mm; minimum depth is 5500 mm. The ambulance bay requires a covered space with a minimum length of 8000 mm and height of 3600 mm:

• Aisles for 90º bays need to allow for two way traffic. Aisles for 30º, 45º or 60º angled bays shall be • one way traffic. Parallel parking bay aisles may be either one way or two way traffic. The width of • aisles for angled parking bays will vary according to the width of the parking bays, wider bays require less aisle width. • Where there are blind aisles, the aisle shall extend 1 metre beyond the last parking bay. If the last • parking bay is bounded by a wall or a fence, it should be widened by 300 mm. Wheel Stops • Wheel stops may be provided if necessary to limit the travel of a vehicle. Wheel stops should not be used in situations where they are in the path of pedestrians moving to and from parked vehicles or where pedestrians cross a car park. If required, wheelstops are installed at right angles to the direction of parking or where the ends of angled parking form a sawtooth pattern.

Fig. 2.1.14 A typical Emergency Drop off in Hospital

Fig. 2.1.15 Lobby &amp; Waiting Area

Lobby, Waiting and Reception

Getting to your intended destination in a hospital, whether you’re a patient, guest, or staff member, can be difficult if destinations aren’t clearly marked for you. Larger public hospitals with inpatient and outpatient facilities attract far more traffic, not only internally but also externally.

The reception area is also where a patient communicates with healthcare personnel for the first time. That’s why making a good first impression is so critical for healthcare receptionists. Inviting reception areas may make the difference between one-time and repeat patients, particularly if it’s a first-time visit. Whether in a hospital, private practice, or walk-in clinic, a well-designed reception and waiting area would greatly enhance the patient experience.

Wherever there is a crossover between pedestrian and automobile circulation, which should be avoided as much as possible, traffic control and calming measures must be used. On a daily basis, at least five types of drivers usually travel to and from a hospital: • Ambulance • Emergency walk-in patient • Service and hospital support deliveries/logistics • Inpatient visitor or extended stay • Outpatient or temporary clinical treatment • Staff

Fig. 2.1.16 Reception &amp; Waiting Area:

Source- Jtv.tv

The patient experience should begin in the hospital lobby, and lobby design can help to create a positive first impression and set expectations. The evolution of hospital lobby design is part of a broader trend among hospitals to enhance patient satisfaction, increase room design versatility, and integrate new technologies. The following are some of the most current hospital lobby architecture trends: • Digital check-in is available prior to arrival. • Reduce wait times by monitoring and alerting patients using radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology. • To allow social distancing, use waiting nooks and versatile furniture layouts. • Leverage outdoor areas to encourage people to spread out • Touch-free building technologies, such as automatic doors, hands-free security systems, voice recognition elevators, and self-disinfecting surfaces and antimicrobial finishes, should all be considered. • To sterilize public spaces, no-touch automatic disinfection systems such as UVD lighting are used.

Administration

Hospital floors have traditionally been built as “corridors.” As the length of the corridors grows longer, a hospital may become more “detached” and monotonous. Because of the old way of building hospitals, some of the older hospitals have very long halls.

Administration Unit can be given as a single unit for small facilities or as separate functional units clustered according to services (medical, nursing, finance, education, etc.) in different locations for larger facilities, depending on the size of the facility. The scale, organizational policies, and service plan of the facility will decide the operational model.

Hospitals may be planned with clearly designated staff-only and patient corridors; the requirements for patient corridors will not apply to staff only accessed corridors.

Rehab Centre

Fig. 2.1.20 Rehab Centre Iteration.

The Rehabilitation – Allied Health Unit offers multidisciplinary rehabilitation services with the therapeutic purpose or treatment objective of improving a patient’s functional condition after suffering from an impairment, disability, or handicap.

Fig. 2.1.17 Corridor Plan – width clear of handrails.

Fig. 2.1.18 Corridor Plan – disabled access

Fig. 2.1.19 Functional Relationship Diagram: Administration

Fig. 2.1.21 Rehabilitation – Relationship dagram

Fig. 2.1.22 Emergency Department Iteration

The Emergency Department’s responsibility is to accept, triage, stabilize, and treat patients who need immediate medical attention. Patients that need resuscitation as well as those with emergent, critical, semi-urgent, and less urgent conditions are included. An emergency department must also be capable of dealing with mass casualties and disasters. In the Emergency Department, there are some patient groups that may have unique psychosocial and treatment needs. There are some of them: • • • • • • • • •

Major trauma patients; Elderly patients; Children and adolescents; Patients with physical and mental disabilities; Victims of child abuse, domestic violence, or sexual assault; Patients with mental health issues; Patients with infectious diseases or who are immunocompromised; Custodial patients; and Patients affected by chemical, biological or radiological contaminants.

Fig. 2.1.23 Emergency Unit Functional Relationship Diagram

Entrance Area The Emergency Unit’s entrance must be at grade level, well-marked, well-lit, and well-protected. It must provide direct access for ambulance and truck traffic from public roads, with the entrance and driveway clearly marked. For pedestrian and wheelchair access, a ramp must be provided. The entrance to the Emergency Unit must be paved to enable patients to be discharged from automobiles and ambulances. Near the entrance, temporary parking should be available. Waiting Area The waiting area should be large enough to accommodate all waiting patients and their rela-

tives/escorts. The area should be visible from the Triage and Reception areas since it should be accessible. Comfortable and sufficient seating should be provided. Wheelchairs, prams, walking aids, and patients who need assistance should all be accommodated. There should be a play area for children. Support facilities, such as a television should also be available. Fittings must not provide the opportunity for self harm or harm towards staff. Waiting Areas shall be negatively pressured.

Out-Patient Department Outpatient care, also known as ambulatory care, is delivered in hospital-based outpatient or stand-alone facilities, physician offices, ambulatory surgical centers, and a variety of other specialized settings where patients undergo treatment but do not stay overnight. The Outpatient Unit may perform the following functions: • • • • • • •

Consultation with medical specialists, examination and investigations Treatment on a same day basis Minor procedures Follow up review consultation and ongoing case management Patient screening prior to surgery – perioperative services Health education or counselling sessions for patients and families Referral of patients to other units or disciplines for ongoing care and treatment • Referral for admission to a hospital for inpatient services.

Fig. 2.1.24 Single Corridor Access model

Patients will be served during regular business hours, which are Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. To meet demand and operational policies, however, patient care standards and flexible work schedules can necessitate extending operating hours to evenings and weekends. During the planning process, consider the availability of assistance, cleaning, and repair facilities.

Fig. 2.1.25 Single Corridor Access model A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Operation Theatre &amp; ICU The Operating Room offers a safe and controlled atmosphere for patients undergoing diagnostic/surgical procedures under anaesthesia, as well as peri-operative treatment and post-operative recovery. Critically ill patients who need invasive life support, high levels of medical and nursing care, and complex treatment are admitted to Intensive Care. The intensive care unit brings together clinical experience, technical advancements, and therapeutic tools to provide care for critically ill patients.

Fig. 2.1.26 Intensive Care Unit Functional Relationship Diagram A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Fig. 2.1.27 Functional Relationship Diagram: Operating Unit – Single Corridor Model

Delivery Suite &amp; NICU The Birthing Unit is a private facility that offers secure prenatal, childbirth, and immediate postnatal treatment for mothers and their newborn babies. The number of birthing rooms and the scale of the corresponding service areas will be determined by the Service Plan’s planned obstetrical workload. The Birthing Unit will form a component of the Maternity Unit or Obstetric Unit which consists of the following areas: • Inpatient unit for mothers suffering from antenatal complications • Inpatient unit for postnatal care, normal or complicated • General Care (Well Baby) Nursery for newborn babies requiring minimal care • Special Care Nursery for newborn babies requiring care for complications arising from • medium risk factors. • Neonatal Intensive Care Unit may be incorporated into Maternity Unit or with Critical Care • Units according to the Operational Policy of the facility. Infection Control The placenta is known as contaminated/clinical waste and should be disposed of according to hospital waste disposal policies. The use of placental macerators for disposal is not recommended and should be avoided. For cultural reasons, freezer storage should be provided inside the unit to allow for family collection. It should also be possible to dispose of the placenta using cultural methods. Hand Basins A clinical scrub basin will be included in each Assessment and Birthing Space. Handwashing stations will be required at the Unit’s entrance and exit, as well as in the Staff Stations and corridors. Isolation Rooms An infection management risk assessment will be used to decide the need for Negative Pressure Birthing Isolation rooms, which will be in accordance with the Service Plan’s specifications.

Fig. 2.1.28 Functional Relationship Diagram: Birthing Unit A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Inpatient Ward

Acoustic treatment will be required to the following: • patient bedrooms, • interview and meeting rooms • consult rooms

Fig. 2.1.29 3D Visualization of Inpatient ward

The Inpatient Unit’s primary role is to provide adequate accommodations for the delivery of health care services to inpatients, including diagnosis, care, and treatment. In addition, the Unit must have services and conditions to meet the needs of patients and visitors, as well as staff workplace standards.

Fig. 2.1.30 3D Typical layout of Inpatient ward

Fig. 2.1.31 3D Typical layout of open plan bed bays.

the models of care that could be implemented include: • • • • •

patient allocation task assignment team nursing case management primary care

The Inpatient Unit should be built to reduce ambient noise levels inside the unit as well as sound propagation between patient, staff, and public areas. Location of noisy areas or operation away from quiet areas, such as patient bedrooms, should be considered, as should the selection of sound absorbing materials and finishes.

Fig. 2.1.32 Inpatient Accommodation Unit Functional Relationship Diagram

Diagnosic Department (Imagining Unit)

Infection Control

The Medical Imaging Department is a separate hospital unit that specializes in general X-ray diagnostic imaging. Diagnostic screening (fluoroscopy), ultrasound, mammography, computed tomography (CT), and interventional radiographic procedures may be available depending on the level of service.

Each Imaging Room must have hand-washing facilities, either inside or outside the room’s entrance. Part D - Infection Control: Handwashing Facilities addresses the types of basins that are acceptable for this area.

Functional Requitement The location of the Medical Imaging Unit, if provided, is variable. Consideration must be given to its proximity to Accident and Emergency, and to the Operating Unit where dedicated intheatre X-ray is not provided. The requirement for an Outpatient X-ray Service may also dictate where in the facility it is located.

Since area specifications can differ from machine to machine, the architecture of a Medical Imaging Unit should be designed in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. Since technology evolves rapidly and from manufacturer to manufacturer, rooms should be larger to allow for potential equipment upgrades. Functional Areas The Medical Imaging Unit may consist of the following Functional Areas depending on the Operational Policy and service demand: • Reception and Waiting Areas • Imaging and screening rooms with access to patient change areas and toilets • Support areas including preparation areas, storage, disposal and utility rooms • Film processing areas - both daylight and darkroom areas as required; alternatively, • medical imaging may be based on a filmless digital imaging system with its own • equipment and storage requirements • Film storage areas • Viewing and Reporting areas • Administrative and Office areas Fig. 2.1.33 Medical Imaging-General Functional Relationship Diagram

A ‘Hospital Laboratory’ is a place where clinical pathology experiments are pharmacy services, including dispensing, non-sterile and sterile commodity performed on clinical specimens to collect information about a patient’s preparation as required, clinical trial conduct as needed, adverse drug rehealth to assist in disease detection, care, and prevention. action reporting, and drug information and education. Planning A pharmacy’s operation can be extended beyond a single health care facility to include outlying facilities. For various operating models, specific design specifications for packaging, storage, and dispatch of products must be considered. The Pharmacy Unit shall be located for convenient access, staff control, and security. Direct access to loading dock and bulk storage is required if not located within the main PharmacyUnit.

Fig. 2.1.34 The ideal functional Relationship diagram.

• One centralized laboratory which should have different sections. • Collection counters at different places, both in wards &amp; outpatient area. • Have separate section for emergency investigation to prevent delay in reporting. Location &amp; arrangement of areas It is desirable to have the laboratory on ground floor. It should be easily accessible to outdoor, indoor &amp; casualty patients. Proximity to radiology department will increase patient convenience. Laboratory requires space for: • • • • •

actually carrying out tests space for collection of specimen space for dispatch of reports store room for equipments, glass ware, chemical reagents etc. office space for reporting &amp; administrative work Fig. 2.1.35 Pharmacy Unit Functional Relationship Diagram

Blood Bank Under the administration of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) India, the Blood Bank provides approved facilities for the collection, storage, refining, and distribution of human blood and blood components in accordance with the National Blood Policy, 2002. Planning For processing and routine laboratory services, the Blood Bank is open during business hours, but for deliveries, it is open 24 hours a day. At the Reception desk, patients will be greeted and enrolled. Waiting areas should be large enough to accommodate a variety of people, including wheelchairs and prams. Waiting areas would necessitate convenient access to public bathrooms. Blood Bank will consist of the following Functional Areas: • Patient/ Donor areas • Preparation/ Processing area • Staff Areas A patient consult room with an observation couch for patient assessment and interview will be included in the patient/donor areas. Comfortable blood collection chairs or couches, staff handwashing facilities, and a staff work area are all needed in collection areas. Patient/ donor areas will require access to emergency and resuscitation equipment including suction and oxygen.

Fig. 2.1.36 Blood Bank Functional Relationship Diagram

Functional Relationships The Blood Bank, which is housed inside a hospital, would need to maintain good working relationships with units that require regular blood supplies, such as the Operating Room and the Intensive Care Unit. Donors would need convenient access to the stand-alone Blood Bank, as well as fast access to transportation providers for blood transfers to hospitals.

The Blood Bank must not be situated near open drains, sewage, public restrooms, animal shelters, or any other unsanitary setting. Files, insects, and rodents must not be allowed into the facility; mesh screens can be used if appropriate. Infection Control is important in this Unit. Strict infection control measures are required within the unit to protect laboratory staff from potentially contaminated body fluids (blood, plasma)and to ensure aseptic environment for manufacture and packaging of blood products, preventing cross infection.

Supply Unit

Waste Management

Cleaning and Housekeeping Unit

The Supply Unit shall provide for the following functions:

A Waste Management Unit is required in every hospital to store waste and used linen. The following features must be included in the Waste Management Unit:

The Cleaning and Housekeeping Unit is in charge of keeping the hospital clean in all areas, including the inpatient units and public areas. Cleaning services may be outsourced or offered in-house. Others may be needed in the facility to maintain a safe and sanitary atmosphere, in addition to the Cleaner’s Rooms already requested in the specialist Units. Planning A typical hospital Cleaning/ Housekeeping Unit comprises the following: • Manager’s Office • Cleaner’s Meeting/ Briefing room • Cleaner’s Equipment / Supply Store

Fig. 2.1.37 Cleaning &amp; Housekeeping Unit Fnl. Diagram.

• purchase and receipt of equipment and bulk medical supplies • storage of bulk dry goods, consumables, intravenous fluids, drugs and flammable liquids • storage of surplus hospital equipment and equipment awaiting repairs • deliveries to hospital units for regular restocking of unit based supplies Planning

Located close to all functional areas Accessible from within the unit and externally Fitted with a deadlock Located away from food and clean storage areas • Not accessible to the public.

The Supply Unit will be made up of many rooms and areas for storing large quantities of goods, equipment, and furniture as required. The Supply Unit may consist of the following Functional Areas: • Loading Dock • Receivals area • Dispatch areas for stock awaiting collection

The Waste Management Unit should be designed to keep materials safe, minimize organic decomposition, contain odors, and allow for sanitary cleaning of storage areas and carts. The construction of a mechanized bin washing facility could be advantageous to larger institutions. Waste that is liquid disinfection procedures can need to be stabilized before being disposed of. systems of sewage disposal

Fig. 2.1.38 Supply Unit Functional Relationship Diagram

Fig. 2.1.39 WM Functional Relationship Diagram

Engineering Services

Civil Engineering Services

Electrical Engineering Services

Fig. 2.1.40 Hospital services relationship diagram.

Engineering services of a hospital include: – The civil assets - Includes: • Building, Roads, Storm Water Drainage, Waste water drainage, Sewage Treatment Plant • Electricity supply • Water supply including plumbing and fixture • Steam supply • Acoustics and Lighting • Piped medical gas and vacuum system (PMGV) • Air conditioning and refrigeration • Lifts, pneumatic tube system and dumbwaiters • Public health services Solid Waste Disposal System • Communication system, paging, CCTV • Building management system • Workshop facilities for repair and maintenance

Fig. 2.1.41 Civil Services flow chart.

Fig. 2.1.42 Electrical Services flow chart.

Bio Engineering Services

Fig. 2.1.43 Medical Services flow chart.

Mechinacial Engineering Services

Fig. 2.1.44 Mechanicall Services flow chart.

Fire- Fighting Engineering Services

Fig. 2.1.45 Fire Services flow chart.

Sustainability: Hospital Design Well, according to a report compiled by the World Health Organization and Health Care Without Harm, there are seven facets of an environmentally-friendly hospital. These include “energy efficiency, green building design, alternative energy generation, transportation, food, waste and water,” Strategies will provide significant environmental and economic benefits to organizations, which will help hospitals and health systems grow now and in the future. Genuinely sustainable initiatives, on the other hand, must be financially viable while still supporting society and the community. Sustainability must also be a part of a hospital’s overall corporate plan and the driving force behind services and infrastructure improvements. Every hospital and healthcare system, on the other hand, must determine the best course of action based on its own goals. A technique that works in one hospital could not be appropriate in another. Fig. 2.1.46 Iteration of Sustainable Environment.

Healing Environment: Hospital Design

7 Elements of a Green Hospital – WHO/HCWH Energy Efficiency – Reducing energy consumption through efficiency and conservation measures ‍ Green Building Design – LEED standard, consulting green design company, responsive to local climate conditions. ‍ Alternative Energy Generation – Usage of clean, renewable energy. ‍ Transportation – Have employees walk, or bicycle to work; use of public transport, use alternative fuel for hospital vehicles. ‍ Food – Consumption of local, organic and sustainable foods. ‍ Waste – Reduce, reuse, recycle, compost ‍ Water – Conserve water; use safe non-bottled water if possible

Fig. 2.1.47 Iteration of clean waiting space.

Healthcare facilities are designed to improve a hospital’s ability to deliver high-quality care while still being cost-effective. However, the ability of architecture to influence a patient’s recovery time and the overall efficacy of a facility is often ignored. Both healing environments have the purpose of including patients in their own healing and rehabilitation. As a result, these spaces are built to be supportive and therapeutic in order to relieve tension among patients and their families. Healing architecture seeks to achieve the following goals in order to aid recovery:

• Eliminate environmental stressors, such as noise, lack of privacy, poor air quality and glare. • Connect patients to nature by providing outdoor views and other natural features, including interior gardens and water elements . • Enhance the patient’s feeling of being in control by offering options and choices – these may include privacy versus socialization, lighting level, type of music and quiet versus active waiting areas. • Encourage opportunities for social support, such as providing appropriate seating in patient rooms, privacy for small groups and overnight accommodations in patient rooms. • Provide positive distractions, such as interactive art, fireplaces, aquariums, internet connection, music, or soothing video or light installations suited to the healthcare setting. • Inspire feelings of peace, hope, reflection and spiritual connection.

2.2 Case Studies

2.2.1 Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital Mohali

2.2.2 Assuta Medical Centre, Israel

2.2.3 Appolo Hospital, Delhi

2.2.4 Paras Hospital, Patna

2.2.1 Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital Mohali CLIENT:-

FORTIS HEALTH CARE LIMITED

DESIGN TEAM:CALIFORNIA

KAPLAN MC LAUGHLIN DIAZ,

ARCHITECTURE FIRM:CIATES, NEW DELHI

ACHAL KATARIA &amp; ASSO-

TOTAL PLOT AREA:-

8.22 ACRES.

TOTAL BUILT-UP:-

40,000 Sq. M.

H. OF BUILDING:TOWER).

30M. (INCLUDING GLASS

COMPLETION YEAR:-

COST OF PROJECT:-

Fig.2.2.1 3D view of Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital Mohali

Fortis Hospital - Mohali includes three sub-facilities on one campus:

CONSTRUCTION TIME:- 18MONTHS ONLY Location:-

(i) A Super-specialty cardiac center equipped to provide advanced cardiac treatments for all forms of heart disease,

Located in Sector 62, Phase VIII, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali (Distt. Ropar). Punjab, India 7km from Chandigarh.

It is 14kms from the Airport, 9km from bus stand (Sec 17) and 12km from Railway Station. Fortis Hospital - Mohali commenced operations in 2001. It includes a comprehensive cardiac program in northwest India and also provides emergency trauma care services, and serves as a “hub” for a number of smaller, secondary care hospitals in the surrounding areas.

A general multi-specialty hospital and

(iii) The Fortis Inn rehabilitation center designed to provide “step-down” care to patients based outside the Mohali area to help them fully recover from surgery, as well as accommodation for visitors, including attendants and patients’ relatives.

Fig. 2.2.2 Location Plan of Fortis Hospital, Mohali

The approach to the site is from a 24m wide road running all around the site. A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

ermissible ground coverage of 30%, the complex has been divided into 4 blocks A, B, C &amp; D. Orientation:The building faces north-east, the most favourable orientation. It is designed in curved shape so that building block can get maximum exposure to glare-free light. The linear Proportion of the Site 3:1 have brought out the linear plan the hospital building, the two entrances being on the longest side. Rectangular Plot : 344 x 110m. Fig.2.2.3 Zoning of Blocks in Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital Mohali

Block A &amp; Block B It provides parking for Doctors, staffs &amp; Administration 85cars &amp; 75 Bikes. Block A also houses the waste disposal storage. In Patient

It has Public toilets and lift Lobby. Block B also has mortuary and Prayer room.

Fig.2.2.6 Physical Model of Fortis Hospital, Mohali

Fig.2.2.4 Mortuary

Fig.2.2.7 OPD Entry of Fortis Hospital, Mohali

Diagnostic and Treatment OPD and Emergency Administrative Services

Fig. 2.2.5 Parking

Circulation

Fig. 2.2.8 3D Basement Plan Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali

Fig. 2.2.9 Services Plan Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali

Fig. 2.2.14 OPD Reception

Fig. 2.2.10 Waiting Area Outside the consultation room

Fig. 2.2.15 Inpatient Entry

Fig. 2.2.11 Consultation Room

Fig. 2.2.12 OPD Clinic with Examination Room

Fig. 2.2.13 OPD Clinic Fig. 2.2.16 Ground Plan of Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Fig.2.2.17 First Floor Plan of Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali

Fig.2.2.18 Second Floor Plan of Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Fig.2.2.19 Third Floor Plan of Fortis Super-Speciality Hospital, Mohali

Block A &amp; B Similar as First Floor level. This Block have single and Double rooms. Block C It is compose of Dining Hall, Cfe, terrace Garden &amp; dialysis unit on one side &amp; nursing school with 2 lecture halls &amp; conference room etc. Elevation Features

Red Agra Stone has been used for external Cladding along with Dhaulpur stone strips. Double insulated glass windowsa has been used. For balancing the composition they used vertically and horizontally bands. Block D It has basically the board room &amp; Administration areas.

Fig.2.2.20 Showing Double Glazing of Fortis Hospital, Mohali

Services Water Supply:There are 6 water storage tanks in Hospital which have been constructed under ground: Fire- water tanks-3 Treated water tanks-1 Raw water tank-1 Estimated quantity of water 450liters per head per day.

Fig.2.2.21 Water treatment Pump room in Basement.

Sewage treatment Plant:To treat all the waste water and sewage waste, sewage treatment plant has been provided which is located on the right side of the IPD entrance while facing emergency. Fire Fighting:Fire- resistant construction has been done using ACC blocks. Two types of detectors has been used: Smoke sensors Heat sensor HVAC (Heat Ventilation &amp; Air Conditioning) :The whole building is centrally air conditioned with toilets have ventilators in shafts. Water cooler chiller has been used for chilled air. Structural Details :Raft footing has been provided and Grid is combination of Radical and square grid.

Fig.2.2.22 AC Plant Room, Cooling Towers &amp; Generator Room

Circular columns with 850dia in basement. A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

2.2.2 Assuta Medical Centre, Israel CLIENT:-

ASSUTA MEDICAL CENTRE

DESIGN TEAM:ZEDLER PARTNERSHIP ARCHITECTS, MOORE ARCHITECTS, M. BRESTOVISKY ARCHITECTS TOTAL PLOT AREA:-

12,000. SQ.M.

46,450, SQ. M.

HT. BUILDING:-

The project adds significantly to the capacity of the existing six Assuta facilities in Israel. Location:It is located in the northern sector of Tel Aviv on Habarzel Street and backs onto Hayarkon Park situat ed on the Hayarkon River. The project includes 4 levels of parking below grade and approximately 50,000 sq. m. of accommodation above grade, located on a 12.000 sq. m. site. The hospital program was developed by the Metis Ad visory Group.

Fig.2.2.23 3D View of Assuta Medical Comlex, Israel

The design features the diagnostic and treatment functions, including 16 surgical suites, 27 ICU rooms. 17 dialysis stations, 38 day surgery stations, 2 cath and non - invasive diagnostic labs on the first four levels with the major public circulation systems overlooking the park and highway view.

Fig.2.2.24 Ground Plan and views of Assuta Medical Comlex, Israel A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Fig.2.2.25 Ground Plan with department markings

Fig.2.2.26 Section B B’ cutting through staircase

Fig.2.2.27 Shows Section A A’ of Assuta Medical Comlex, Israel

Fig.2.2.28 Shows Main Staircase of Assuta Medical Comlex, A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Fig.2.2.29 Shows Reception Lobby of

Fig.2.2.30 Shows waiting Area.

2.2.3 Appolo Hospital, Delhi CLIENT:-

APPOLO HOSPITAL

ARCHITECT:-

HAFEEZ CONTRACTOR

62,750 Sq. M.

H. OF BUILDING:

AREA PER BED:-

TOTAL BEDS:-

CONSTRUCTION COST:- 75CRORES Fig. 2.2.31 3D Physical Model of Appolo, Indraprasta, Delhi

Location:Apollo Indrapastha Hospital is in SaritaVihar New Delhi, on Delhi-Mathura road, while going towards Badarpur. The hospital has only one approach road, and that also shortened because of the position of a plot between the road and the hospital. The hospital lies in a strong green belt. Opposite the hospital across the road is a railway track. It spreads over 15 acres of prime land in South Delhi

In the Indian scenario, the families are close knit and most patients are often accompanied by their relatives. This social context was totally ignored by most of the core idea of creating a central spine atrium plaza from which the entire design set off. The plan is also an early example of the central circulation spine used as an organizational device in Indian hospital designs. The two major blocks of the hospital are connected by this atrium of huge volume, which acts as the large waiting area.

The design was also primarily conceived as a tower on podium structure with all its services in basement; clinical and treatment zones in ground and immediate upper floors while keeping all the nursing zones in upper floors. The in-patient wards have cross-ventilation and every bed has a visual connection to the outdoors. The clinical zone consisting of the diagnostic and acute-care areas are located with the operation theatres and set within deep-spanned, podium floor, on top of a double basement housing the complex support zone consisting of the various services.

Fig. 2.2.32 view of Appolo, Indraprasta, Delhi

Fig. 2.2.34 Main Block Ground Floor, Indraprasta, Delhi

Central atrium is a vast sky lit area, dotted with wrought iron tables and chairs evocative of garden furniture. This pedestrian atrium enlivens the hospital with an almost street-like atmosphere. The flexible setting allows ample space for patients and visitors to relax, eat their lunch, take a breather or catch a quick nap.

Fig. 2.2.35 OPD Block Plan, Indraprasta, Delhi

The 650 bed, multi-speciality hospital has been designed to house the most advanced medical technology and equipment. This modern edifice aims to break down the complexity normally inherent in such large institutional spaces.

Fig. 2.2.33 Key Plan Appolo, Indraprasta, Delhi

A different concept has been dwelt upon for the different functional areas such as the out patient department, the medical facilities and the inpatient wards.

Indraprastha Apollo is the largest corporate hospital outside the United States. It is the third super specialty tertiary care hospital set by the Apollo Hospitals Group, jointly with the Government of New Delhi, India’s capital. It is a 650 bedded hospital, with the provision for expansion to 1000 beds in future.

Fig.2.2.36 Atrium of Appolo, Indraprasta,

Fig.2.2.37 Corridoor of Appolo, Indraprasta, Delhi

Fig.2.2.38 Ground Zoning Plan of Appolo, Indraprasta, A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Fig.2.2.39 Typical Ward Floor of Appolo, Indraprasta,

Clinical Zone The clinical zone consisting of the diagnostic and the acute care areas were placed with the operation theatres and housed within a deep spanned podium floor, sitting on top of double basement housing the complex support zone consisting of the various services. Sandwiched between the inpatient wards and the clinical zone is an interstitial floor housing the engineering plants and services which support the complex medical facilities and clinical zone below. Basement: services with store room of kitchen, lockers of staff,

oncology department, mortuary, engineering department and parking.

radiology department, emergency, kitchen, labs and main entrance to inpatient area.

Oncology department: The oncology department which is equipped with two state of the art linear accelerator with one giving a high- energy radiation and the other designed for sterostatic radiotherapy and radio surgery, physio therapy department. This department has its own waiting area and conference room. Seven consultation rooms are around the waiting area.

Emergency department has its own separate entry with all the basic facility but emergency department not has his separate OT. Kitchen is at the east end of the building and connected to upper floor through service elevators. First floor: Total 14 OT are situated on the first floor. East wing has 8 OT and west wing has 5 OTs. OT area has the U.P.S. (uninterrupted power supply) in all clinical areas. This floor also constitute of ICUs of 4 different departments, CCU, Cath lab and Office.

Ground floor: On the ground floor in the main block constitute labs,

Case Study Matrix Inferences

Fig.2.2.40 Fortis Multi-Speciality Hospital, Mohali

Fig.2.2.41 Assuta Multi-Speciality Hospital, Israel

ASSUTA MEDICAL HOSPITAL

Architect:-

ACHAL KATARIA &amp; ASSOCIATES

ZEDLER ARCHITECTS

Total Plot Area:-

33,265 Sq.M. (8.2Acre)

12,000 Sq.M. (2.96 Acre)

Total Build up:-

40,000 Sq. M

46,450 Sq. M.

Completion Year:-

Fig.2.2.42 Appolo Multi-Speciality Hospital, Delhi

Fig.2.2.43 Paras Hospital, Patna

APPOLO HOSPITAL, DELHI

PARAS HOSPITAL, PATNA

RSMA ARCHITECTS

60,702 Sq.M. (15 Acre)

10,925 Sq.M. (2.7 Acre)

30,120 Sq. M.

HT. OF BUILDING:

WARM &amp; TEMPERATE

HOT &amp; DRY , COOL AND RAINY

CONSTRUCTION COST:-155CRORES

CONSTRUCTION COST:-$100M+

SURFACE PARKING:-

120 CARS + 50 BIKES

BUILD TYPOLOGY:-

SINGLE BLOCK TYPOLOGY

STRUCTURE TYPE:SLAB

RCC FRAMED STRUCTURE, FLAT

GRID TYPE:8M

8.5M X 6M X 8.5M &amp;

GRID TYPE:6.5M

8M X 8M X 8M &amp;

CORRIDOOR WIDTH:-

INTER DEPARTMENT - 2400MM INTRA DEPARTMENT - 1800MM

INTER DEPARTMENT - 4200MM INTRA DEPARTMENT - 2700MM

EMERGENCY:-

SEPERATE ENTRY/EXIT LOCATED ON GROUND FLOOR

LOCATED ON 2ND FLOOR

LOCATED ON GROUND FLOOR

LOCATED ON GROUND &amp; 1ST

6.5M X 6.5MX-

CONSTRUCTION COST:-75 CRORES

CONSTRUCTION COST:-150 CRORES

350-400 CARS

GRID TYPE:-

-------------------------------------------

6M X 12M X 6M &amp;

INTER DEPARTMENT - 3000MM INTRA DEPARTMENT - 2700MM

------------------------------------------

Chapter 3 Program Development

Area Program The science and technology of developing a hospital in any location is a difficult task. Aside from the technical demands of modern healthcare and the rigid functional relationships between different medical teams, the designer/Architect must contend with several more intangible issues, such as the patient’s pain, the staff’s difficult work atmosphere, and the need to build a long-lasting and healing framework. The aim is to spread the departments’ areas around the different floors in order to determine how much space each floor template holds, as well as which departments.

Fig. 3.1.1 Area distribution between Hospital and Residential block

Fig. 3.1.2 Area distribution between Multi,Super Speciality &amp; Residence.

Chapter 4 Project Site &amp; Analysis

4.1 Site Analysis 4.1.1 Introduction

Delhi, city and national capital region, north central India. The city of Delhi actually consists of two components: Old Delhi, in the north, the historic city; and New Delhi, in the south, since 1947 the capital of India, built in the first part of the 20th century as the capital of British India. DWARKA Population - 12.000,00 Area- 56.1 sq.km Language- Hindi, English Dwarka is a sub - city of Delhi, developed by the Delhi Development Authority (ODA). Dwarka, along with Rohini, are the planned residential developments of Delhi. The residential development here mostly consists of low - rise apart ment developments by the DDA and various multi - storey Cooperative Group Housing Society (CGHS) project Dwarka’s development has benefitted from its proximity to Indira Gandhi International Airport and Gurgaon, city. DDA has implemented a unique concept of Mixed Land Use (MLU) in Dwarka. Most of the DDA housing clusters in Dwarka have commercial buildings in close proximity.

Fig. 4.1.1 Master plan of Delhi 2021

Project As Per masterplan of Delhi 2021 the selected site for propose hospital in sector-9, Dwarka, New Delhi. BYE LAWS Total Plot Area:- 37450.5Sqm. Permissible Ground Cov.30% of the Plot area Permissible FAR: 2 Permissible Height: 28m Setbacks:Front: 15m All Sides: 09m A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Site is located at Dwarka Sector 09 pressway in the so Fig. 4.1.2 Site Location Plan

The Prominent Land mark n A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

4.1.2 Location:-

9 road which connects to dwarka exouth-west and mall road in north-east.

near the site is IGI International Airport, Delhi.

Fig. 4.1.3 Sector 9 and Surrounding Sectors.

Fig. 4.1.4 Delhi Public Transport Network

4.1.3 Transportation A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Fig. 4.1.5 IGI International Airport , Delhi

Fig. 4.1.6 New Delhi Railway Station.

Fig. 4.1.7 Old Delhi Railway Station. A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

I M M E D I A T E T R A N S P O R T

Fig. 4.1.8 Nearest Public Transport

4.1.4 Climate The Climate of Delhi is an Overlap between the Monsoon- Influenced Humid Subtropical and Semi- Arid with Variation between Summer and Winter Temperatures and Precepitation. The distance from the Sea makes Delhi an Extreme type of Continental Climate with the Prevalence of Continental Air during major Parts of the year. Only during the three monsoon months of July, August and September creates oceanic and Origen Penetrate to this region and causes increased humidity, Cloiudiness and rain. The year can be broadly divided into four seasons. The cold season start from december and extends up to February. This is folloed by the hot weather season which lasts till about end of june when monsoon arrives over the region. The monsoon continues till the third week of September. The two Post monsoon months of October and November Constitute a transitition from monsoon to winter consitions.

Fig. 4.1.9 Precipitation days in a month

The Summer in delhi are very hot and winters very cold. The temperature may rise up to about 45 degrees Celcius in summers, in average temperature is around 43 degree celcius. The winters are also marked by mist and fog in morning through the sun in the open out in the afternoon.

Fig. 4.1.10 Average temperatures and Precipitation

Fig. 4.1.11 Pie Chart of Precipitation amounts

Fig. 4.1.12 Pie Chart of wind speed

Fig. 4.1.13 Wind rose diagram

Fig. 4.1.14 Figure Ground

Fig. 4.1.15 Immediate Surroundings

Fig. 4.1.16 Site Views

Fig. 4.1.17 Land use Plan

Fig. 4.1.18 Site 3D view

• Site is located at Dwarka Sector 9 Highway near to Dwarka Bus Deport. • The distance between Dwarka sector 9 metro and site is 300m. • Well connected with public transport. • There is lots of Greenery around the site which regulates the microclimate. • Site is surrounded by Institutional and Public spaces like Police station, School, Metro, Bus Depot etc .

• There are lots of shrubs and small trees in the site. So, it may cause problem at the time of environmental clearance.

• The District Hospital will caters more than 1million population of Dwarka and neighbouring districts like palam and Raj Nagar.

• Currently, site is used as abandoned car parking by Dwarka Police.

• The Hospital can be seen as a best Green and Sustainable Government Hospitals in Delhi.

• The site is very close to IGI Airport. • The Runway of IGI Airport is towards the site.

• The project can create lots of employment during its construction period. • The Hospital can also reflect diverse things by means of architectural elements and built form.

Chapter 5 Technology

5 Technology

Orientation:-

5.1 Introduction

Reducing energy use is a key focus for green buildings especially when considering ventilation and lighting. Maximizing the use of natural lighting during the day can reduce energy costs and improve the atmosphere for buildings’ users.

Healthcare facilities can have wide exterior facades or envelopes, which have a direct impact on energy consumption.

Modern building activities use a large amount of energy and natural resources while also producing a large number of by-products. As a result of the processing of tons of by-products, unwanted materials are introduced into the atmosphere, further polluting it. The modern world is afflicted by plenty of concerns, including a variety of diseases.

Considering following features during designing the hospital:-

In hot climates, large unprotected facades or envelopes facing the sun can increase cooling needs and increase long-term energy expenditure. By carefully designing a facade or envelope to fit climatic preference and solar orientation, you can save money on electricity, reduce cooling equipment sizing, and reduce cooling

The urgent need to conserve the earth and preserve it for future generations shows the main importance of adopting a sustainable lifestyle. What is Sustainable and Green Architecture? Architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space. Environmental Benefits •Enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystems •Improve air and water quality •Reduce waste streams •Conserve and restore natural resources Economic Benefits • Reduce operating costs • Improve occupant productivity • Enhance asset value and profits • Optimize life-cycle economic performance Social Benefits • Enhance occupant health and comfort • Improve indoor air quality • Minimize strain on local utility infrastructure

Fig. 5.1.1 Orientation of Hospital Block A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Shading: Permanent horizontal overhangs, vertical fins, or recessed windows minimize cooling demand by blocking excessive solar radiation. Seasonal strategic shading will also help the hospital save money on energy bills. This can be accomplished by planting trees around the hospital that block sunlight during peak hours of the day, keeping the interior cool. You may also place the structure to take advantage of natural light. For example, you can want plenty of natural light at the entrance in the morning to brighten the area and reduce the need for artificial lighting. Similarly, patient rooms can be located on the building’s shadier side to make patients more relaxed.

Fig. 5.1.2 Shadow as on 21st June 10AM

Fig. 5.1.3 Shadow as on 21st Dec 10AM

Fig. 5.1.4 Shadow as on 21st June 2PM

Fig. 5.1.5 Shadow as on 21st Dec 2PM

Fig. 5.1.6 Horizontal Shading in South direction

Fig. 5.1.8 Thermal Analysis ( 2st March)

Fig. 5.1.7 Vertical Shading in west direction

Green Courtyard Improved air quality, improved acoustic efficiency, reduced energy usage, and created a positive biophilic healing atmosphere are all benefits of interior green spaces. Open spaces and gardens not only absorb less heat than concrete and asphalt, but they also consume less water. Native plants that are drought-tolerant and used in xeriscape design can withstand the heat while conserving water. In hot and humid climates, you can also use sustainable eco atriums. Green spaces make a hospital feel welcoming to patients.

Urban Cool Islands By reflecting sunlight rather than absorbing it, cool roofs reduce a facility’s carbon footprint.

Fig. 5.1.10 3D Visualition of courtyard spaces

It’s important to take advantage of the natural environment and regenerative techniques wherever possible. Rather than depleting capital, regenerative architecture strives to generate and replenish them. Building siting for natural shade orientation, solar shading, biophilic interiors, and grid independence are all regenerative design concepts that help reduce the building’s carbon footprint. Insulating Walls

Fig. 5.1.9 Iteration showing Cool Island Effect.

A reflective roof and insulation in the roof and exterior walls to minimize heat gain in the building, which also minimizes energy usage.

Fig. 5.1.11 IInsulation wall

Energy Efficiency: Hospital

Several possible HVAC systems to consider as part of the analysis may include various configurations of the following options:

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) reported that nearly 60% of health care services and hospitals do not meet the minimum of Energy Performance Index (EPI) criteria. Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) of India shows that hospitals in India have a potential to achieve 42% energy saving by implementing energy efficient measures.

• Central air handling units (variable or constant air volume) • Terminal heating and cooling systems • Heating and ventilation systems • Exhaust systems There are three basic components of HVAC: (1) outdoor air intake and air exhaust ducts and controls, (2) air handling units (AHU), and (3) air distribution systems.

Fig. 5.1.12 Average Energy Consumption in Hospital

HVAC stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning:- 52% All types of Lighting:- 30% Water Heating:- 10% All Medical Equipments + Other services:- 8% HVAC systems are playing a very important role in hospitals, not only by maintaining comfortable climate conditions of temperature and humidity control, but also by maintaining a clean, germ-free environment to contribute to the well-being of patients and to prevent the spread of disease.

Fig. 5.1.9 ECBC Standards for Energy Efficiency

Outdoor air intake and air exhaust ducts and controls Dampers are used to cut off central air-conditioning to unused rooms and for regulating the air supply room-by-room. These can play a role as economizers that can be placed at supply, relief and return components of HVAC system. Louvres are used for protection from water infiltration. Chillers are located in the basement (cooled by water) or on the roof (cooled by air). Chillers remove heat from the water, and then this water is used as a refrigerant to remove heat from the building and dehumidify air. Compressor This is located at the outdoor condenser unit which supplies air or other gases at increased pressure to the AHU.

Air handling units (AHU) Its function is to take in outside air, re-condition it and supply as fresh air Heat exchangers and chillers (humidity modification system) Heat exchangers transfer heat (energy) from one fluid to another, which is being physically separated. A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Prevension: Water Watage

For healthcare facilities, the design, installation, and commissioning of potable water systems are important. The provision of safe, treated water for patients and workers, as well as the use of medical supplies, is critical to many processes and operations of healthcare facilities.

Waterless urinals and efficient sensor fixtures help in reducing water wastage. The hospitals should be focused on reduction of water use through xeriscaping (landscaping that does not require supplemental irrigation), low-flow fixtures.

The scope of the Water Systems design will include the following: ▪ Potable Cold-Water System ▪ Potable Cooled-Cold Water Systems ▪ Water Treatment System ▪ Hot Water Systems ▪ Healthcare Sanitary Fittings ▪ Irrigation Systems ▪ Grey-Water Systems ▪ Steam Systems

1Bed water requirement= 590 liters/day

375 Beds = 590 x 375 = 2,21,250 liters/ day 500 Beds = 599 x 500 = 2,99,500 liters/ day Fig. 5.1.13 Average water Consumption

Water Treatment Water management technologies must be considered for current hospital design and potential expansion depending on the type of healthcare facility. Generally, to control microbiological growth within water systems, temperature, chemical and mechanical control methods will be enforced to reduce the risk of water contamination. The methods that can be used are the following: • • Pasteurization • Chemical Treatment (Biocides, Chlorine etc.) • Silver-Copper Ionization • Filtration Fig. 5.1.14 Water System for Healthcare Facilities A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Chapter 6 Design Directives

Key influences from site • Presence of metro station 300m from the site helps in better public transport connectivity. • Presence of dwarka police station on Northwest • Presence of DTC Depot 50m from the east. • 45m Main road connecting two ages of the site. • Traffic Junction on the North-east. Fig.6.1.1 Site Plan with edges connectivity.

Fig.6.1.2 Stage 1:- Initial zoning.

Fig.6.1.3 Stage 2:- Initial zoning of Entry/Exit.

Concept: Project Vision

Fig.6.1.4 Inter-Connected Spaces in Ground Floor

Fig.6.1.6 Stepping Masses:- With Green Terraces

Fig.6.1.5 large Central Courtyard for Passive Cooling

Fig.6.1.7 Courtyard Spaces for better lighting and Ventilation

Large Central Courtyard for Passive Cooling and it also helps in creating healing environment.

Concept: Building

Active Public Realm ( Public and Semi-Public Spaces)

Stepping Masses II Forming terrace garden and creating spillout Spaces

Inter-connected Masses II Forming tnice visual connected spaces

Zoning : Bubble Diagrams, Hospital Block

Ground Floor

First Floor

7 : Form Development

Identification of Axis II Based on wind Direction, Orientation, Creating Connections between spaces.

Primary &amp; Secondary Axes II By defining Public and Private relationship.

Massing II Beigining of Massing around the axis.

Massing II Defining the Massing

8 : Design Development Stage 1

Initial Conceptual Design

Creating a basic framework of initial idea, form, entry/exit identification.

Identification of Spaces II Based on road networks, Public/ Semi-Public/ Private zoning.

Identification of Entry/Exit II Based on nearest approachable roads, service roads and drop off off major departments.

• Initial Stage of Blocking with Inter-Connected spaces. • Formation of Courtyard between the blocks. Initial Blocking of Hospital and Residence.

• Entry/Exit is not working Properly • Placement of Housing Block in the middle. • No legible response for site edges • Minimal addressal of context. • Very Poor and insufficient circulation.

Entry/Exit Identification. A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Conceptual Design-2

Zoning the departments according to their relationships, indentifying the entry/exit etc.

Zoning II Based on inter-department relations, Public/ Semi-Public/ Private space, Drop off, circulation etc.

• Identification of entry/exit Point • Placement of Housing Blocks in Private area

• All Entry/Exit is not working Properly • Entry/Exit of housing block is not working Properly

• Identification of future expansion Area. • No legible response for site edges • Seperate Service entry from 9m • Minimal addressal of context.

• Very Poor climatic response.in the design.

Conceptual Design 3

Defining the Proper entry/exit and one main central axis approaching both roads.

Central axis II Defining services dropoff and emergency Dropoff

Circulation Based on inter-department relations, Public/ Semi-Public/ Private space, Drop off etc.

• Better circulation • Placement of Housing Blocks in Private area

• Some issues in emergency entry/ exit • No legible response for site edges

• Inter Connected Spaces with double heighted courtyard.

• Courtyards spaces are not properly defined

• Creating Green Spaces for visitors.

Detailing the Plans

Detailing each departments of the Hospital Blocks and defining Air Conditioned zone/ Non Air Conditioned Zone.

Site Plan: Main entry from the front side and Emergency entry from the 20m secondary road.

Detailing out the department considering AC , Non-AC areas, clean and dirty corridoors etc.

Central atrium Spaces with double heighted waiting spaces.

• Identification of Ac/ Non-Ac areas • Detailing of CoreS and Vertical Circulation Spaces

• Issues in Overall form. • • Issues in Inter-department relationship.

• Identification of Seperate entry/ • Sustainaibility strategies are igexit for visitors, Patients, staffs. nored in this form.

New form and Iteration

Creating new form and desiging Super Speciality, Multi-Speciality and Residential as in Master Plan.

3D Visualization of new Iteration.

Detailing Out the Super-Speciality block with Proper Connectivity of roads.

Detailing Out the Emergency and Services Depatment considering Proper Circulation, Waiting Areas and Cores.

Detailing Out the Operation theatre Depatment considering Proper Circulation, Waiting Areas, Clean Corridoor, Dirty Corridoor etc.

• Proper Circulation with Seperate Entry/Exit.

• 60% area are oriented EastWest.

• Creating Multiple Courtyard • Issues in OPD area and ReSpaces. hab. • Services, Emergency, OT are • Sustainaibility strategies are working Properly. ignored in this form. Detailing Out the Out-Patient Depatment A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Stage 6 Pre- Final

Context Plan

Orientation A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

3D View of Site.

Ground Plan

Section A A’

• • Clear heirarcy between Public and Semi Public Spaces. • Decrease in Ground Coverage more open area for green spaces. • Individual Drop off Point for each department. • Multiple Courtyard Spaces for cool air Circulation and 65% mass oriented in North-South direction. A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Chapter 9 Design Portfolio

Site and Surroundings

Emergency Plan

1st Floor Plan

Operation Theatre

2nd Floor Plan

3rd Floor Plan A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

5th Floor Plan

Basement 1 Plan A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Elevation A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

Front Elevational View

Emergency Block

Elevational view from South-East side

View towards North- East side A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN HOSPITAL : AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH

View towards South West

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Other Relative Refrences 34028302 (n.d.). “TO CARE” a super-speciality hospital of 300 beds Thesis. [online] Issuu. Available at: https://issuu.com/kunalbaladaniya/docs/1501_final_report_for_print_isuee [Accessed 5 Apr. 2021]. Knowlittle Matharu (2012). Green hospitals. [online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/KnowlittleMatharu/green-hospitals-15591918 [Accessed 5 Apr. 2021] EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DESIGN GUIDELINES Contents. (n.d.). [online] . Available at: https://acem.org.au/getmedia/faf63c3b-c896-4a7e-aa1f226b49d62f94/G15_v03_ED_Design_Guidelines_Dec-14.aspx. ArchDaily. 2021. Assuta Medical Center / Zeidler Partnership Architects + Moore Architects + M. Brestovisky Architects. [online] Available at: &lt;https:// www.archdaily.com/231318/assuta-medical-center-zeidler-partnership-architects-moore-architects-m-brestovisky-architects&gt; [Accessed 25 April 2021] Slideshare.net. 2021. fortis hospital mohali case study. [online] Available at: &lt;https://www.slideshare.net/PrincePathania/fortis-mohali-case-study&gt; [Accessed 25 April 2021]..

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