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Indoor Thermal Comfort Analysis: A Case Study of Modern and Traditional Buildings in Hot-Arid Climatic Region of Ethiopia

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Indoor thermal comfort is an essential aspect of sustainable architecture and it is critical in maintaining a safe indoor environment. Expectations, acceptability, and preferences of traditional and modern buildings are different in terms of thermal comfort. This study, therefore, attempts to evaluate the indoor thermal comforts of modern and traditional buildings and identify the contributing factors that impede or facilitate indoor thermal comfort in Semera city, Ethiopia. This study employed subjective and objective measurements. The subjective measurement is based on the ASHRAE seven-point thermal sensation scale. An adaptive comfort model was employed according to the ASHRAE standard to evaluate indoor thermal comfort. The results revealed that with regards to thermal sensational votes between −1 and +1, 88% of the respondents are satisfied with the indoor environment in traditional houses, while in modern houses this figure is 22%. Likewise, 83% of occupants in traditional hou...

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CFD analyses on the thermal comfort conditions of a cooled room: a case study

• Published: 25 February 2021
• Volume 147 , pages 2615–2639, ( 2022 )

Cite this article

• Semih Ozsagiroglu 1 ,
• Muhammet Camci 1 ,
• Tolga Taner   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3065-1942 2 ,
• Ozgen Acikgoz 1 ,
• Ahmet Selim Dalkilic 1 &
• Somchai Wongwises 3  

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This study examined a room with a surface of 1.8 × 1.8 × 2.85 (m) and a well-insulated floor (adiabatic condition) and examined the heat exchange from the side surfaces and ceiling. In this closed room, the heat transfer effects with radiation were investigated while bringing them to comfort conditions ranging from 30 (°C) air temperature to 20–24 (°C). A computer with a power of 25 (W) as a source of heat, a person with an average metabolic activity of 50–70 (W) and a table were found in this closed room. In this study, the cooling of the room from the floor, ceiling and air conditioner was inquired while the computer was running, in a closed area under the specified heat transfer conditions. As a scenario, the air exchange coefficient was modeled via Ansys Fluent, fed with air of 15 (°C) with 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 air. In addition, the comfort values of the human wrist (the distance of 0.1 m) and the shoulder (the distance of 1.1 m) were researched according to ASHRAE-55. The obtained results were analyzed as a comparison of ACH results, and the comfort parameter values were analyzed by reading the sections taken from the ankle shoulder level and velocity, temperature, values according to ANSI/ASHRAE-55. The relative humidity was 50% in the room, while the metabolic activity is 1.2 (met). These parameters corresponded to the sitting position; the clothing effect was found to be 0.67 (clo). The novelty of this study encourages the production of the ideal CFD analysis on the thermal comfort conditions of a cooled room, the task of engineering.

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Abbreviations.

International Standard Organisation

European Norms

Heating, ventilating and air conditioner

Predicted mean vote

Percentage dissatisfaction

Predicted percentage of dissatisfied

• Computational fluid dynamics

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air conditioner Engineers

Air temperature (°C)

Hydraulic radius (m)

Air density, 1.224 (kg m −3 )

Dynamic viscosity, 0.000001.85 (kg m −1  s −1 )

Velocity (m s −1 )

Prandtl number

Coefficient of expansion (K −1 )

Gravity acceleration, 9.81 (m s −2 )

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Acknowledgements

This study is carried out as a master's thesis (M.Sc.) in Yildiz Technical University Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Heat and Processing M.Sc. Program. This study was supported by Professor Somchai Wongwises from King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Yildiz, Besiktas, Istanbul, 34349, Turkey

Semih Ozsagiroglu, Muhammet Camci, Ozgen Acikgoz & Ahmet Selim Dalkilic

Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technology, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100, Turkey

Tolga Taner

Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand

Somchai Wongwises

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Correspondence to Tolga Taner .

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Thermodynamic Equations of the system data

In this study, some significant table and figures are given in “ Appendix ” section. Table

14 presents thermodynamic and heat transfer equations of cooling system that were used in all of the analysis of the study. These equations are the energy-mass balance and heat loss equations, Reynolds (Re), Grashof (Gr) and Rayleigh (Ra) numbers equation. The measurement of velocity, temperature distribution and turbulence independence is defined as a function in Fluent in CFD and the risk of draft (DR) within the site.

Figure  29 shows the Ansys Fluent simulation model summary that was chosen radiation model. Iteration parameters of energy were determined 5 iterations.

Ansys Fluent simulation model summary

Figure  30 indicates the Ansys Fluent temperature distribution conditions in the room. This figure shows the colors of the low, average, high and very high network according to the Ansys Fluent temperature.

Ansys Fluent temperature distribution conditions

Uncertainty analysis of the system data

The accuracy of the measured data was determined by the uncertainty analysis, and the reliability of the data analysis was demonstrated by helping to determine the uncertainty. The uncertainty analysis was determined with the analytical emergence of the error in the calculation and measurement of the data. The uncertainty in determining the results of heat lost from Ansys output to empirical formula under each condition after the measurement of the data values was determined as the total uncertainty in the estimated value (m 3 h −1 ) in Table 15 [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].

Uncertainty analysis and parameters are given in Table 15 . Uncertainty analysis attributes all relevant arguments to the uncertainty of the data. Thanks to the uncertainty analysis of the analytical parameter, it was stated that the overall reliability levels were above about 98%.

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Ozsagiroglu, S., Camci, M., Taner, T. et al. CFD analyses on the thermal comfort conditions of a cooled room: a case study. J Therm Anal Calorim 147 , 2615–2639 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10612-w

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Received : 31 August 2020

Accepted : 19 January 2021

Published : 25 February 2021

Issue Date : February 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10612-w

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