short answer questions on protein synthesis

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6.4: Protein Synthesis

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• Page ID 27396

• Suzanne Wakim & Mandeep Grewal
• Butte College

The Central Dogma of Biology

Your DNA , or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains the genes that determine who you are. How can this organic molecule control your characteristics? DNA contains instructions for all the proteins your body makes. Proteins , in turn, determine the structure and function of all your cells. What determines a protein ’s structure? It begins with the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein. Instructions for making proteins with the correct sequence of amino acids are encoded in DNA.

DNA is found in chromosomes. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes always remain in the nucleus, but proteins are made at ribosomes in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) . How do the instructions in DNA get to the site of protein synthesis outside the nucleus? Another type of nucleic acid is responsible. This nucleic acid is RNA or ribonucleic acid. RNA is a small molecule that can squeeze through pores in the nuclear membrane. It carries the information from DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm and then helps assemble the protein. In short:

DNA → RNA → Protein

Discovering this sequence of events was a major milestone in molecular biology. It is called the central dogma of biology . The two processes involved in the central dogma are transcription and translation.

Transcription

Transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA → RNA . It is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA. Transcription happens in the nucleus of the cell. During transcription, a strand of mRNA is made that is complementary to a strand of DNA called a gene. A gene can easily be identified from the DNA sequence. A gene contains the basic three regions, promoter, coding sequence (reading frame), and terminator. There are more parts of a gene which are illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\).

Steps of Transcription

Transcription takes place in three steps, called initiation, elongation, and termination. The steps are illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\).

• Initiation is the beginning of transcription. It occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter . This signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can “read” the bases in one of the DNA strands. The enzyme is ready to make a strand of mRNA with a complementary sequence of bases. The promoter is not part of the resulting mRNA
• Elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand.

Processing mRNA

In eukaryotes, the new mRNA is not yet ready for translation. At this stage, it is called pre-mRNA, and it must go through more processing before it leaves the nucleus as mature mRNA. The processing may include the addition of a 5' cap, splicing, editing, and 3' polyadenylation (poly-A) tail. These processes modify the mRNA in various ways. Such modifications allow a single gene to be used to make more than one protein. See Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\) as you read below:

• 5' cap protects mRNA in the cytoplasm and helps in the attachment of mRNA with the ribosome for translation.
• Splicing removes introns from the protein-coding sequence of mRNA. Introns are regions that do not code for the protein. The remaining mRNA consists only of regions called exons that do code for the protein.
• Editing changes some of the nucleotides in mRNA. For example, a human protein called APOB, which helps transport lipids in the blood, has two different forms because of editing. One form is smaller than the other because editing adds an earlier stop signal in mRNA.
• Polyadenylation adds a “tail” to the mRNA. The tail consists of a string of As (adenine bases). It signals the end of mRNA. It is also involved in exporting mRNA from the nucleus, and it protects mRNA from enzymes that might break it down.

Translation

The translation is the second part of the central dogma of molecular biology: RNA --> Protein . It is the process in which the genetic code in mRNA is read to make a protein. The translation is illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\). After mRNA leaves the nucleus, it moves to a ribosome, which consists of rRNA and proteins. Translation happens on the ribosomes floating in the cytosol, or on the ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The ribosome reads the sequence of codons in mRNA, and molecules of tRNA bring amino acids to the ribosome in the correct sequence.

To understand the role of tRNA, you need to know more about its structure. Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon for the amino acid it carries. An anticodon is complementary to the codon for an amino acid. For example, the amino acid lysine has the codon AAG, so the anticodon is UUC. Therefore, lysine would be carried by a tRNA molecule with the anticodon UUC. Wherever the codon AAG appears in mRNA, a UUC anticodon of tRNA temporarily binds. While bound to mRNA, tRNA gives up its amino acid. With the help of rRNA, bonds form between the amino acids as they are brought one by one to the ribosome, creating a polypeptide chain. The chain of amino acids keeps growing until a stop codon is reached.

Ribosomes, which are just made out of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein, have been classified as ribozymes because the rRNA has enzymatic activity. The rRNA is important for the peptidyl transferase activity that bonds amino acids. Ribosomes have two subunits of rRNA and protein. The large subunit has three active sites called E, P, and A sites. These sites are important in the catalytic activity of ribosomes.

Just as with mRNA synthesis, protein synthesis can be divided into three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. In addition to the mRNA template, many other molecules contribute to the process of translation, such as ribosomes, tRNAs, and various enzymatic factors

Translation Initiation: The small subunit binds to a site upstream (on the 5' side) of the start of the mRNA. It proceeds to scan the mRNA in the 5'-->3' direction until it encounters the START codon (AUG). The large subunit attaches and the initiator tRNA, which carries methionine (Met), binds to the P site on the ribosome.

Translation Elongation: The ribosome shifts one codon at a time, catalyzing each process that occurs in the three sites. With each step, a charged tRNA enters the complex, the polypeptide becomes one amino acid longer, and an uncharged tRNA departs. The energy for each bond between amino acids is derived from GTP, a molecule similar to ATP. Briefly, the ribosomes interact with other RNA molecules to make chains of amino acids called polypeptide chains, due to the peptide bond that forms between individual amino acids. Inside the ribosome, three sites participate in the translation process, the A, P, and E sites. Amazingly, the E. coli translation apparatus takes only 0.05 seconds to add each amino acid, meaning that a 200-amino acid polypeptide could be translated in just 10 seconds.

Translation Termination : Termination of translation occurs when a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is encountered (see Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\). When the ribosome encounters the stop codon, the growing polypeptide is released with the help of various releasing factors and the ribosome subunits dissociate and leave the mRNA. After many ribosomes have completed translation, the mRNA is degraded so the nucleotides can be reused in another transcription reaction.

What Happens Next?

After a polypeptide chain is synthesized, it may undergo additional processes. For example, it may assume a folded tertiary shape due to interactions among its amino acids. It may also bind with other polypeptides or with different types of molecules, such as lipids or carbohydrates. Many proteins travel to the Golgi apparatus within the cytoplasm to be modified for the specific job they will do.

Summary of Central Dogma

• Relate protein synthesis and its two major phases to the central dogma of molecular biology.
• Identify the steps of transcription, and summarize what happens during each step.
• Explain how mRNA is processed before it leaves the nucleus.
• Describe what happens during the translation phase of protein synthesis.
• What additional processes may a polypeptide chain undergo after it is synthesized?
• Where does transcription take place in eukaryotes?
• Where does translation take place?
• Contains the codons
• Contains the anticodons
• Makes up the ribosome, along with proteins
• What is the complementary sequence on the other DNA strand?
• What is the complementary sequence in the mRNA? What is this sequence called?
• @hat is the resulting sequence in the tRNA? What is this sequence called? What do you notice about this sequence compared to the original DNA triplet on the template strand?
• Both A and B
• True or False. Introns in mRNA bind to tRNA at the ribosome.
• True or False. tRNAs can be thought of as the link between amino acids and codons in the mRNA.

Explore More

Messenger RNA molecules are "spliced" in order to create the mRNA involved in protein synthesis. Learn the process here:

Attributions

• How proteins are made by Nicolle Rager, National Science Foundation, public domain via Wikimedia Commons
• Gene structure eukaryote by Thomas Shafee , licensed CC BY 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
• Components of a gene by Mandeep Grewal, CC BY 4.0
• Transcription by Calibuon , released into the public domain via Wikimedia Commons
• Transcript and splicing by Ganeshmanohar , CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
• Initiation and elongation by Jordan Nguyen, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
• Protein synthesis by OpenStax, CC BY 4.0
• Gene regulation by OpenStax, CC BY 4.0
• Text adapted from Human Biology by CK-12 licensed CC BY-NC 3.0

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Protein Synthesis Worksheet: Definition, Examples & Practice

Meta: Need to learn how protein synthesis works? We’ve got your complete guide to the process on our protein synthesis worksheet, including the difference between DNA and RNA, important misconceptions about mutations, and an explanation of the central dogma of biology. Plus, get practice exercises and quiz questions. 

What is Protein Synthesis?

Protein synthesis is the construction of proteins within living cells. The process consists of two parts; transcription and translation.

Proteins are an important organic compound that exists in every living organism. They are an essential part of the majority of cell functions. Specific proteins are needed for particular functions. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids which can be arranged in either a linear pattern or can be folded to form a more complex structure.

Proteins can be complex in structure and so are filtered into four categories – primary secondary, tertiary and quaternary.

Protein synthesis is a biological procedure which living cells perform to create new proteins. When studied in detail, the chemical synthesis of proteins process is extremely complex. The process begins with the production of new and different amino acids, some of which are collected from food sources.

The process requires ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and a specific set of enzymes. All the different types of ribonucleic acids are needed for protein synthesis to work effectively. These are messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA).

Protein Synthesis: Definition, Examples, and Practice

Let’s check out a couple of important definitions to better understand protein synthesis.

Most protein synthesis worksheets will require a working understanding of the following definitions:

Central Dogma of Biology

A polypeptide encoded in a gene is expressed in a directional relationship called the central dogma of biology . It recognizes that information moves from the DNA to the RNA to the protein.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (otherwise known as DNA), is the carrier of genetic info found in almost every found living organism to date. It is present in the nucleus of cells and is self-replicating, meaning it’s integral to protein synthesis.

RNA is ribonucleic acid, and it’s present in every living cell discovered to date. It is a messenger and vitally involved in translating genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes so that amino acids can be created.

There are three kinds of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) transfers the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) provides the structure for the ribosomes. Finally, transfer RNA (tRNA) works during translation to bring the amino acids to the ribosome so that a polypeptide (an amino acid chain) can be built.

Transcription

Transcription is the stage of manufacturing in which the DNA gene sequence is copied so that an RNA molecule can be made. We’ll explain more shortly.

Translation

The second stage of protein synthesis is translation. At this point in the process, a mRNA (messenger RNA) molecule is “read” and the information is used by the ribosome to build a polypeptide.

Polypeptide

A polypeptide is a chain made up of amino acids.

Three nucleotides form a codon. This codon is then used to create amino acids.

RNA vs. DNA

It’s tempting to confuse RNA with DNA, but they’re very different, and it’s important to understand these differences. They are both made up of nucleotides, which are the basic units of nucleic acids (like DNA and RNA). These nucleotides contain a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a 5-carbon sugar ribose.

Instead of DNA’s ribose, however, RNA uses deoxyribose, a different kind of sugar. Also, RNA is most often a single strand, while DNA is famously double-stranded. Finally, DNA contains thymine, while RNA uses uracil instead.

Chromosomes

DNA is found by the meter inside even minuscule cells. During replication, the masses of coiled DNA called chromatin (shaped thanks to proteins called histones) organize into what are called chromosomes.

Different types of cells (eukaryotes) have chromosomes in varying amounts. Humans, as you probably know, have 46 chromosomes, while dogs, for example, have 78.

Transcription and Translation

To best understand your protein synthesis worksheet, let’s cover the complete protein synthesis process. It starts with transcription. Special enzymes in the nucleus arrive to gently pull apart the DNA code needed, and RNA begins to transcribe or rewrite the genetic material.

During translation, the mRNA connects with the ribosome and its information is decoded again so that the correct sequence of amino acids will connect to form a polypeptide. It’s important to note here that the ribosome doesn’t make protein nor does it make amino acids. It simply instructs already-made amino acids to form the correct sequence.

The amino acids’ sequence determines its protein’s shape, function, and properties and it can do so thanks to the RNA’s four bases (all of which are nucleotides): adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). A codon, as we explained earlier, is a combination of three of these bases in a specific order: UUC, for example.

Some codons tell the ribosome to start or stop (UAA, UAG, and UGA indicate stop) and the rest indicate specific amino acids.

Understanding the Codon Table

Image Source: sabal.uscb.edu

The heart of protein synthesis (and what you’ll most likely see on a protein synthesis worksheet) is the codon table. It helps us work through translation to understand the amino acids the mRNA is prescribing. For example, if you want to know what the codon CAA translates to, you’ll use the first letter of the codon (C) to locate the corresponding row on the left side of the chart.

Next, use the second letter of the codon (A) to identify the corresponding column on the top of the chart. The box indicated includes four codons that began with C and A; if you’d like, you can simply identify your codon there, or you can use the right side of the chart to identify the corresponding order of the third letter in the codon (A).

Either way, the single amino acid for CAA is Gln (glutamine).

Mutations sound scary, but don’t worry–we’re not talking about superheroes with latent power and plans for world domination. Instead, we’re talking about what happens when there’s a mistake in the transcription or translation process.

Mutations come in three forms: silent, missense, and nonsense. A mutation that is silent means that the amino acid will not be impacted during translation. Missense mutations mean that the single amino acid has been changed and a nonsense mutation ends prematurely.

How are Mutations Caused?

There are several different reasons a mutation may occur. If at least one base is added to a DNA sequence, this is referred to as an insertion. A deletion, however, occurs when at least one base has been removed from the DNA sequence.

Similarly, when a change is made to the codons so that the reading frame of the sequence is changed, the resulting mutation is called a frameshift mutation. For example, a mRNA codon that reads AUG-AUA-CGG-AAU might experience an insertion of a T in the DNA sequence.

This frameshift mutation leads to a new codon: AUG-UAC-GGA-AU.

If we utilize the codon chart, we find that the polypeptide mutates from Met-Ile-Arg-Asn to Met-Tyr-Gly.

Common Misconceptions About Mutations

Something important to note is that sometimes the DNA sequence experiences an insertion or deletion of three nucleotides in a row. This doesn’t cause a frameshift mutation. Instead, it will just impact whether or not the deleted or inserted amino acids are added or not.

This can cause a dramatic change in the outcome of the polypeptide.

Another common misconception is that a mutation is always dramatic. While this is sometimes the case, mutations are common and provide the genetic variation we so appreciate in life. Many mutations have little to no impact on life, and some mutations even create good changes.

It’s a very limited number of mutations that survive to be problematic.

What Exactly Are Genes?

A gene is a short section of DNA that acts as an instruction manual for our bodies. DNA is found inside almost every cell in the body.

Genes contain the instructions that tell cells to create new proteins via protein synthesis. Every gene carries certain instructions which make up who you are such as eye color, height, and hair color. Genes come in many different types and versions for each feature. For example, one variant of a gene may contain instructions for blue eyes whereas another contains instructions for brown eyes. Genes are so small that there are around 20,000 inside each cell in the body. The entire sequence of your genes is named the genome.

How Do Genes Work?

Genes are responsible for telling each of your cells what to do and when to do it. They do this by making proteins. Why are proteins important? Well, our bodies are made up of proteins. Around 50% of a cell is some form of protein. Proteins are also responsible for many bodily functions such as digestion, immunity, circulation, motion, and communication between cells. These are made possible by the estimated 100,000 different proteins that are produced in the body.

Genes within your DNA don’t make proteins directly. Instead, enzymes read and copy the DNA code. The section of DNA that is to be copied gets unzipped by an enzyme which then uses that segment of DNA as a template to build a single-stranded molecule of ribonucleic acid. This ribonucleic acid then leaves the nucleus of the cell and enters the cytoplasm where ribosomes then translate the code to create the specific protein.

In certain genes, not all of the DNA sequence is used to make a protein. The section of DNA that is non-coding is known as introns. The coding sections of DNA are called exons.

The Structure of DNA

DNA is made up of pairs of nucleotides on a phosphate and sugar backbone. There are four different nucleotides: thymine, cytosine, guanine, and adenine. Each of the types of nucleotides only pairs with one other type. Hydrogen bonds connect to those nucleotide pairs. The sugar and phosphate backbone, along with the nucleotide pairs form a ladder-like structure that twists to form the double helix structure of DNA. Each side of this ladder shape is known as a strand of DNA.

Nucleotides consist of a base, a phosphate group, and five carbon atoms. Each of the different types of nucleotide has a base with a different structure, however, all the bases contain nitrogen. The four bases can be split into two groups. These are pyrimidine bases and purine bases. Pyrimidine bases are small and have one six-atom ring. Purine bases are larger and are made up of a six-atom ring plus a five-atom ring which are joined by two shared atoms. Thymine and cytosine are pyrimidine bases and adenine and guanine are purine bases.

Pyrimidine bases bond to purine bases because the shapes of these bases allow hydrogen bonds to form between them. The base pairing rules states that guanine pairs only with cytosine and adenine pairs only with thymine. This rule is known as complementary base pairing. Three hydrogen bonds form between a guanine and cytosine pair whereas only two hydrogen bonds form between an adenine and thymine base pair.

Protein Synthesis Worksheet Practice

It’s helpful to utilize practice protein synthesis worksheets . To help you, here’s a list of questions–and their answers–that you’re likely to find on tests, worksheets, and protein synthesis projects:

• During translation, which RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome? (transfer RNA or tRNA)
• Is DNA made with uracil or thymine? (thymine)
• In which part of the cell does transcription happen? (in the nucleus)
• Which RNA carries the genetic code to the ribosomes from the DNA? (messenger RNA or mRNA)
• What is the central dogma of biology? (DNA → RNA → protein)
• What are the building blocks of proteins? (amino acids)
• What are the three causes of mutations? (insertion, deletion, and frameshift)
• What is a codon? (three nucleotides)
• What are the three differences between DNA and RNA? (RNA uses deoxyribose instead of ribose, is single-stranded instead of double-stranded, and contains uracil instead of thymine)
• In what phase is tRNA molecules used? (translation)
• Does protein synthesis build protein? (no; protein synthesis builds amino acids)
• What are polypeptides? (chains of amino acids)
• What do codons do? (indicate the specific amino acid and in what order, and indicate when to stop and start the amino acid chain)
• Which leaves the nucleus: DNA or RNA? (RNA)
• What are the three kinds of mutations? (silent, missense, and nonsense)
• Which codons indicate stop? (refer to the codon chart for the answer; UAA, UAG, and UGA)
• What does chromatin organize into during replication? (chromosomes)

Practice with the Codon Chart

Another great way to increase your knowledge of protein synthesis and better prepare for protein synthesis worksheets is to practice with the codon chart . You can find the solutions in parenthesis after the example:

• CUU-CGU-AAU-UGG-AAG (leu-arg-asn-trp-lys)
• ACU-ACA-AGU-UGC-UUU (thr-thr-ser-cys-phe)
• AAC-AAG-GUC-GUC-AGG (asn-lys-val-ile-arg)

Protein synthesis is a complex, highly tuned process that enables life to flourish. Understanding it, from the DNA to the RNA to the amino acids, gives us a better appreciation for life itself. Use our protein synthesis worksheet practice questions to help you learn the ins and outs of protein synthesis and remember the informaion.

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Protein Synthesis Quizzes, Questions & Answers

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Module 9: Genes and Proteins

Study guide: protein synthesis, study questions.

Objective: Illustrate the molecular processes described in the central dogma.

Use this page to check your understanding of the content.

• Transcription
• Translation

Study Guide Questions

• What is the central dogma of biology?
• Compare and contrast mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
• What is DNA polymerase?  What is RNA polymerase?
• How are mRNA transcripts modified before they exit the nucleus?
• Compare and contrast transcription and DNA replication.
• Compare and contrast transcription and translation.
• Compare and contrast introns and exons.
• What is a codon?  Compare this to an anticodon.
• Be able to use an amino acid/mRNA codon chart.
• Given a DNA template, be able to determine the mRNA base sequence, the tRNA anticodons, and the amino acids coded for (like in activity!)
• Know the structure of the ribosome.
• Know the significance of the E site, the P site and the A site in the ribosome.
• Know the structure of a tRNA molecule.
• Study Guide: Protein Synthesis. Authored by : Wendy Riggs. Provided by : College of the Redwoods. Project : Kaleidoscope. License : CC BY: Attribution

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Free download in PDF Protein Synthesis Multiple Choice Questions and Answers for competitive exams. These short objective type questions with answers are very important for Board exams as well as competitive exams. These short solved questions or quizzes are provided by Gkseries.

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Answer: Translation

Answer: Si RNA

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Answer: GGA

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Answer: Cyclohexamine

Answer: Streptomycin

Answer: codes transfer on mRNA

Answer: RNA dependent DNA polymerase

Answer: Ricin

Answer: Translocation

Answer: It provides genetic blueprint for the protein

Answer: It modifies mRNA molecules prior to protein synthesis

Answer: 7-methyl guanosine cap

Answer: Cycloheximide

Answer: process of formation of amino acids from mRNA

Answer: Spliceosome

Answer: ATP

Answer: Termination codon has no tRNA

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Protein Synthesis Test Prep

9th - 11th grade.

26 questions

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• 1. Multiple Choice Edit 1 minute 1 pt The process of making an mRNA strand from a DNA template is called Replication Transcription Translation Protein Synthesis
• 2. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt The process of using an mRNA to make a protein is called Replication Transcription Translation Cell Division
• 3. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt Transcription takes place in the  cytoplasm chloroplast nucleus mitochondria
• 4. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt Translation takes place in the  ribosome chloroplast nucleus mitochondria
• 5. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt This cannot leave the nucleus DNA RNA Both
• 6. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt This nucleic acid is single stranded DNA RNA Both
• 7. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt Contains the bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine DNA RNA Both
• 8. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Contains the bases adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine DNA RNA Both
• 9. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Contains a phosphate group DNA RNA Both
• 10. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Ribose is sugar present in the nucleotide DNA RNA Both
• 11. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt Deoxyribose is the sugar present in the nucleotide DNA RNA Both
• 12. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt Carries the genetic code to the ribosome mRNA tRNA rRNA DNA
• 13. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Brings the amino acids to the ribosome mRNA tRNA rRNA DNA
• 14. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Codes for a single protein DNA Gene Chromosome Chromatin
• 15. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt The codon read using the genetic code to determine the amino acid is found in  DNA mRNA tRNA rRNA
• 16. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt The molecule that transports the amino acid to the ribosome is called the DNA mRNA tRNA rRNA
• 19. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt Which is the mRNA molecule that would be transcribed from this DNA template: TGGCAAGTACGT ACCGTTCATGCA UGGCAAGUACGU UCCGUUCUUGCU ACCGUUCAUGCA
• 20. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt What would be the tRNA anticodon for the mRNA codon CAG? GTC GUC CUG CAG
• 22. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt A change in one of the nucleotides of DNA results in translation mutation transcription replication
• 23. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt What type of mutation is represented in the second strand of DNA? TACGGCACT TACGGAACT Deletion Insertion Substitution No mutation
• 24. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt What type of mutation is represented in the second strand of DNA? TACGGCACT TACGGACT Deletion Insertion Substitution No mutation
• 25. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt What type of mutation is represented in the second strand of DNA? TACGGCACT TACGGCCACT Deletion Insertion Substitution No mutation
• 26. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt What type of mutation is represented in the second strand of DNA? TACGGCACT TACGGCACT Deletion Insertion Substitution No mutation

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