research papers on google scholar

Reference management. Clean and simple.

Google Scholar: the ultimate guide

What is Google Scholar?

Why is google scholar better than google for finding research papers, the google scholar search results page, the first two lines: core bibliographic information, quick full text-access options, "cited by" count and other useful links, tips for searching google scholar, 1. google scholar searches are not case sensitive, 2. use keywords instead of full sentences, 3. use quotes to search for an exact match, 3. add the year to the search phrase to get articles published in a particular year, 4. use the side bar controls to adjust your search result, 5. use boolean operator to better control your searches, google scholar advanced search interface, customizing search preferences and options, using the "my library" feature in google scholar, the scope and limitations of google scholar, alternatives to google scholar, country-specific google scholar sites, frequently asked questions about google scholar, related articles.

Google Scholar (GS) is a free academic search engine that can be thought of as the academic version of Google. Rather than searching all of the indexed information on the web, it searches repositories of:

• universities
• scholarly websites

This is generally a smaller subset of the pool that Google searches. It's all done automatically, but most of the search results tend to be reliable scholarly sources.

However, Google is typically less careful about what it includes in search results than more curated, subscription-based academic databases like Scopus and Web of Science . As a result, it is important to take some time to assess the credibility of the resources linked through Google Scholar.

➡️ Take a look at our guide on the best academic databases .

One advantage of using Google Scholar is that the interface is comforting and familiar to anyone who uses Google. This lowers the learning curve of finding scholarly information .

There are a number of useful differences from a regular Google search. Google Scholar allows you to:

• copy a formatted citation in different styles including MLA and APA
• export bibliographic data (BibTeX, RIS) to use with reference management software
• explore other works have cited the listed work
• easily find full text versions of the article

Although it is free to search in Google Scholar, most of the content is not freely available. Google does its best to find copies of restricted articles in public repositories. If you are at an academic or research institution, you can also set up a library connection that allows you to see items that are available through your institution.

The Google Scholar results page differs from the Google results page in a few key ways. The search result page is, however, different and it is worth being familiar with the different pieces of information that are shown. Let's have a look at the results for the search term "machine learning.”

• The first line of each result provides the title of the document (e.g. of an article, book, chapter, or report).
• The second line provides the bibliographic information about the document, in order: the author(s), the journal or book it appears in, the year of publication, and the publisher.

Clicking on the title link will bring you to the publisher’s page where you may be able to access more information about the document. This includes the abstract and options to download the PDF.

To the far right of the entry are more direct options for obtaining the full text of the document. In this example, Google has also located a publicly available PDF of the document hosted at umich.edu . Note, that it's not guaranteed that it is the version of the article that was finally published in the journal.

Below the text snippet/abstract you can find a number of useful links.

• Cited by : the cited by link will show other articles that have cited this resource. That is a super useful feature that can help you in many ways. First, it is a good way to track the more recent research that has referenced this article, and second the fact that other researches cited this document lends greater credibility to it. But be aware that there is a lag in publication type. Therefore, an article published in 2017 will not have an extensive number of cited by results. It takes a minimum of 6 months for most articles to get published, so even if an article was using the source, the more recent article has not been published yet.
• Versions : this link will display other versions of the article or other databases where the article may be found, some of which may offer free access to the article.
• Quotation mark icon : this will display a popup with commonly used citation formats such as MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and Vancouver that may be copied and pasted. Note, however, that the Google Scholar citation data is sometimes incomplete and so it is often a good idea to check this data at the source. The "cite" popup also includes links for exporting the citation data as BibTeX or RIS files that any major reference manager can import.

Pro tip: Use a reference manager like Paperpile to keep track of all your sources. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular academic research engines and databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons and later cite them in thousands of citation styles:

Although Google Scholar limits each search to a maximum of 1,000 results , it's still too much to explore, and you need an effective way of locating the relevant articles. Here’s a list of pro tips that will help you save time and search more effectively.

You don’t need to worry about case sensitivity when you’re using Google scholar. In other words, a search for "Machine Learning" will produce the same results as a search for "machine learning.”

Let's say your research topic is about self driving cars. For a regular Google search we might enter something like " what is the current state of the technology used for self driving cars ". In Google Scholar, you will see less than ideal results for this query .

The trick is to build a list of keywords and perform searches for them like self-driving cars, autonomous vehicles, or driverless cars. Google Scholar will assist you on that: if you start typing in the search field you will see related queries suggested by Scholar!

If you put your search phrase into quotes you can search for exact matches of that phrase in the title and the body text of the document. Without quotes, Google Scholar will treat each word separately.

This means that if you search national parks , the words will not necessarily appear together. Grouped words and exact phrases should be enclosed in quotation marks.

A search using “self-driving cars 2015,” for example, will return articles or books published in 2015.

Using the options in the left hand panel you can further restrict the search results by limiting the years covered by the search, the inclusion or exclude of patents, and you can sort the results by relevance or by date.

Searches are not case sensitive, however, there are a number of Boolean operators you can use to control the search and these must be capitalized.

• AND requires both of the words or phrases on either side to be somewhere in the record.
• NOT can be placed in front of a word or phrases to exclude results which include them.
• OR will give equal weight to results which match just one of the words or phrases on either side.

➡️ Read more about how to efficiently search online databases for academic research .

In case you got overwhelmed by the above options, here’s some illustrative examples:

Tip: Use the advanced search features in Google Scholar to narrow down your search results.

You can gain even more fine-grained control over your search by using the advanced search feature. This feature is available by clicking on the hamburger menu in the upper left and selecting the "Advanced search" menu item.

Adjusting the Google Scholar settings is not necessary for getting good results, but offers some additional customization, including the ability to enable the above-mentioned library integrations.

The settings menu is found in the hamburger menu located in the top left of the Google Scholar page. The settings are divided into five sections:

• Collections to search: by default Google scholar searches articles and includes patents, but this default can be changed if you are not interested in patents or if you wish to search case law instead.
• Bibliographic manager: you can export relevant citation data via the “Bibliography manager” subsection.
• Languages: if you wish for results to return only articles written in a specific subset of languages, you can define that here.
• Library links: as noted, Google Scholar allows you to get the Full Text of articles through your institution’s subscriptions, where available. Search for, and add, your institution here to have the relevant link included in your search results.
• Button: the Scholar Button is a Chrome extension which adds a dropdown search box to your toolbar. This allows you to search Google Scholar from any website. Moreover, if you have any text selected on the page and then click the button it will display results from a search on those words when clicked.

When signed in, Google Scholar adds some simple tools for keeping track of and organizing the articles you find. These can be useful if you are not using a full academic reference manager.

All the search results include a “save” button at the end of the bottom row of links, clicking this will add it to your "My Library".

To help you provide some structure, you can create and apply labels to the items in your library. Appended labels will appear at the end of the article titles. For example, the following article has been assigned a “RNA” label:

Within your Google Scholar library, you can also edit the metadata associated with titles. This will often be necessary as Google Scholar citation data is often faulty.

There is no official statement about how big the Scholar search index is, but unofficial estimates are in the range of about 160 million , and it is supposed to continue to grow by several million each year.

Yet, Google Scholar does not return all resources that you may get in search at you local library catalog. For example, a library database could return podcasts, videos, articles, statistics, or special collections. For now, Google Scholar has only the following publication types:

• Journal articles : articles published in journals. It's a mixture of articles from peer reviewed journals, predatory journals and pre-print archives.
• Books : links to the Google limited version of the text, when possible.
• Book chapters : chapters within a book, sometimes they are also electronically available.
• Book reviews : reviews of books, but it is not always apparent that it is a review from the search result.
• Conference proceedings : papers written as part of a conference, typically used as part of presentation at the conference.
• Court opinions .
• Patents : Google Scholar only searches patents if the option is selected in the search settings described above.

The information in Google Scholar is not cataloged by professionals. The quality of the metadata will depend heavily on the source that Google Scholar is pulling the information from. This is a much different process to how information is collected and indexed in scholarly databases such as Scopus or Web of Science .

➡️ Visit our list of the best academic databases .

Google Scholar is by far the most frequently used academic search engine , but it is not the only one. Other academic search engines include:

• Science.gov
• Semantic Scholar
• scholar.google.fr : Sur les épaules d'un géant
• scholar.google.es (Google Académico): A hombros de gigantes
• scholar.google.pt (Google Académico): Sobre os ombros de gigantes
• scholar.google.de : Auf den Schultern von Riesen

➡️ Once you’ve found some research, it’s time to read it. Take a look at our guide on how to read a scientific paper .

No. Google Scholar is a bibliographic search engine rather than a bibliographic database. In order to qualify as a database Google Scholar would need to have stable identifiers for its records.

No. Google Scholar is an academic search engine, but the records found in Google Scholar are scholarly sources.

No. Google Scholar collects research papers from all over the web, including grey literature and non-peer reviewed papers and reports.

Google Scholar does not provide any full text content itself, but links to the full text article on the publisher page, which can either be open access or paywalled content. Google Scholar tries to provide links to free versions, when possible.

The easiest way to access Google scholar is by using The Google Scholar Button. This is a browser extension that allows you easily access Google Scholar from any web page. You can install it from the Chrome Webstore .

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Google Scholar Search Strategies

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Using Google Scholar for Research

Google Scholar is a powerful tool for researchers and students alike to access peer-reviewed papers. With Scholar, you are able to not only search for an article, author or journal of interest, you can also save and organize these articles, create email alerts, export citations and more. Below you will find some basic search tips that will prove useful.

This page also includes information on Google Scholar Library - a resource that allows you to save, organize and manage citations - as well as information on citing a paper on Google Scholar.

Search Tips

• Locate Full Text
• Sort by Date
• Related Articles
• Court Opinions
• Email Alerts
• Advanced Search

Abstracts are freely available for most of the articles and UMass Lowell holds many subscriptions to journals and online resources. The first step is make sure you are affiliated with the UML Library on and off campus by Managing your Settings, under Library Links. 

When searching in Google Scholar here are a few things to try to get full text:

• click a library link, e.g., "Full-text @ UML Library", to the right of the search result;
• click a link labeled [PDF] to the right of the search result;
• click "All versions" under the search result and check out the alternative sources;
• click "More" under the search result to see if there's an option for full-text;
• click "Related articles" or "Cited by" under the search result to explore similar articles.

Your search results are normally sorted by relevance, not by date. To find newer articles, try the following options in the left sidebar:

• click "Sort by date" to show just the new additions, sorted by date;  If you use this feature a lot, you may also find it useful to setup email alerts to have new results automatically sent to you.
• click the envelope icon to have new results periodically delivered by email.

Note: On smaller screens that don't show the sidebar, these options are available in the dropdown menu labeled "Any time" right below the search button .

The Related Articles option under the search result can be a useful tool when performing research on a specific topic. 

After clicking you will see articles from the same authors and with the same keywords.

You can select the jurisdiction from either the search results page or the home page as well; simply click "select courts". You can also refine your search by state courts or federal courts. 

To quickly search a frequently used selection of courts, bookmark a search results page with the desired selection. 

 How do I sign up for email alerts?

Do a search for the topic of interest, e.g., "M Theory"; click the envelope icon in the sidebar of the search  results page; enter your email address, and click " Create alert ". Google will periodically email you newly published papers that match your search criteria. You can use any email address for this; it does not need to be a Google Account. 

If you want to get alerts from new articles published in a specific journal; type in the name of this journal in the search bar and create an alert like you would a keyword. 

How do I get notified of new papers published by my colleagues, advisors or professors?

First, do a search for your their name, and see if they have a Citations profile. If they do, click on it, and click the "Follow new articles" link in the right sidebar under the search box.

If they don't have a profile, do a search by author, e.g., [author:s-hawking], and click on the mighty envelope in the left sidebar of the search results page. If you find that several different people share the same name, you may need to add co-author names or topical keywords to limit results to the author you wish to follow.

How do I change my alerts?

If you created alerts using a Google account, you can manage them all on the "Alerts" page . 

From here you can create, edit or delete alerts. Select cancel under the actions column to unsubscribe from an alert. 

This will pop-open the advanced search menu

Here you can search specific words/phrases as well as for author, title and journal. You can also limit your search results by date.

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Stand on the shoulders of giants

Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. From one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions, from academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities and other web sites. Google Scholar helps you find relevant work across the world of scholarly research.

How are documents ranked?

Google Scholar aims to rank documents the way researchers do, weighing the full text of each document, where it was published, who it was written by, as well as how often and how recently it has been cited in other scholarly literature.

Features of Google Scholar

• Search all scholarly literature from one convenient place
• Explore related works, citations, authors, and publications
• Locate the complete document through your library or on the web
• Keep up with recent developments in any area of research
• Check who's citing your publications, create a public author profile

Disclaimer: Legal opinions in Google Scholar are provided for informational purposes only and should not be relied on as a substitute for legal advice from a licensed lawyer. Google does not warrant that the information is complete or accurate.

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How to Use Google Scholar for Research: A Complete Guide

To remain competitive, Research and Development (R&D) teams must utilize all of the resources available to them. Google Scholar can be a powerful asset for R&D professionals who are looking to quickly find relevant sources related to their project.  With its sophisticated search engine capabilities, advanced filtering options, and alert notifications, using Google Scholar for research allows teams to easily locate reliable information in an efficient manner. Want to learn how to use google scholar for research? This blog post will cover how to use google scholar for research, how R&D professionals can exploit the potential of Google Scholar to uncover novel discoveries related to their projects, as well as remain apprised of advancements in their area.

Table of Contents

What is Google Scholar?

Overview of google scholar, searching with google scholar, finding relevant sources with google scholar, exploring related topics, evaluating sources found on google scholar, staying up to date with google scholar alerts, faqs in relation to how to use google scholar for research, how do i use google scholar for research, can you use google scholar for research papers, why is it important to use google scholar for research, are google scholar articles credible.

Google Scholar is a powerful research platform that enables users to quickly find, access, and evaluate scholarly information. It provides easy access to academic literature from all disciplines, including books, journal articles, conference papers, and more. Google Scholar offers researchers a wide range of tools for searching the web for the relevant content as well as ways to keep up with new developments in their field.

Google Scholar i s an online search engine designed specifically for finding scholarly literature on the internet. Google Scholar provides access to a vast array of scholarly literature from renowned universities and publishers around the world, simplifying the process of locating relevant material on any subject. In addition to its comprehensive indexing capabilities, Google Scholar also includes advanced search features such as citation tracking and alert notifications when new results are published in your chosen areas of interest.

The platform makes it a breeze for users to traverse multiple facets of a given topic by providing them with an array of different filters they can apply when conducting searches – these include things such as author name or publication date range; language; type (e.g., book chapter vs journal article); source material (e.g., open access only); etc Moreover, many results found through this platform come equipped with full-text PDFs available for download – so you don’t have to worry about pesky paywalls blocking your path while doing research.

Google Scholar is an invaluable resource for research and development teams, offering quick access to a wealth of scholarly information. Utilizing the proper search approaches, you can quickly locate precisely what you need by employing Google Scholar. Let’s look now at how to refine your results with advanced search techniques.

Key Takeaway:  Google Scholar is a powerful research platform that gives researchers an array of tools to quickly locate, access and evaluate scholarly information. It provides users with advanced search features such as citation tracking and alert notifications, along with easy-to-apply filters for narrowing down results by author name or publication date range – making it the go-to tool for any researcher looking to cut through the noise.

Exploring with Google Scholar can be a useful approach to quickly locate applicable scholarly material. There are several different strategies that can be used to get the most out of this powerful tool.

Basic google scholar search strategies involve entering a few keywords or phrases into the search bar and then refining your results using filters, sorting options, and related topics. This method is ideal for those who require a rapid search of information without needing to expend an excessive amount of time researching exact terms, especially for those unfamiliar with searching databases such as Google Scholar. It’s also useful for those who don’t have a lot of experience in searching databases like Google Scholar. 

Advanced search strategies allow users to take advantage of more sophisticated features such as Boolean operators , wildcards, and phrase searches. These tools make it easier to narrow down results by specifying exactly what you’re looking for or excluding irrelevant sources from your search results. Advanced searchers should also pay attention to synonyms when crafting their queries since these can help broaden the scope of their searches while still providing relevant results.

Finally, refining your results is key in order to ensure that you only see sources that are truly relevant and authoritative on the topic at hand. Filters such as date range, publication type, language, author name, etc., can help refine your query so that only high-quality sources appear in your list of results. Sorting options provide users with the ability to prioritize documents, enabling them to quickly locate relevant materials without needing to review a large number of irrelevant ones. 

Utilizing Google Scholar can be advantageous for swiftly finding pertinent research materials, but it is essential to comprehend the search strategies and filters at hand in order to maximize your searches. By understanding how to identify keywords and phrases, explore related topics, and utilize sorting options and filters, you can ensure that you are finding all of the relevant sources for your research project. 

Key Takeaway:  Google Scholar is a great tool for quickly locating relevant research sources. Advanced searchers can make use of Boolean operators, wildcards and phrase searches to narrow down their results while basic search strategies such as entering keywords into the search bar work just fine too. Additionally, refining your results with filters and sorting options helps ensure that you only see high-quality sources related to your topic at hand.

Locating applicable materials via Google Scholar can be a challenging endeavor, particularly for those unfamiliar with the research process. To facilitate the research process, employing various strategies can expedite and refine the search for relevant sources through Google Scholar. 

Making use of keywords and phrases is a powerful method for finding pertinent sources on Google Scholar. It is important to identify key terms related to your topic or research question so you can narrow down the results. Additionally, using quotation marks around multiple words will allow you to get more precise results as it searches for exact matches instead of individual words within a phrase.

Exploring related topics helps provide additional context when researching on Google Scholar. This includes looking at previous studies conducted on similar topics or areas of interest, which provides further insight into potential sources available from other researchers’ work in the field. Utilizing tools such as co-citation analysis also allows users to explore how different authors have been cited together over time by providing visualizations based on their connections and relationships with each other through citations.

Utilizing filters and sorting options such as language, date range, publication type, etc., enables users to refine their search even further so they only receive results that match their specific criteria. Sorting options like relevance ranking or date published also make it easier for them to find what they need without having to sift through hundreds of irrelevant documents manually. By utilizing these features effectively, researchers can save valuable time when searching for relevant sources in Google Scholar since all the information they need will already be organized accordingly right away, saving them an hour’s worth of manual labor.

By utilizing Google Scholar, research teams can quickly and easily find relevant sources for their projects. With the next heading, we will explore how to evaluate these sources for credibility and authority.

Key Takeaway:  Utilizing the right keywords and phrases, exploring related topics, and utilizing filters are essential techniques for finding relevant sources quickly with Google Scholar. By taking advantage of the available features, you can swiftly and accurately pinpoint documents that meet your criteria.

To assess the reliability and authority of each source, consider factors such as the publication’s reputation, author credentials in the field, and when it was published. To do this, look for publications from reputable journals or authors with credentials in the field. Furthermore, consider when the source was issued – more modern pieces may be more pertinent and exact than older ones.

It is advantageous to be aware of the distinct kinds of publications that can appear in search results, such as scholarly articles, books, conference papers, and dissertations; each offering various degrees of precision and accuracy depending on their intent and target audience. 

For example, a book chapter may provide an overview of a topic while a peer-reviewed journal article will contain more detailed information backed up by research evidence. Similarly, conference papers are typically shorter summaries of research projects whereas dissertations offer comprehensive coverage including methodology and analysis results. Understanding these differences helps you identify which sources are most suitable for your needs when conducting research using Google Scholar.

Evaluating sources found on Google Scholar is an important step to ensure the credibility and accuracy of research results. By setting up alerts with Google Scholar, you can stay informed about new research findings and manage your subscriptions accordingly.

Maximize your research efforts with Google Scholar. Assess credibility & authority, pay attention to the date of publication & understand different types of publications. #ResearchTips #GoogleScholar Click to Tweet

Google Scholar is an invaluable tool for staying up to date with the latest research in your field. With its alert feature, you can easily set up notifications so that you’re always on top of new developments. Setting up alerts and managing them effectively will help ensure that you never miss a beat when it comes to relevant information.

Begin your research by utilizing Google Scholar’s sophisticated search features such as keyword and phrase searches, sorting results according to relevance or date of publication, and excluding unrelated sources. Once you’ve identified the most pertinent topics related to your research interests, set up alerts for each one by clicking on the bell icon in the upper right corner of the page. This will allow Google Scholar to send notifications whenever new content is published about those specific topics.

When setting up alerts in Google Scholar, make sure that they are tailored specifically toward what matters most to you – this could include certain authors or journals whose work has particular relevance to your own research projects. You can also adjust how often these alerts are sent (daily or weekly) depending on how frequently new material is being published within those fields of study. Additionally, if there are any other sources outside of Google Scholar which may contain useful information (such as blogs), consider adding their RSS feeds into your alert system too so that all relevant updates appear in one place.

Finally, don’t forget to manage existing alerts regularly; this means keeping track of which ones are still relevant and deleting any no longer needed from time to time (this helps keep clutter down). Additionally, try experimenting with different combinations/filters within each alert until you find what works best for keeping yourself informed without getting overwhelmed with notifications.

Key Takeaway:  Utilize Google Scholar to stay up-to-date on the latest research in your field – create tailored alerts for specific topics and authors, adjust frequency of notifications as needed, and manage existing alerts regularly. Stay ahead of the curve by gathering all pertinent news in one location.

Google Scholar is a great tool for conducting research. It provides access to millions of scholarly articles, books, and other sources from across the web. Google scholar works by entering keywords related to your topic into the search bar at the top of the page to quickly locate relevant scholarly articles, books, and other sources from across the web. Then narrow down your results using filters such as date range or publication type.

Finally, skim through the abstracts and full texts to pinpoint useful information for your research project.

Yes, Google Scholar is a great resource for research papers. It offers access to an extensive range of scholarly literature from journals, books, and conference proceedings. The search engine provides a convenient way to locate the most recent research in any area by entering keywords or phrases.

Advanced capabilities, such as citation monitoring, can be utilized to track the latest citations of one’s own or others’ work.

Google Scholar is an invaluable tool for research, as it provides access to a vast range of scholarly literature from around the world. It allows researchers to quickly and easily search through millions of publications and journals in order to find relevant information.

Google Scholar also offers the ability to trace connections between different works, allowing researchers to stay abreast of recent developments in their field. With its user-friendly interface, Google Scholar makes researching easier than ever before.

Yes, Google Scholar articles are credible. They provide access to a wide range of academic literature from reliable sources such as peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. Expert scrutiny has been conducted to guarantee the accuracy and excellence of the articles before they are put up on Google Scholar. Additionally, each article includes information about its authorship and citation count which can help readers assess their credibility further.

Google Scholar provides a convenient way to uncover pertinent material, assess the quality of these sources with ease, and be informed about novel advancements in your area through notifications.  Thus, R&D supervisors should know how to use google scholar for research. Also, R&D supervisors considering utilizing Google Scholar for investigation ought to recall that this apparatus should not supplant customary techniques, for example, peer survey or manual searching; rather it should supplement them.

With its powerful search capabilities and ability to keep researchers informed about their fields of interest, using Google Scholar for research can save time while providing more accurate results than ever before.

Unlock the power of research with Cypris . Our platform provides rapid time to insights, enabling R&D and innovation teams to quickly access data sources for their projects.

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A Scholar's Guide to Google

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Using Google Scholar

Google Scholar is a special version of Google specially designed for searching scholarly literature. It covers peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports from all broad areas of research.

A Harvard ID and PIN are required for Google Scholar in order to access the full text of books, journal articles, etc. provided by licensed resources to which Harvard subscribes. Indviduals outside of Harvard may access Google Scholar directly at http://scholar.google.com/ , but they will not have access to the full text of articles provided by Harvard Library E-Resources .

Browsing Search Results

The following screenshots illustrate some of the features that accompany individual records in Google Scholar's results lists.

Find It@Harvard – Locates an electronic version of the work (when available) through Harvard's subscription library resources. If no electronic full text is available, a link to the appropriate HOLLIS Catalog record is provided for alternative formats.

Group of – Finds other articles included in this group of scholarly works, possibly preliminary, which you may be able to access. Examples include preprints, abstracts, conference papers or other adaptations.

Cited By – Identifies other papers that have cited articles in the group.

Related Articles - The list of related articles is ranked primarily by how similar these articles are to the original result, but also takes into account the relevance of each paper. Finding sets of related papers and books is often a great way for novices to get acquainted with a topic.

Cached - The "Cached" link is the snapshot that Google took of the page when they crawled the web. The page may have changed since that time and the cached page may reference images which are no longer available.

Web Search – Searches for information on the Web about this work using the Google search engine.

BL Direct – Purchase the full text of the article through the British Library. Once transferred into BL Direct, users can also link to the full collection of The British Library document supply content. Prices for the service are expressed in British pounds. Abstracts for some documents are provided.

The Advanced Search feature in Google Scholar allows researchers to limit their query to particular authors, publications, dates, and subject areas.  

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Research Basics: Find Articles Using Google Scholar

• Understanding the Assignment
• Choosing a Research Topic
• Refining a Research Topic
• Developing a Research Question
• Deciding What Types of Sources You Will Need
• Types of Sources
• Search Techniques
• Find Books & eBooks This link opens in a new window
• Choose a Database / Find Articles
• Find Articles Using the EBSCO Articles tab
• Find Journals
• Find Websites using Google
• Find Articles Using Google Scholar
• Find Government Documents This link opens in a new window
• Find Statistics This link opens in a new window
• Interlibrary Loan This link opens in a new window
• How to evaluate your sources This link opens in a new window
• Primary vs. Secondary Sources This link opens in a new window
• Popular vs. Scholary This link opens in a new window
• Wheel of Sources
• Incorporate Sources into Your Research Paper
• Paraphrasing
• Voice Markers
• Using Source Material to Develop/Support an Argument
• Reasons to Cite Your Sources
• Citation & Style Guides This link opens in a new window
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Connect Google Scholar to the BenU Library's Collection

1. starting in google scholar, choose settings..

2. Choose Library Links. Search “Benedictine” and check the boxes. Search "Worldcat" and check the box. Click Save.

You're done! Now when you search in Google Scholar, your results page will include BenU Library links along the right.

Search Google Scholar

Google Scholar promotes itself as a resource that provides one-stop shopping for scholarly literature. It searches across many disciplines and covers a wide variety of resources, including journal articles, theses, books, abstracts, and more. Although Google Scholar is aimed at the academic community, it uses a very broad definition of "scholarly literature." 

It is important to realize that not everything in Google Scholar is peer reviewed.

Try a search:

Tutorial: Using Google Scholar

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Google Scholar reveals its most influential papers for 2020

Artificial intelligence papers amass citations more than any other research topic.

Chinese Go player Ke Jie (L) attends a press conference after his second match against Google's artificial intelligence programme AlphaGo on day two of Future of Go Summit in Wuzhen on May 25, 2017 in Jiangxi, Zhejiang Province of China. Credit: VCG / Contributor / Getty

13 July 2020

VCG / Contributor / Getty

Chinese Go player Ke Jie (L) attends a press conference after his second match against Google's artificial intelligence programme AlphaGo on day two of Future of Go Summit in Wuzhen on May 25, 2017 in Jiangxi, Zhejiang Province of China.

Google Scholar has released its annual ranking of most highly cited publications. Artificial intelligence (AI) research dominates once again , accumulating huge numbers of citations over the past year.

Computer vision research in particular attracts a high number citations over a short period of time. Many of the most highly cited papers in this ranking are centred on object detection and image recognition – research that is crucial for technologies such as self-driving cars and surveillance.

The high citations numbers for AI-related papers mirror the increasing importance governments around the world are placing on the technologies they underpin.

In February , the United States government announced its commitment to double research and development spending in non-defense AI and quantum information science by 2022.

In April, the European Commission announced that it is increasing its annual investments in AI by 70% under the research and innovation programme, Horizon 2020.

Google Scholar is the largest database in the world of its kind, tracking citation information for almost 400 million academic papers and other scholarly literature.

The 2020 Google Scholar Metrics ranking , which is freely accessible online, tracks papers published between 2015 and 2019, and includes citations from all articles that were indexed in Google Scholar as of June 2020.

The most highly-cited paper of all, "Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition", published in Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition , was written by a team from Microsoft in 2016. It has made a huge leap from 25,256 citations in 2019 to 49,301 citations in 2020.

“Deep learning”, a seminal review of the potential of AI technologies that was published in Nature in 2015, has had an increase in citations from 16,750 in 2019 to 27,375 in 2020.

It is the most highly-cited paper in the listing Nature , which is ranked by Google Scholar as the most influential journal , based on a measure called the h5-index, which is the h-index for articles published in the last five years .

Three of the top five papers listed by Google Scholar for Nature are related to AI. Two are genetics papers. Citations counts for the AI papers are significantly higher.

For example, the AI paper, "Deep learning", with the highest number of citations for Nature , has 27,375. The paper, “Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans”, is the highest ranked non-AI-related paper published in Nature , and has 6,387 citations.

Of the 100 top-ranked journals in 2020, six are AI conference publications. Their papers tend to amass citations much faster than papers in influential journals such as The New England Journal of Medicine , Nature , and Science .

Such rapid accumulation of citations may be in part explained by the fact that at these annual conferences that can attract thousands of attendees from around the world, new software, which is often open source, is shared and later built upon by the community.

Below is our 2020 selection of Google Scholar’s most highly-cited articles published by the world's most influential journals.

See our 2019 coverage for a selection that includes the high-performers mentioned above.

1. “ Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization ” (2015) International Conference on Learning Representations 47,774 citations

Adam is a popular optimization algorithm for deep learning – a subset of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks inspired by the human brain to imitate how the brain develops certain types of knowledge.

Adam was introduced in this paper at the 2014 International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) by Diederik P. Kingma, today a machine learning researcher at Google, and Jimmy Ba from the Machine Learning Group at the University of Toronto, Canada. Adam has since been widely used in deep learning applications in computer vision and natural language processing

The ICLR, one of the most prestigious conferences on machine learning, is an important platform for researchers whose papers are accepted. In May 2020, the conference drew 5,600 participants from nearly 90 countries to its virtual sessions – more than double the turnout in 2019 , at 2,700 physical attendees.

2. “ Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks ” (2015) Neural Information Processing Systems 19,507 citations

Presented at the 2015 Neural Information Processing Systems annual meeting in Canada, this paper describes what has now become the most widely-used version of an object detection algorithm called R-CNN .

Object detection is a major part of computer vision research, used to identify objects such as humans, cars, and buildings in images and videos.

The lead author, Shaoqing Ren, is also a co-author on Google’s most-cited paper for 2020, "Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition", which has amassed almost 50,000 citations. Read more about it here .

That paper was co-authored by Ross Girshick, one of the invertors of R-CNN and now a research scientist at Facebook AI.

In the same week that “Faster R-CNN” was presented by Ren and his colleagues, Girshick presented a paper on “Fast R-CNN”, another version of R-CNN, at a different conference. That paper, presented at the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision in Chile, has amassed more than 10,000 citations .

3. “ Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning ” (2015) Nature 10,394 Citations

After “Deep learning” (mentioned above), which is Nature ’s most highly cited paper in the Google Scholar Metrics ranking, this paper is the journal’s second-most cited paper for 2020.

It centres on reinforcement learning – how machine learning models are trained to make a series of decisions by interacting with their environments.

The paper was authored by a team from Google DeepMind, a London-based organization acquired by Google in 2014 that has developed AI technologies for the diagnosis of eye diseases, energy conservation, and to predict the complex 3D structures of proteins.

4. “ Attention Is All You Need ” (2017) Neural Information Processing Systems 9,885 citations

Authored by researchers at Google Brain and Google Research, this paper proposed a new deep learning model called the Transformer.

Designed to process sequential data such as natural language, Transformer is used by translation, text summarization, and voice recognition technologies, and other applications that use sequence analysis such as DNA, RNA, and peptide sequencing. It’s been used, for example, to generate entire Wikipedia articles .

Earlier this year, researchers at Google predicted that Transformer could be used for applications beyond text, including to generate music and images.

The paper was part of the proceedings from the 2017 Neural Information Processing Systems conference held in Long Beach, California.

5. “ The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) ” (2016) JAMA 8,576 citations

The first formal revision of the definitions of sepsis and septic shock in 15 years, this paper describes a condition that’s estimated to affect more than 30 million people worldwide every year.

Led by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and the Society of Critical Care Medicine, the study convened a task force of 19 critical care, infectious disease, surgical, and pulmonary specialists in 2014 to provide a more consistent and reproducible picture of sepsis incidence and patient outcomes.

The paper, led by Mervyn Singer, professor of intensive care medicine at University College London, is by far the most highly cited paper in JAMA . The second-most highly cited paper , on opioids, has 3,679 citations, according to Google Scholar.

6. “ limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies ” (2015) Nucleic Acids Research 8,328 citations

limma is a widely used, open source analysis tool for gene expression experiments, and has been available for more than a decade. A large part of its appeal is the ease at which new functionality and refinements can be added as new applications arise.

This paper, led by Matthew Ritchie from the Molecular Medicine Division of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne, Australia, is presented as a review of the “philosophy and design” of the limma package, looking at its recent and historical features and enhancements.

The journal, Nucleic Acids Research , while ranked outside the top 10 of Google Scholar’s most influential journals , has more papers with 3,000+ citations each than The Lancet (ranked 4th).

7. “ Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search ” (2016) Nature 8,209 citations

Viewed as one of the most challenging classic games to master, Go is a 2,500-year-old game that will put any player – living or otherwise – through their paces.

In 2016, a computer program called AlphaGo defeated the world Go champion, Lee Sedo , in what would be hailed as a major milestone for AI technology. AlphaGo was the brainchild of computer scientist David Silver when he was a PhD student at the University of Alberta in Canada.

This paper, co-led by David Silver and Aja Huang, today both research scientists at Google DeepMind, describes the technology that underpins AlphaGo. It is the third-most highly cited in Nature , according to Google Scholar.

In 2017, the team introduced AlphaGo Zero , which improves on previous iterations by using a single neural network , rather than two, to evaluate which sequence of moves is the most likely to win. That paper is the eighth-most cited in Nature .

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Full-Text Articles: Articles at Google Scholar

Google scholar.

Find scholarly content on the web with Google Scholar. It's useful for conducting comprehensive literature reviews beyond Walden Library.

Learn more from this guide:

• Google Scholar by Jon Allinder Last Updated Sep 2, 2024 19690 views this year

Find an article at Google Scholar

If Walden doesn't have an article you want, check Google Scholar. You may find a free copy online.

If there is no link on the right:

• Click the article title. Though rare, you may get it free from the publisher. You might also see how much it costs if you're interested in buying it.
• Try searching regular Google .
• Buy the article.
• Use the Document Delivery Service . Remember, it can take 7-10 business days to get an article from DDS.

Connect Google Scholar to the Walden Library

Option 1: search using google scholar pre-connected to the walden library.

Access Google Scholar directly through the Library's website to use a pre-connected version .

Option 2: Manually connect Google Scholar to Walden Library

Follow these steps to manually link Google Scholar to the Walden Library collection:

• Go to Google Scholar  (scholar.google.com). 

• In the search box, type in  Walden  and click the Search  button.

• Click  Save. Google Scholar will remember this setting until you clear your browser cookies .  Now when you search Google Scholar, you will see Find @ Walden links to the right of articles available in the Library.

• When you click on  Find @ Walden  you will be asked to login with your Walden username and password.
• You may see a list of databases that contain the article; you will need to click on one of these database links to be taken to the article.
• Pay attention to the years listed by the database links, as databases may have different publication years available.  Click on the database you want to try and it should take you to the article.
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Publications

Google publishes hundreds of research papers each year. Publishing is important to us; it enables us to collaborate and share ideas with, as well as learn from, the broader scientific community. Submissions are often made stronger by the fact that ideas have been tested through real product implementation by the time of publication.

We believe the formal structures of publishing today are changing - in computer science especially, there are multiple ways of disseminating information.  We encourage publication both in conventional scientific venues, and through other venues such as industry forums, standards bodies, and open source software and product feature releases.

Open Source

We understand the value of a collaborative ecosystem and love open source software .

Product and Feature Launches

With every launch, we're publishing progress and pushing functionality.

Industry Standards

Our researchers are often helping to define not just today's products but also tomorrow's.

"Resources" doesn't just mean tangible assets but also intellectual. Incredible datasets and a great team of colleagues foster a rich and collaborative research environment.

Couple big challenges with big resources and Google offers unprecedented research opportunities.

22 Research Areas

• Algorithms and Theory 608 Publications
• Data Management 116 Publications
• Data Mining and Modeling 214 Publications
• Distributed Systems and Parallel Computing 208 Publications
• Economics and Electronic Commerce 209 Publications
• Education Innovation 30 Publications
• General Science 158 Publications
• Hardware and Architecture 67 Publications
• Human-Computer Interaction and Visualization 444 Publications
• Information Retrieval and the Web 213 Publications
• Machine Intelligence 1019 Publications
• Machine Perception 454 Publications
• Machine Translation 48 Publications
• Mobile Systems 72 Publications
• Natural Language Processing 395 Publications
• Networking 210 Publications
• Quantum A.I. 30 Publications
• Robotics 37 Publications
• Security, Privacy and Abuse Prevention 289 Publications
• Software Engineering 100 Publications
• Software Systems 250 Publications
• Speech Processing 264 Publications

3 Collections

• Google AI Residency 60 Publications
• Google Brain Team 305 Publications
• Data Infrastructure and Analysis 10 Publications

• Library Homepage

A-Z Databases

Use this list to find databases for your research.

• Databases labeled with a lock icon (UCSB Only) are paid subscription resources that are subject to copyright and licensing terms . 
• Current UCSB students, faculty, and staff can access these resources from off campus using the proxy server or campus VPN . 
• Public users can access most databases from public computers in the library.
• If you do not find full text after searching in a database, look for the “Get it at UC” button.  It will either link you to full text or give you request options.

Google Scholar

• Google Scholar Basics

Advanced Scholar Search

Accessing the advanced scholar search menu, advanced search features.

• Results Page

Much of the time, a simple keyword search will help you find what you need. However, there are times when you may want to have more control over what your search does. You may want to control the publication date, search for results by a particular author or in a particular journal, give synonyms, or remove unwanted results. When you need to do this, the Advanced Scholar Search menu can help. 

• In the upper left corner of the page, press the button made of three horizontal lines to open a new menu. 
• Advanced Search should be the second to last option in the newly-opened menu. 

The Advanced Scholar Search menu has eight ways of searching, organized into three broad sections. You are able to mix and match these different search options together.

All / Exact Phrase / At Least One / Without

Helps you control the search words you are searching with.

• Words typed into the first search bar must all be included in your result. This is how a regular Google Scholar search works.
• You can also do this in the regular search bar by putting the words in quotes. Ex. "myocardial infarction" 
• You can also do this in the regular search bar by putting "OR" in between your search words. Ex. Missouri politics OR government
• You can also do this in the regular search bar by putting a minus sign (-) before a word. Ex. Shakespeare -tragedies

Where My Words Occur

Controls where Google Scholar will look for your search words. 

• Selecting "anywhere in the article" will likely turn up a larger number of results, because the search engine can look for your keywords in more places. This is the Google Scholar default. 
• Selecting "in the title of the article" may help improve the relevance of your results, because if your keyword is in the title, it is likely more important to what the article is about.

Authored by/Published in/ Dated Between

• You can also do this in the regular search bar by putting "author:" before the author's name. Ex. intersectionality author:Crenshaw
• The second search bar lets you search for results in a particular  scholarly journal . Google Scholar understands many common ways of abbreviating journal titles.
• You can also adjust this from the results page . 
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• Research Guides

The Library Research Process, Step-by-Step

• Finding Articles
• Finding & Exploring a Topic
• Finding Books
• Evaluating Sources
• Reading Scholarly Articles
• Understanding & Using a Citation Style

Peer Reviewed and Scholarly Articles

What are they? Peer-reviewed articles, also known as scholarly or refereed articles are papers that describe a research study. 

Why are peer-reviewed articles useful? They report on original research that have been reviewed by other experts before they are accepted for publication, so you can reasonably be assured that they contain valid information. 

How do you find them?  Many of the library's databases contain scholarly articles! You'll find more about searching databases below.

Watch: Peer Review in 3 Minutes

Why watch this video?

We are often told that scholarly and peer-reviewed sources are the most credible, but, it's sometimes hard to understand why they are credible and why we should trust these sources more than others. This video takes an in depth approach at explaining the peer review process. 

Hot Tip: Check out the Reading Scholarly Articles page for guidance on how to read and understand a scholarly article.

Using Library Databases

What Are Library Databases? 

Databases are similar to search engines but primarily search scholarly journals, magazines, newspapers and other sources. Some databases are subject specific while others are multi-disciplinary (searching across multiple fields and content types). 

You can view our most popularly used databases on the Library's Home Page , or view a list of all of our databases organized by subject or alphabetically at  U-M Library Databases .

Popular Multidisciplinary Databases

Many students use ProQuest , JSTOR , and Google Scholar for their initial search needs. These are multi-disciplinary and not subject-specific, and they can supply a very large number of  search results.

Subject-Specific Databases

Some popular subject-specific databases include PsycINFO for psychology and psychiatry related topics and  PubMed for health sciences topics. 

Why Should You Use Library Databases?

Unlike a Google search, the Library Databases will grant you access to high quality credible sources. 

The sources you'll find in library databases include:

• Scholarly journal articles
• Newspaper articles
• Theses & dissertations
• Empirical evidence

Database Filters & Limits Most databases have Filters/Limits. You can use these to narrow down your search to the specific dates, article type, or population that you are researching.

Here is an example of limits in a database, all databases look slightly different but most have these options:

Keywords and Starting a Search

What are Keywords?

• Natural language words that describe your topic 
• Allows for a more flexible search - looks for anywhere the words appear in the record
• Can lead to a broader search, but may yield irrelevant results

Keyword searching  is how we normally start a search. Pull out important words or phrases from your topic to find your keywords.

Tips for Searching with Keywords:

• Example: "climate change"
• Example:  "climate change" AND policy
• Example: comput* will return all words starting with four letters; computing, computer, compute, etc.  
• Example: wom?n will find both woman and women.

What are Subject Headings?

• Pre-defined "controlled vocabulary" that describe what an item is  about 
• Makes for a less flexible search - only the subject fields will be searched
• Targeted search; results are usually more relevant to the topic, but may miss some variations

Subject Terms and/or Headings are pre-defined terms that are used to describe the content of an item. These terms are a controlled vocabulary and function similarly to hashtags on social media. Look carefully at the results from your search. If you find an article that is relevant to the topic you want to write about, take a look at the subject headings. 

Hot Tip: Make a copy of this Google Doc to help you find and develop your topic's keywords.

More Database Recommendations

Need articles for your library research project, but not sure where to start? We recommend these top ten article databases for kicking off your research. If you can't find what you need searching in one of these top ten databases, browse the list of all library databases by subject (academic discipline) or title .

• U-M Library Articles Search This link opens in a new window Use Articles Search to locate scholarly and popular articles, as well as reference works and materials from open access archives.
• ABI/INFORM Global This link opens in a new window Indexes 3,000+ business-related periodicals (with full text for 2,000+), including Wall Street Journal.
• Academic OneFile This link opens in a new window Provides indexing for over 8,000 scholarly journals, industry periodicals, general interest magazines and newspapers.
• Access World News [NewsBank] This link opens in a new window Full text of 600+ U.S. newspapers and 260+ English-language newspapers from other countries worldwide.
• CQ Researcher This link opens in a new window Noted for its in-depth, unbiased coverage of health, social trends, criminal justice, international affairs, education, the environment, technology, and the economy.
• Gale Health and Wellness This link opens in a new window
• Humanities Abstracts (with Full Text) This link opens in a new window Covers 700 periodicals in art, film, journalism, linguistics, music, performing arts, philosophy, religion, history, literature, etc.
• JSTOR This link opens in a new window Full-text access to the archives of 2,600+ journals and 35,000+ books in the arts, humanities, social sciences and sciences.
• ProQuest Research Library This link opens in a new window Indexes over 5,000 journals and magazines, academic and popular, with full text included for over 3,600.
• PsycInfo (APA) This link opens in a new window Premier resource for surveying the literature of psychology and adjunct fields. Covers 1887-present. Produced by the APA.

28 Best Academic Search Engines That make your research easier

If you’re a researcher or scholar, you know that conducting effective online research is a critical part of your job. And if you’re like most people, you’re always on the lookout for new and better ways to do it. 

This article aims to give you an edge over researchers that rely mainly on Google for their entire research process.

Table of Contents

#1. Google Scholar

Google Scholar is an academic search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.

#2. ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) 

ERIC indexes over a million articles, reports, conference papers, and other resources on all aspects of education from early childhood to higher education. So, search results are more relevant to Education on ERIC. 

ERIC is a free online database of education-related literature. 

#3. Wolfram Alpha

Wolfram Alpha can also be used to find academic articles. Just type in your keywords and Wolfram Alpha will generate a list of academic articles that match your query.

#4. iSEEK Education 

iSEEK is a search engine targeting students, teachers, administrators, and caregiver. It’s designed to be safe with editor-reviewed content.

iSEEK Education is free to use.

#5. BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine)

CORE is an academic search engine that focuses on open access research papers. A link to the full text PDF or complete text web page is supplied for each search result. It’s academic search engine dedicated to open access research papers.

You might also like:

#7. Science.gov

#8. semantic scholar, #9. refseek.

This is one of the free search engines that feels like Yahoo with a massive directory. It could be good when you are just looking for research ideas from unexpected angles. It could lead you to some other database that you might not know such as the CIA The World Factbook, which is a great reference tool.

#10. ResearchGate 

A mixture of social networking site + forum + content databases where researchers can build their profile, share research papers, and interact with one another.

#11. DataONE Search (formerly CiteULike) 

#12. dataelixir , #13. lazyscholar – browser extension, #14. citeseerx – digital library from penstate, #15. the lens – patents search , #16. fatcat – wiki for bibliographic catalog , #17. lexis web – legal database, #18. infotopia – part of the vlrc family, #19. virtual learning resources center, #21. worldwidescience.

Over 70 countries’ databases are used on the website. When a user enters a query, it contacts databases from all across the world and shows results in both English and translated journals and academic resources.

#22. Google Books

A user can browse thousands of books on Google Books, from popular titles to old titles, to find pages that include their search terms. You can look through pages, read online reviews, and find out where to buy a hard copy once you find the book you are interested in.

#23. DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)

#24. baidu scholar, #25. pubmed central, #26. medline®.

MEDLINE® is a paid subscription database for life sciences and biomedicine that includes more than 28 million citations to journal articles. For finding reliable, carefully chosen health information, Medline Plus provides a powerful search tool and even a dictionary.

Defunct Academic Search Engines 

#27. microsoft academic  .

Microsoft Academic

#28. Scizzle

Final thoughts.

There are many academic search engines that can help researchers and scholars find the information they need. This list provides a variety of options, starting with more familiar engines and moving on to less well-known ones. 

10 thoughts on “28 Best Academic Search Engines That make your research easier”

Thank you so much Joannah..I have found this information useful to me as librarian in an academic library

You are welcome! We are happy to hear that!

Thank You Team, for providing a comprehensive list of academic search engines that can help make research easier for students and scholars. The variety of search engines included offers a range of options for finding scholarly articles, journals, and other academic resources. The article also provides a brief summary of each search engine’s features, which helps in determining which one is the best fit for a specific research topic. Overall, this article is a valuable resource for anyone looking for a quick and easy way to access a wealth of academic information.

We appreciate your support and thank you for your kind words. We will continue to provide valuable resources for students and researchers in the future. Please let us know if you have any further questions or suggestions.

No more questions Thank You

I cannot thank you enough!!! thanks alot 🙂

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Expontum – Helps researchers quickly find knowledge gaps and identify what research projects have been completed before. Expontum is free, open access, and available to all globally with no paid versions of the site. Automated processes scan research article information 24/7 so this website is constantly updating. By looking at over 35 million research publications (240 million by the end of 2023), the site has 146 million tagged research subjects and 122 million tagged research attributes. Learn more about methodology and sources on the Expontum About Page ( https://www.expontum.com/about.php )

Hey Ryan, I clicked and checked your site and thought it was very relevant to our reader. Thank you for sharing. And, we will be reviewing your site soon.

Sounds good! Thanks, Joannah!

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Study finds AI-generated research papers on Google Scholar - why it matters

By this point, most chatbot users have accepted the possibility that artificial intelligence  (AI) tools will hallucinate in almost every scenario. Despite the efforts of AI content detectors , fact-checkers, and increasingly sophisticated large language models (LLMs), no developers have found a solution for this yet. 

Also:  Implementing AI? Check MIT's free database for the risks

Meanwhile, the consequences of misinformation are only getting higher: People are using  generative AI (gen AI) tools like ChatGPT to create fake research.

A recent study  published in the Harvard Kennedy School's Misinformation Review found 139 papers on Google Scholar , a search engine for scholarly literature, that appear to be AI-generated. The researchers found most of the "questionable" papers in non-indexed (unverified) journals, though 19 of them were found in indexed journals and established publications. Another 19 appeared in university databases, apparently written by students. 

Even more concerning is the content of the papers. 57% of the fake studies covered topics like health, computational tech, and the environment -- areas the researchers note are relevant to and could influence policy development . 

Also: The best AI image generators of 2024: Tested and reviewed

After analyzing the papers, the researchers identified them as likely AI-generated due to their inclusion of "at least one of two common phrases returned by conversational agents that use large language models (LLM) like OpenAI's ChatGPT ." The team then used Google Search to find where the papers could be accessed, locating multiple copies of them across databases, archives, and repositories and on social media. 

"The public release of ChatGPT in 2022, together with the way Google Scholar works, has increased the likelihood of lay people (e.g., media, politicians, patients, students) coming across questionable (or even entirely GPT-fabricated) papers and other problematic research findings," the study explains. 

Also:  The data suggests gen AI boosts software productivity - for these developers

The researchers behind the study noted that theirs is not the first list of academic papers suspected to be AI-generated and that papers are "constantly being added" to these. 

So what risks do these fake studies pose being on the internet? 

Also: How do AI checkers actually work?

While propaganda and slapdash or falsified studies aren't new, gen AI makes this content exponentially easier to create. "The abundance of fabricated 'studies' seeping into all areas of the research infrastructure threatens to overwhelm the scholarly communication system and jeopardize the integrity of the scientific record," the researchers explain in their findings. They went on to note that it's worrisome that someone could "deceitfully" create "convincingly scientific-looking content" using AI and optimize it to rank on popular search engines like Google Scholar. 

Back in April, 404 Media found similar evidence of entirely AI-fabricated books and other material on Google Books and Google Scholar by searching for the phrase "As of my last knowledge update," which is commonly found in ChatGPT responses due to its previously limited dataset. Now that the free version of ChatGPT has web browsing  and can access live information, markers like this may be less frequent or disappear altogether, making AI-generated texts harder to spot. 

While Google Scholar does have a majority of quality literature, it "lacks the transparency and adherence to standards that usually characterize citation databases," the study explains. The researchers note that, like Google Search, Scholar uses automated crawlers, meaning "the inclusion criteria are based on primarily technical standards, allowing any individual author -- with or without scientific affiliation -- to upload papers." Users also can't filter results for parameters like material type, publication status, or whether they've been peer-reviewed. 

Also:  I tested 7 AI content detectors - they're getting dramatically better at identifying plagiarism

Google Scholar is easily accessible -- and very popular. According to SimilarWeb , the search engine had over 111 million visits last month, putting it just over academic databases like ResearchGate.net. With so many users flocking to Scholar, likely based on brand trust from all the other Google products they use daily, the odds of them citing false studies are only getting higher. 

The most potent difference between AI chatbot hallucinations and entirely falsified studies is context. If users querying ChatGPT know to expect some untrue information, they can take ChatGPT's responses with a grain of salt and double-check its claims. But if AI-generated text is presented as vetted academic research conducted by humans and platformed by a popular source database, users have little reason or means to verify what they're reading is real. 

Artificial Intelligence

What is duckduckgo if you're into online privacy, try this popular google alternative, google's notebooklm can discuss your notes with you now. how to access it (and why you should), google will now link you to webpages of the past via the wayback machine.

English: Reading a Scholarly Article

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• Databases & Websites for Primary Sources

Reading a Scholarly Article

• Evaluating Resources Checklist
• Books vs Articles vs Websites
• Google vs Databases
• Popular vs. Scholarly Literature
• Popular, Trade or Scholarly -- Which is it?
• Primary vs. Secondary
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This page was created to help you:

• Identify the different parts of a scholarly article
• Efficiently analyze and evaluate scholarly articles for usefulness

This page will focus on reading scholarly articles — published reports on original research in the social sciences, humanities, and STEM fields. Reading and understanding this type of article can be challenging. This guide will help you develop these skills, which can be learned and improved upon with practice.

We will go over:

Common Components of Original Research Articles

While you read, reading strategies, reading for citations.

Note: Not all articles contain all components.

In Practice

Scanning and skimming are essential when reading scholarly articles, especially at the beginning stages of your research or when you have a lot of material in front of you.

Many scholarly articles are organized to help you scan and skim efficiently. The next time you need to read an article, practice scanning the following sections (where available) and skim their contents:

• The abstract:  This summary provides a birds’ eye view of the article contents.
• The introduction:  What is the topic(s) of the research article? What is its main idea or question?
• The list of keywords or descriptors
• Methods:  How did the author(s) go about answering their question/collecting their data?
• Section headings:  Stop and skim those sections you may find relevant.
• Figures:  Offer lots of information in quick visual format.
• The conclusion:  What are the findings and/or conclusions of this article?

Reading a scholarly article isn’t like reading a novel, website, or newspaper article. It’s likely you won’t read and absorb it from beginning to end, all at once.

Instead, think of scholarly reading as inquiry, i.e., asking a series of questions as you do your research or read for class. Your reading should be guided by your class topic or your own research question or thesis.

For example, as you read, you might ask yourself:

• What questions does it help to answer, or what topics does it address?
• Are these relevant or useful to me?
• Does the article offer a helpful framework for understanding my topic or question (theoretical framework)?
• Do the authors use interesting or innovative methods to conduct their research that might be relevant to me?
• Does the article contain references I might consult for further information?

Mark Up Your Text

Read with purpose.

• Scanning and skimming with a pen in hand can help to focus your reading.
• Use color for quick reference. Try highlighters or some sticky notes. Use different colors to represent different topics.
• Write in the margins, putting down thoughts and questions about the content as you read.
• Use digital markup features available in eBook platforms or third-party solutions, like Adobe Reader or Hypothes.is.

Categorize Information

Create your own informal system of organization. It doesn’t have to be complicated — start basic, and be sure it works for you.

• Jot down a few of your own keywords for each article. These keywords may correspond with important topics being addressed in class or in your research paper.  
• Write keywords on print copies or use the built-in note taking features in reference management tools like Zotero and EndNote.  
• Your keywords and system of organization may grow more complex the deeper you get into your reading.

Highlight words, terms, phrases, acronyms, etc. that are unfamiliar to you. You can highlight on the text or make a list in a notetaking program.

• Decide if the term is essential to your understanding of the article or if you can look it up later and keep scanning.

You may scan an article and discover that it isn’t what you thought it was about. Before you close the tab or delete that PDF, consider scanning the article one more time, specifically to look for citations that might be more on-target for your topic.  

You don’t need to look at every citation in the bibliography — you can look to the literature review to identify the core references that relate to your topic. Literature reviews are typically organized by subtopic within a research question or thesis. Find the paragraph or two that are closely aligned with your topic, make note of the author names, then locate those citations in the bibliography or footnote.

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• Next: Evaluating Resources Checklist >>
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Evaluating treatment modalities for reducing recurrence in central giant cell granuloma: a narrative review.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 3. research background, 5. discussion, 6. future research directions.

• Long-term Efficacy of Novel Therapies: Evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety profiles of emerging therapies such as denosumab and alpha-interferon. Comprehensive studies with extended follow-up periods are essential to assess treatment durability and identify any potential late effects or recurrence patterns post-therapy.
• Standardization of Treatment Protocols: Establish standardized treatment protocols for CGCG management, considering lesion size, location, and histopathological features. Comparative studies should focus on defining optimal treatment algorithms to guide clinicians in selecting the most appropriate therapeutic approach based on individual patient characteristics.
• Biomarker Identification: Investigate potential biomarkers associated with CGCG recurrence and treatment response. Biomarker discovery could facilitate early detection of disease progression, predict treatment outcomes, and aid in monitoring therapeutic efficacy.
• Alternative Therapeutic Targets: Explore novel therapeutic targets beyond conventional approaches. Research into molecular pathways involved in CGCG pathogenesis could uncover new therapeutic avenues, including targeted molecular therapies or immunomodulatory agents.
• Patient-reported Outcomes: Incorporate patient-reported outcomes and quality-of-life measures into clinical trials. Assessing patient perspectives on treatment efficacy, functional outcomes, and psychosocial impact would provide valuable insights into the holistic management of CGCG.
• Pediatric Considerations: Address specific considerations in pediatric patients, including growth implications, skeletal development, and long-term sequelae of treatment. Tailored approaches that account for age-related factors and developmental stages are crucial for optimizing outcomes in this vulnerable population.
• Cost-effectiveness Analysis: Conduct cost-effectiveness analyses to evaluate the economic implications of different treatment strategies. Comparative assessments should weigh upfront treatment costs against long-term benefits, including recurrence rates and quality-adjusted life years.

7. Conclusions

Author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Aliu, F.; Shabani, D.B.; Aliu, I.; Qeli, E.D.; Kaçani, G.; Fiorillo, L.; Meto, A. Evaluating Treatment Modalities for Reducing Recurrence in Central Giant Cell Granuloma: A Narrative Review. Dent. J. 2024 , 12 , 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12090295

Aliu F, Shabani DB, Aliu I, Qeli ED, Kaçani G, Fiorillo L, Meto A. Evaluating Treatment Modalities for Reducing Recurrence in Central Giant Cell Granuloma: A Narrative Review. Dentistry Journal . 2024; 12(9):295. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12090295

Aliu, Flamur, Donika Bajrami Shabani, Iliriana Aliu, Etleva Droboniku Qeli, Gerta Kaçani, Luca Fiorillo, and Aida Meto. 2024. "Evaluating Treatment Modalities for Reducing Recurrence in Central Giant Cell Granuloma: A Narrative Review" Dentistry Journal 12, no. 9: 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12090295

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• DOI: 10.61132/jiesa.v1i5.422
• Corpus ID: 272284350

Pengaruh Sanksi Pajak, Pengetahuan Perpajakan, dan Transparansi Laporan Keuangan Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Koperasi Wanita Kecamatan Mojosari Periode 2019-2023

• Pengaruh Sanksi , Pengetahuan Pajak , +10 authors N. Isnaini
• Published in Jurnal Inovasi Ekonomi… 21 August 2024
• Economics, Business
• Jurnal Inovasi Ekonomi Syariah dan Akuntansi

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