research paper on al capone

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By: History.com Editors

Updated: April 26, 2021 | Original: October 14, 2009

Born in 1899 in Brooklyn, New York, to poor immigrant parents, Al Capone went on to become the most infamous gangster in American history. In 1920 during the height of Prohibition, Capone’s multi-million dollar Chicago operation in bootlegging, prostitution and gambling dominated the organized crime scene. Capone was responsible for many brutal acts of violence, mainly against other gangsters. The most famous of these was the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929, in which he ordered the assassination of seven rivals. Capone was never indicted for his racketeering but was finally brought to justice for income-tax evasion in 1931. After serving six-and-a-half years, Capone was released. He died in 1947 in Miami. Capone’s life captured the public imagination, and his gangster persona has been immortalized in the many movies and books inspired by his exploits.

Capone’s Early Years in New York

Alphonse Capone (1899–1947) was born in Brooklyn, New York , the son of recent Italian immigrants Gabriele and Teresina Capone. A poor family that came to America seeking a better life, the Capones and their eight children lived a typical immigrant lifestyle in a New York tenement. Capone’s father was a barber, and his mother was a seamstress. There was nothing in Capone’s childhood or family life that could have predicted his rise to infamy as America’s most notorious gangster.

Did you know? Capone earned $60 million annually selling illegal liquor.

Capone was a good student in his Brooklyn elementary school, but began falling behind and had to repeat the sixth grade. It was around that time that he started playing hooky and hanging out at the Brooklyn docks. One day, Capone’s teacher hit him for insolence and he struck back. The principal gave him a beating, and Capone never again returned to school. By this time, the Capones had moved out of the tenement to a better home in the outskirts of the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn. It was here that Capone would meet both his future wife, Mary (Mae) Coughlin, and his mob mentor, numbers racketeer Johnny Torrio.

Capone Meets Johnny Torrio

Torrio was running a numbers and gambling operation near Capone’s home when Capone began running small errands for him. Although Torrio left Brooklyn for Chicago in 1909, the two remained close. Early on, Capone stuck to legitimate employment, working in a munitions factory and as a paper cutter. He did spend some time among the street gangs in Brooklyn, but aside from occasional scrapes, his gang activities were mostly uneventful.

In 1917, Torrio introduced Capone to the gangster Frankie Yale, who employed Capone as bartender and bouncer at the Harvard Inn in Coney Island. It was there that Capone earned his nickname “Scarface.” One night, he made an indecent remark to a woman at the bar. Her brother punched Capone, then slashed him across the face, leaving three indelible scars that inspired his enduring nickname.

Capone in Chicago

When Capone was 19, he married Mae Coughlin just weeks after the birth of their child, Albert Francis. His former boss and friend Johnny Torrio was the boy’s godfather. Now a husband and a father, Capone wanted to do right by his family, so he moved to Baltimore where he took an honest job as a bookkeeper for a construction company. But when Capone’s father died of a heart attack in 1920, Torrio invited him to come to Chicago. Capone jumped at the opportunity.

In Chicago, Torrio was presiding over a booming business in gambling and prostitution, but with the enactment in 1920 of the 18th Amendment prohibiting the sale and consumption of alcohol, Torrio focused on a new, more lucrative field: bootlegging. As a former petty thug and bookkeeper, Capone brought both his street smarts and his expertise with numbers to Torrio’s Chicago operations. Torrio recognized Capone’s skills and quickly promoted him to partner. But unlike the low-profile Torrio, Capone began to develop a reputation as a drinker and rabble-rouser. After hitting a parked taxicab while driving drunk, he was arrested for the first time. Torrio quickly used his city government connections to get him off.

Capone cleaned up his act when his family arrived from Brooklyn. His wife and son, along with his mother, younger brothers and sister all moved to Chicago, and Capone bought a modest house in the middle-class South Side.

WATCH: Lost Worlds: Al Capone's Secret City on HISTORY Vault

In 1923, when Chicago elected a reformist mayor who announced that he planned to rid the city of corruption, Torrio and Capone moved their base beyond the city limits to suburban Cicero. But a 1924 mayoral election in Cicero threatened their operations. To ensure they could continue doing business, Torrio and Capone initiated an intimidation effort on the day of the election, March 31, 1924, to guarantee their candidate would get elected. Some voters were even shot and killed. Chicago sent in police to respond, and they brutally gunned down Capone’s brother Frank in the street.

Capone’s Reputation

After an attempt on his life in 1925 by rival mobsters, Torrio decided to leave the business and return to Italy, turning over the entire operation to Capone. Scarface again ignored his mentor’s advice to maintain a low profile and instead, moved his headquarters to a plush suite in the Metropole Hotel in downtown Chicago. From there, he began living a luxurious and public lifestyle, spending money lavishly, although always in cash to avoid a trail. Newspapers of the time estimated Capone’s operations generated $100 million in revenue annually.

The press followed Capone’s every move avidly, and he was able to gain public sympathy with his gregarious and generous personality. Some even considered him a kind of Robin Hood figure, or as anti- Prohibition resentment grew, a dissident who worked on the side of the people. However, in later years, as Capone’s name increasingly became connected with brutal violence, his popularity waned.

In 1926, when two of Capone’s sworn enemies were spotted in Cicero, Capone ordered his men to gun them down. Unbeknownst to Capone, William McSwiggin, known as the “Hanging Prosecutor,” who had tried to prosecute him for a previous murder, was with the two marked men and all three were killed. Fed up with Chicago’s gang-dominated lawlessness, the public clamored for justice. The police had no evidence for the murders, so instead they raided Capone’s businesses, where they gathered documentation that would later be used to bolster charges against him of income-tax evasion. In response, Capone called for a “Peace Conference” among the city’s criminals, and an agreement was reached to stop the violence. It lasted just two months.

St. Valentine’s Day Massacre

By early 1929 Capone dominated the illegal liquor trade in Chicago. But other racketeers vied for a piece of the profitable bootlegging business, and among them was Capone’s long-time rival “Bugs” Moran. Moran had previously tried to assassinate both Torrio and Capone, and now he was after Capone’s top hit man, “Machine Gun” Jack McGurn. Capone and McGurn decided to kill Moran. On February 14, 1929, posing as police, McGurn’s gunmen assassinated seven of Moran’s men in cold blood in a North Side garage. Alerted to the danger as he approached the garage, Bugs Moran escaped the slaughter. Although Capone was staying at his Miami home at the time, the public and the media immediately blamed him for the massacre. He was dubbed “Public Enemy Number One.”

Prison Time

In response to the public outcry over the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, President Herbert Hoover ordered the federal government to step up its efforts to get Capone on income-tax evasion. The Supreme Court had ruled in 1927 that income gained on illegal activities was taxable, which gave the government a strong case for prosecuting Capone. On June 5, 1931 the U.S. government finally indicted Capone on 22 counts of income-tax evasion.

Although the government had solid evidence against him, Capone remained confident that he would get off with a minimal sentence and struck a plea bargain in return for a two-and-a-half year sentence. When the judge in the case declared that he would not honor the agreement, Capone quickly withdrew his guilty plea, and the case went to trial. During the trial Capone used the best weapon in his arsenal: bribery and intimidation. But at the last moment, the judge switched to an entirely new jury. Capone was found guilty and sent to prison for 11 years.

Capone spent the first two years of his incarceration in a federal prison in Atlanta. After he was caught bribing guards, however, Capone was sent to the notorious island prison Alcatraz in 1934. Isolated there from the outside world, he could no longer wield his still considerable influence. Moreover, he began suffering from poor health. Capone had contracted syphilis as a young man, and he now suffered from neurosyphilis, causing dementia. After serving six-and-a-half years, Capone was released in 1939 to a mental hospital in Baltimore, where he remained for three years. His health rapidly declining, Capone lived out his last days in Miami with his wife. He died of cardiac arrest on January 25, 1947.

When Capone died, a New York Times headline trumpeted, “End of an Evil Dream.” Capone’s was at times both loved and hated by the media and the public. When Prohibition was repealed in 1933, some in the public felt that Capone’s and others’ involvement in selling liquor had been vindicated. But Capone was a ruthless gangster responsible for murdering or ordering the assassinations of scores of people, and his contemptible acts of violence remain at the center of his legacy. Capone’s image as a cold-blooded killer and quintessential mobster has lived on long beyond his death in the many films and books inspired by his life as the most notorious gangster in American history.

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Home — Essay Samples — Law, Crime & Punishment — Al Capone — Al Capone’s Accomplishments

Al Capone's Accomplishments

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AL CAPONE His Life, Legacy, and Legend By Deirdre Bair Illustrated. 395 pp. Nan A. Talese/Doubleday. $30.

The hard-working immigrant gave his son a shoeshine box and steered him to a busy street corner near the Brooklyn docks. There the 14-year-old shrewdly observed mobsters shaking down local merchants and, inspired, organized a ring to extort his fellow shoeshine boys. The gangsters liked the kid’s style and started tossing him odd jobs. Twelve years later Al Capone was running the Chicago mob — rich, powerful and notorious.

Deirdre Bair has written biographies of Samuel Beckett, Anaïs Nin, Simone de Beauvoir and Carl Jung. In “ Al Capone ” she investigates Public Enemy No. 1 through the unexpected lens of home and family.

The Al Capone story is, as Bair suggests, a peculiarly American epic. He built an empire by selling liquor during Prohibition (which outlawed alcohol between 1920 and 1933). “When I sell liquor, they call it bootlegging,” he famously quipped. “When my patrons serve it on silver trays on Lake Shore Drive, they call it hospitality.” His gang also operated brothels, ran gambling joints and extorted businesses and unions.

Making Chicago safe for sin took nothing less than organizational genius. Capone raked in up to $105 million a year (over $1.3 billion in today’s dollars) and spent roughly a third of it on bribes and muscle — gangsters, judges, politicians, reporters and half the cops in Chicago crowded onto the payroll. To this day, Harvard Business School students study Capone’s strategies to reflect on the best and worst of American capitalism.

Lawbreaking on this scale required pliant government. When Chicago elected a reform mayor in 1923, the mob moved to Cicero, Ill., and pushed its favored slate of politicians into office. The violence and intimidation on Election Day grew so intense that police squadrons came racing from Chicago, and the ensuing gunfight killed Al’s brother Frank. Four years later, the Capone organization backed the notoriously corruptible “Big Bill” Thompson’s successful bid for mayor of Chicago.

Nothing sticks to the Capone legend quite like the carnage. He is said to have been responsible for some 200 corpses during the Chicago gang wars. His boys rubbed out an assistant district attorney, and when the police hauled Capone in for questioning, he cheerfully denied the charges and buried the man’s reputation: “I paid McSwiggin . . . plenty, and I got what I was paying for.” He executed his pet reporter, circled back to Brooklyn to arrange the assassination of his old mentor and organized the notorious St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, when his men, some disguised as cops, used machine guns to mow down seven members of the Bugs Moran gang. Everyone knew who was behind these killings, but time and again Capone jauntily faced the authorities with an alibi and no witnesses willing to talk.

The violence and corruption eventually grew too hot. It humiliated Chicago’s social and business leaders; agitated rival gangs, which kept trying to kill Capone; and appalled President Herbert Hoover, who, despite mixed personal feelings (while he was secretary of commerce he regularly slipped into the Belgian Embassy for a legal sip), vowed robust enforcement of Prohibition’s “noble experiment.” The president deployed the resources of the federal government to take down Capone, and the Justice Department hit upon a fresh strategy: Indict gangsters for not paying income taxes. The Supreme Court swatted away the mob lawyers’ creative defense — reporting illegal income would violate their client’s Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination — and just nine years after taking over the Chicago mob, Al Capone was on his way to Alcatraz. Thirteen years later he died of syphilis contracted in his own brothels — broke, demented and helpless.

At the heart of the legend stands the big personality. Al dressed in beautifully tailored lemon-, lime- and lavender-colored suits. He dispensed wads of cash to anyone who caught his fancy. During the Depression, he opened a soup kitchen that served up to 3,000 people a day. For one of Capone’s birthday binges, his men kidnapped the jazz great Fats Waller at gunpoint and made him play for three anxious days before stuffing his pockets with thousand-dollar bills and driving him home. Capone loved Verdi and took 38 seats at the opera for himself and his gunmen. After all the books and articles and movies, what more is there to add?

Bair’s answer lies in the unusual way she came to the subject: The mobster’s descendants reached out to her. For many years they had hidden in shame. One reported flourishing in her first job (back in 1957) until her genial boss discovered that she was the gangster’s great-niece — and fired her on the spot. Now, a new generation recalls stories of the famous criminal as a family man who telephoned his mother and his wife (in that order) every day. Back when Americans casually slurred “wops” and “guineas,” the Capones gathered around good food, tight family and big-hearted Uncle Al. Bair discovers a rich trove of legends — one that reverberates with the romance of ethnic America four and five generations removed from the immigrants themselves.

But that’s the problem: The living relatives are too young to shed much light on the gangster and his times. One memory, referred to through the book, tells of “the oath”: Family members gathered solemnly in the dining room and swore on the Bible not to reveal a big secret. What was it? Well, we don’t really know. None of Bair’s respondents were in the room. The favorite version by members of the family is that one of their fathers was Al’s love child — but DNA evidence obstinately refutes the legend.

Where Bair makes a major contribution is not so much in retelling the Capone legends but in reappraising them. She deftly sifts through the famous stories for half-truths and fictions. Where there is no hard evidence (which is as often as not), she weighs the probabilities. For example, when Capone got word that two of his assassins were about to turn on him, he threw a big dinner and then smashed their skulls in with a baseball bat — a scene memorably featuring Robert De Niro in “The Untouchables.” Did it really happen? Unlikely, Bair decides. Capone slipped away from the law so often because he had airtight alibis every time a head got bashed in — he would not have taken a risk when he was at the height of his power. There’s no way to be sure, of course, but Bair is a wise and often iconoclastic guide through Capone mythology.

She begins and ends with a question that may be impossible to answer: Why is this gangster still notorious almost a century after he fell from power? Perhaps it’s because his tale reaches across our most potent national archetypes — the dauntless entrepreneur, the journey from rags to riches, the rise of the immigrant son, the outlaw as Robin Hood. Perhaps it’s because Prohibition itself reveals a deep American ambivalence. The nation turned a puritanical compulsion into the law of the land and then gawped in guilty pleasure as outlaws brazenly twisted it into a carnival of sin. As Bair concludes, Al Capone remains alluring because — like the United States itself — he contained multitudes.

A review on Dec. 4 about “Al Capone: His Life, Legacy, and Legend,” by Deirdre Bair, misidentified the violent political campaign in Chicago that became known as the “pineapple primary.” It was the 1928 primary for a range of offices, not the 1927 mayoral campaign of William (Big Bill) Thompson.

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James A. Morone is the author of “Hellfire Nation” and “The Devils We Know.” He is working on “George Washington’s Regret.”

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Online Sources: Al Capone

• Al Capone - The Verdict
• FBI Vault: Al Capone
• IRS: Historical Documents relating to Alphonse (Al) Capone, Chicago
• Petition Protesting the Possible Release of Al Capone more... less... "This petition, signed by 34 citizens of South Dakota, protests the possibility that President Herbert Hoover would release Al Capone from prison (Capone had reportedly offered to help search for Charles Lindbergh Jr., the kidnapped son of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh)."
• DPLA: A photograph of the gangster Al Capone and Chicago Commissioner of Detectives John Stege, 1930 Digital Public Library of America
• Trial of Al Capone (1931) more... less... Includes images and selected documents from the trial.
• Unemployed men queued outside a depression soup kitchen opened in Chicago by Al Capone (image)
• World War I Draft Registration Card for Alphonse Capone

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