how to publish a research paper in sage journals

Sage Journals: Publishing Resources

Librarian Resources
Publishing Resources
Open Access Resources

Support for Author/Editors/Reviewers

Make your publishing experience as smooth as possible with expert help and guidance from Sage.

How to Get Published Video

How Do I Publish a Journal Article Video

How Do I Write and Publish a Book Video

Top Tip: Ask for Publishing Advice Video

Getting Published: Book Chapter

Research Data Sharing Policies

At Sage we are committed to facilitating openness, transparency and reproducibility of research. We support and encourage research data to be shared, discoverable, citable, and recognized as an intellectual product of value. Read more about our research data sharing policies here .

How to Do Research and Get Published Webinar Series

Sage offers a monthly how to do research and get published webinar series, tackling different aspects of the publishing journey with a focus on providing useful information for early career researchers. these in-depth webinars feature internal and external speakers and the recording will be available after the event on the sage author gateway ., see below for the full series listing and sign up for upcoming webinars using this registration page . all webinars will take place at 11am et / 5pm cet..

18th Jan - How to Convert a Dissertation or Thesis into a Manuscript (Link to recording)
15th Feb – How to Write a Cover Letter (Link to recording)
29th March – How to Organize, Present, and Share Data (Link to recording)
26th April – Authorship, Etiquette and Collaboration (Link to recording)
24th May – Image Integrity (Link to recording)
21st June – How to Secure Funding (Link to recording)
19th July - Guidance for Researchers from Lower Income Countries (Link to recording)
23rd August - Conferences and Networking (Link to recording)
20th September - Ethics and Research Integrity (Link to recording)
11th October - Copyright, Permissions, and Author Reuse (Link to recording)
15th November - How to Write a Literature Review (Link to recording)
6th December - How to Create a Research Agenda & Develop Your Personal Brand (Link to recording)

How to Get Published Tutorial

What can you do to increase the chances of having my paper accepted? How long does it take for an article to get published? Who are good contacts to reach out to for more information about article publishing along the way? How can you play a role in the dissemination of your paper?

This webinar recording will guide you through the author journey, from beginning to end. Featuring Jessica Offenberger, Publishing Editor at Sage, and a panel of Editors-in-Chief from various disciplines, including management, medicine, and health, this webinar will break down each step of the process and detail best practices for authors or those who want to be authors, as well as answer your questions about the process.

To download the webinar presentation, click here . For additional webinar information, click here .

How to Get Published Resources

How to Get Published Guide

Download our guide to getting an article published in a Sage journal.

Video Resources

Do you want to learn more about how to get published? Let us guide you through the process with our new videos.

Video Tutorial: Choosing a Journal : Looking to get your research published, but not sure where to start? Standards are high and getting published is not easy, but there are certain things you can do to improve your success rate. From selecting a journal, preparing your paper, and surviving the peer review process leading to publication and beyond, allow us to guide you through the key steps of the author journey.

Video Tutorial: Submitting Your Article : After you have thoroughly reviewed and finalized your work, you're ready to share your research paper with your peers in the academic community. Navigating the submission process can seem daunting, but we're here to help.

Choosing the Right Journal for Your Research

With so many journals to choose from you may need a little guidance. The Sage Journal Recommender is a search tool that will help you find a journal based on the subject and content of your manuscript. Enter keywords and the title of your manuscript to search over 1,000 Sage journals and compare those most relevant for your research. Search results can be limited to those participating in Sage Path , a personalized author service to quickly and easily find, submit, and get published with Sage.

Think, check, submit is a trusted online service with a useful checklist that will help you determine whether you are submitting to the right journal. If you can answer ‘yes’ to most of their questions then you can be confident that your chosen journal is easily discoverable with a suitable reputation.

Submit to a Sage Journal

Author's guide to article submission: Download our infographic guide and review this submission checklist to prepare for your article submission.

Writing and submission: Publication in peer-reviewed journals is a key part of the research process, enabling you to communicate your ideas and findings to the rest of the research community and demonstrate impact within your field. Having a track record of published papers is also important for career development and therefore a crucial step for many doctoral and early career researchers.

Submission guidelines: For specific advice on submitting to your chosen journal, please have a look at the guidelines provided on the relevant journal’s homepage. View all of our journals here .

Promote Your Article

Do you want to promote your article , drive downloads and increase citations? The following helpful tips will steer you in the right direction.

Video: Promote Your Article
Social Media
Press Releases
The Conversation

Connect With Us

Schedule Custom Instruction or Workshop

Request Course Mapping

Make an Appointment

Ask a Librarian

Author Services

Sage Author Services can help those struggling with language or formatting issues. Submit it to Sage Language services before submitting to a journal to get help with editing, translation, and formatting your manuscript.

Sage Campus

Sage Campus has published eight new online courses to help researchers get started in their publishing journey. The courses teach an overview of the journal publishing landscape and how to write an article that will get published. Researchers can browse the courses and sign up to the demo hub to take free modules today and librarians can subscribe for institution-wide access to the SAGE Campus platform.

Sage Perspectives

Sage Perspectives Blog focuses on highlighting topical and interesting research published in Sage books and journals. The blog includes posts from authors across a wide range of subject disciplines and research areas. For advice on how to get published check out the Author Services category .

Using Social Media

For ideas on how you can use social media tools to help promote your article and enhance discoverability please read our guides below:

SOCIAL MEDIA GUIDE
TWITTER GUIDELINES
USING FACEBOOK

For more support, check out this free social media toolkit with advice, tips and discussion on how to use social media for academic purposes created by social media expert Mark Carrigan.

<< Previous: Librarian Resources
Next: Open Access Resources >>
Last Updated: Jan 5, 2024 7:44 PM
URL: https://sagepub.libguides.com/Journals

How can I make a submission to a Sage journal?

Modified on Fri, 05 Apr 2024 at 12:38 PM

To submit your manuscript, please visit https://journals.sagepub.com/ and search for the journal you wish to submit to by entering its name in the search bar.

Once you arrive at the journal's homepage, click on the “Submit Paper” button on the screen's right side. The next page may outline the journal's submission requirements, how to submit your manuscript, and a link to the submission site.

Before submitting your manuscript, please review the submission guidelines carefully; it will help move the manuscript through the peer review process more smoothly.

If you have any additional questions, please contact the editorial office via the contact information in the submission guidelines.

Please visit our How to Get Published resources for more information about publishing with Sage.

Was this article helpful?

That’s Great!

Thank you for your feedback

Sorry! We couldn't be helpful

Let us know how can we improve this article! *

Feedback sent

We appreciate your effort and will try to fix the article

The Perks of Having a Paper Published in SAGE Publications

While choosing a journal to target for your next publication, what do you consider? There are many important factors to keep in mind. Your research must, of course, be relevant to your chosen journal. Perhaps you will target a journal you have published in before, and where you know the editors. You might think about which journal gives you the best chance of your paper being accepted. You are also very likely to think about the impact factor of the journal.

Basically, the impact factor of a journal depends on the average number of citations received by articles published in the journal. This gives you an idea of how much exposure the article is likely to get. Although the system is not perfect, it remains one of the best available ways to check the status of a journal. Most researchers still prefer to get their papers published in journals with higher impact factors. One such high impact factor publication is the SAGE Publications.

Who are SAGE Publications?

Many SAGE journals certainly meet the high impact factor requirement. SAGE is a large, international publishing company. SAGE publishes over 1,000 journals, covering almost every discipline, from Arts to Sciences. The company also publishes more than 800 new books every year. SAGE has offices around the world, from London to Melbourne.

SAGE is not just a big publishing company – it also publishes some very successful journals. In 2018, SAGE published the leading journal (according to impact factor) in 16 different subject areas. The success of SAGE journals has grown steadily in recent years . Over 50% of SAGE journals are now ranked in the top half of the list. 90 SAGE journals are in the top ten for their subject.

SAGE was also one of the first large publishers to launch an Open Access program. The company offers a number of Open Access options. This allows researchers to comply with the requirements of their institution or funder.

Why Choose a SAGE Journal?

If you are not sure whether a SAGE journal is right for your article, here are a few things that might help you decide.

High Production Standards : All SAGE journals have high production standards. The aim is to benefit the author by making the whole publication process as smooth as possible. Authors are invited to give feedback after their article is published.
Online Publication: SAGE has a special manuscript submission system, operated by ScholarOne. This allows authors to track the progress of their article through the publication process. SAGE also has a feature called OnlineFirst, which publishes articles online before they appear in print. This means that other researchers can access your articles sooner.
Discoverability: If you choose SAGE, your article will be published on SAGE Journals , a comprehensive online library for articles published by SAGE. This makes it easy for other researchers to search and discover your article. Readers can choose from a number of options to access articles.
SAGE and Open Access: If your goal is to publish in an Open Access journal, SAGE has a number of options for you as well. These include “pure gold” open access journals (for an article publishing charge) and SAGE Choice. SAGE Choice lets authors publish in SAGE’s traditional subscription journals, while making their article Open Access (for a fee.) SAGE runs continuous publishing for Open Access articles, meaning that your paper could be published as soon as it is ready.
Global Dissemination: For many journals, access is limited to researchers based in wealthier countries. To ensure that researchers in poorer parts of the world have access to top-quality research, SAGE has partnered with a number of global initiatives. As well as benefiting researchers in developing countries, this means that your article will be seen by a much wider audience.

You’ve Chosen SAGE: What’s Next?

Have you finally decided to target a SAGE journal for your next article? If so, the next step is to make sure that you have chosen the right journal. SAGE suggests using Think. Check. Submit., a useful online tool for checking that you have selected the best journal for your work.

For researchers in medicine and life sciences, SAGE offers the SAGE Path service. Articles are assessed by a SAGE Editor, who gives advice on the best journal for the article. This service is free and the author does not have to accept the advice.

Once you are sure of your journal choice, the next step is to check the submission guidelines. Each SAGE journal has its own rules, so make sure you get the right ones.

Of course, you will want as many people as possible to read your article. To help you with this, SAGE has some useful guidance on search engine optimizations. This will help you when preparing your manuscript.

Once your article has been accepted and published, it is time to promote it. This can be a team effort between SAGE and the author. First, SAGE has a helpful guide on using social media to promote your article . Next, you might want to look at SAGE’s blogs. SAGE runs several blog sites. There is the Journals Blog, which focuses on recently published research across all SAGE journals. Then there is MethodSpace, an online community for researchers to discuss methods. Finally, SAGE can also help you to prepare a press release for your article with a useful online toolkit.

Furthermore, SAGE partners with Kudos, a free service that helps authors to maximize the impact of their article. You can explain your article with a lay summary, or add extra material such as podcasts or videos. You can also link your social media accounts to Kudos. This allows you to track the impact of your article by seeing how often it is shared, and how many views your Kudos page receives.

Do you still need more information on SAGE? Why not check out their publishing policies? Or perhaps you’d like to consider a different publisher? Good luck with your next step!

Are you thinking about targeting a SAGE journal? Have you published in a SAGE journal and can offer some advice? Share your ideas in the comments below.

Rate this article Cancel Reply

Your email address will not be published.

Enago Academy's Most Popular Articles

Publishing Research

Metrics That Matter: Redefining research success beyond impact factors

In the ever-evolving landscape of academic research publication, success has long been measured by the…

Submitting Manuscripts
Trending Now

Breaking the Mold: Understanding free format submissions and their adoption by journals

As a researcher, should you be conducting research or worrying about formatting your paper as…

Understanding Ethics

Are Secondary Submissions Unethical? — 4 reasons to not republish translated articles

Submitting a translated article that is already published in another language is a practice that…

Selecting Journals

What Is Green Open Access Publishing? – An Overview on Its Pros and Cons!

Open Access (OA) has revolutionized scholarly publishing. It builds on the objective of unrestrained knowledge…

Industry News
Publishing News

2021 STM Report: Global Research Trends and Transformation in Open Access Publishing

“Despite the challenges presented both before and during COVID-19, there are multiple indications of growth…

Breaking the Mold: Understanding free format submissions and their adoption by…

Sign-up to read more

Subscribe for free to get unrestricted access to all our resources on research writing and academic publishing including:

2000+ blog articles
50+ Webinars
10+ Expert podcasts
50+ Infographics
10+ Checklists
Research Guides

We hate spam too. We promise to protect your privacy and never spam you.

I am looking for Editing/ Proofreading services for my manuscript Tentative date of next journal submission:

As a researcher, what do you consider most when choosing an image manipulation detector?

What is the academic reputation of Sage Publications and their credibility in publishing journals?

Sage Publications has a strong academic reputation and is considered credible in publishing journals. Here are some key points to consider:

Open Access Commitment: Sage has been actively engaged in the open access debate and is committed to being open to new developments in the publishing sector [1] . They offer various open access options, including Gold Open Access journals, Sage Choice program, and Green Open Access [1] .

Peer-Reviewed Material: Sage Journals are known for supporting and publishing peer-reviewed material [2] . They follow the scientific method and strive to publish unbiased content that respects the consensus of experts in the given scientific field [2] .

Extensive Portfolio: Sage is the world's 5th largest journal publisher, with a portfolio of over 1000 journals spanning the Humanities, Social Sciences, and Science, Technology, and Medicine [2] . They also publish journals on behalf of learned societies and institutions [2] .

Research Data Sharing: Sage is committed to facilitating openness, transparency, and reproducibility of research. They support and encourage research data to be shared, discoverable, citable, and recognized as an intellectual product of value [1] .

Resources for Authors: Sage provides resources and support for authors, including guides on how to get published, video tutorials, journal recommenders, and submission guidelines [3] .

Overall, Sage Publications has a long history of supporting and publishing peer-reviewed material, making them a credible publisher in the academic community [2] .

Learn more:

Open Access Resources - Sage Journals - LibGuides at SAGE Publications, Inc.
Sage Journals - Bias and Credibility - Media Bias/Fact Check
Publishing Resources - Sage Journals - LibGuides at SAGE Publications, Inc.

Continue the conversation

Find My Rep

Pre-submission: helping readers find your article

Before you submit your manuscript, go back and review your title, keywords and abstract. These elements are key to ensuring that readers will be able to find your article online through online search engines such as Google. More information and guidance on how best to title your article, write your abstract and select your keywords can be found here: How to Help Readers Find Your Article Online .

One simple thing you can do to improve your article’s visibility and ensure proper indexing and cross-linking is to provide full names for all authors . Please refer to our guidelines for author names , prepared in consultation with Google Scholar, for more information.

Submitting your article

Each Sage journal has its own editorial office and its own instructions for authors. To submit your article, visit your chosen journal’s homepage and click on the manuscript submission guidelines link. View the list of all our journals here .

Our general guidance for authors can be found below. Please be sure to read your chosen journal’s guidelines as each journal will have its own specific requirements. Please direct queries on the submission process to the journal’s editorial office; details can be found within each journal’s submission guidelines and further information can be found at our Journals Solutions portal.

Sage is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and follows their best practice guidelines. For authors submitting to medical journals, Sage recommends that authors follow the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals formulated by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).

Are you choosing the right journal for your research? With so many journals to choose from you may need a little guidance…

Editorial policies

Peer review policy

Please see the submission guidelines of the journal you wish to submit to. View the complete list of Sage Journals .

Sage does not permit the use of author-suggested (recommended) reviewers at any stage of the submission process, be that through the web-based submission system or other communication.

Reviewers should be experts in their fields and should be able to provide an objective assessment of the manuscript. Our policy is that reviewers should not be assigned to a paper if:

The reviewer is based at the same institution as any of the co-authors.
The reviewer is based at the funding body of the paper.
The author has recommended the reviewer.
The reviewer has provided a personal (e.g. Gmail/Yahoo/Hotmail) email account and an institutional email account cannot be found after performing a basic Google search (name, department and institution).

Please note that the journal’s editors are not obliged to invite any recommended/opposed reviewers to assess your manuscript.

Authorship For authors submitting to technical or medical journals , papers should only be submitted for consideration once consent is given by all contributing authors. Those submitting papers should carefully check that all those whose work contributed to the paper are acknowledged as contributing authors. The list of authors should include all those who can legitimately claim authorship. This is all those who:

Made a substantial contribution to the concept or design of the work; or acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data
Drafted the article or revised it critically for important intellectual content
Approved the version to be published
Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Authors should meet the conditions of all of the points above. Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. When a large, multicentre group has conducted the work, the group should identify the individuals who accept direct responsibility for the manuscript. These individuals should fully meet the criteria for authorship.

Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group alone does not constitute authorship, although all contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be listed in the Acknowledgments section. Please refer to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship guidelines for more information on authorship.

For authors submitting to social science or humanities journals , all parties who have made a substantive contribution to the article should be listed as authors. Principal authorship, authorship order, and other publication credits should be based on the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their status. A student is usually listed as principal author on any multiple-authored publication that substantially derives from the student’s dissertation or thesis.

Corresponding author The one individual who takes primary responsibility for communication with the journal during the manuscript submission, peer review, and publication process, and typically ensures that all the journal’s administrative requirements, such as providing details of authorship, ethics committee approval, clinical trial registration documentation, and gathering conflict of interest forms and statements, are properly completed, although these duties may be delegated to one or more co-authors.

The corresponding author is the person who signs the publishing agreement on behalf of all of the authors and whose contact details are included on the article. They should be available after publication to respond to critiques of the work and cooperate with any requests from the journal for data or additional information should questions about the paper arise after publication.

Third party submissions Where an individual who is not listed as an author submits a manuscript on behalf of the author(s), a statement must be included in the Acknowledgements section of the manuscript and in the accompanying cover letter. The statements must:

Disclose this type of editorial assistance – including the individual’s name, company and level of input
Identify any entities that paid for this assistance
Confirm that the listed authors have authorized the submission of their manuscript via third party and approved any statements or declarations, e.g. conflicting interests, funding, etc.

Where appropriate, Sage reserves the right to deny consideration to manuscripts submitted by a third party rather than by the authors themselves.

General guidance for authors submitting to medical journals (please view the relevant journal’s submission guidelines for specific requirements)

Acknowledgements

ICMJE recommendations, it is best practice to obtain consent from non-author contributors who you are acknowledging in your paper.

Research ethics and patient consent Medical research involving human subjects must be conducted according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki

Submitted manuscripts should conform to the ICMJE Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals , and all papers reporting animal and/or human studies must state in the methods section that the relevant Ethics Committee or Institutional Review Board provided (or waived) approval. Please ensure that you have provided the full name and institution of the review committee, in addition to the approval number.

For research articles, authors are also required to state in the methods section whether participants provided informed consent and whether the consent was written or verbal.

Information on informed consent to report individual cases or case series should be included in the manuscript text. A statement is required regarding whether written informed consent for patient information and images to be published was provided by the patient(s) or a legally authorized representative.

Please also refer to the ICMJE Recommendations for the Protection of Research Participants

All research involving animals submitted for publication must be approved by an ethics committee with oversight of the facility in which the studies were conducted.

Clinical trials Many Sage journals conform to the ICMJE requirement that clinical trials are registered in a WHO-approved public trials registry at or before the time of first patient enrolment as a condition of consideration for publication. The trial registry name and URL, and registration number must be included at the end of the abstract.

Further to the above, other Sage journals may consider retrospectively registered trials if the justification for late registration is acceptable, consistent with the AllTrials campaign . The trial registry name and URL, and registration number must be included at the end of the abstract.

Reporting guidelines The relevant EQUATOR Network reporting guidelines should be followed depending on the type of study. For example, all randomized controlled trials submitted for publication should include a completed Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) flow chart as a cited figure, and a completed CONSORT checklist as a supplementary file.

Other resources can be found at NLM’s Research Reporting Guidelines and Initiatives

Sage encourages the adoption of two different article types: Registered Reports and Validation/Replication Studies. For more information, including how to submit a registered report, how the document should be formatted, and what Editors and peer reviewers look for, review Sage’s advice on registered report guidelines .

Publishing Policies

Publication ethics Sage is committed to upholding the integrity of the academic record. We encourage authors to refer to the Committee on Publication Ethics’ International Standards for Authors and view the Publication Ethics page on the Sage Author Gateway

Sage takes issues of copyright infringement, plagiarism or other breaches of best practice in publication very seriously. We seek to protect the rights of our authors and we always investigate claims of plagiarism or misuse of published articles. Equally, we seek to protect the reputation of the journal against malpractice. Submitted articles may be checked with duplication-checking software. Where an article, for example, is found to have plagiarised other work or included third-party copyright material without permission or with insufficient acknowledgement, or where the authorship of the article is contested, we reserve the right to take action including, but not limited to: publishing an erratum or corrigendum (correction); retracting the article; taking up the matter with the head of department or dean of the author's institution and/or relevant academic bodies or societies; or taking appropriate legal action.

Previous distribution and/or publication

The author should disclose any prior distribution and/or publication of any portion of the material, including where the article has been shared as a preprint, to the Editor for the Editor’s consideration and ensure that appropriate attribution to the prior distribution and/or publication of the material is included. Note that some journals will not consider submissions that have been previously shared as a preprint. Additionally, for journals using a double-anonymized peer review process, if your submission has been shared, the submission and its author list may be discovered by reviewers. For more information, visit our Prior Publication page on the Sage Journal Author Gateway.

Contributor’s publishing agreement Before publication, Sage requires the author as the rights holder to sign a Journal Contributor’s Publishing Agreement. Sage’s Journal Contributor’s Publishing Agreement for traditional subscription journals is an exclusive licence agreement which means that the author retains copyright in the work but grants Sage the sole and exclusive right and licence to publish for the full legal term of copyright. Exceptions may exist where an assignment of copyright is required or preferred by a proprietor other than Sage. In this case copyright in the work will be assigned from the author to the society. This licence enables authors to make articles open access by archiving their article at no charge via the green open access archiving route. Authors who have published in a subscription journal can do this by depositing the version of the article accepted for publication (version 2) in their own institution's repository.

For more information please visit our Frequently Asked Questions on the Sage Journal Author Gateway.

Sage Choice - publishing open access in a subscription journal The Sage Choice program offers authors the option to make their articles freely available upon publication in most subscription-based Sage journals. It also enables authors to comply with funding body requirements, where publishing research papers open access is a stipulation of funding, while still publishing their article in the subscription journal of their choice. The licence used is the same open access contributor's publishing agreement.

Open Access contributor's publishing agreement Sage open access journals all publish articles under Creative Commons licences. The standard licence is Creative Commons by Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC), which allows others to re-use the work without permission as long as the work is properly referenced and the use is non-commercial. Alternative licence arrangements are available, for example, to meet particular funder mandates, made at the author's request. For more information, you are advised to visit Sage's open access licences page .

Permissions

Authors are responsible for obtaining permission from copyright holders for reproducing any illustrations, tables, figures or lengthy quotations previously published elsewhere. For further information including guidance on fair dealing for criticism and review, please visit our Frequently Asked Questions on the Sage Journal Author Gateway

Preparing your manuscript

Where a journal uses double-anonymize peer review, authors are required to submit a fully anonymised manuscript with a separate title page. See https://sagepub.com/Manuscript-preparation-for-double-anonymize-journal

Formatting your article When formatting your references, please ensure you check the reference style followed by your chosen journal. Here are quick links to the Sage Harvard reference style, the Sage Vancouver reference style and the APA reference style.

Other styles available for certain journals are: ACS Style Guide , AMA Manual of Style , ASA Style Guide , Chicago Manual of Style and CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Societies .

Please refer to your journal's manuscript submission guidelines to confirm which reference style it conforms to and for other specific requirements.

Equations should to be submitted using Office Math ML and Math type.

Microsoft Word guidelines There is no need to follow a specific template when submitting your manuscript in Word. However, please ensure your heading levels are clear, and the sections clearly defined.

(La)TeX guidelines We welcome submissions of LaTeX files. Please download the Sage LaTex Template , which contains comprehensive guidelines.The Sage LaTex template files are also available in Overleaf , should you wish to write in an online environment.

If you have used any .bib or .bst files when creating your article, please include these with your submission so that we can generate the reference list and citations in the journal-specific style. If you have any queries, please consult our LaTex Frequently Asked Questions .

Artwork guidelines Illustrations, pictures and graphs, should be supplied in the highest quality and in an electronic format that helps us to publish your article in the best way possible. Please follow the guidelines below to enable us to prepare your artwork for the printed issue as well as the online version.

Format: TIFF, JPEG: Common format for pictures (containing no text or graphs). EPS: Preferred format for graphs and line art (retains quality when enlarging/zooming in).
Placement: Figures/charts and tables created in MS Word should be included in the main text rather than at the end of the document. Figures and other files created outside Word (i.e. Excel, PowerPoint, JPG, TIFF and EPS) should be submitted separately. Please add a placeholder note in the running text (i.e. “[insert Figure 1.]")
Resolution: Rasterized based files (i.e. with .tiff or .jpeg extension) require a resolution of at least 300 dpi (dots per inch). Line art should be supplied with a minimum resolution of 800 dpi .
Colour: Please note that images supplied in colour will be published in colour online and black and white in print (unless otherwise arranged). Therefore, it is important that you supply images that are comprehensible in black and white as well (i.e. by using colour with a distinctive pattern or dotted lines). The captions should reflect this by not using words indicating colour.
Dimension: Check that the artworks supplied match or exceed the dimensions of the journal. Images cannot be scaled up after origination
Fonts: The lettering used in the artwork should not vary too much in size and type (usually sans serif font as a default).

For more information on Sage's artwork submission guidelines, click here .

Image Integrity

Figures should be minimally processed and should reflect the integrity of the original data in the image. Adjustments to images in brightness, contrast, or color balance should be applied equally to the entire image, provided they do not distort any data in the figure, including the background. Selective adjustments and touch-up tools used on portions of a figure are not appropriate. Images should not be layered or combined into a single image unless it is stated that the figure is a product of time-averaged data. All adjustments to image date should be clearly disclosed in the figure legend. Images may be additionally screened to confirm faithfulness to the original data. Authors should be able to supply raw image data upon request. Authors should also list tools and software used to collect image data and should document settings and manipulations in the Methods section.

Sage Author Services

Authors seeking assistance with English language editing, translation with editing, or figure and manuscript formatting, to fit the journal’s specifications should consider using Sage Author Services. Other additional services include creation of infographics and video summaries to promote your article with colleagues and over social media. Visit Sage Author Services on our Journal Author Gateway for further information.

Submitting your manuscript

How to submit your manuscript

Many Sage journals are hosted on Sage Track, a web based online submission and peer review system powered by ScholarOne™ Manuscripts. Please see the submission guidelines of the journal you wish to submit to find out its preferred submission method.

IMPORTANT: If submitting through Sage Track, please check whether you already have an account in the system before trying to create a new one. If you have reviewed or authored for the journal in the past year it is likely that you will have had an account created. For further guidance on submitting your manuscript online please visit ScholarOne Online Help.

Title, keywords and abstracts You will be asked to supply a title, short title, an abstract and keywords to accompany your article. The title, keywords and abstract are key to ensuring readers find your article online through online search engines such as Google. Please refer to the information and guidance on how best to title your article, write your abstract and select your keywords by visiting the Sage Journal Author Gateway for guidelines on How to Help Readers Find Your Article Online

Video Abstracts Some journals accept video abstracts (please check the submission guidelines of your chosen journal). Read our guidelines on how to produce a video abstract

Visual Abstracts

Some journals accept visual abstracts. A graphical abstract is meant to be a clear, quick, and concise pictorial representation of research that has been published in the journal. It is meant to support the written abstract that accompanies all papers submitted for review to the journal. All figures published in the journal, including graphical abstracts, should be of the highest quality and should highlight paper findings.

The graphic should be labelled as “graphical abstract” or similar, so that it is clear the file is not an article figure file (e.g. it should not be labelled “Fig1”, “Fig2” etc.)
The aspect ratio for the graphic should be 16:9 (the recommended size ratio would be 600px X 338px)
The figure file type should be the same as for other article figures. Graphical abstracts, as with all figures in the journal, are only accepted in the following formats: JPG, TIF, or EPS. The journals do not accept Word or PowerPoint figure files.
A caption should be provided with the graphic. The caption should read: “This is a graphical representation of the abstract”
Do not use images subject to copyright clearance for graphical abstracts. If at all, graphical abstracts should feature aspects of the original figures created for the paper it is supporting.
The final visual abstract image should be sent with accepted article.
Simplicity is the key to conveying information visually. Terms and abbreviations should match overall journal usage and style.

For more information on creating visual abstracts, visit the Author Guidelines for Creating and Publishing Infographics.

ORCID As part of our commitment to ensuring an ethical, transparent and fair peer review process Sage is a supporting member of ORCID, the Open Researcher and Contributor ID

ORCID provides a unique and persistent digital identifier that distinguishes researchers from every other researcher, even those who share the same name, and, through integration in key research workflows such as manuscript and grant submission, supports automated linkages between researchers and their professional activities, ensuring that their work is recognized.

We encourage all authors and co-authors to link their ORCIDs to their accounts in our online peer review platforms. It takes seconds to do: click the link when prompted, sign into your ORCID account and our systems are automatically updated. We collect ORCID iDs during the manuscript submission process and your ORCID iD then becomes part of your accepted publication’s metadata, making your work attributable to you and only you. Your ORCID iD is published with your article so that fellow researchers reading your work can link to your ORCID profile and from there link to your other publications.

If you do not already have an ORCID iD please follow this link to create one or visit our ORCID homepage to learn more.

On acceptance and publication

Sage Production Your Sage Production Editor will keep you informed as to your article’s progress throughout the production process. Proofs will be sent by PDF to the corresponding author and should be returned promptly.

Access to your published article Sage provides authors with online access to their final article.

Online First publication Many Sage journals offer Online First. Online First allows final revision articles (completed articles in queue for assignment to an upcoming issue) to be published online prior to their inclusion in a final journal issue which significantly reduces the lead time between submission and publication. For more information please visit our Online First Fact Sheet

How to Get Published Resources
Inclusive Language Guide
Registered Reports Author Guidelines
Supplemental Material Author Guidelines
Participant Consent Form
Manuscript Preparation for Double-Anonymized Journals
Response to Reviewers Template
Authorship Change Form
Sage Author Services
Your Paper and Peer Review
Plain Language Summaries
Advance: a Sage preprints community
The Sage Production Process
Help Readers Find Your Article
Promote Your Article
Research Data Sharing Policies
Career and Networking Resources
Open Access Publishing Options
Top Reasons to Publish with Sage
Open Access Introduction for Authors
Journal Editor Gateway
Journal Reviewer Gateway
Ethics & Responsibility
Sage Editorial Policies
Publication Ethics Policies
Sage Chinese Author Gateway 中国作者资源
Open Resources & Current Initiatives
Discipline Hubs

Navigating the “Psychedelic Renaissance”: From Research to Reality

Published: 08 May 2024

Cite this article

Doris Payer ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9313-2587 1 ,
Sukhpreet Klaire 2 , 3 , 4 ,
Dominique Morisano 5 , 6 , 7 ,
Mary Bartram 8 , 9 ,
Monnica Williams 7 &
Brian Rush 5 , 6

The field of psychedelics is in an important era, with a significant focus on the potential role of psychedelic compounds in the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. In 2022, a scientific research conference was held in Toronto to bring together stakeholders from a variety of disciplines and to promote dialogue and collaboration. This Special Issue includes 8 papers based on presentations from the conference, which showcase the breadth of topics that were brought forward. Included are both quantitative and qualitative works, as well as two letters to the editors which further advance these important conversations. These articles not only present the current state of research into psychedelics, but also present viewpoints about their impacts on underrepresented communities, the need to recognize the history of these compounds that extends beyond this new Western “renaissance,” and the complexities of integrating psychedelics into mainstream medicine. This Special Issue serves as both an exploration of a much-discussed topic and a reminder that collaboration can advance the field in order to harness its potential impact.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

For a list of organizing and advisory group members, see https://fromresearchtoreality.com/about/

Boehnke, K. F., Kruger, D. J., & Lucas, P. (2024). Changed substance use after psychedelic experiences among individuals in Canada . International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (in press).

Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2021). Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 384 (15), 1402–1411.

George, D. R., Hanson, R., Wilkinson, D., & Garcia-Romeu, A. (2022). Ancient roots of today’s emerging Renaissance in psychedelic medicine. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 46 (4), 890–903.

Article PubMed Google Scholar

Hadar, A., David, J., Shalit, N., Roseman, L., Gross, R., Sessa, B., & Lev-Ran, S. (2023). The psychedelic Renaissance in clinical research: A bibliometric analysis of three decades of human studies with psychedelics. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 55 (1), 1–10.

Hall, W. (2022). Why was early therapeutic research on psychedelic drugs abandoned? Psychological Medicine, 52 (1), 26–31.

Kryszajtys, D. T., Bender, J. L., Rush, B., & Strike, C. J. (2024). Decision-making around psychedelics for depression and anxiety: A model based on online discussions. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (in press).

La Torre, J. T., Mahammadli, M., Faber, S., Greenway, K., & Williams, M. T. (2024). Expert opinion on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for people with psychosis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (in press).

MacIntyre, M. M. (2024). Letter to the editor. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (in press).

Marcus, O., & Dakwar, E. (2024). Paradigm lost: Towards an evidence-based ontology in psychedelic medicine? International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (in press).

McCleave, C. D., Beaulieu, S., Lopez, R. et al. (2024). Traditional and indigenous perspectives on healing trauma with psychedelic plant medicines. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (in press). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-024-01252-w

Rush, B.R., Marcus, O., Shore, R., Cunningham, L., Thompson, N., & Rideout, K. (2022). Psychedelic medicine: A rapid review of therapeutic applications and implications for future research. Homewood Research Institute. https://hriresearch.com/research/exploratory-research/research-reports/

Schenberg, E. E. (2018). Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: A paradigm shift in psychiatric research and development. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9 , 323606.

Article Google Scholar

Seal, H. (2024). Critique of “changed substance use after psychedelic experiences among individuals in Canada”. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (in press).

Weiss, B., Roseman, L., Giribaldi, B., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzoe, D. (2024). Unique psychological mechanisms underlying psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram treatment in the treatment of major depressive disorder. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (in press). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-024-01253-9

Williams, M. T., Cabral, V., & Faber, S. C. (2024). Psychedelics and racial justice. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (in press).

Yaden, D. B., Berghella, A. P., Hendricks, P. S., Yaden, M. E., Levine, M., Rohde, J. S., Nayak, S., Johnson, M. W., & Garcia-Romeu, A. (2024). IUPHAR-review: The integration of classic psychedelics into current substance use disorder treatment models. Pharmacological Research, 199 , 106998.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Zare, M., & Williams, M. T. (2024). Muslim women and psychedelics: A look at the past, present, and future. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (in press).

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Canadian Centre On Substance Use and Addiction, 75 Albert Street, Suite 500, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5E7, Canada

Doris Payer

Division of Addiction Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Sukhpreet Klaire

Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

British Columbia Centre On Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, Canada

Dominique Morisano & Brian Rush

Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Dominique Morisano & Monnica Williams

Mental Health Commission of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Mary Bartram

School of Public Policy and Administration, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Doris Payer .

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest.

Doris Payer, Mary Bartram, and Brian Rush declare that they have no conflict of interest. Sukhpreet Klaire has received financial compensation from Numinus Wellness, an organization providing psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, for work as a clinical trial investigator. Dominique Morisano owns stock in Reunion Neuroscience and Numinus. She is currently in paid contract educational roles (re: psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy) with Journey Clinical, Fluence, Psychedelics Today, California Institute of Integral Studies (nonprofit), Naropa University (non-profit), and The MIND Foundation (non-profit). She is also a paid part-time contract facilitator with Beckley Retreats.

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Payer, D., Klaire, S., Morisano, D. et al. Navigating the “Psychedelic Renaissance”: From Research to Reality. Int J Ment Health Addiction (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-024-01288-y

Download citation

Accepted : 25 March 2024

Published : 08 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-024-01288-y

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Psychedelics
Public health
Diversity and inclusion
Find a journal
Publish with us
Track your research

Technical Support
Find My Rep

Pre-submission: helping readers find your article
Submitting your article
Editorial policies 3.1 Peer review policy 3.2 Authorship 3.3 Research ethics and patient consent 3.4 Clinical trials 3.5 Reporting guidelines
Publishing Policies 4.1 Publication ethics 4.2 Contributor's publishing agreement 4.3 Open access and author archiving 4.4 Permissions
Preparing your manuscript 5.1 Formatting your article 5.2 (La)TeX template and guidelines 5.3 Artwork guidelines 5.4 English language editing services
Submitting your manuscript 6.1 How to submit your manuscript 6.2 Title, keywords and abstracts 6.3 ORCID
On acceptance and publication 7.1 Sage Production 7.2 Access to your published article 7.3 Online First publication

Pre-submission: helping readers find your article Before you submit your manuscript, go back and review your title, keywords and abstract. These elements are key to ensuring that readers will be able to find your article online through online search engines such as Google. More information and guidance on how best to title your article, write your abstract and select your keywords can be found here: How to Help Readers Find Your Article Online .

Submitting your article Each Sage journal has its own editorial office and its own instructions for authors. To submit your article, visit your chosen journal’s homepage and click on the manuscript submission guidelines link. View the list of all our journals here .

Are you choosing the right journal for your research? With so many journals to choose from you may need a little guidance…

Editorial policies

Peer review policy Please see the submission guidelines of the journal you wish to submit to. View the complete list of Sage Journals .

Please note that as part of the submission process you may be asked to provide the names of a number of peers who could be called upon to review your manuscript. Recommended reviewers should be experts in their fields and should be able to provide an objective assessment of the manuscript. Please be aware of any conflicts of interest when recommending reviewers. Examples of conflicts of interest include (but are not limited to) the below:

The reviewer should have no prior knowledge of your submission
The reviewer should not have recently collaborated with any of the authors
Reviewer nominees from the same institution as any of the authors are not permitted

Please note that the journal’s editors are not obliged to invite any recommended/opposed reviewers to assess your manuscript.

Made a substantial contribution to the concept and design, acquisition of data or analysis and interpretation of data,
Drafted the article or revised it critically for important intellectual content,
Approved the version to be published.

General guidance for authors submitting to medical journals (please view the relevant journal’s submission guidelines for specific requirements)

Research ethics and patient consent Medical research involving human subjects must be conducted according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki

For research articles, authors are also required to state in the methods section whether participants provided informed consent and whether the consent was written or verbal.

Please also refer to the ICMJE Recommendations for the Protection of Research Participants

All research involving animals submitted for publication must be approved by an ethics committee with oversight of the facility in which the studies were conducted.

Other resources can be found at NLM’s Research Reporting Guidelines and Initiatives

Publishing Policies

Previous distribution and/or publication The author should disclose any prior distribution and/or publication of any portion of the material to the Editor for the Editor’s consideration and ensure that appropriate attribution to the prior distribution and/or publication of the material is included. For more information, visit our Prior Publication page on the Sage Journal Author Gateway.

Contributor’s publishing agreement Before publication, Sage requires the author as the rights holder to sign a Journal Contributor’s Publishing Agreement. Sage’s Journal Contributor’s Publishing Agreement for traditional subscription journals is an exclusive licence agreement which means that the author retains copyright in the work but grants Sage the sole and exclusive right and licence to publish for the full legal term of copyright. Exceptions may exist where an assignment of copyright is required or preferred by a proprietor other than SAGE. In this case copyright in the work will be assigned from the author to the society. This licence enables authors to make articles open access by archiving their article at no charge via the green open access archiving route. Authors who have published in a subscription journal can do this by depositing the version of the article accepted for publication (version 2) in their own institution's repository.

For more information please visit our Frequently Asked Questions on the Sage Journal Author Gateway.

Permissions

Preparing your manuscript

Other styles available for certain journals are: ACS Style Guide , AMA Manual of Style , ASA Style Guide , Chicago Manual of Style and CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Societies .

Please refer to your journals’ manuscript submission guidelines to confirm which reference style it conforms to and for other specific requirements.

Equations should to be submitted using Office Math ML and Math type.

Word template and guidelines Our tailored Word template and guidelines will help you format and structure your article, with useful general advice and Word tips.

(La)TeX guidelines We welcome submissions of LaTeX files. Please download the Sage LaTex Template , which contains comprehensive guidelines.

If you have used any .bib files when creating your article, please include these with your submission so that we can generate the reference list and citations in the journal-specific style. Review our LaTex Frequently Asked Questions . If you still need additional help, please email [email protected]

Artwork guidelines Illustrations, pictures and graphs, should be supplied with the highest quality and in an electronic format that helps us to publish your article in the best way possible. Please follow the guidelines below to enable us to prepare your artwork for the printed issue as well as the online version.

Format: TIFF, JPEG: Common format for pictures (containing no text or graphs). EPS: Preferred format for graphs and line art (retains quality when enlarging/zooming in).
Placement: Figures/charts and tables created in MS Word should be included in the main text rather than at the end of the document. Figures and other files created outside Word (i.e. Excel, PowerPoint, JPG, TIFF, EPS, and PDF) should be submitted separately. Please add a placeholder note in the running text (i.e. “[insert Figure 1.]")
Resolution: Rasterized based files (i.e. with .tiff or .jpeg extension) require a resolution of at least 300 dpi (dots per inch). Line art should be supplied with a minimum resolution of 800 dpi .
Colour: Please note that images supplied in colour will be published in colour online and black and white in print (unless otherwise arranged). Therefore, it is important that you supply images that are comprehensible in black and white as well (i.e. by using colour with a distinctive pattern or dotted lines). The captions should reflect this by not using words indicating colour.
Dimension: Check that the artworks supplied match or exceed the dimensions of the journal. Images cannot be scaled up after origination
Fonts: The lettering used in the artwork should not vary too much in size and type (usually sans serif font as a default).

English language editing services Authors seeking assistance with English language editing, translation, or figure and manuscript formatting to fit the journal’s specifications should consider using Sage Language Services. Visit Sage Language Services on our Journal Author Gateway for further information.

Submitting your manuscript

How to submit your manuscript

Video abstracts Some journals accept video abstracts (please check the submission guidelines of your chosen journal). Read our guidelines on how to produce a video abstract

ORCID As part of our commitment to ensuring an ethical, transparent and fair peer review process Sage is a supporting member of ORCID, the Open Researcher and Contributor ID

If you do not already have an ORCID iD please follow this link to create one or visit our ORCID homepage to learn more.

On acceptance and publication

Access to your published article Sage provides authors with online access to their final article.

OnlineFirst publication Many Sage journals offer OnlineFirst. OnlineFirst allows final revision articles (completed articles in queue for assignment to an upcoming issue) to be published online prior to their inclusion in a final journal issue which significantly reduces the lead time between submission and publication. For more information please visit our OnlineFirst Fact Sheet

Physical Review Letters

Collections
Editorial Team
Featured in Physics
Editors' Suggestion
Open Access

Laser Excitation of the Th-229 Nucleus

J. tiedau, m. v. okhapkin, k. zhang, j. thielking, g. zitzer, e. peik, f. schaden, t. pronebner, i. morawetz, l. toscani de col, f. schneider, a. leitner, m. pressler, g. a. kazakov, k. beeks, t. sikorsky, and t. schumm, phys. rev. lett. 132 , 182501 – published 29 april 2024, see viewpoint: shedding light on the thorium-229 nuclear clock isomer.

No Citing Articles

Supplemental Material

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The 8.4 eV nuclear isomer state in Th-229 is resonantly excited in Th-doped CaF 2 crystals using a tabletop tunable laser system. A resonance fluorescence signal is observed in two crystals with different Th-229 dopant concentrations, while it is absent in a control experiment using Th-232. The nuclear resonance for the Th 4 + ions in Th: CaF 2 is measured at the wavelength 148.3821(5) nm, frequency 2020.409(7) THz, and the fluorescence lifetime in the crystal is 630(15) s, corresponding to an isomer half-life of 1740(50) s for a nucleus isolated in vacuum. These results pave the way toward Th-229 nuclear laser spectroscopy and realizing optical nuclear clocks.

Received 5 February 2024
Revised 12 March 2024
Accepted 14 March 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.182501

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Research Areas

Shedding Light on the Thorium-229 Nuclear Clock Isomer

Published 29 april 2024.

Researchers use a laser to excite and precisely measure a long-sought exotic nuclear state, paving the way for precise timekeeping and ultrasensitive quantum sensing.

See more in Physics

Authors & Affiliations

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
* These authors contributed equally to this letter.
† [email protected]
‡ [email protected]

Article Text

Vol. 132, Iss. 18 — 3 May 2024

Authorization Required

Other options.

Buy Article »
Find an Institution with the Article »

Download & Share

Excitation scheme (a) and experimental apparatus (b) for VUV laser spectroscopy of the isomeric state in Th-doped crystals. The VUV source consists of two cw lasers with the frequencies ν 1 , ν 2 , two pulsed dye amplifiers that introduce frequency shifts ( δ B 1 , δ B 2 ) due to Brillouin mirrors, a THG stage, and a xenon gas cell. The scanning is provided by tuning of the difference frequency Ω 2 via ν 2 . The spectroscopy vacuum chamber contains the Th-doped crystal mounted on a cold finger, signal collection optics, and a PMT. (c) False color CCD camera image of the crystal during VUV laser excitation and a schematic representation of the crystal structure of Th 4 + ions doped into the CaF 2 lattice with 2 F − for interstitial charge compensation.

(a) VUV fluorescence signals from the Th-229-doped X2 crystal, recorded in frequency scans from higher to lower frequency (squares) and lower to higher frequency (dots). The measurement time between frequency steps is shorter than the isomer decay time (see Fig. 3 ), which leads to an asymmetry in the resonance curves. (b) The resonance asymmetry is removed, together with the radioluminescence background, from the plots (a) in postprocessing. (c) Result of a control experiment with the Th-232-doped V12 crystal.

Th-229 fluorescence decay curve after resonant excitation (blue trace) for 500 s measured with crystal X2 at a temperature of 150 K. Gray trace: result of a control experiment with 200 GHz off-resonant excitation, showing no long-lived photoluminescence. Inset: fluorescence decay times for crystal temperatures between 108 and 168 K. No changes in the decay time are observed within the measurement uncertainty. An overall decay time constant τ = 630 ( 15 ) s is observed.

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Forgot your username/password?
Create an account

Article Lookup

Paste a citation or doi, enter a citation.

Find My Rep

Getting started

Choosing the right journal for you.

Submitting your article to a Sage journal

Promoting your article

Related resources you may find useful.

How to Get Your Journal Article Published guide

Our handy guide is a quick overview covering the publishing process from preparing your article and choosing a journal, to publication (5 minute read).

View the How to Get Your Journal Article Published guide

How to Get Published webinars

Free 1 hour monthly How to Get Published webinars cover topics including writing an article, navigating the peer review process, and what exactly it means when you hear “open access.” Join fellow researchers and expert speakers live, or watch our library of recordings on a variety of topics.

Browse our webinars

Sage Perspectives blog

Looking for tips on how to make sure your article goes smoothly through the peer review process, or how to write the right title for your article?

Read our blog

Sage Campus courses

Want something a bit more in-depth? Sage Campus courses are short and interactive (around 2 hours each) and cover a range of skills, including how to get published. Your library may already subscribe to the modules, or you may want to recommend that they do. Meanwhile, you can utilize the free modules.

Explore Sage Campus

Each journal has its own Aims & Scope, so the acceptance of articles is not just about quality, but also about being a good fit. Does your work reflect the scope of the Journal? Is Open Access important to you, and does the Journal have an Open Access model available? What is the readership of the Journal, and is that readership the right audience for your work? Researching the best match for your manuscript will significantly improve your chances of being accepted.

Watch our 2 minute video

If you already know in which Sage journal you’d like to publish your work, search for it and check the manuscript submission guidelines to make sure it is a good match. Or use the Sage Journal Recommender to tell us your article title and subjects and see which journals are a potential home for your manuscript. Be prepared to adjust your manuscript to match the scope and style of the desired journal.

Find journals with the Sage Journal Recommender or browse all Sage journals

Professional presentation of your work includes a precise and clear writing style, avoiding accidental plagiarism, and formatting your article to meet the criteria of your chosen journal. All of these take time and may not be skills inherent to your field of research. Sage Author Services can help you to prepare your manuscript to comply with these and other related standards, which could significantly improve your chance of acceptance.

Visit Sage Author Services

Submitting your article to a Sage journal

You’ve identified the right journal; now you need to make sure your manuscript is the perfect fit. Following the author guidelines can be the difference between possible acceptance and rejection, so it’s definitely worth following the required guidelines. We’ve a selection of resources and guides to help:

Watch How to Get Published: Submitting Your Paper (2 minute video)

Read our Article Submission infographic , a quick reminder of essentials

Here you’ll find chapter and verse on all aspects of our Manuscript Submission Guidelines

Ready to submit? Our online Submission Checklist will help you do a final check before sending your article to us.

Each journal retains editorial independence, which means their Guidelines will vary, so do go to the home page of your chosen journal to check anything you should be aware of. You can submit your article there too.

The academic world is crowded, how can you make your article stand out? If you are active on social media platforms, telling your followers about your article is one of the simplest and most effective things you can do.

Between us, we can improve the chances of your article being found, read, downloaded and cited – of your article and you making an impact. Our tips and guidance will show you how to promote your article alongside building your academic profile.

Read our tips on how to maximize your impact

How to Get Published for Librarians
How to Do Research and Get Published Webinar Series
Manuscript Submission Guidelines
Sage Author Services
Your Paper and Peer Review
Plain Language Summaries
Advance: a Sage preprints community
The Sage Production Process
Help Readers Find Your Article
Promote Your Article
Research Data Sharing Policies
Career and Networking Resources
Open Access Publishing Options
Top Reasons to Publish with Sage
Open Access Introduction for Authors
Journal Editor Gateway
Journal Reviewer Gateway
Ethics & Responsibility
Sage Editorial Policies
Publication Ethics Policies
Sage Chinese Author Gateway 中国作者资源
Open Resources & Current Initiatives
Discipline Hubs

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

View all journals
Explore content
About the journal
Publish with us
Sign up for alerts
Published: 06 May 2024

Venus water loss is dominated by HCO + dissociative recombination

M. S. Chaffin ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1939-4797 1 na1 ,
E. M. Cangi 1 na1 ,
B. S. Gregory 1 ,
R. V. Yelle 2 ,
J. Deighan ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3667-902X 1 ,
R. D. Elliott 1 &
H. Gröller 2

Nature volume 629 , pages 307–310 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

724 Accesses

915 Altmetric

Metrics details

Atmospheric chemistry
Inner planets

Despite its Earth-like size and source material 1 , 2 , Venus is extremely dry 3 , 4 , indicating near-total water loss to space by means of hydrogen outflow from an ancient, steam-dominated atmosphere 5 , 6 . Such hydrodynamic escape likely removed most of an initial Earth-like 3-km global equivalent layer (GEL) of water but cannot deplete the atmosphere to the observed 3-cm GEL because it shuts down below about 10–100 m GEL 5 , 7 . To complete Venus water loss, and to produce the observed bulk atmospheric enrichment in deuterium of about 120 times Earth 8 , 9 , nonthermal H escape mechanisms still operating today are required 10 , 11 . Early studies identified these as resonant charge exchange 12 , 13 , 14 , hot oxygen impact 15 , 16 and ion outflow 17 , 18 , establishing a consensus view of H escape 10 , 19 that has since received only minimal updates 20 . Here we show that this consensus omits the most important present-day H loss process, HCO + dissociative recombination. This process nearly doubles the Venus H escape rate and, consequently, doubles the amount of present-day volcanic water outgassing and/or impactor infall required to maintain a steady-state atmospheric water abundance. These higher loss rates resolve long-standing difficulties in simultaneously explaining the measured abundance and isotope ratio of Venusian water 21 , 22 and would enable faster desiccation in the wake of speculative late ocean scenarios 23 . Design limitations prevented past Venus missions from measuring both HCO + and the escaping hydrogen produced by its recombination; future spacecraft measurements are imperative.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals

Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription

24,99 € / 30 days

cancel any time

Subscribe to this journal

Receive 51 print issues and online access

185,98 € per year

only 3,65 € per issue

Buy this article

Purchase on Springer Link
Instant access to full article PDF

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Oxygen production from dissociation of Europa’s water-ice surface

Isotopic fractionation of water and its photolytic products in the atmosphere of Mars

Dry late accretion inferred from Venus’s coupled atmosphere and internal evolution

Data availability.

Tables containing all reactions used in the model, including their adopted rate coefficients and computed column rates, are provided in a supplementary PDF file accessible on the journal website. These rates are also accessible in the archived code repository listed below, which also includes our adopted photo cross-sections and all other source data used in our model. Model densities for all species, computed rates for reactions shown in Fig. 2 , assumed temperature and escape probabilities and computed photo rates are provided in Excel format in the online version of the paper; this file also includes data for our illustrative water-inventory timelines. Source data are provided with this paper.

Code availability

All model code is available at github.com/emcangi/VenusPhotochemistry . The version of the model used to prepare the manuscript is archived on Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10460004 .

Izidoro, A. et al. Planetesimal rings as the cause of the Solar System’s planetary architecture. Nat. Astron. 6 , 357–366 (2022).

Article ADS Google Scholar

Salvador, A. et al. Magma ocean, water, and the early atmosphere of Venus. Space Sci. Rev. 219 , 51 (2023).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Moroz, V. I. et al. Spectrum of the Venus day sky. Nature 284 , 243–244 (1980).

Marcq, E., Mills, F. P., Parkinson, C. D. & Vandaele, A. C. Composition and chemistry of the neutral atmosphere of Venus. Space Sci. Rev. 214 , 10 (2018).

Kasting, J. F. & Pollack, J. B. Loss of water from Venus. I. Hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen. Icarus 53 , 479–508 (1983).

Turbet, M. et al. Day–night cloud asymmetry prevents early oceans on Venus but not on Earth. Nature 598 , 276–280 (2021).

Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Johnstone, C. P. Hydrodynamic escape of water vapor atmospheres near very active stars. Astrophys. J. 890 , 79 (2020).

Donahue, T. M., Hoffman, J. H., Hodges, R. R. & Watson, A. J. Venus was wet: a measurement of the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen. Science 216 , 630–633 (1982).

De Bergh, C. et al. Deuterium on Venus: observations from Earth. Science 251 , 547–549 (1991).

Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar

Kumar, S., Hunten, D. M. & Pollack, J. B. Nonthermal escape of hydrogen and deuterium from Venus and implications for loss of water. Icarus 55 , 369–389 (1983).

Donahue, T. M. New analysis of hydrogen and deuterium escape from Venus. Icarus 141 , 226–235 (1999).

Stewart, A. I. F. in Second Arizona Conference on Planetary Atmospheres (1968).

Hodges, R. R. An exospheric perspective of isotopic fractionation of hydrogen on Venus. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 104 , 8463–8471 (1999).

Chaufray, J.-Y., Bertaux, J.-L., Quémerais, E., Villard, E. & Leblanc, F. Hydrogen density in the dayside Venusian exosphere derived from Lyman-α observations by SPICAV on Venus Express. Icarus 217 , 767–778 (2012).

McElroy, M. B., Prather, M. J. & Rodriguez, J. M. Escape of hydrogen from Venus. Science 215 , 1614–1615 (1982).

Gu, H., Cui, J., Niu, D. & Yu, J. Hydrogen and helium escape on Venus via energy transfer from hot oxygen atoms. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 501 , 2394–2402 (2021).

Hartle, R. E. & Grebowsky, J. M. Light ion flow in the nightside ionosphere of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 98 , 7437–7445 (1993).

Persson, M. et al. H + /O + escape rate ratio in the Venus magnetotail and its dependence on the solar cycle. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 , 10805–10811 (2018).

Lammer, H. et al. Loss of hydrogen and oxygen from the upper atmosphere of Venus. Planet. Space Sci. 54 , 1445–1456 (2006).

Gillmann, C. et al. The long-term evolution of the atmosphere of Venus: processes and feedback mechanisms. Space Sci. Rev. 218 , 56 (2022).

Grinspoon, D. H. Implications of the high D/H ratio for the sources of water in Venus’ atmosphere. Nature 363 , 428–431 (1993).

Avice, G. et al. Noble gases and stable isotopes track the origin and early evolution of the Venus atmosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 218 , 60 (2022).

Way, M. J. & Del Genio, A. D. Venusian habitable climate scenarios: modeling Venus through time and applications to slowly rotating Venus-like exoplanets. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 125 , e06276 (2020).

Article Google Scholar

Chaffin, M. S., Deighan, J., Schneider, N. M. & Stewart, A. I. F. Elevated atmospheric escape of atomic hydrogen from Mars induced by high-altitude water. Nat. Geosci. 10 , 174–178 (2017).

Cangi, E. M., Chaffin, M. S. & Deighan, J. Higher Martian atmospheric temperatures at all altitudes increase the D/H fractionation factor and water loss. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 125 , e06626 (2020).

Cangi, E., Chaffin, M., Yelle, R., Gregory, B. & Deighan, J. Fully coupled photochemistry of the deuterated ionosphere of Mars and its effects on escape of H and D. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 128 , e2022JE007713 (2023).

Yung, Y. L. & Demore, W. B. Photochemistry of the stratosphere of Venus: implications for atmospheric evolution. Icarus 51 , 199–247 (1982).

Fox, J. L. & Sung, K. Y. Solar activity variations of the Venus thermosphere/ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 106 , 21305–21335 (2001).

Krasnopolsky, V. A. A photochemical model for the Venus atmosphere at 47–112 km. Icarus 218 , 230–246 (2012).

Fedorova, A. et al. HDO and H 2 O vertical distributions and isotopic ratio in the Venus mesosphere by Solar Occultation at Infrared spectrometer on board Venus Express. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 113 , E00B22 (2008).

Paxton, L. J., Anderson Jr, D. E. & Stewart, A. I. F. Analysis of Pioneer Venus Orbiter ultraviolet spectrometer Lyman α data from near the subsolar region. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 93 , 1766–1772 (1988).

Fox, J. L. The post-terminator ionosphere of Venus. Icarus 216 , 625–639 (2011).

Brinton, H. C. et al. Venus nighttime hydrogen bulge. Geophys. Res. Lett. 7 , 865–868 (1980).

Martinez, A. et al. Exploring the variability of the Venusian thermosphere with the IPSL Venus GCM. Icarus 389 , 115272 (2023).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Navarro, T. et al. Venus’ upper atmosphere revealed by a GCM: I. Structure and variability of the circulation. Icarus 366 , 114400 (2021).

Fox, J. L. The chemistry of protonated species in the Martian ionosphere. Icarus 252 , 366–392 (2015).

Taylor, H. A., Brinton, H. C., Wagner, T. C. G., Blackwell, B. H. & Cordier, G. R. Bennett ion mass spectrometers on the Pioneer Venus Bus and Orbiter. IEEE Tran. Geosci. Remote Sens. 18 , 44–49 (1980).

Miller, K. L., Knudsen, W. C. & Spenner, K. The dayside Venus ionosphere: I. Pioneer-Venus retarding potential analyzer experimental observations. Icarus 57 , 386–409 (1984).

Barabash, S. et al. The Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-4) for the Venus Express mission. Planet. Space Sci. 55 , 1772–1792 (2007).

Bertaux, J. L. & Clarke, J. T. Deuterium content of the Venus atmosphere. Nature 338 , 567–568 (1989).

Donahue, T. M. Deuterium on Venus. Nature 340 , 513–514 (1989).

Liang, M.-C. & Yung, Y. L. Modeling the distribution of H 2 O and HDO in the upper atmosphere of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 114 , E00B28 (2009).

Parkinson, C. D. et al. Photochemical control of the distribution of Venusian water. Planet. Space Sci. 113 , 226–236 (2015).

Widemann, T. et al. Venus evolution through time: key science questions, selected mission concepts and future investigations. Space Sci. Rev. 219 , 56 (2023).

McClintock, W. E. et al. The Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) for the MAVEN Mission. Space Sci. Rev. 195 , 75–124 (2015).

Bertaux, J. L., Goutail, F., Dimarellis, E., Kockarts, G. & van Ransbeeck, E. First optical detection of atomic deuterium in the upper atmosphere from Spacelab 1. Nature 309 , 771–773 (1984).

Gregory, B. S., Elliott, R. D., Deighan, J., Gröller, H. & Chaffin, M. S. HCO + dissociative recombination: a significant driver of nonthermal hydrogen loss at Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 128 , e2022JE007576 (2023).

Barth, C. A., Pearce, J. B., Kelly, K. K., Wallace, L. & Fastie, W. G. Ultraviolet emissions observed near Venus from Mariner V. Science 158 , 1675–1678 (1967).

Anderson, D. E. The Mariner 5 ultraviolet photometer experiment: analysis of hydrogen Lyman alpha data. J. Geophys. Res. 81 , 1213–1216 (1976).

Takacs, P., Broadfoot, A., Smith, G. & Kumar, S. Mariner 10 observations of hydrogen Lyman alpha emission from the Venus exosphere: evidence of complex structure. Planet. Space Sci. 28 , 687–701 (1980).

von Zahn, U., Kumar, S., Niemann, H. & Prinn, R. in Venus (eds Hunten D. M., Colin, L., Donahue, T. M. & Moroz, V. I.) 299–430 (Univ. Arizona Press, 1983).

Hunten, D. M. The escape of light gases from planetary atmospheres. J. Atmos. Sci. 30 , 1481–1494 (1973).

Krissansen-Totton, J., Fortney, J. J. & Nimmo, F. Was Venus ever habitable? Constraints from a coupled interior–atmosphere–redox evolution model. Planet. Sci. J. 2 , 216 (2021).

Warren, A. O. & Kite, E. S. Narrow range of early habitable Venus scenarios permitted by modeling of oxygen loss and radiogenic argon degassing. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 120 , e2209751120 (2023).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Chassefière, E. Hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen from a hot water-rich atmosphere: the case of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. 101 , 26039–26056 (1996).

Chassefière, E. Loss of water on the young Venus: the effect of a strong primitive solar wind. Icarus 126 , 229–232 (1997).

Way, M. J. et al. Was Venus the first habitable world of our solar system? Geophys. Res. Lett. 43 , 8376–8383 (2016).

Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Gillmann, C. et al. Dry late accretion inferred from Venus’s coupled atmosphere and internal evolution. Nat. Geosci. 13 , 265–269 (2020).

Selsis, F., Leconte, J., Turbet, M., Chaverot, G. & Bolmont, É. A cool runaway greenhouse without surface magma ocean. Nature 620 , 287–291 (2023).

Fox, J. L. & Bougher, S. W. Structure, luminosity, and dynamics of the Venus thermosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 55 , 357–489 (1991).

Hodges Jr, R. R. Collision cross sections and diffusion parameters for H and D in atomic oxygen. J. Geophys. Res. 98 , 3799–3805 (1993).

Shizgal, B. D. Escape of H and D from Mars and Venus by energization with hot oxygen. J. Geophys. Res. 104 , 14833–14846 (1999).

Yang, J., Boué, G., Fabrycky, D. C. & Abbot, D. S. Strong dependence of the inner edge of the habitable zone on planetary rotation rate. Astrophys. J. 787 , L2 (2014).

Herrick, R. R. & Hensley, S. Surface changes observed on a Venusian volcano during the Magellan mission. Science 379 , 1205–1208 (2023).

Rolf, T. et al. Dynamics and evolution of Venus’ mantle through time. Space Sci. Rev. 218 , 70 (2022).

Hedin, A. E., Niemann, H. B., Kasprzak, W. T. & Seiff, A. Global empirical model of the Venus thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 88 , 73–84 (1983).

Bertaux, J.-L. et al. SPICAV on Venus Express: three spectrometers to study the global structure and composition of the Venus atmosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 55 , 1673–1700 (2007).

Hagemann, R., Nief, G. & Roth, E. Absolute isotopic scale for deuterium analysis of natural waters. Absolute D/H ratio for SMOW. Tellus 22 , 712–715 (1970).

ADS CAS Google Scholar

Lillis, R. et al. Photochemical escape of oxygen from Mars: first results from MAVEN in situ data. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 122 , 3815–3836 (2017).

Rosati, R. E., Skrzypkowski, M. P., Johnsen, R. & Golde, M. F. Yield of excited CO molecules from dissociative recombination of HCO + and HOC + ions with electrons. J. Chem. Phys. 126 , 154302–154302 (2007).

Miller, K. L., Knudsen, C. W., Spenner, K., Whitten, R. C. & Novak, V. Solar zenith angle dependence of ionospheric ion and electron temperatures and density on Venus. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 85 , 7759–7764 (1980).

Brace, L. H. et al. The dynamic behavior of the Venus ionosphere in response to solar wind interactions. J. Geophys. Res. 85 , 7663–7678 (1980).

Kasprzak, W. T. et al. in Venus II: Geology, Geophysics, Atmosphere, and Solar Wind Environment (eds Bougher, S. W. et al.) 225–258 (Univ. Arizona Press, 1997).

Niemann, H. B., Kasprzak, W. T., Hedin, A. E., Hunten, D. M. & Spencer, N. W. Mass spectrometric measurements of the neutral gas composition of the thermosphere and exosphere of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. Space Res. 85 , 7817–7827 (1980).

Fox, J. L. & Kliore, A. J. in Venus II: Geology, Geophysics, Atmosphere, and Solar Wind Environment (eds Bougher, S. W. et al.) 161–188 (Univ. Arizona Press, 1997).

Grebowsky, J. M., Kasprzak, W. T., Hartle, R. E. & Donahue, T. M. A new look at Venus’ thermosphere H distribution. Adv. Space Res. 17 , 191–195 (1996).

Donahue, T. M., Grinspoon, D. H., Hartle, R. E. & Hodges, R. R. Jr. in Venus II: Geology, Geophysics, Atmosphere, and Solar Wind Environment (eds Bougher, S. W. et al.) 385–414 (Univ. Arizona Press, 1997).

Stolzenbach, A., Lefèvre, F., Lebonnois, S. & Määttänen, A. Three-dimensional modeling of Venus photochemistry and clouds. Icarus 395 , 115447 (2023).

Dickinson, R. E. & Ridley, E. C. Venus mesosphere and thermosphere temperature structure: II. Day-night variations. Icarus 30 , 163–178 (1977).

Seiff, A. Dynamical implications of the observed thermal contrasts in Venus’ upper atmosphere. Icarus 51 , 574–592 (1982).

Garvin, J. B. et al. Revealing the mysteries of Venus: the DAVINCI mission. Planet. Sci. J. 3 , 117 (2022).

Smrekar, S. E. et al. VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy): a selected discovery mission in 53rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. LPI contribution no. 2678, id. 1122 (2022).

Helbert, J. et al. The VenSpec suite on the ESA Envision mission – a holistic investigation of the coupled surface atmosphere system of Venus in 16th Europlanet Science Congress, id. EPSC2022-374 (2022).

Download references

Acknowledgements

M.S.C., E.M.C., B.S.G. and R.D.E. were supported by NASA Solar System Workings grant 80NSSC19K0164 and Planetary Science Early Career Award grant 80NSSC20K1081. E.M.C. was also supported by NASA FINESST award 80NSSC22K1326. M.S.C. and E.M.C. thank M. Landis for helpful discussions about water delivery.

Author information

These authors contributed equally: M. S. Chaffin, E. M. Cangi

Authors and Affiliations

Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

M. S. Chaffin, E. M. Cangi, B. S. Gregory, J. Deighan & R. D. Elliott

Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

R. V. Yelle & H. Gröller

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

M.S.C. oversaw the study, performed final model calculations and the photochemical equilibrium calculation and wrote the initial text of the paper. E.M.C. developed the H-bearing and D-bearing photochemical model and nonthermal escape calculation originally used at Mars with a reaction network provided by R.V.Y. and performed initial model calculations for Venus. B.S.G. developed and ran the Monte Carlo model to generate escape probability curves. R.D.E. initially developed the Monte Carlo escape model with support from J.D. and H.G. H.G. performed pilot studies of HCO + -driven loss in the Mars atmosphere. All authors contributed to the interpretation and presentation of model results.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. S. Chaffin .

Ethics declarations

Competing interests.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review

Peer review information.

Nature thanks David Grinspoon and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Extended data figures and tables

Extended data fig. 1 model densities for all species..

The six panels function only to separate species for clarity.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Key photochemical model inputs.

a , Temperature profiles for neutrals, ions and electrons adapted from the inputs in ref. 28 . b , Adopted eddy diffusion profile and molecular diffusion coefficients for H and O atoms.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Implications of HCO + -driven loss for Venus ocean scenarios.

a , Escaping H production rates for the two most important processes in our model. b , Schematic water loss history of Venus.

Supplementary information

Supplementary information.

This file contains Supplementary Methods and Supplementary Tables. Merged PDF containing tables of reactions used in the model, assumed reaction rate coefficients and computed equilibrium model column rates.

Peer Review File

Source data, source data figs. 1–3, rights and permissions.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Chaffin, M.S., Cangi, E.M., Gregory, B.S. et al. Venus water loss is dominated by HCO + dissociative recombination. Nature 629 , 307–310 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07261-y

Download citation

Received : 03 October 2023

Accepted : 29 February 2024

Published : 06 May 2024

Issue Date : 09 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07261-y

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines . If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Quick links

Explore articles by subject
Guide to authors
Editorial policies

Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.

Volume 30, Number 7—July 2024

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 2024

Materials and Methods

Milk samples (cases 2–5) and fresh and formalin-fixed tissues (cases 1, 3–5) from dairy cattle were received at the ISUVDL from Texas on March 21 and from Kansas on March 22, 2024. The cattle exhibited nonspecific illness and reduced lactation, as described previously. The tissue samples for diagnostic testing came from 3 cows that were euthanized and 3 that died naturally; all postmortem examinations were performed on the premises of affected farms.

The bodies of 2 adult domestic shorthaired cats from a north Texas dairy farm were received at the ISUVDL for a complete postmortem examination on March 21, 2024. The cats were found dead with no apparent signs of injury and were from a resident population of ≈24 domestic cats that had been fed milk from sick cows. Clinical disease in cows on that farm was first noted on March 16; the cats became sick on March 17, and several cats died in a cluster during March 19–20. In total, >50% of the cats at that dairy became ill and died. We collected cerebrum, cerebellum, eye, lung, heart, spleen, liver, lymph node, and kidney tissue samples from the cats and placed them in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for histopathology.

At ISUVDL, we trimmed, embedded in paraffin, and processed formalin-fixed tissues from affected cattle and cats for hematoxylin/eosin staining and histologic evaluation. For immunohistochemistry (IHC), we prepared 4-µm–thick sections from paraffin-embedded tissues, placed them on Superfrost Plus slides (VWR, https://www.vwr.com ), and dried them for 20 minutes at 60°C. We used a Ventana Discovery Ultra IHC/ISH research platform (Roche, https://www.roche.com ) for deparaffinization until and including counterstaining. We obtained all products except the primary antibody from Roche. Automated deparaffination was followed by enzymatic digestion with protease 1 for 8 minutes at 37°C and endogenous peroxidase blocking. We obtained the primary influenza A virus antibody from the hybridoma cell line H16-L10–4R5 (ATCC, https://www.atcc.org ) and diluted at 1:100 in Discovery PSS diluent; we incubated sections with antibody for 32 minutes at room temperature. Next, we incubated the sections with a hapten-labeled conjugate, Discovery anti-mouse HQ, for 16 minutes at 37°C followed by a 16-minute incubation with the horse radish peroxidase conjugate, Discovery anti-HQ HRP. We used a ChromoMap DAB kit for antigen visualization, followed by counterstaining with hematoxylin and then bluing. Positive controls were sections of IAV-positive swine lung. Negative controls were sections of brain, lung, and eyes from cats not infected with IAV.

We diluted milk samples 1:3 vol/vol in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4 (Gibco/Thermo Fisher Scientific, https://www.thermofisher.com ) by mixing 1 unit volume of milk and 3 unit volumes of phosphate buffered saline. We prepared 10% homogenates of mammary glands, brains, lungs, spleens, and lymph nodes in Earle’s balanced salt solution (Sigma-Aldrich, https://www.sigmaaldrich.com ). Processing was not necessary for ocular fluid, rumen content, or serum samples. After processing, we extracted samples according to a National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) protocol that had 2 NAHLN-approved deviations for ISUVDL consisting of the MagMax Viral RNA Isolation Kit for 100 µL sample volumes and a Kingfisher Flex instrument (both Thermo Fisher Scientific).

We performed real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) by using an NAHLN-approved assay with 1 deviation, which was the VetMAX-Gold SIV Detection kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific), to screen for the presence of IAV RNA. We tested samples along with the VetMAX XENO Internal Positive Control to monitor the possible presence of PCR inhibitors. Each rRT-PCR 96-well plate had 2 positive amplification controls, 2 negative amplification controls, 1 positive extraction control, and 1 negative extraction control. We ran the rRT-PCR on an ABI 7500 Fast thermocycler and analyzed data with Design and Analysis Software 2.7.0 (both Thermo Fisher Scientific). We considered samples with cycle threshold (Ct) values <40.0 to be positive for virus.

After the screening rRT-PCR, we analyzed IAV RNA–positive samples for the H5 subtype and H5 clade 2.3.4.4b by using the same RNA extraction and NAHLN-approved rRT-PCR protocols as described previously, according to standard operating procedures. We performed PCR on the ABI 7500 Fast thermocycler by using appropriate controls to detect H5-specific IAV. We considered samples with Ct values <40.0 to be positive for the IAV H5 subtype.

We conducted genomic sequencing of 2 milk samples from infected dairy cattle from Texas and 2 tissue samples (lung and brain) from cats that died at a different Texas dairy. We subjected the whole-genome sequencing data to bioinformatics analysis to assemble the 8 different IAV segment sequences according to previously described methods ( 8 ). We used the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences for phylogenetic analysis. We obtained reference sequences for the HA and NA segments of IAV H5 clade 2.3.4.4 from publicly available databases, including GISAID ( https://www.gisaid.org ) and GenBank. We aligned the sequences by using MAFFT version 7.520 software ( https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html ) to create multiple sequence alignments for subsequent phylogenetic analysis. We used IQTree2 ( https://github.com/iqtree/iqtree2 ) to construct the phylogenetic tree from the aligned sequences. The software was configured to automatically identify the optimal substitution model by using the ModelFinder Plus option, ensuring the selection of the most suitable model for the dataset and, thereby, improving the accuracy of the reconstructed tree. We visualized the resulting phylogenetic tree by using iTOL ( https://itol.embl.de ), a web-based platform for interactive tree exploration and annotation.

Gross Lesions in Cows and Cats

All cows were in good body condition with adequate rumen fill and no external indications of disease. Postmortem examinations of the affected dairy cows revealed firm mammary glands typical of mastitis; however, mammary gland lesions were not consistent. Two cows that were acutely ill before postmortem examination had grossly normal milk and no abnormal mammary gland lesions. The gastrointestinal tract of some cows had small abomasal ulcers and shallow linear erosions of the intestines, but those observations were also not consistent in all animals. The colon contents were brown and sticky, suggesting moderate dehydration. The feces contained feed particles that appeared to have undergone minimal ruminal fermentation. The rumen contents had normal color and appearance but appeared to have undergone minimal fermentation.

The 2 adult cats (1 intact male, 1 intact female) received at the ISUVDL were in adequate body and postmortem condition. External examination was unremarkable. Mild hemorrhages were observed in the subcutaneous tissues over the dorsal skull, and multifocal meningeal hemorrhages were observed in the cerebrums of both cats. The gastrointestinal tracts were empty, and no other gross lesions were observed.

Microscopic Lesions in Cows and Cats

Mammary gland lesions in cattle in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. A, B) Mammary gland tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A) Arrowheads indicate segmental loss within open secretory mammary alveoli. Original magnification ×40. B) Arrowheads indicate epithelial degeneration and necrosis lining alveoli with intraluminal sloughing. Asterisk indicates intraluminal neutrophilic inflammation. Original magnification ×400. C, D) Mammary gland tissue sections stained by using avian influenza A immunohistochemistry. C) Brown staining indicates lobular distribution of avian influenza A virus. Original magnification ×40. D) Brown staining indicates strong nuclear and intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity of intact and sloughed epithelial cells within mammary alveoli. Original magnification ×400.

Figure 1 . Mammary gland lesions in cattle in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. A, B) Mammary gland...

The chief microscopic lesion observed in affected cows was moderate acute multifocal neutrophilic mastitis ( Figure 1 ); however, mammary glands were not received from every cow. Three cows had mild neutrophilic or lymphocytic hepatitis. Because they were adult cattle, other observed microscopic lesions (e.g., mild lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis and mild to moderate lymphocytic abomasitis) were presumed to be nonspecific, age-related changes. We did not observe major lesions in the other evaluated tissues. We performed IHC for IAV antigen on all evaluated tissues; the only tissues with positive immunoreactivity were mastitic mammary glands from 2 cows that showed nuclear and cytoplasmic labeling of alveolar epithelial cells and cells within lumina ( Figure 1 ) and multifocal germinal centers within a lymph node from 1 cow ( Table 1 ).

Lesions in cat tissues in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin; insets show brown staining of avian influenza A viruses via immunohistochemistry by using the chromogen 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. Original magnification ×200 for all images and insets. A) Section from cerebral tissue. Arrowheads show perivascular lymphocytic encephalitis, gliosis, and neuronal necrosis. Inset shows neurons. B) Section of lung tissue showing lymphocytic and fibrinous interstitial pneumonia with septal necrosis and alveolar edema; arrowheads indicate lymphocytes. Inset shows bronchiolar epithelium, necrotic cells, and intraseptal mononuclear cells. C) Section of heart tissue. Arrowhead shows interstitial lymphocytic myocarditis and focal peracute myocardial coagulative necrosis. Inset shows cardiomyocytes. D) Section of retinal tissue. Arrowheads show perivascular lymphocytic retinitis with segmental neuronal loss and rarefaction in the ganglion cell layer. Asterisks indicate attenuation of the inner plexiform and nuclear layers with artifactual retinal detachment. Insets shows all layers of the retina segmentally within affected areas have strong cytoplasmic and nuclear immunoreactivity to influenza A virus.

Figure 2 . Lesions in cat tissues in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. Tissue sections were stained with...

Both cats had microscopic lesions consistent with severe systemic virus infection, including severe subacute multifocal necrotizing and lymphocytic meningoencephalitis with vasculitis and neuronal necrosis, moderate subacute multifocal necrotizing and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, moderate to severe subacute multifocal necrotizing and lymphohistiocytic myocarditis, and moderate subacute multifocal lymphoplasmacytic chorioretinitis with ganglion cell necrosis and attenuation of the internal plexiform and nuclear layers ( Table 2 ; Figure 2 ). We performed IHC for IAV antigen on multiple tissues (brain, eye, lung, heart, spleen, liver, and kidney). We detected positive IAV immunoreactivity in brain (intracytoplasmic, intranuclear, and axonal immunolabeling of neurons), lung, and heart, and multifocal and segmental immunoreactivity within all layers of the retina ( Figure 2 ).

PCR Data from Cows and Cats

We tested various samples from 8 clinically affected mature dairy cows by IAV screening and H5 subtype-specific PCR ( Table 3 ). Milk and mammary gland homogenates consistently showed low Ct values: 12.3–16.9 by IAV screening PCR, 17.6–23.1 by H5 subtype PCR, and 14.7–20.0 by H5 2.3.4.4 clade PCR (case 1, cow 1; case 2, cows 1 and 2; case 3, cow 1; and case 4, cow 1). We forwarded the samples to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, which confirmed the virus was an HPAI H5N1 virus strain.

When available, we also tested tissue homogenates (e.g., lung, spleen, and lymph nodes), ocular fluid, and rumen contents from 6 cows by IAV and H5 subtype-specific PCR ( Table 3 ). However, the PCR findings were not consistent. For example, the tissue homogenates and ocular fluid tested positive in some but not all cows. In case 5, cow 1, the milk sample tested negative by IAV screening PCR, but the spleen homogenate tested positive by IAV screening, H5 subtype, and H5 2.3.4.4 PCR. For 2 cows (case 3, cow 1; and case 4, cow 1) that had both milk and rumen contents available, both samples tested positive for IAV. Nevertheless, all IAV-positive nonmammary gland tissue homogenates, ocular fluid, and rumen contents had markedly elevated Ct values in contrast to the low Ct values for milk and mammary gland homogenate samples.

We tested brain and lung samples from the 2 cats (case 6, cats 1 and 2) by IAV screening and H5 subtype-specific PCR ( Table 3 ). Both sample types were positive by IAV screening PCR; Ct values were 9.9–13.5 for brain and 17.4–24.4 for lung samples, indicating high amounts of virus nucleic acid in those samples. The H5 subtype and H5 2.3.4.4 PCR results were also positive for the brain and lung samples; Ct values were consistent with the IAV screening PCR ( Table 3 ).

Phylogenetic Analyses

We assembled the sequences of all 8 segments of the HPAI viruses from both cow milk and cat tissue samples. We used the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences specifically for phylogenetic analysis to delineate the clade of the HA gene and subtype of the NA gene.

Phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene sequences in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. Colors indicate different clades. Red text indicates the virus gene sequences from bovine milk and cats described in this report, confirming those viruses are highly similar and belong to H5 clade 2.3.4.4b. The hemagglutinin sequences from this report are most closely related to A/avian/Guanajuato/CENAPA-18539/2023|EPI_ISL_18755544|A_/_H5 (GISAID, https://www.gisaid.org) and have 99.66%–99.72% nucleotide identities.

Figure 3 . Phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene sequences in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. Colors indicate different...

For HA gene analysis, both HA sequences derived from cow milk samples exhibited a high degree of similarity, sharing 99.88% nucleotide identity, whereas the 2 HA sequences from cat tissue samples showed complete identity at 100%. The HA sequences from the milk samples had 99.94% nucleotide identities with HA sequences from the cat tissues, resulting in a distinct subcluster comprising all 4 HA sequences, which clustered together with other H5N1 viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b ( Figure 3 ). The HA sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. PP599465 [case 2, cow 1], PP599473 [case 2, cow 2], PP692142 [case 6, cat 1], and PP692195 [case 6, cat 2]).

Phylogenetic analysis of neuraminidase gene sequences in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. Colors indicate different subtypes. Red text indicates the virus gene sequences from bovine milk and cats described in this report, confirming those viruses belong to the N1 subtype. The neuraminidase sequences from this report had 99.52%–99.59% nucleotide identities to sequences from viruses isolated from a chicken and wild birds in 2023.

Figure 4 . Phylogenetic analysis of neuraminidase gene sequences in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. Colors indicate different...

For NA gene analysis, the 2 NA sequences obtained from cow milk samples showed 99.93% nucleotide identity. Moreover, the NA sequences derived from the milk samples exhibited complete nucleotide identities (100%) with those from the cat tissues. The 4 NA sequences were grouped within the N1 subtype of HPAI viruses ( Figure 4 ). The NA sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. PP599467 [case 2, cow 1], PP599475 [case 2, cow 2], PP692144 [case 6, cat 1], and PP692197 [case 6, cat 2]).

This case series differs from most previous reports of IAV infection in bovids, which indicated cattle were inapparently infected or resistant to infection ( 9 ). We describe an H5N1 strain of IAV in dairy cattle that resulted in apparent systemic illness, reduced milk production, and abundant virus shedding in milk. The magnitude of this finding is further emphasized by the high death rate (≈50%) of cats on farm premises that were fed raw colostrum and milk from affected cows; clinical disease and lesions developed that were consistent with previous reports of H5N1 infection in cats presumably derived from consuming infected wild birds ( 10 – 12 ). Although exposure to and consumption of dead wild birds cannot be completely ruled out for the cats described in this report, the known consumption of unpasteurized milk and colostrum from infected cows and the high amount of virus nucleic acid within the milk make milk and colostrum consumption a likely route of exposure. Therefore, our findings suggest cross-species mammal-to-mammal transmission of HPAI H5N1 virus and raise new concerns regarding the potential for virus spread within mammal populations. Horizontal transmission of HPAI H5N1 virus has been previously demonstrated in experimentally infected cats ( 13 ) and ferrets ( 14 ) and is suspected to account for large dieoffs observed during natural outbreaks in mink ( 15 ) and sea lions ( 16 ). Future experimental studies of HPAI H5N1 virus in dairy cattle should seek to confirm cross-species transmission to cats and potentially other mammals.

Clinical IAV infection in cattle has been infrequently reported in the published literature. The first report occurred in Japan in 1949, where a short course of disease with pyrexia, anorexia, nasal discharge, pneumonia, and decreased lactation developed in cattle ( 17 ). In 1997, a similar condition occurred in dairy cows in southwest England leading to a sporadic drop in milk production ( 18 ), and IAV seroconversion was later associated with reduced milk yield and respiratory disease ( 19 – 21 ). Rising antibody titers against human-origin influenza A viruses (H1N1 and H3N2) were later again reported in dairy cattle in England, which led to an acute fall in milk production during October 2005–March 2006 ( 22 ). Limited reports of IAV isolation from cattle exist; most reports occurred during the 1960s and 1970s in Hungary and in the former Soviet Union, where H3N2 was recovered from cattle experiencing respiratory disease ( 9 , 23 ). Direct detection of IAV in milk and the potential transmission from cattle to cats through feeding of unpasteurized milk has not been previously reported.

An IAV-associated drop in milk production in dairy cattle appears to have occurred during > 4 distinct periods and within 3 widely separated geographic areas: 1949 in Japan ( 17 ), 1997–1998 and 2005–2006 in Europe ( 19 , 21 ), and 2024 in the United States (this report). The sporadic occurrence of clinical disease in dairy cattle worldwide might be the result of changes in subclinical infection rates and the presence or absence of sufficient baseline IAV antibodies in cattle to prevent infection. Milk IgG, lactoferrin, and conglutinin have also been suggested as host factors that might reduce susceptibility of bovids to IAV infection ( 9 ). Contemporary estimates of the seroprevalence of IAV antibodies in US cattle are not well described in the published literature. One retrospective serologic survey in the United States in the late 1990s showed 27% of serum samples had positive antibody titers and 31% had low-positive titers for IAV H1 subtype-specific antigen in cattle with no evidence of clinical infections ( 24 ). Antibody titers for H5 subtype-specific antigen have not been reported in US cattle.

The susceptibility of domestic cats to HPAI H5N1 is well-documented globally ( 10 – 12 , 25 – 28 ), and infection often results in neurologic signs in affected felids and other terrestrial mammals ( 4 ). Most cases in cats result from consuming infected wild birds or contaminated poultry products ( 12 , 27 ). The incubation period in cats is short; clinical disease is often observed 2–3 days after infection ( 28 ). Brain tissue has been suggested as the best diagnostic sample to confirm HPAI virus infection in cats ( 10 ), and our results support that finding. One unique finding in the cats from this report is the presence of blindness and microscopic lesions of chorioretinitis. Those results suggest that further investigation into potential ocular manifestations of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats might be warranted.

The genomic sequencing and subsequent analysis of clinical samples from both bovine and feline sources provided considerable insights. The HA and NA sequences derived from both bovine milk and cat tissue samples from different Texas farms had a notable degree of similarity. Those findings strongly suggest a shared origin for the viruses detected in the dairy cattle and cat tissues. Further research, case series investigations, and surveillance data are needed to better understand and inform measures to curtail the clinical effects, shedding, and spread of HPAI viruses among mammals. Although pasteurization of commercial milk mitigates risks for transmission to humans, a 2019 US consumer study showed that 4.4% of adults consumed raw milk > 1 time during the previous year ( 29 ), indicating a need for public awareness of the potential presence of HPAI H5N1 viruses in raw milk.

Ingestion of feed contaminated with feces from wild birds infected with HPAI virus is presumed to be the most likely initial source of infection in the dairy farms. Although the exact source of the virus is unknown, migratory birds (Anseriformes and Charadriiformes) are likely sources because the Texas panhandle region lies in the Central Flyway, and those birds are the main natural reservoir for avian influenza viruses ( 30 ). HPAI H5N1 viruses are well adapted to domestic ducks and geese, and ducks appear to be a major reservoir ( 31 ); however, terns have also emerged as an important source of virus spread ( 32 ). The mode of transmission among infected cattle is also unknown; however, horizontal transmission has been suggested because disease developed in resident cattle herds in Michigan, Idaho, and Ohio farms that received infected cattle from the affected regions, and those cattle tested positive for HPAI H5N1 ( 33 ). Experimental studies are needed to decipher the transmission routes and pathogenesis (e.g., replication sites and movement) of the virus within infected cattle.

In conclusion, we showed that dairy cattle are susceptible to infection with HPAI H5N1 virus and can shed virus in milk and, therefore, might potentially transmit infection to other mammals via unpasteurized milk. A reduction in milk production and vague systemic illness were the most commonly reported clinical signs in affected cows, but neurologic signs and death rapidly developed in affected domestic cats. HPAI virus infection should be considered in dairy cattle when an unexpected and unexplained abrupt drop in feed intake and milk production occurs and for cats when rapid onset of neurologic signs and blindness develop. The recurring nature of global HPAI H5N1 virus outbreaks and detection of spillover events in a broad host range is concerning and suggests increasing virus adaptation in mammals. Surveillance of HPAI viruses in domestic production animals, including cattle, is needed to elucidate influenza virus evolution and ecology and prevent cross-species transmission.

Dr. Burrough is a professor and diagnostic pathologist at the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. His research focuses on infectious diseases of livestock with an emphasis on swine.

Acknowledgment

We thank the faculty and staff at the ISUVDL who contributed to the processing and analysis of clinical samples in this investigation, the veterinarians involved with clinical assessments at affected dairies and various conference calls in the days before diagnostic submissions that ultimately led to the detection of HPAI virus in the cattle, and the US Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Services Laboratory and NAHLN for their roles and assistance in providing their expertise, confirmatory diagnostic support, and communications surrounding the HPAI virus cases impacting lactating dairy cattle.

Caliendo V , Lewis NS , Pohlmann A , Baillie SR , Banyard AC , Beer M , et al. Transatlantic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wild birds from Europe to North America in 2021. Sci Rep . 2022 ; 12 : 11729 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Bevins SN , Shriner SA , Cumbee JC Jr , Dilione KE , Douglass KE , Ellis JW , et al. Intercontinental movement of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4 virus to the United States, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis . 2022 ; 28 : 1006 – 11 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Puryear W , Sawatzki K , Hill N , Foss A , Stone JJ , Doughty L , et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus outbreak in New England seals, United States. Emerg Infect Dis . 2023 ; 29 : 786 – 91 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Elsmo EJ , Wünschmann A , Beckmen KB , Broughton-Neiswanger LE , Buckles EL , Ellis J , et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b infections in wild terrestrial mammals, United States, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis . 2023 ; 29 : 2451 – 60 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Bruno A , Alfaro-Núñez A , de Mora D , Armas R , Olmedo M , Garcés J , et al. First case of human infection with highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza A virus in South America: a new zoonotic pandemic threat for 2023? J Travel Med. 2023 ;30:taad032.
Pulit-Penaloza JA , Brock N , Belser JA , Sun X , Pappas C , Kieran TJ , et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from a human case in Chile causes fatal disease and transmits between co-housed ferrets. Emerg Microbes Infect . 2024 ; 2332667 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service . Federal and state veterinary, public health agencies share update on HPAI detection in Kansas, Texas dairy herds. 2024 [ cited 2024 Mar 29 ]. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/news/agency-announcements/federal-state-veterinary-public-health-agencies-share-update-hpai
Sharma A , Zeller MA , Souza CK , Anderson TK , Vincent AL , Harmon K , et al. Characterization of a 2016–2017 human seasonal H3 influenza A virus spillover now endemic to U.S. swine. MSphere . 2022 ; 7 : e0080921 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Sreenivasan CC , Thomas M , Kaushik RS , Wang D , Li F . Influenza A in bovine species: a narrative literature review. Viruses . 2019 ; 11 : 561 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Sillman SJ , Drozd M , Loy D , Harris SP . Naturally occurring highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b infection in three domestic cats in North America during 2023. J Comp Pathol . 2023 ; 205 : 17 – 23 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Klopfleisch R , Wolf PU , Uhl W , Gerst S , Harder T , Starick E , et al. Distribution of lesions and antigen of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/Swan/Germany/R65/06 (H5N1) in domestic cats after presumptive infection by wild birds. Vet Pathol . 2007 ; 44 : 261 – 8 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Keawcharoen J , Oraveerakul K , Kuiken T , Fouchier RAM , Amonsin A , Payungporn S , et al. Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards. Emerg Infect Dis . 2004 ; 10 : 2189 – 91 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Kuiken T , Rimmelzwaan G , van Riel D , van Amerongen G , Baars M , Fouchier R , et al. Avian H5N1 influenza in cats. Science . 2004 ; 306 : 241 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Herfst S , Schrauwen EJA , Linster M , Chutinimitkul S , de Wit E , Munster VJ , et al. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science . 2012 ; 336 : 1534 – 41 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Agüero M , Monne I , Sánchez A , Zecchin B , Fusaro A , Ruano MJ , et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022. Euro Surveill . 2023 ; 28 : 2300001 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Leguia M , Garcia-Glaessner A , Muñoz-Saavedra B , Juarez D , Barrera P , Calvo-Mac C , et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in marine mammals and seabirds in Peru. Nat Commun . 2023 ; 14 : 5489 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Saito K . An outbreak of cattle influenza in Japan in the fall of 1949. J Am Vet Med Assoc . 1951 ; 118 : 316 – 9 . PubMed Google Scholar
Gunning RF , Pritchard GC . Unexplained sporadic milk drop in dairy cows. Vet Rec . 1997 ; 140 : 488 . PubMed Google Scholar
Brown IH , Crawshaw TR , Harris PA , Alexander DJ . Detection of antibodies to influenza A virus in cattle in association with respiratory disease and reduced milk yield. Vet Rec . 1998 ; 143 : 637 – 8 . PubMed Google Scholar
Crawshaw TR , Brown I . Bovine influenza. Vet Rec . 1998 ; 143 : 372 . PubMed Google Scholar
Gunning RF , Brown IH , Crawshaw TR . Evidence of influenza A virus infection in dairy cows with sporadic milk drop syndrome. Vet Rec . 1999 ; 145 : 556 – 7 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Crawshaw TR , Brown IH , Essen SC , Young SCL . Significant rising antibody titres to influenza A are associated with an acute reduction in milk yield in cattle. Vet J . 2008 ; 178 : 98 – 102 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Lopez JW , Woods GT . Influenza virus in ruminants: a review. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol . 1984 ; 45 : 445 – 62 . PubMed Google Scholar
Jones-Lang K , Ernst-Larson M , Lee B , Goyal SM , Bey R . Prevalence of influenza A virus (H1N1) antibodies in bovine sera. New Microbiol . 1998 ; 21 : 153 – 60 . PubMed Google Scholar
Briand FX , Souchaud F , Pierre I , Beven V , Hirchaud E , Hérault F , et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in domestic cat, France, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis . 2023 ; 29 : 1696 – 8 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Frymus T , Belák S , Egberink H , Hofmann-Lehmann R , Marsilio F , Addie DD , et al. Influenza virus infections in cats. Viruses . 2021 ; 13 : 1435 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Songserm T , Amonsin A , Jam-on R , Sae-Heng N , Meemak N , Pariyothorn N , et al. Avian influenza H5N1 in naturally infected domestic cat. Emerg Infect Dis . 2006 ; 12 : 681 – 3 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Thiry E , Zicola A , Addie D , Egberink H , Hartmann K , Lutz H , et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in cats and other carnivores. Vet Microbiol . 2007 ; 122 : 25 – 31 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Lando AM , Bazaco MC , Parker CC , Ferguson M . Characteristics of U.S. consumers reporting past year intake of raw (unpasteurized) milk: results from the 2016 Food Safety Survey and 2019 Food Safety and Nutrition Survey. J Food Prot . 2022 ; 85 : 1036 – 43 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Fourment M , Darling AE , Holmes EC . The impact of migratory flyways on the spread of avian influenza virus in North America. BMC Evol Biol . 2017 ; 17 : 118 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
Guan Y , Smith GJD . The emergence and diversification of panzootic H5N1 influenza viruses. Virus Res . 2013 ; 178 : 35 – 43 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
de Araújo AC , Silva LMN , Cho AY , Repenning M , Amgarten D , de Moraes AP , et al. Incursion of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus, Brazil, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis . 2024 ; 30 : 619 – 21 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
American Veterinary Medical Association . States with HPAI-infected dairy cows grows to six. USDA provides guidance for veterinarians, producers on protecting cattle from the virus. 2024 [ cited 2024 Apr 10 ]. https://www.avma.org/news/states-hpai-infected-dairy-cows-grows-six
Figure 1 . Mammary gland lesions in cattle in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. A, B) Mammary...
Figure 2 . Lesions in cat tissues in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. Tissue sections were stained...
Figure 3 . Phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene sequences in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. Colors indicate...
Figure 4 . Phylogenetic analysis of neuraminidase gene sequences in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. Colors indicate...
Table 1 . Microscopic lesions observed in cattle in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024
Table 2 . Microscopic lesions observed in cats in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024
Table 3 . PCR results from various specimens in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024

Suggested citation for this article : Burrough ER, Magstadt DR, Petersen B, Timmermans SJ, Gauger PC, Zhang J, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024 Jul [ date cited ]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3007.240508

DOI: 10.3201/eid3007.240508

Original Publication Date: April 29, 2024

Table of Contents – Volume 30, Number 7—July 2024

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Eric R. Burrough, Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1937 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA 50011, USA

Comment submitted successfully, thank you for your feedback.

There was an unexpected error. Message not sent.

Exit Notification / Disclaimer Policy

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.
Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link.
CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website.

Metric Details

Article views: 24125.

Data is collected weekly and does not include downloads and attachments. View data is from .

What is the Altmetric Attention Score?

The Altmetric Attention Score for a research output provides an indicator of the amount of attention that it has received. The score is derived from an automated algorithm, and represents a weighted count of the amount of attention Altmetric picked up for a research output.

Find My Rep

Pre-submission: helping readers find your article
Submitting your article
Editorial policies 3.1 Peer review policy 3.2 Authorship 3.3 Research ethics and patient consent 3.4 Clinical trials 3.5 Reporting guidelines
Publishing Policies 4.1 Publication ethics 4.2 Contributor's publishing agreement 4.3 Open access and author archiving 4.4 Permissions
Preparing your manuscript 5.1 Formatting your article 5.2 (La)TeX template and guidelines 5.3 Artwork guidelines 5.4 English language editing services
Submitting your manuscript 6.1 How to submit your manuscript 6.2 Title, keywords and abstracts 6.3 ORCID
On acceptance and publication 7.1 Sage Production 7.2 Access to your published article 7.3 Online First publication

Are you choosing the right journal for your research? With so many journals to choose from you may need a little guidance…

Editorial policies

Peer review policy Please see the submission guidelines of the journal you wish to submit to. View the complete list of Sage Journals .

The reviewer should have no prior knowledge of your submission
The reviewer should not have recently collaborated with any of the authors
Reviewer nominees from the same institution as any of the authors are not permitted

Please note that the journal’s editors are not obliged to invite any recommended/opposed reviewers to assess your manuscript.

Made a substantial contribution to the concept and design, acquisition of data or analysis and interpretation of data,
Drafted the article or revised it critically for important intellectual content,
Approved the version to be published.

General guidance for authors submitting to medical journals (please view the relevant journal’s submission guidelines for specific requirements)

Research ethics and patient consent Medical research involving human subjects must be conducted according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki

For research articles, authors are also required to state in the methods section whether participants provided informed consent and whether the consent was written or verbal.

Please also refer to the ICMJE Recommendations for the Protection of Research Participants

All research involving animals submitted for publication must be approved by an ethics committee with oversight of the facility in which the studies were conducted.

Other resources can be found at NLM’s Research Reporting Guidelines and Initiatives

Publishing Policies

Contributor’s publishing agreement Before publication, Sage requires the author as the rights holder to sign a Journal Contributor’s Publishing Agreement. Sage’s Journal Contributor’s Publishing Agreement for traditional subscription journals is an exclusive licence agreement which means that the author retains copyright in the work but grants Sage the sole and exclusive right and licence to publish for the full legal term of copyright. Exceptions may exist where an assignment of copyright is required or preferred by a proprietor other than SAGE. In this case copyright in the work will be assigned from the author to the society. This licence enables authors to make articles open access by archiving their article at no charge via the green open access archiving route. Authors who have published in a subscription journal can do this by depositing the version of the article accepted for publication (version 2) in their own institution's repository.

For more information please visit our Frequently Asked Questions on the Sage Journal Author Gateway.

Permissions

Preparing your manuscript

Other styles available for certain journals are: ACS Style Guide , AMA Manual of Style , ASA Style Guide , Chicago Manual of Style and CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Societies .

Please refer to your journals’ manuscript submission guidelines to confirm which reference style it conforms to and for other specific requirements.

Equations should to be submitted using Office Math ML and Math type.

Word template and guidelines Our tailored Word template and guidelines will help you format and structure your article, with useful general advice and Word tips.

(La)TeX guidelines We welcome submissions of LaTeX files. Please download the Sage LaTex Template , which contains comprehensive guidelines.

Format: TIFF, JPEG: Common format for pictures (containing no text or graphs). EPS: Preferred format for graphs and line art (retains quality when enlarging/zooming in).
Placement: Figures/charts and tables created in MS Word should be included in the main text rather than at the end of the document. Figures and other files created outside Word (i.e. Excel, PowerPoint, JPG, TIFF, EPS, and PDF) should be submitted separately. Please add a placeholder note in the running text (i.e. “[insert Figure 1.]")
Resolution: Rasterized based files (i.e. with .tiff or .jpeg extension) require a resolution of at least 300 dpi (dots per inch). Line art should be supplied with a minimum resolution of 800 dpi .
Colour: Please note that images supplied in colour will be published in colour online and black and white in print (unless otherwise arranged). Therefore, it is important that you supply images that are comprehensible in black and white as well (i.e. by using colour with a distinctive pattern or dotted lines). The captions should reflect this by not using words indicating colour.
Dimension: Check that the artworks supplied match or exceed the dimensions of the journal. Images cannot be scaled up after origination
Fonts: The lettering used in the artwork should not vary too much in size and type (usually sans serif font as a default).

Submitting your manuscript

How to submit your manuscript

Video abstracts Some journals accept video abstracts (please check the submission guidelines of your chosen journal). Read our guidelines on how to produce a video abstract

ORCID As part of our commitment to ensuring an ethical, transparent and fair peer review process Sage is a supporting member of ORCID, the Open Researcher and Contributor ID

If you do not already have an ORCID iD please follow this link to create one or visit our ORCID homepage to learn more.

On acceptance and publication

Access to your published article Sage provides authors with online access to their final article.

OnlineFirst publication Many Sage journals offer OnlineFirst. OnlineFirst allows final revision articles (completed articles in queue for assignment to an upcoming issue) to be published online prior to their inclusion in a final journal issue which significantly reduces the lead time between submission and publication. For more information please visit our OnlineFirst Fact Sheet

Ethics & Responsibility
How to Get Published Resources
Inclusive Language Guide
Registered Reports Author Guidelines
Supplemental Material Author Guidelines
Participant Consent Form
Manuscript Preparation for Double-Anonymized Journals
Response to Reviewers Template
Authorship Change Form
Your Paper and Peer Review
Advance: a Sage preprints community
On Acceptance and Publication
Help Readers Find Your Article
Promote Your Article
Research Data Sharing Policies
Career and Networking Resources
Frequently Asked Questions
Useful Links/Resources
Increase Usage & Citation Using Social Media
Open Access Publishing Options
Top Reasons to Publish with Sage
Open Access Introduction for Authors
Journal Editor Gateway
Journal Reviewer Gateway
Sage Editorial Policies
Impact Factor & Ranking Results
Publication Ethics Policies
Publishing Your Book with SAGE

COMMENTS

Manuscript Submission Guidelines
Sage Publishing disseminates high-quality research and engaged scholarship globally, and we are committed to diversity and inclusion in publishing. We encourage submissions from a diverse range of authors from across all countries and backgrounds. Pre-submission: helping readers find your article Before you submit your manuscript, go back and ...
LibGuides: Sage Journals: Publishing Resources
Choosing the Right Journal for Your Research. With so many journals to choose from you may need a little guidance. The Sage Journal Recommender is a search tool that will help you find a journal based on the subject and content of your manuscript. Enter keywords and the title of your manuscript to search over 1,000 Sage journals and compare those most relevant for your research.
How to Get Published
Free 1 hour monthly How to Get Published webinars cover topics including writing an article, navigating the peer review process, and what exactly it means when you hear "open access.". Join fellow researchers and expert speakers live, or watch our library of recordings on a variety of topics. Browse our webinars.
How can I make a submission to a Sage journal?
Once you arrive at the journal's homepage, click on the "Submit Paper" button on the screen's right side. The next page may outline the journal's submission requirements, how to submit your manuscript, and a link to the submission site.
Publish with SAGE
Publish with SAGE. Sage is an independent international publisher of journals, books, and electronic media. Known for our commitment to quality and innovation, we are a world leader in our chosen academic, educational, and professional markets. Innovative ideas and approaches consistently distinguish Sage's publishing, across all of our programs.
How to Get Published
Free 1 hour monthly How to Get Published webinars cover topics including writing an article, navigating the peer review process, and what exactly it means when you hear "open access.". Join fellow researchers and expert speakers live, or watch our library of recordings on a variety of topics.
How do you publish an open-access article?
These open-access Sage journals include articles about social science research methods. Big Data & Society Big Data & Society (BD&S) is an Open Access peer-reviewed scholarly journal that publishes interdisciplinary work principally in the social sciences, humanities and computing and their intersections with the arts and natural sciences about the implications of Big Data for societies.
The Perks of Having a Paper Published in SAGE Publications
The success of SAGE journals has grown steadily in recent years. Over 50% of SAGE journals are now ranked in the top half of the list. 90 SAGE journals are in the top ten for their subject. SAGE was also one of the first large publishers to launch an Open Access program. The company offers a number of Open Access options.
Submission Guidelines: Research in Education: Sage Journals
Before publication, Sage requires the author as the rights holder to sign a Journal Contributor's Publishing Agreement. Sage's Journal Contributor's Publishing Agreement is an exclusive licence agreement which means that the author retains copyright in the work but grants Sage the sole and exclusive right and licence to publish for the ...
What is the academic reputation of Sage Publications and their
Sage Publications has a strong academic reputation and is considered credible in publishing journals. Here are some key points to consider: Open Access Commitment: Sage has been actively engaged in the open access debate and is committed to being open to new developments in the publishing sector .They offer various open access options, including Gold Open Access journals, Sage Choice program ...
Manuscript Submission Guidelines
Sage Publishing disseminates high-quality research and engaged scholarship globally, and we are committed to diversity and inclusion in publishing. We encourage submissions from a diverse range of authors from across all countries and backgrounds. Pre-submission: helping readers find your article Before you submit your manuscript, go back and ...
Navigating the "Psychedelic Renaissance": From Research ...
The field of psychedelics is in an important era, with a significant focus on the potential role of psychedelic compounds in the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. In 2022, a scientific research conference was held in Toronto to bring together stakeholders from a variety of disciplines and to promote dialogue and collaboration. This Special Issue includes 8 papers based on ...
Manuscript Submission Guidelines
Sage Choice - publishing open access in a subscription journal The Sage Choice program offers authors the option to make their articles freely available upon publication in most subscription-based Sage journals. It also enables authors to comply with funding body requirements, where publishing research papers open access is a stipulation of ...
Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 182501 (2024)
Reuse & Permissions. It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained.
How to Get Published
Free 1 hour monthly How to Get Published webinars cover topics including writing an article, navigating the peer review process, and what exactly it means when you hear "open access.". Join fellow researchers and expert speakers live, or watch our library of recordings on a variety of topics. Browse our webinars.
Venus water loss is dominated by HCO+ dissociative recombination
Water loss to space late in Venus history is shown to be more active than previously thought, with unmeasured HCO+ dissociative recombination dominating present-day H loss.
Volume 30, Number 7—July 2024
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions.
A Giant Impact Origin for the First Subduction on Earth
Geophysical Research Letters is an AGU journal publishing high-impact, innovative articles on major advances spanning all of the major geoscience disciplines. Abstract Hadean zircons provide a potential record of Earth's earliest subduction 4.3 billion years ago.
Manuscript Submission Guidelines
Sage Choice - publishing open access in a subscription journal The Sage Choice program offers authors the option to make their articles freely available upon publication in most subscription-based Sage journals. It also enables authors to comply with funding body requirements, where publishing research papers open access is a stipulation of ...

Sage Journals: Publishing Resources

Support for Author/Editors/Reviewers

Research Data Sharing Policies

How to Do Research and Get Published Webinar Series

How to Get Published Tutorial

How to Get Published Resources

Connect With Us

Author Services

Sage Campus

Sage Perspectives

Using Social Media

How can I make a submission to a Sage journal?

The Perks of Having a Paper Published in SAGE Publications

Who are SAGE Publications?

Why Choose a SAGE Journal?

You’ve Chosen SAGE: What’s Next?

Enago Academy's Most Popular Articles

Breaking the Mold: Understanding free format submissions and their adoption by journals

2021 STM Report: Global Research Trends and Transformation in Open Access Publishing

What is the academic reputation of Sage Publications and their credibility in publishing journals?

Continue the conversation

You are here

Pre-submission: helping readers find your article

Submitting your article

Editorial policies

Publishing Policies

Preparing your manuscript

Image Integrity

Submitting your manuscript

On acceptance and publication

Navigating the “Psychedelic Renaissance”: From Research to Reality

Cite this article

Access this article

Author information

Corresponding author

Ethics declarations

Additional information

Rights and permissions

About this article

Share this article

You are here

Editorial policies

Publishing Policies

Preparing your manuscript

Submitting your manuscript

On acceptance and publication

Physical Review Letters

Laser Excitation of the Th-229 Nucleus

Supplemental Material

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Shedding Light on the Thorium-229 Nuclear Clock Isomer

Authors & Affiliations

Article Text

Authorization Required

Download & Share

Reuse & Permissions

Article Lookup

You are here

Getting started

Promoting your article

How to Get Your Journal Article Published guide

How to Get Published webinars

Sage Perspectives blog

Sage Campus courses

Submitting your article to a Sage journal

Venus water loss is dominated by HCO + dissociative recombination

Access options

Similar content being viewed by others

Oxygen production from dissociation of Europa’s water-ice surface

Isotopic fractionation of water and its photolytic products in the atmosphere of Mars

Dry late accretion inferred from Venus’s coupled atmosphere and internal evolution

Code availability

Acknowledgements

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Contributions

Corresponding author

Ethics declarations

Peer review

Additional information