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How Often Do People Regret Transitioning?

It’s a complex question, but we do have some data..

An opinion piece recently came out in the New York Times looking at the ongoing debate on transgender youth. If you’ve read the piece, you might be forgiven for thinking that huge swaths of children are receiving surgery for gender dysphoria, and that many or even most of them regret their transitions. “I realized that I had lived a lie for over five years,” one destransitioning teen told the Times . Members of the trans community who track legislation and critique media coverage called the piece misleading , and even suggested it followed the “ climate denier playbook .”

Now, I have no particular stake here. I’m not trans, I don’t work in that area of health care, and I’m a cis man. I am, however, an epidemiologist, and I spend a lot of my time checking scientific facts that are online with the goal of helping people better understand health, science, and how the media covers those things. In this case, one key question arose from the New York Times piece that author Pamela Paul did not really answer: What proportion of people who access medical care to transition genders regret doing so?

You might answer, “Why does anyone care?,” which is, to be honest, not unreasonable . Some proportion of people experience regret for any medical procedure, from chemotherapy to orthopedic surgery. Nonetheless, we don’t see op-eds about the awful risks of hip replacements. It’s inevitable that some percentage of teens who transition will regret it; the real question is whether the medical care is beneficial on the whole—not whether the occasional person later regrets a medical choice they made in their youth.

It’s also important to note that we don’t really care about the crude number of people who regret transition, we care about the rate . If more people choose to transition, then more people, in total, will regret it. If the number of people transitioning goes from (to use arbitrary numbers) 1,000 to 100,000, but the number of people regretting it goes from 50 to 100, then the rate has dropped massively and it’s a very good thing, even though the crude number has doubled.

A good place to start when looking at the rate of regret for people transitioning in modern medical settings is to think about the upper and lower bounds. The highest estimate that I’ve come across is this recent study of people using the U.S. military health care system. It doesn’t deal with regret head-on, though. The authors looked at transgender or gender-diverse people who were using their parent’s or spouse’s military health care to access hormones for gender-related care, and looked at how many of them stopped getting these drugs over a four-year period. At the end of the study, about 30 percent of the people who started accessing hormones through this system stopped, with a lower rate for kids and higher rate for adults. (They may have gone elsewhere for hormones, though.)

The lowest estimate I’ve seen for regret after gender-related care is based primarily on people who have had gender-affirming surgery. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis —a type of study where the authors aggregate lots of papers into one big estimate—that combined such studies found an overall rate of 1 percent for regret after surgery for both transmasculine and transfeminine surgeries. This echoes other large cohorts which have found that only a tiny proportion of the people who have these surgeries eventually report regretting the procedure.

The issue here is that neither of these extremes are reliable estimates of regret. The 30 percent figure obviously does not map onto regret. Many people stop using their parent or partner’s health care for reasons completely unrelated to transition regret (i.e., divorce). And the studies of surgery in the review are mostly surgeons following up with their own patients, with quite high dropout rates. It’s not surprising that only 1 percent of people report to a surgeon who did an operation that they regret it!

There’s also a problem here about how we define “regret.” One of the biggest studies on transition-related regret was on the Amsterdam gender clinic , including nearly 7,000 people over 43 years. These authors defined “regret” as a patient who came back to the clinic after surgery to access hormones that would reverse their gender transition (and who had this noted in their records). By this definition, less than 1 percent of people regretted their surgery. But this is obviously not a particularly useful definition, because it will miss all of the people who regretted their procedures but went elsewhere for their follow-up care, or simply never got back to the original clinic about their regret.

Perhaps the most useful way to examine regret is to look at the proportion of people who cease their transition and go back to the gender they were originally. A large national study found that 13.1 percent of transgender people participating in the U.S. Transgender Survey reported detransitioning at some point in their lives. I think that’s a fairly reasonable estimate of the rate of people experiencing some measure of regret around their transition experience.

The authors of this study are careful to argue that the 13.1 percent figure isn’t a measure of regret, saying that “these experiences did not necessarily reflect regret regarding past gender affirmation.” Most of them reported that external factors were behind their detransition—a common reason was “pressure from a parent”—and all of them still identified as trans when they took part in the survey.

However, I think that the figure in that study is useful for precisely the reasons discussed in the study itself: Neither detransition nor regret are simple concepts. Transition, as with all social phenomena, is complex. You can stop taking hormones and still be trans. You can regret taking steps that alienate you from your family, even as you wish your family would accept you living how you want to live. You can even regret some aspects of a treatment (any kind of medical treatment!) while being grateful for the knowledge you gained by trying it out. Regret doesn’t always mean that people wish they hadn’t transitioned, it just means that there are some parts of the story that they long to change.

Paul published a short follow-up in the Times pushing back on criticisms of her column, arguing that we simply don’t know how many trans teens will seek medical care and then go on to detransition. It’s true that we don’t have good U.S. data on the number of people who detransition, but other countries have fairly useful, recent papers showing that detransition is quite uncommon . Paul even cited one of these in her piece, although she dismissed it out of hand . It’s possible that we don’t have all the information yet, but we can consider the constellation of evidence that we do have. What’s clear from this evidence is that the vast majority of people do not experience regret, howsoever defined, after transitioning genders. Regret rates are actually much higher for a lot of medical procedures. For example, in the U.S. military study above, 26 percent of children stopped getting hormones through their parent’s insurance after four years; a national British study looking at antidepressant use in children across the country found that half of the kids had stopped taking these medications after just two months.

Ultimately, the question of what proportion of kids or adults regret their transition is only important to a select group: the people who want to transition, and their clinicians. At worst, the rate of regret is still better than other treatments which don’t require national debates over their use, which really begs the question of why anyone who isn’t directly involved with the treatment of transgender people is even weighing in on the topic at all. Indeed, a lot of what I’ve said in this piece has been raised by everyone from journalists to activists to trans folks just trying to live their lives. But as long as columnists are asking questions, maybe I can help by offering answers.

Transgender regret? Research challenges narratives about gender-affirming surgeries

Assistant Professor of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University

Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University

Assistant Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University

Disclosure statement

Harry Barbee has received funding from the National Institute on Aging for their past work.

Bashar Hassan and Fan Liang do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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You’ll often hear lawmakers , activists and pundits argue that many transgender people regret their decision to have gender-affirming surgeries – a belief that’s been fueling a wave of legislation that restricts access to gender-affirming health care.

Gender-affirming care can include surgical procedures such as facial reconstruction, chest or “top” surgery , and genital or “bottom” surgery .

But in an article we recently published in JAMA Surgery, we challenge the notion that transgender people often regret gender-affirming surgeries.

Evidence suggests that less than 1% of transgender people who undergo gender-affirming surgery report regret. That proportion is even more striking when compared to the fact that 14.4% of the broader population reports regret after similar surgeries.

For example, studies have found that between 5% and 14% of all women who receive mastectomies to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer say they regretted doing so. However, less than 1% of transgender men who receive the same procedure report regret.

These statistics are based on reviews of existing studies that investigated regret among 7,928 transgender individuals who received gender-affirming surgeries. Although some of this prior research has been criticized for overlooking the fact that regret can sometimes take years to develop, it aligns with the growing body of studies that show positive health outcomes among transgender people who receive gender-affirming care.

Why access to gender-affirming surgery matters

About 1.6 million people in the U.S. identify as transgender. While only about 25% of these individuals have obtained gender-affirming surgeries, these procedures have become more commonplace . From 2016 to 2020, roughly 48,000 trans people in the U.S. received gender-affirming surgeries.

These procedures provide transgender people with the opportunity to align their physical bodies with their gender identity, which could positively impact mental health. Research shows that access to gender-affirming surgeries may reduce levels of depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation among transgender people.

The mental health benefits may explain the low levels of regret. Transgender people have far higher rates of mental health concerns than cisgender people, or people whose gender identity aligns with their sex at birth. This is largely because transgender people have a more difficult time living authentically without experiencing discrimination, harassment and violence .

Gender-affirming surgery often involves going through a number of hoops : waiting periods, hormone therapy and learning about the potential risks and benefits of the procedures. Although most surgeries are reserved for adults, the leading guidelines recommend that patients be at least 15 years old.

This thorough process that trans people go through before receiving surgery may also explain the lower levels of regret.

In addition, many cisgender people get surgeries that, in their ideal world, they wouldn’t receive. But they go through with the surgery in order to prevent a health problem.

For instance, a cisgender woman who receives a mastectomy to avoid breast cancer may ultimately regret the decision if she dislikes her new appearance. Meanwhile, a transgender man who receives the same procedure is more likely to be pleased with a masculine-looking chest.

Improving research and public policy

It’s important to note that this research is not conclusive. Views of surgeries can change over time , and patients can feel quite differently about their outcomes eight years after their surgery as opposed to one year after their surgery.

Nonetheless, the consensus among experts, including at the American Medical Association , is that gender-affirming surgery can improve transgender people’s health and should not be banned.

U.S. states such as Oklahoma and North Dakota have ignored this consensus and have restricted access to these procedures. In response, 12 states have designated themselves “ sanctuaries ” for gender-affirming care.

Although our statistics on surgical regret may change as researchers learn more, they are the best data that health care providers have. And public policies that are based on the best available evidence have the most potential to improve people’s lives.

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FACT CHECK: Is The Rate Of Regret After Gender-Affirming Surgery Only 1%?

A post shared on social media  claims only 1% of people regret their gender-affirmation surgery.

  View this post on Instagram   A post shared by matt bernstein (@mattxiv)

Verdict: Misleading

While the study cited does find a 1% regret rate, it and other subsequent studies share disclaimers and the limitations of research, suggesting the rate may actually be higher.

Fact Check:

The Instagram post claims that only 1% of patients regret their gender transition surgeries. The source used is “Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence” from the National Library of Medicine (NLM).

The caption is misleading, due to several factors and lack of research that were identified by the study itself and other subsequent papers. (RELATED: Did Canada Release A New Passport That Features Pride Flags?)

This study did not conduct original research, but rather compiled research done in many different places which resulted in a disclaimer warning of the danger of generalizing the results. “There is high subjectivity in the assessment of regret and lack of standardized questionnaires,” which varies from study to study, according to the NLM document.

The study quotes a 2017 study published in the Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy , which conducted a follow-up survey of regret among patients after their transition. The study notes a major limitation was that few patients followed up after surgery.

“This study’s main limitation was the sample representativeness. With a response rate of 37%, similar to the attrition rates of most follow-up studies,” according to the study. Out of the response rate, six percent reported dissatisfaction or regret with the surgery, the study claims.

Additional data found in a Cambridge University Press study showed subjects on average do not express regret in the transition until an average of 10 years after their surgery. The study also claimed twelve cases out of the 175 selected, or around seven percent, had expressed detransitioning.

“There is some evidence that people detransition on average 4 or 8 years after completion of transition, with regret expressed after 10 years,” the study suggests. It also states that the actual rate is unknown, with some ranging up to eight percent.

Another study published in 2007 from Sweden titled, “ Factors predictive of regret in sex reassignment ,” found that around four percent of patients who underwent sex reassignment surgery between 1972-1992 regretted the measures taken. The research was done over 10 years after the the procedures.

The National Library of Medicine study only includes individuals who underwent transition surgery and does not take into account regret rates among individuals who took hormone replacement. Research from The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (JCEM) found that the hormone continuation rate was 70 percent, suggesting nearly 30 percent discontinued their hormone treatment for a variety of reasons.

“In the largest surgery study, approximately 1% of patients regretted having gender-confirmation surgery,” Christina Roberts, M.D, a professor of Pediatrics at the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine and a participant for the study for the JCEM, told Check Your Fact via email.

Roberts stated that while there were multiple major factors in regards to those regretting the surgery, including poor cosmetic outcome and lack of social support, she claimed discontinuation of hormone therapies and other treatment are “not the same thing as regret.”

“This is an apples to oranges comparison,” Roberts added. (RELATED: Is Disney World Replacing The American Flag With The LGBTQ+ Pride Flag In June 2023?)

Check Your Fact reached out to multiple doctors and researchers associated with the above and other studies and will update this piece if responses are provided.

Joseph Casieri

Fact check reporter.

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How common is transgender treatment regret, detransitioning?

FILE - South Dakota Republican Rep. Jon Hansen speaks during a news conference at the state Capitol, Tuesday, Jan. 17, 2023, in Pierre, S.D. Hansen is pushing a bill to outlaw gender-affirming health care for transgender youth. (AP Photo/Stephen Groves, File)

FILE - People gather in support of transgender youth during a rally at the Utah State Capitol Tuesday, Jan. 24, 2023, in Salt Lake City. Utah lawmakers on Friday, Jan. 27, 2023, gave final approval for a measure that would ban most transgender youth from receiving gender-affirming health care like surgery or puberty blockers. (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer, File)

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Many states have enacted or contemplated limits or outright bans on transgender medical treatment, with conservative U.S. lawmakers saying they are worried about young people later regretting irreversible body-altering treatment.

But just how common is regret? And how many youth change their appearances with hormones or surgery only to later change their minds and detransition?

Here’s a look at some of the issues involved.

WHAT IS TRANSGENDER MEDICAL TREATMENT?

Guidelines call for thorough psychological assessments to confirm gender dysphoria — distress over gender identity that doesn’t match a person’s assigned sex — before starting any treatment.

That treatment typically begins with puberty-blocking medication to temporarily pause sexual development. The idea is to give youngsters time to mature enough mentally and emotionally to make informed decisions about whether to pursue permanent treatment. Puberty blockers may be used for years and can increase risks for bone density loss, but that reverses when the drugs are stopped.

Sex hormones — estrogen or testosterone — are offered next. Dutch research suggests that most gender-questioning youth on puberty blockers eventually choose to use these medications, which can produce permanent physical changes. So does transgender surgery, including breast removal or augmentation, which sometimes is offered during the mid-teen years but more typically not until age 18 or later.

Reports from doctors and individual U.S. clinics indicate that the number of youth seeking any kind of transgender medical care has increased in recent years.

HOW OFTEN DO TRANSGENDER PEOPLE REGRET TRANSITIONING?

In updated treatment guidelines issued last year, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health said evidence of later regret is scant, but that patients should be told about the possibility during psychological counseling.

Dutch research from several years ago found no evidence of regret in transgender adults who had comprehensive psychological evaluations in childhood before undergoing puberty blockers and hormone treatment.

Some studies suggest that rates of regret have declined over the years as patient selection and treatment methods have improved. In a review of 27 studies involving almost 8,000 teens and adults who had transgender surgeries, mostly in Europe, the U.S and Canada, 1% on average expressed regret. For some, regret was temporary, but a small number went on to have detransitioning or reversal surgeries, the 2021 review said.

Research suggests that comprehensive psychological counseling before starting treatment, along with family support, can reduce chances for regret and detransitioning.

WHAT IS DETRANSITIONING?

Detransitioning means stopping or reversing gender transition, which can include medical treatment or changes in appearance, or both.

Detransitioning does not always include regret. The updated transgender treatment guidelines note that some teens who detransition “do not regret initiating treatment” because they felt it helped them better understand their gender-related care needs.

Research and reports from individual doctors and clinics suggest that detransitioning is rare. The few studies that exist have too many limitations or weaknesses to draw firm conclusions, said Dr. Michael Irwig, director of transgender medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.

He said it’s difficult to quantify because patients who detransition often see new doctors, not the physicians who prescribed the hormones or performed the surgeries. Some patients may simply stop taking hormones.

“My own personal experience is that it is quite uncommon,” Irwig said. “I’ve taken care of over 350 gender-diverse patients and probably fewer than five have told me that they decided to detransition or changed their minds.”

Recent increases in the number of people seeking transgender medical treatment could lead to more people detransitioning, Irwig noted in a commentary last year in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. That’s partly because of a shortage of mental health specialists, meaning gender-questioning people may not receive adequate counseling, he said.

Dr. Oscar Manrique, a plastic surgeon at the University of Rochester Medical Center, has operated on hundreds of transgender people, most of them adults. He said he’s never had a patient return seeking to detransition.

Some may not be satisfied with their new appearance, but that doesn’t mean they regret the transition, he said. Most, he said, “are very happy with the outcomes surgically and socially.”

Follow AP Medical Writer Lindsey Tanner at @LindseyTanner.

The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

A Reuters Special Report

Why detransitioners are crucial to the science of gender care.

UNDONE: Max Lazzara lived as a transgender man for eight years before detransitioning in 2020. She says she now realizes that gender-affirming medical treatment was not appropriate for her and that it took a toll on her physical and mental health. REUTERS/Matt Mills McKnight

USA-TRANSYOUTH/OUTCOMES

Understanding the reasons some transgender people quit treatment is key to improving it, especially for the rising number of minors seeking to medically transition, experts say. But for many researchers, detransitioning and regret have long been untouchable subjects.

By ROBIN RESPAUT , CHAD TERHUNE and MICHELLE CONLIN

Filed Dec. 22, 2022, noon GMT

For years, Dr Kinnon MacKinnon, like many people in the transgender community, considered the word “regret” to be taboo.

MacKinnon, a 37-year-old transgender man and assistant professor of social work at York University here, thought it was offensive to talk about people who transitioned, later regretted their decision, and detransitioned. They were too few in number, he figured, and any attention they got reinforced to the public the false impression that transgender people were incapable of making sound decisions about their treatment.

“This doesn’t even really happen,” MacKinnon recalled thinking as he listened to an academic presentation on detransitioners in 2017. “We’re not supposed to be talking about this.”

MacKinnon, whose academic career has focused on sexual and gender minority health, assumed that nearly everyone who detransitioned did so because they lacked family support or couldn’t bear the discrimination and hostility they encountered – nothing to do with their own regret. To learn more about this group for a new study, he started interviewing people.

In the past year, MacKinnon and his team of researchers have talked to 40 detransitioners in the United States, Canada and Europe, many of them having first received gender-affirming medical treatment in their 20s or younger. Their stories have upended his assumptions.

Many have said their gender identity remained fluid well after the start of treatment, and a third of them expressed regret about their decision to transition from the gender they were assigned at birth. Some said they avoided telling their doctors about detransitioning out of embarrassment or shame. Others said their doctors were ill-equipped to help them with the process. Most often, they talked about how transitioning did not address their mental health problems.

In his continuing search for detransitioners, MacKinnon spent hours scrolling through TikTok and sifting through online forums where people shared their experiences and found comfort from each other. These forays opened his eyes to the online abuse detransitioners receive – not just the usual anti-transgender attacks, but members of the transgender community telling them to “shut up” and even sending death threats.

“I can’t think of any other examples where you’re not allowed to speak about your own healthcare experiences if you didn’t have a good outcome,” MacKinnon told Reuters.

The stories he heard convinced him that doctors need to provide detransitioners the same supportive care they give to young people to transition, and that they need to inform their patients, especially minors, that detransitioning can occur because gender identity may change. A few months ago, he decided to organize a symposium to share his findings and new perspective with other researchers, clinicians, and patients and their families.

Not everyone was willing to join the discussion. A Canadian health provider said it couldn’t participate, citing recent threats to hospitals offering youth gender care. An LGBTQ advocacy group refused to promote the event. MacKinnon declined to identify either, telling Reuters he didn’t want to single them out. Later, after he shared his findings on Twitter, a transgender person denounced his work as “transphobia.”

He expected his research would be a hard sell even to many of the 100 or so people from Canada, the United States and elsewhere who accepted his invitation. “I need your help,” he told the crowd that assembled in November in a York University conference room for the daylong session. “My perspectives have changed significantly. But I recognize that for many of you, you may find yourselves feeling much like I did back in 2017 – challenged, apprehensive, maybe fearful.”

Fighting words

In the world of gender-affirming care, as well as in the broader transgender community, few words cause more discomfort and outright anger than “detransition” and “regret.” That’s particularly true among medical practitioners in the United States and other countries who provide treatment to rising numbers of minors seeking to transition.

They insist, as MacKinnon once did, that detransitioning is too rare to warrant much attention, citing their own experiences with patients and extant research to support their view. When someone does detransition, they say, it’s almost never because of regret, but rather, a response to the hardship of living in a society where transphobia still runs rampant.

“These patients are not returning in droves” to detransition, said Dr Marci Bowers, a transgender woman, gender surgeon and president of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), an international group that sets guidelines for transgender care. Patients with regret “are very rare,” she told Reuters. “Highest you’ll find is 1% or 1.5% of any kind of regret.”

Doctors and many transgender people say that focusing on isolated cases of detransitioning and regret endangers hard-won gains for broader recognition of transgender identity and a rapid increase in the availability of gender care that has helped thousands of minors. They argue that as youth gender care has become highly politicized in the United States and other countries, opponents of that care are able to weaponize rare cases of detransition in their efforts to limit or end it altogether, even though major medical groups deem it safe and potentially life-saving.

“Stories with people who have a lot of anger and regret” about transitioning are over-represented in the media, and they don’t reflect “what we are seeing in the clinics,” said Dr Jason Rafferty, a pediatrician and child psychiatrist at Hasbro Children’s Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island. He also helped write the American Academy of Pediatrics’ policy statement in support of gender-affirming care. Detransitioning is a “very invalidating term for a lot of people who are trans and gender-diverse,” Rafferty said.

Some people do detransition, however, and some do so because of regret. The incidence of regret could be as low as clinicians like Bowers say, or it could be much higher. But as Reuters found, hard evidence on long-term outcomes for the rising numbers of people who received gender treatment as minors is very weak.

Dr Laura Edwards-Leeper, a clinical psychologist in Oregon who treats transgender youths and a co-author of WPATH’s new Standards of Care for adolescents and children, said MacKinnon’s work represents some of the most extensive research to date on the reasons for detransitioning and the obstacles patients face. She said the vitriol he has encountered illustrates one reason so few clinicians and researchers are willing to broach the subject.

“People are terrified to do this research,” she said.

For this article, Reuters spoke to 17 people who began medical transition as minors and said they now regretted some or all of their transition. Many said they realized only after transitioning that they were homosexual, or they always knew they were lesbian or gay but felt, as adolescents, that it was safer or more desirable to transition to a gender that made them heterosexual. Others said sexual abuse or assault made them want to leave the gender associated with that trauma. Many also said they had autism or mental health issues such as bipolar disorder that complicated their search for identity as teenagers.

Echoing what MacKinnon has found in his work, nearly all of these young people told Reuters that they wished their doctors or therapists had more fully discussed these complicating factors before allowing them to medically transition.

No large-scale studies have tracked people who received gender care as adolescents to determine how many remained satisfied with their treatment as they aged and how many eventually regretted transitioning. The studies that have been done have yielded a wide range of findings, and even the most rigorous of them have severe limitations. Some focus on people who began treatment as adults, not adolescents. Some follow patients for only a short period of time, while others lose track of a significant number of patients.

“There’s a real need for more long-term studies that track patients for five years or longer,” MacKinnon said. “Many detransitioners talk about feeling good during the first few years of their transition. After that, they may experience regret.”

In October, Dutch researchers reported results of what they billed as the largest study to date of continuation of care among transgender youths. In a review of prescription drug records, they found that 704, or 98%, of 720 adolescents who started on puberty blockers before taking hormones had continued with treatment after four years on average. The researchers couldn’t tell from the records why the 16 had discontinued treatment.

Gender-care professionals and transgender-rights advocates hailed the 98% figure as evidence that regret is rare. However, the authors cautioned that the result may not be replicated elsewhere because the adolescents studied had undergone comprehensive assessments, lasting a year on average, before being recommended for treatment. This slower, methodical approach is uncommon at many U.S. gender clinics, where patient evaluations are typically done much faster and any delay in treatment, or “gatekeeping,” is often believed to put youth at risk of self-harm because of their distress from gender dysphoria.

Dr Marianne van der Loos, the Dutch study’s lead author, is a physician at Amsterdam University Medical Center’s Center for Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, a pioneer in gender care for adolescents. “It’s important to have evidence-based medicine instead of expert opinion or just opinion at all,” van der Loos said.

Reliable evidence of the frequency of detransition and regret is important because, as MacKinnon, van der Loos and other researchers say, it could be used to help ensure that adolescent patients receive the best possible care.

“We cannot carry on in this field that involves permanently changing young people’s bodies if we don’t fully understand what we’re doing and learn from those we fail.” Dr Laura Edwards-Leeper, clinical psychologist and co-author of WPATH treatment guidelines for adolescents

A basic tenet of modern medical science is to examine outcomes, identify potential mistakes, and, when deemed necessary, adjust treatment protocols to improve results for patients. For example, only after large international studies analyzing outcomes for thousands of patients did researchers establish that implanted coronary artery stents were no better than medication for treating most cases of heart disease.

Stronger data on outcomes, including the circumstances that make regret more likely, would also help transgender teens and their parents make better-informed decisions as they weigh the benefits and risks of treatments with potentially irreversible effects.

“We cannot carry on in this field that involves permanently changing young people’s bodies if we don’t fully understand what we’re doing and learn from those we fail,” said Edwards-Leeper, the clinical psychologist and WPATH member. “We need to take responsibility as a medical and mental-health community to see all the outcomes,” she said in an interview.

As Reuters reported in October , thousands of families in the U.S. have been weighing these difficult choices amid soaring numbers of children diagnosed with gender dysphoria, the distress experienced when a person’s gender identity doesn’t align with their gender assigned at birth. They have had to do so based on scant scientific evidence of the long-term safety and efficacy of gender-affirming treatment for minors.

Concern about how to cope with the growing waiting lists at gender clinics that treat minors has divided experts. Some urge caution to ensure that only adolescents deemed well-suited to treatment after thorough evaluation receive it. Others argue that any delay in treatment prolongs a child’s distress and puts them at risk of self-harm.

Detransition defined

Detransitioning can mean many things. For those who transitioned socially, it may entail another change in name, preferred pronouns, and dress and other forms of identity expression. For those who also received medical treatment, detransitioning typically includes halting the hormone therapy they otherwise would receive for years.

Nor do all people who stop treatment regret transitioning, according to interviews with detransitioners, doctors and researchers. Some end hormone therapy when they have achieved physical changes with which they are comfortable. Some are unhappy with the side effects of hormones, such as male pattern baldness, acne or weight gain. And some are unable to cope with the longstanding social stigma and discrimination of being transgender.

Doctors and detransitioners also described the challenging physical and emotional consequences of the process. For example, patients who had their ovaries or testes removed no longer produce the hormones that match their gender assigned at birth, risking bone-density loss and other effects unless they take those hormones the rest of their lives. Some may undergo years of painful and expensive procedures to undo changes to their bodies caused by the hormones they took to transition. Those who had mastectomies may later undergo breast reconstruction surgery. As parents, they may regret losing the ability to lactate. Detransitioners also may need counseling to cope with the process and any lingering regret.

The impact can be social, too. In a study published last year in the Journal of Homosexuality, a researcher in Germany surveyed 237 people who had socially or medically transitioned and later detransitioned, half of them having transitioned as minors. Many respondents reported a loss of support from the LGBTQ community and friends, negative experiences with medical professionals, difficulty in finding a therapist familiar with detransition and the overall isolation after detransition.

“Many respondents described experiences of outright rejection from LGBT+ spaces due to their decision to detransition,” wrote Elie Vandenbussche, the study’s author, a detransitioner and at the time a student at Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences. “It seems reasonable to suspect that this loss of support experienced by detransitioners must have serious implications on their psychological well-being.”

In its new Standards of Care, released in September, WPATH cited Vandenbussche’s paper and a few others on detransitioning and continuation of care among younger patients. “Some adolescents may regret the steps they have taken,” the WPATH guidelines say. “Therefore, it is important to present the full range of possible outcomes when assisting transgender adolescents.”

However, Bowers, WPATH’s president, is among several gender-care specialists who say patients are ultimately responsible for choices they make about treatment, even as minors. They should not be “blaming the clinician or the people who helped guide them,” she said. “They need to own that final step.”

WPATH’s guidelines acknowledge the lack of research on long-term outcomes for youth who didn’t undergo comprehensive assessments, saying that the “emerging evidence base indicates a general improvement in the lives of transgender adolescents” who receive treatment after careful evaluation. “Further, rates of reported regret during the study monitoring periods are low,” the guidelines say.

Specific treatment protocols for detransitioning are hard to find. WPATH’s guidelines don’t provide detailed advice to clinicians on treating patients who detransition. The Endocrine Society’s guidelines for gender-affirming care, published in 2017, don’t address the issue, either. The “question of discontinuing hormone treatment is beyond the scope covered by the current guideline,” an Endocrine Society spokeswoman said.

Some doctors think they – and patients – would benefit from more guidance. “We have guidelines to guide us in providing transition-related care, initiating hormones and managing them long-term. Equally as important would be having guidelines in deprescribing hormones in the safest way possible,” said Dr Mari-Lynne Sinnott, a doctor who attended MacKinnon’s symposium. She runs one of the only family medical practices in Newfoundland focused on gender-diverse people, who make up about half of her 1,500 patients.

“Sure of my identity”

Max Lazzara’s childhood in Minneapolis, Minnesota, was chaotic, with divorce, “moving around a lot, some emotionally abusive stuff at home,” she said. Her mother worked full-time, so Lazzara did most of the cooking, cleaning and caring for her little brother. She began to cut and burn herself as a means of coping and had tried to commit suicide three times before she entered high school, according to Lazzara and her medical records, which cite a history of bipolar disorder.

“The life of a woman was bleak to me,” Lazzara told Reuters. “I worried that I would have to get married to a man someday and have a baby. I wanted to run far away from that.”

In early 2011, when Lazzara was 14, she started questioning her gender identity. After discovering forums on Tumblr where young people described their transitions, she felt like something snapped into place. “I thought, ‘Wow, this could explain why my whole life felt wrong.’”

During the summer of that year, Lazzara changed her name and began experimenting with presenting as more masculine. It felt good to cut her hair and wear gender-neutral or men’s clothing. She took medications and received therapy to treat bipolar disorder. But it wasn’t enough to alleviate her distress. In April 2012, Lazzara was admitted to the hospital at the University of Minnesota after a fourth suicide attempt.

“I felt so strongly. I thought nothing would change my mind.” Max Lazzara, on her decision to medically transition at age 16

Three weeks later, she sought care at the university’s Center for Sexual Health, where she was diagnosed with gender identity disorder. Lazzara told the clinic she was “sure of my identity,” according to her medical records. She wanted hormones and surgeries, the records show, including a mastectomy, a hysterectomy, and liposuction to slim her legs and hips. She was horrified at her body, could not look down in the shower and felt “absolute dread at the time of menstrual cycle,” the records note.

“I felt so strongly. I thought nothing would change my mind,” Lazzara told Reuters.

Clinicians at the university warned families that their children were suicidal “because they are born in the wrong bodies,” Lazzara’s mother, Lisa Lind, told Reuters. “I thought, ‘I’ll do whatever it takes, so she doesn’t kill herself.’”

Lazzara started taking testosterone in the fall of 2012, at age 16. She was still binding her breasts – so tightly, she said, that her ribs deformed. After a man groped her on the street, she decided to have breast-removal surgery, tapping the college fund her grandmother had left for her to cover the nearly $10,000 cost.

Initially, Lazzara was happy with her transition. She liked the changes from taking testosterone – the redistribution of fat away from her hips, the lower voice, the facial hair – and she was spared the sexist cat-calling that her female friends endured. “I felt like I was growing into something I wanted to be,” Lazzara said.

But her mental health continued to deteriorate. She attempted suicide twice more, at ages 17 and 20, landing in the hospital both times. Her depression worsened after a friend sexually abused her. She became dependent on prescription anti-anxiety medication and developed a severe eating disorder.

During the summer of 2020, Lazzara was spiraling. She realized she no longer believed in her gender identity, but “I didn’t see a way forward.”

That October, Lazzara was working as a janitor in an office building in the Seattle area when she caught her reflection in a bathroom mirror. For the first time, she said, she saw herself as a woman. “I had not allowed myself to have that thought before,” she said. It was shocking but also clarifying, she said, and “a peaceful feeling came over me.”

Then she began to ponder her sexuality. In middle school, she had crushes on girls. After her transition, she identified as a transgender man who was bisexual. Now, she realized, she was a lesbian.

Lazzara stopped taking testosterone. She later asked her doctor in the Seattle area for advice, but he seemed unsure about how to proceed. She found a new doctor and recently sought laser hair removal on her face.

Lazzara told Reuters she now realizes that gender treatment was not appropriate for her and that it took a toll on her physical and mental health. “I do wish my doctors had said to me, ‘It’s OK to feel disconnected from your body. It’s OK to like girls. It’s OK to be gender non-conforming.’”

Since Max Lazzara detransitioned, many in the online transgender community who embraced her a decade ago have distanced themselves from her, and she has received hateful messages on social media.

Her original gender-care providers at the University of Minnesota declined to comment. In a statement, the university’s medical school said “gender-affirming care involves a carefully thought-out care plan between a patient and their multidisciplinary team of providers.”

Lazzara recently found the before-and-after pictures of her torso on the website of the surgeon who performed her mastectomy in 2013. She had given him permission to post the images because he was proud of the outcome. Seeing her body as it once was stunned her. “I saw my breasts before I got them removed. That’s my 16-year-old body,” she said. “I had no ability at that age to be in my own body in my own way.”

Since revealing she detransitioned, Lazzara said, many in the online transgender community who embraced her a decade ago have distanced themselves from her, and she has received hateful messages on social media. Now, when she sees someone come out online as detransitioned, she sends them a private message of support. “I know how lonely and alienating it can be,” she said.

“Shut up,” detransitioner

Transgender people are frequently subjected to harassment, abuse and threats online. And as Lazzara’s experience shows, so are detransitioners. In recent posts on TikTok, users took turns telling detransitioners to “shut up,” and mocked, attacked and blamed them for perpetuating harm on the transgender community.

Diana Salameh, a transgender woman, film director and comedian from Mississippi, posted a TikTok video on Oct. 1 to “all the so-called transgender detransitioners out there.” Detransitioners “are just giving fuel to the fire to the people who think that no trans person should exist,” she said in the video. “You people who jumped the gun, made wrong decisions that you should actually feel embarrassed for, but you want to blame somebody else.” In closing, she said, “I think you all need to sit down and shut the fuck up!”

Salameh told Reuters she posted the video because detransitioners spread the false idea “that nobody can be happy after transition,” and right-wing opponents of youth gender care are using their stories “to fuel their agendas.”

Earlier this year, K.C. Miller, a 22-year-old in Pennsylvania who was assigned female at birth, began wrestling with how she felt about her medical transition.

Miller initially sought treatment for gender dysphoria when she was 16 from the adolescent gender clinic at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. In September 2017, Miller met with Dr Linda Hawkins, a counselor and co-founder of the hospital’s gender clinic, for the first of two 90-minute visits. During that session, Miller told Hawkins she had wanted to be a Boy Scout as a kid and “always felt like a tomboy,” according to Hawkins’ notes in Miller’s medical records, reviewed by Reuters. Miller also told Reuters that as a young girl she was attracted to other girls, but didn’t feel she could pursue those relationships because her family’s church didn’t accept homosexuality.

Miller’s case had further complications. Hawkins noted that Miller had an extensive history of sexual abuse by a family member starting at age 4, and that as a result, Miller had already been diagnosed with anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Miller had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital for 10 days because of suicidal thoughts in late 2016.

While in the hospital, Miller told her mother she wished she wasn’t a girl “because then the abuse would not have happened,” Hawkins wrote. Elsewhere in the records, Hawkins noted that “Mom expresses concern that the desire to be male and not female may be a trauma response.”

Miller, her mother and Hawkins met again seven weeks later. Miller had continued to have suicidal thoughts. She had taken medication for depression and anxiety and was working with a therapist, Hawkins noted. By the end of that second visit, Hawkins concluded that, “in spite of” Miller’s trauma from abuse, the 16-year-old “has been insistent, persistent and consistent” in thinking of herself as male.

Hawkins referred Miller to a local gender clinic to receive testosterone. Miller got a mastectomy about six months later.

But medical treatment didn’t offer the relief she sought. Her body started to change due to the hormones, yet Miller didn’t feel better. Instead, she cycled through bouts of depression. She passed as a young man, but “something felt off. It felt like I was putting on an act.”

Then Miller began reading the stories posted online by young detransitioners. Parts of their experiences resonated with her. “I absolutely would not have done this if I could go back and do it again,” Miller told Reuters. “I would have worked through therapy and would be living my life as a lesbian.”

Miller said Hawkins should have done a more thorough evaluation of all of Miller’s mental health issues and shouldn’t have recommended treatment so quickly.

Her mother, who asked not to be identified to protect her privacy, told Reuters that providers assured her that Miller’s distress was related to her gender identity and that gender-affirming care would reduce the risk of suicide.

A spokesman for Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia declined to comment, citing patient privacy.

Sitting in her car in early October, Miller let out years of frustration in a video posted on Twitter. She told viewers she felt she looked too masculine to detransition. She described how testosterone thinned her hair. “I don’t see me personally being able to come back from what’s happened,” she said in the video.

The video went viral, registering nearly four million views within days and igniting an avalanche of comments. Two days after Miller’s post, Alejandra Caraballo, a transgender woman, LGBTQ-rights advocate and clinical instructor at Harvard Law School’s Cyberlaw Clinic, wrote on Twitter: “The detransition grift where you complain about transitioning not making you look like a greek god but you also aren’t actually detransitioning yet because you don’t feel like your birth gender and you follow a bunch of anti-trans reactionaries that want all trans people gone.”

Caraballo told Reuters she reacted to Miller’s video because those types of detransition stories are “outlier examples being used by many on the anti-trans side to undermine access to gender-affirming care. They aren’t representative of detransitioners on the whole.”

In other posts and direct messages, some transgender people Miller had once idolized made fun of her appearance and criticized her decisions. One person made a death threat.

A few weeks later, Miller said she stopped taking testosterone, began to feel suicidal and sought psychiatric care. She uses female pronouns among friends, but still presents as a man in public.

In its Standards of Care, WPATH says many detransitioners “expressed difficulties finding help during their detransition process and reported their detransition was an isolating experience during which they did not receive either sufficient or appropriate support.”

In May, Dr Jamison Green, a transgender man, author and former president of WPATH, said he was encouraged when about 30 medical professionals attended an online WPATH seminar he and other gender-care specialists helped lead. The session was intended to help providers better serve detransitioners and other patients with an evolving gender identity.

“I wish people in the transgender community would be less judgmental about people who change their mind,” Green said. “Transgender people, especially when they are newer to the community, can be really brutal to people for not conforming. I really think it’s harmful for everybody.”

Word search pitfalls

Ever since the first clinic to offer gender care to minors in the United States opened in Boston 15 years ago, none of the leading providers have published any systematic, long-term studies tracking outcomes for all patients.

In 2015, the National Institutes of Health funded a study to examine outcomes for about 400 transgender youth treated at four U.S. children’s hospitals, including the gender clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital. Researchers have said they are looking at “continuation of care.” However, long-term results are years away.

That has left a small assortment of studies to guide clinicians in this emerging field of medicine. The results of these studies suggest a wide range of possibilities for rates of detransitioning, from less than 1% to 25%. The research provides even less certainty about the incidence of regret among patients who received medical treatment as minors. And the studies have serious drawbacks.

Two of the largest ones, which found that 2% or less of people who transitioned experienced regret, focused on Europeans who primarily initiated treatment as adults. Experts caution that the results, because of the differences in maturity and life experiences between adults and adolescents, may have limited relevance as an indicator of outcomes for minors.

Researchers acknowledge that studies that follow patients for only a short time may underestimate detransition and regret because evidence indicates some people may not reach that point until as long as a decade after treatment began. Some studies also lose track of patients – a recurring challenge as minors age out of pediatric clinics and have to seek care elsewhere.

Even the choice of search terms can trip up researchers, as apparently happened in a study published in May by Kaiser Permanente, a large integrated health system based in Oakland, California.

That study examined 209 patients who underwent gender-affirming mastectomies as minors between 2013 and 2020 in Kaiser’s northern California region. Its authors searched the patients’ medical records for words such as “regret,” “dissatisfaction,” “unsatisfied” and “unhappy” as indicators of regret. They didn’t look for the term “detransition,” according to the study.

Their search yielded two patients who had expressed regret, or less than 1% of the group studied. The two patients, identified as nonbinary, had top surgery at age 16, and expressed regret within a year and a half.

Reuters found two other patients in the region covered by the study who don’t match those characteristics and whom the Kaiser researchers apparently missed. Both have been outspoken about their detransitions.

One is Max Robinson, who was 16 when she sought gender care at Kaiser in 2012. Her pediatric endocrinologist prescribed a puberty blocker and later testosterone.

The doctor monitored Robinson’s hormone levels, wrote numerous letters to help Robinson change her legal gender from female to male, and recommended a plastic surgeon in San Francisco, Robinson’s medical records show. “I have no reservations recommending Max as a well adjusted candidate for breast reduction,” the Kaiser endocrinologist wrote to the surgeon in May 2013. Max had the surgery six weeks later, when she was 17.

After the surgery, Robinson felt better. But within a year, her mental health issues, including anxiety and depression, had escalated, medical records show.

In November 2015, three years after starting testosterone and two years after her surgery, Robinson told the Kaiser physician she was now seeing that she wasn’t interested in taking hormones any longer. “I’m no longer going to be using testosterone, so I don’t need further appointments or for those prescriptions to be active,” she wrote to the doctor. Two months later, she asked Kaiser to provide a letter confirming her detransition so she could change her legal records back to female. Kaiser obliged.

“The whole experience alienated me from my doctors,” she told Reuters.

Robinson began to speak publicly about her decision to detransition and in 2021 published “Detransition: Beyond Before and After,” a book in which she details her own process of medical transition and detransition.

The other patient was Chloe Cole. According to a letter of intent to sue that her lawyers sent to Kaiser in November, Cole was 13 when a Kaiser doctor in 2018 put her on a puberty blocker, followed a few weeks later by testosterone, for her gender-affirming treatment.

At 15, Cole told Reuters, she also wanted top surgery. In an interview, she and her father said the doctors at Kaiser readily agreed, though he wanted to wait until she was older.

“They were so adamant,” he said. He recalled the doctors telling him: “‘At this age, they definitely know what their gender is.’” The father asked not to be named out of concern that speaking publicly might jeopardize his employment. Detransition, he said, “wasn’t really discussed as a possibility.”

In June 2020, a Kaiser surgeon performed a mastectomy on Cole, according to the letter of intent to sue. That was a month before her 16th birthday. Less than a year later, Cole said, she began to realize she regretted her surgery and medically transitioning in general after a discussion in school about breastfeeding and pregnancy.

Cole said that when she discussed her decision to detransition with her gender-care specialist at Kaiser, “I could tell that I made her upset that I was so regretful,” Cole said in an interview. Eventually, the doctor offered to recommend a surgeon for breast reconstruction, Cole said, “but that’s something I’ve decided to not go through with.”

Cole has begun speaking out publicly in support of measures to end gender-affirming care for minors, appearing often on conservative media and with politicians who back such bans.

In the letter of intent, Cole’s lawyers said Kaiser’s treatment “represents gross negligence and an egregious breach of the standard of care.”

Steve Shivinsky, a spokesman for Kaiser Permanente, declined to comment on the care provided to Cole and Robinson or whether they were included in the study, citing patient privacy.

In a statement, he said Kaiser’s “clinicians are deeply interested in the outcomes of the care we provide and the individual’s state of health and wellbeing before, during and beyond their gender transition.” For adolescents seeking gender-affirming care, he said, “the decision always rests with the patient and their parents and, in every case, we respect the patients’ and their families’ informed decision to choose one form of care over another.”

The Kaiser researchers followed up with patients in their study an average of 2.1 years after surgery. “The time to develop postoperative regret and/or dissatisfaction remains unknown and may be difficult to discern given that regret is quite rare,” the researchers wrote.

A change of perspective

MacKinnon, the assistant professor of social work, grew up as what he calls “a gender-nonconforming tomboy” in a small Nova Scotia town. After getting his degree in social work, he medically transitioned at 24 when he started taking testosterone. “It was a very slow build,” MacKinnon said of his transition. He didn’t identify as transgender as a child.

As a young researcher in Toronto, MacKinnon was drawn to work that exposed the barriers transgender people face in getting medical care and navigating daily life, interviewing clinicians and patients about their experiences. More recently, he turned his attention to detransition and regret.

In August 2021, MacKinnon published a paper in which he and his co-authors wrote that there was “scant evidence that detransition is a negative phenomenon” for patients that would justify limiting access to gender-affirming treatment. That conclusion angered many of the detransitioners he would later need to win over.

Michelle Alleva, a 34-year-old detransitioner in Canada, criticized MacKinnon’s study in a blog post as another effort by gender-care supporters to whitewash the pain of regret and assuage clinicians’ fears of malpractice lawsuits. Another detransitioner complained on Twitter that the word “regret” was put in quotes in the paper, undermining its legitimacy in her opinion.

Still skeptical that regret was a significant issue, MacKinnon in the autumn of 2021 embarked on his latest study and began talking to more people about their decisions to detransition. In July, he published a paper based on formal interviews with 28 of the more than 200 detransitioners he and his colleagues have found.

A third expressed either strong or partial regret about their transition. Some said their transitions should have proceeded more slowly, with more therapy. Others expressed regret about the lasting impact on their bodies. Some said their mental health needs weren’t adequately addressed before transitioning. “They felt like their consent wasn’t informed because they didn’t initially understand what was going on that might have explained their feelings and suffering,” MacKinnon told Reuters.

The patients’ stories brought MacKinnon round to the view that the gender-care community needs to address regret, adjust treatment to reduce its incidence, and provide better support for detransitioners. “Some of what I’ve learned about detransitioners is identifying cracks in the gender-affirming care system, particularly for young people,” he said.

In September, MacKinnon presented his findings to a small but attentive crowd at WPATH’s annual conference in Montreal. A few weeks later, he shared his research more widely on Twitter. “We need to listen to and learn from the experiences of detransitioners, not silence them,” he wrote.

Some people applauded his work. Others criticized it. Robyn D., who identified as “quietly trans,” replied on Twitter: “Transphobia disguised as academic opinion is the most poisonous of them all.” She didn’t respond to requests for comment from Reuters.

At his November symposium, MacKinnon didn’t encounter the blowback from clinicians that he had expected. In fact, he accepted an invitation from one to speak about detransition at her medical practice.

Alleva, who had criticized MacKinnon’s earlier study, was also there, one of the scores of detransitioners MacKinnon and his colleagues have talked to. She medically transitioned 12 years ago and then detransitioned in 2020 after a mastectomy, a hysterectomy and years of testosterone. She had refused to participate in his research because she didn’t trust MacKinnon, but over the summer, they began talking.

“He reminded me of my old trans friends who I don’t speak with anymore,” Alleva said. “He actually listened to me.”

Few answers: A survey of the science on gender-care outcomes for youths

No large-scale, long-term studies have tracked the incidence of detransition and regret among patients who received gender-affirming treatment as minors. Studies that are available yield a wide range of results for various definitions of detransition, regret or continuation of care. Due to their limitations, the studies lack definitive answers. Here is an overview of frequently cited research:

Research institutions

Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital

The study’s authors said they found a 2.2% regret rate  among patients who had gender reassignment surgeries in Sweden from 1960 to 2010. The researchers found 681 people who filed a government application for a legal change in gender and received surgery, which was available only to patients 18 and older. Among that group, 15 people later reversed their decisions and filed a “regret application” with a national health board.

Limitations

The authors said the regret rate for patients in the last decade reviewed, from 2001 to 2010, may have increased over time. “The last period is still undecided since the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years,” according to the study.

Far fewer adolescents received gender-affirming medical care prior to 2010. Also, the assessment phase for patients in the study was much longer than what Reuters found most youth gender clinics in the U.S. offer today. The gender-care specialists in Sweden did approximately one year of evaluation before recommending any treatment, according to the study.

10.1007/s10508-014-0300-8

Netherlands

Research institution

Amsterdam University Medical Center

February 2018

This study found a rate of regret of less than 1%  among transgender men and women “who underwent gonadectomy,” or removal of the testes or ovaries, from 1972 to 2015 in the Netherlands.

The authors found 14 cases of regret out of 2,627 patient cases reviewed. The earliest any of the 14 started hormone treatment was 25. Until 2014, transgender people in the Netherlands had to undergo gonadectomy to change the gender on their birth certificate. For surgery, patients were required to be at least 18 and on hormone therapy for at least a year.

The study didn’t report regret among patients who didn’t undergo surgery. Thirty-six percent of patients overall didn’t return to the clinic after several years of treatment and were lost to follow-up.

People treated in the last decade of the study may report regret later. “In our population the average time to regret was 130 months, so it might be too early to examine regret rates in people who started with (hormone therapy) in the past 10 years,” the authors wrote.

https://www.jsm.jsexmed.org/article/S1743-6095(18)30057-2/fulltext

October 2022

Researchers found that 98% of 720 adolescents who started on puberty blockers before taking hormones had continued with treatment after four years on average. The authors used a nationwide prescription drug registry in the Netherlands to track whether patients were still taking hormones.

The researchers didn’t identify the reasons why 2% of patients had stopped treatment . The adolescents in the Netherlands also went through a lengthy assessment process, a year on average, before being recommended for medical treatment. For that reason, the Dutch researchers say, their results may not be applicable more broadly.

“There might be a difference because of that diagnostic phase,” said Dr Marianne van der Loos, the study’s lead author and a physician at Amsterdam University Medical Center’s Center for Expertise on Gender Dysphoria. “If you don’t have that, maybe more people will start treatment and reconsider it later on because they didn’t get help during that phase by a mental health professional.”

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanchi/article/PIIS2352-4642(22)00254-1/fulltext

United States

Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Uniformed Services University, U.S. Department of Defense

The authors said that more than a quarter of patients  who started gender-affirming hormones before age 18 stopped getting refills  for their medication within four years. The study examined 372 children of active duty and retired service members in the U.S. military insurance system, known as TRICARE.

It’s unclear why patients stopped their medication because the study only examined pharmacy records. The researchers said the number of patients who stopped hormones is likely an overestimate because they couldn’t rule out that some patients got hormones outside of the military system, perhaps at college or with different health insurance.

The follow-up period for many patients was relatively short. The researchers examined patients enrolled from 2009 to 2018, but 58% of the patients started hormones in the last 22 months of the study.

https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac251

United Kingdom

University College London Hospitals, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Tavistock and Portman clinic – National Health Service Trust

Researchers found that 90 patients, or 8.3% , of 1,089 adolescents referred for gender-affirming care at endocrinology clinics no longer identified as gender-diverse , either before or after starting on puberty blockers or hormones. The review spanned patients who were treated from 2008 through 2021.

The authors noted the 8.3% figure may be an underestimate because 62 additional patients, or 5.4% of all participants, moved away or didn’t follow up with the clinics.

https://adc.bmj.com/content/107/11/1018

Fenway Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital

Drawing on the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, the authors found that 13.1%  of 17,151 respondents had detransitioned  for some period of time.

Some of the common reasons respondents provided were pressure from a parent (35.6%), pressure from their community or societal stigma (32.5%), or difficulty finding a job (26.9%). Nearly 16% of respondents cited at least one “internal driving factor, including fluctuations in or uncertainty regarding gender identity,” according to the study. Half of the people who reported detransitioning had taken gender-affirming hormones.

By design, the authors said, all respondents identified as transgender at the time of survey completion, and the survey wasn’t intended to capture people who detransitioned and no longer identified as transgender.

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437

Youth in Transition

By Robin Respaut, Chad Terhune and Michelle Conlin

Photo editing: Corinne Perkins

Art direction: John Emerson

Edited by Michele Gershberg and John Blanton

• Follow Reuters Investigates

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• Introduction
• Conclusions
• Article Information

Error bars represent 95% CIs. GAS indicates gender-affirming surgery.

Percentages are based on the number of procedures divided by number of patients; thus, as some patients underwent multiple procedures the total may be greater than 100%. Error bars represent 95% CIs.

eTable.  ICD-10 and CPT Codes of Gender-Affirming Surgery

eFigure. Percentage of Patients With Codes for Gender Identity Disorder Who Underwent GAS

Data Sharing Statement

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Wright JD , Chen L , Suzuki Y , Matsuo K , Hershman DL. National Estimates of Gender-Affirming Surgery in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(8):e2330348. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.30348

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National Estimates of Gender-Affirming Surgery in the US

• 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
• 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles

Question   What are the temporal trends in gender-affirming surgery (GAS) in the US?

Findings   In this cohort study of 48 019 patients, GAS increased significantly, nearly tripling from 2016 to 2019. Breast and chest surgery was the most common class of procedures performed overall; genital reconstructive procedures were more common among older individuals.

Meaning   These findings suggest that there will be a greater need for clinicians knowledgeable in the care of transgender individuals with the requisite expertise to perform gender-affirming procedures.

Importance   While changes in federal and state laws mandating coverage of gender-affirming surgery (GAS) may have led to an increase in the number of annual cases, comprehensive data describing trends in both inpatient and outpatient procedures are limited.

Objective   To examine trends in inpatient and outpatient GAS procedures in the US and to explore the temporal trends in the types of GAS performed across age groups.

Design, Setting, and Participants   This cohort study includes data from 2016 to 2020 in the Nationwide Ambulatory Surgery Sample and the National Inpatient Sample. Patients with diagnosis codes for gender identity disorder, transsexualism, or a personal history of sex reassignment were identified, and the performance of GAS, including breast and chest procedures, genital reconstructive procedures, and other facial and cosmetic surgical procedures, were identified.

Main Outcome Measures   Weighted estimates of the annual number of inpatient and outpatient procedures performed and the distribution of each class of procedure overall and by age were analyzed.

Results   A total of 48 019 patients who underwent GAS were identified, including 25 099 (52.3%) who were aged 19 to 30 years. The most common procedures were breast and chest procedures, which occurred in 27 187 patients (56.6%), followed by genital reconstruction (16 872 [35.1%]) and other facial and cosmetic procedures (6669 [13.9%]). The absolute number of GAS procedures rose from 4552 in 2016 to a peak of 13 011 in 2019 and then declined slightly to 12 818 in 2020. Overall, 25 099 patients (52.3%) were aged 19 to 30 years, 10 476 (21.8%) were aged 31 to 40, and 3678 (7.7%) were aged12 to 18 years. When stratified by the type of procedure performed, breast and chest procedures made up a greater percentage of the surgical interventions in younger patients, while genital surgical procedures were greater in older patients.

Conclusions and Relevance   Performance of GAS has increased substantially in the US. Breast and chest surgery was the most common group of procedures performed. The number of genital surgical procedures performed increased with increasing age.

Gender dysphoria is characterized as an incongruence between an individual’s experienced or expressed gender and the gender that was assigned at birth. 1 Transgender individuals may pursue multiple treatments, including behavioral therapy, hormonal therapy, and gender-affirming surgery (GAS). 2 GAS encompasses a variety of procedures that align an individual patient’s gender identity with their physical appearance. 2 - 4

While numerous surgical interventions can be considered GAS, the procedures have been broadly classified as breast and chest surgical procedures, facial and cosmetic interventions, and genital reconstructive surgery. 2 , 4 Prior studies 2 - 7 have shown that GAS is associated with improved quality of life, high rates of satisfaction, and a reduction in gender dysphoria. Furthermore, some studies have reported that GAS is associated with decreased depression and anxiety. 8 Lastly, the procedures appear to be associated with acceptable morbidity and reasonable rates of perioperative complications. 2 , 4

Given the benefits of GAS, the performance of GAS in the US has increased over time. 9 The increase in GAS is likely due in part to federal and state laws requiring coverage of transition-related care, although actual insurance coverage of specific procedures is variable. 10 , 11 While prior work has shown that the use of inpatient GAS has increased, national estimates of inpatient and outpatient GAS are lacking. 9 This is important as many GAS procedures occur in ambulatory settings. We performed a population-based analysis to examine trends in GAS in the US and explored the temporal trends in the types of GAS performed across age groups.

To capture both inpatient and outpatient surgical procedures, we used data from the Nationwide Ambulatory Surgery Sample (NASS) and the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). NASS is an ambulatory surgery database and captures major ambulatory surgical procedures at nearly 2800 hospital-owned facilities from up to 35 states, approximating a 63% to 67% stratified sample of hospital-owned facilities. NIS comprehensively captures approximately 20% of inpatient hospital encounters from all community hospitals across 48 states participating in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), covering more than 97% of the US population. Both NIS and NASS contain weights that can be used to produce US population estimates. 12 , 13 Informed consent was waived because data sources contain deidentified data, and the study was deemed exempt by the Columbia University institutional review board. This cohort study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology ( STROBE ) reporting guideline.

We selected patients of all ages with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision ( ICD-10 ) diagnosis codes for gender identity disorder or transsexualism ( ICD-10 F64) or a personal history of sex reassignment ( ICD-10 Z87.890) from 2016 to 2020 (eTable in Supplement 1 ). We first examined all hospital (NIS) and ambulatory surgical (NASS) encounters for patients with these codes and then analyzed encounters for GAS within this cohort. GAS was identified using ICD-10 procedure codes and Common Procedural Terminology codes and classified as breast and chest procedures, genital reconstructive procedures, and other facial and cosmetic surgical procedures. 2 , 4 Breast and chest surgical procedures encompassed breast reconstruction, mammoplasty and mastopexy, or nipple reconstruction. Genital reconstructive procedures included any surgical intervention of the male or female genital tract. Other facial and cosmetic procedures included cosmetic facial procedures and other cosmetic procedures including hair removal or transplantation, liposuction, and collagen injections (eTable in Supplement 1 ). Patients might have undergone procedures from multiple different surgical groups. We measured the total number of procedures and the distribution of procedures within each procedural group.

Within the data sets, sex was based on patient self-report. The sex of patients in NIS who underwent inpatient surgery was classified as either male, female, missing, or inconsistent. The inconsistent classification denoted patients who underwent a procedure that was not consistent with the sex recorded on their medical record. Similar to prior analyses, patients in NIS with a sex variable not compatible with the procedure performed were classified as having undergone genital reconstructive surgery (GAS not otherwise specified). 9

Clinical variables in the analysis included patient clinical and demographic factors and hospital characteristics. Demographic characteristics included age at the time of surgery (12 to 18 years, 19 to 30 years, 31 to 40 years, 41 to 50 years, 51 to 60 years, 61 to 70 years, and older than 70 years), year of the procedure (2016-2020), and primary insurance coverage (private, Medicare, Medicaid, self-pay, and other). Race and ethnicity were only reported in NIS and were classified as White, Black, Hispanic and other. Race and ethnicity were considered in this study because prior studies have shown an association between race and GAS. The income status captured national quartiles of median household income based of a patient’s zip code and was recorded as less than 25% (low), 26% to 50% (medium-low), 51% to 75% (medium-high), and 76% or more (high). The Elixhauser Comorbidity Index was estimated for each patient based on the codes for common medical comorbidities and weighted for a final score. 14 Patients were classified as 0, 1, 2, or 3 or more. We separately reported coding for HIV and AIDS; substance abuse, including alcohol and drug abuse; and recorded mental health diagnoses, including depression and psychoses. Hospital characteristics included a composite of teaching status and location (rural, urban teaching, and urban nonteaching) and hospital region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West). Hospital bed sizes were classified as small, medium, and large. The cutoffs were less than 100 (small), 100 to 299 (medium), and 300 or more (large) short-term acute care beds of the facilities from NASS and were varied based on region, urban-rural designation, and teaching status of the hospital from NIS. 8 Patients with missing data were classified as the unknown group and were included in the analysis.

National estimates of the number of GAS procedures among all hospital encounters for patients with gender identity disorder were derived using discharge or encounter weight provided by the databases. 15 The clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients undergoing GAS were reported descriptively. The number of encounters for gender identity disorder, the percentage of GAS procedures among those encounters, and the absolute number of each procedure performed over time were estimated. The difference by age group was examined and tested using Rao-Scott χ 2 test. All hypothesis tests were 2-sided, and P  < .05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc).

A total of 48 019 patients who underwent GAS were identified ( Table 1 ). Overall, 25 099 patients (52.3%) were aged 19 to 30 years, 10 476 (21.8%) were aged 31 to 40, and 3678 (7.7%) were aged 12 to 18 years. Private insurance coverage was most common in 29 064 patients (60.5%), while 12 127 (25.3%) were Medicaid recipients. Depression was reported in 7192 patients (15.0%). Most patients (42 467 [88.4%]) were treated at urban, teaching hospitals, and there was a disproportionate number of patients in the West (22 037 [45.9%]) and Northeast (12 396 [25.8%]). Within the cohort, 31 668 patients (65.9%) underwent 1 procedure while 13 415 (27.9%) underwent 2 procedures, and the remainder underwent multiple procedures concurrently ( Table 1 ).

The overall number of health system encounters for gender identity disorder rose from 13 855 in 2016 to 38 470 in 2020. Among encounters with a billing code for gender identity disorder, there was a consistent rise in the percentage that were for GAS from 4552 (32.9%) in 2016 to 13 011 (37.1%) in 2019, followed by a decline to 12 818 (33.3%) in 2020 ( Figure 1 and eFigure in Supplement 1 ). Among patients undergoing ambulatory surgical procedures, 37 394 (80.3%) of the surgical procedures included gender-affirming surgical procedures. For those with hospital admissions with gender identity disorder, 10 625 (11.8%) of admissions were for GAS.

Breast and chest procedures were most common and were performed for 27 187 patients (56.6%). Genital reconstruction was performed for 16 872 patients (35.1%), and other facial and cosmetic procedures for 6669 patients (13.9%) ( Table 2 ). The most common individual procedure was breast reconstruction in 21 244 (44.2%), while the most common genital reconstructive procedure was hysterectomy (4489 [9.3%]), followed by orchiectomy (3425 [7.1%]), and vaginoplasty (3381 [7.0%]). Among patients who underwent other facial and cosmetic procedures, liposuction (2945 [6.1%]) was most common, followed by rhinoplasty (2446 [5.1%]) and facial feminizing surgery and chin augmentation (1874 [3.9%]).

The absolute number of GAS procedures rose from 4552 in 2016 to a peak of 13 011 in 2019 and then declined slightly to 12 818 in 2020 ( Figure 1 ). Similar trends were noted for breast and chest surgical procedures as well as genital surgery, while the rate of other facial and cosmetic procedures increased consistently from 2016 to 2020. The distribution of the individual procedures performed in each class were largely similar across the years of analysis ( Table 3 ).

When stratified by age, patients 19 to 30 years had the greatest number of procedures, 25 099 ( Figure 2 ). There were 10 476 procedures performed in those aged 31 to 40 years and 4359 in those aged 41 to 50 years. Among patients younger than 19 years, 3678 GAS procedures were performed. GAS was less common in those cohorts older than 50 years. Overall, the greatest number of breast and chest surgical procedures, genital surgical procedures, and facial and other cosmetic surgical procedures were performed in patients aged 19 to 30 years.

When stratified by the type of procedure performed, breast and chest procedures made up the greatest percentage of the surgical interventions in younger patients while genital surgical procedures were greater in older patients ( Figure 2 ). Additionally, 3215 patients (87.4%) aged 12 to 18 years underwent GAS and had breast or chest procedures. This decreased to 16 067 patients (64.0%) in those aged 19 to 30 years, 4918 (46.9%) in those aged 31 to 40 years, and 1650 (37.9%) in patients aged 41 to 50 years ( P  < .001). In contrast, 405 patients (11.0%) aged 12 to 18 years underwent genital surgery. The percentage of patients who underwent genital surgery rose sequentially to 4423 (42.2%) in those aged 31 to 40 years, 1546 (52.3%) in those aged 51 to 60 years, and 742 (58.4%) in those aged 61 to 70 years ( P  < .001). The percentage of patients who underwent facial and other cosmetic surgical procedures rose with age from 9.5% in those aged 12 to 18 years to 20.6% in those aged 51 to 60 years, then gradually declined ( P  < .001). Figure 2 displays the absolute number of procedure classes performed by year stratified by age. The greatest magnitude of the decline in 2020 was in younger patients and for breast and chest procedures.

These findings suggest that the number of GAS procedures performed in the US has increased dramatically, nearly tripling from 2016 to 2019. Breast and chest surgery is the most common class of procedure performed while patients are most likely to undergo surgery between the ages of 19 and 30 years. The number of genital surgical procedures performed increased with increasing age.

Consistent with prior studies, we identified a remarkable increase in the number of GAS procedures performed over time. 9 , 16 A prior study examining national estimates of inpatient GAS procedures noted that the absolute number of procedures performed nearly doubled between 2000 to 2005 and from 2006 to 2011. In our analysis, the number of GAS procedures nearly tripled from 2016 to 2020. 9 , 17 Not unexpectedly, a large number of the procedures we captured were performed in the ambulatory setting, highlighting the need to capture both inpatient and outpatient procedures when analyzing data on trends. Like many prior studies, we noted a decrease in the number of procedures performed in 2020, likely reflective of the COVID-19 pandemic. 18 However, the decline in the number of procedures performed between 2019 and 2020 was relatively modest, particularly as these procedures are largely elective.

Analysis of procedure-specific trends by age revealed a number of important findings. First, GAS procedures were most common in patients aged 19 to 30 years. This is in line with prior work that demonstrated that most patients first experience gender dysphoria at a young age, with approximately three-quarters of patients reporting gender dysphoria by age 7 years. These patients subsequently lived for a mean of 23 years for transgender men and 27 years for transgender women before beginning gender transition treatments. 19 Our findings were also notable that GAS procedures were relatively uncommon in patients aged 18 years or younger. In our cohort, fewer than 1200 patients in this age group underwent GAS, even in the highest volume years. GAS in adolescents has been the focus of intense debate and led to legislative initiatives to limit access to these procedures in adolescents in several states. 20 , 21

Second, there was a marked difference in the distribution of procedures in the different age groups. Breast and chest procedures were more common in younger patients, while genital surgery was more frequent in older individuals. In our cohort of individuals aged 19 to 30 years, breast and chest procedures were twice as common as genital procedures. Genital surgery gradually increased with advancing age, and these procedures became the most common in patients older than 40 years. A prior study of patients with commercial insurance who underwent GAS noted that the mean age for mastectomy was 28 years, significantly lower than for hysterectomy at age 31 years, vaginoplasty at age 40 years, and orchiectomy at age 37 years. 16 These trends likely reflect the increased complexity of genital surgery compared with breast and chest surgery as well as the definitive nature of removal of the reproductive organs.

This study has limitations. First, there may be under-capture of both transgender individuals and GAS procedures. In both data sets analyzed, gender is based on self-report. NIS specifically makes notation of procedures that are considered inconsistent with a patient’s reported gender (eg, a male patient who underwent oophorectomy). Similar to prior work, we assumed that patients with a code for gender identity disorder or transsexualism along with a surgical procedure classified as inconsistent underwent GAS. 9 Second, we captured procedures commonly reported as GAS procedures; however, it is possible that some of these procedures were performed for other underlying indications or diseases rather than solely for gender affirmation. Third, our trends showed a significant increase in procedures through 2019, with a decline in 2020. The decline in services in 2020 is likely related to COVID-19 service alterations. Additionally, while we comprehensively captured inpatient and ambulatory surgical procedures in large, nationwide data sets, undoubtedly, a small number of procedures were performed in other settings; thus, our estimates may underrepresent the actual number of procedures performed each year in the US.

These data have important implications in providing an understanding of the use of services that can help inform care for transgender populations. The rapid rise in the performance of GAS suggests that there will be a greater need for clinicians knowledgeable in the care of transgender individuals and with the requisite expertise to perform GAS procedures. However, numerous reports have described the political considerations and challenges in the delivery of transgender care. 22 Despite many medical societies recognizing the necessity of gender-affirming care, several states have enacted legislation or policies that restrict gender-affirming care and services, particularly in adolescence. 20 , 21 These regulations are barriers for patients who seek gender-affirming care and provide legal and ethical challenges for clinicians. As the use of GAS increases, delivering equitable gender-affirming care in this complex landscape will remain a public health challenge.

Accepted for Publication: July 15, 2023.

Published: August 23, 2023. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.30348

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License . © 2023 Wright JD et al. JAMA Network Open .

Corresponding Author: Jason D. Wright, MD, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 161 Fort Washington Ave, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10032 ( [email protected] ).

Author Contributions: Dr Wright had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Wright, Chen.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.

Drafting of the manuscript: Wright.

Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.

Statistical analysis: Wright, Chen.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Wright, Suzuki.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Wright reported receiving grants from Merck and personal fees from UpToDate outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 2 .

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What Percentage of Transgender People Regret Surgery?

A phrase we hear all too often in today’s world is “you do you.” In essence, what people imply by this is that people should do whatever they want – as long as it doesn’t hurt anyone else. This mentality flies in the face of love for our fellow human beings, for it doesn’t take into account the hurt that people can inflict upon themselves. This is all too clear in the recent transgender movement .

Politicians, organizations, and activists teach that people should be able to do what they want with their bodies. This includes changing their sex by either living as the opposite sex or by ingesting hormones to suppress the natural functioning of their bodies. But what happens when a person has transitioned and wants to change his or her mind? As we see below, the regret is real.

Real-life stories

A June 2022  New York Post story tells the devastating story of Chloe. It states:

When Chloe was 12 years old, she decided she was transgender. At 13, she came out to her parents. That same year, she was put on puberty blockers and prescribed testosterone. At 15, she underwent a double mastectomy. Less than a year later, she realized she’d made a mistake – all by the time she was 16 years old.

Chloe, who has since detransitioned, states, “I was failed by the system. I literally lost organs.” And now she wants people to know her story, so they don’t make the same mistake she did.

Eva is a woman who lived as a transgender male as a teenager. Though she did not medically transition, she determined – as an adult – that she no longer wanted to live as a man. She states that she felt “misled” by both family members and doctors. According to an article about her, “Eva, now 24, is part of a controversial cohort known as detransitionsers and desisters, transgender people who come to rethink their decision, often having already undergone drug and surgical treatments.”

In October 2020, Eva began a group called Detrans Canada, which she hopes can help people who feel “ostracized” for their decision to detransition. According to the site , the group’s “objectives are to examine how individuals experience changes to how they experience their sex and gender, transition and detransition processes (social, legal, medical), and to identify detransition-related healthcare and social support needs. We also aim to develop better guidance for care providers who work with trans, nonbinary, gender-fluid, detrans/retrans, and other gender diverse populations who change the direction of their transitions.”

In a similar story, Charlie Evans , a woman in the UK who detransitioned and stopped taking hormone therapy, has said that “hundreds” of people have contacted her since she made it public that she was detransitioning. According to Charlie, “I’m in communication with 19- and 20-year-olds who have had full gender reassignment surgery who wish they hadn’t, and their dysphoria hasn’t been relieved, they don’t feel better for it. They don’t know what their options are now.”

The article states:

The number of young people seeking gender transition is at an all-time high but we hear very little, if anything, about those who may come to regret their decision. There is currently no data to reflect the number who may be unhappy in their new gender or who may opt to detransition to their biological sex. Charlie detransitioned and went public with her story last year – and said she was stunned by the number of people she discovered in a similar position.

Sky News tells the story of a woman named Ruby (pseudonym) who had undergone testosterone therapy and lived as a male, first identifying as male at 13. However, she changed her mind about transitioning to a male before she was scheduled to have a double mastectomy. Ruby states: “I didn’t think any change was going to be enough in the end and I thought it was better to work on changing how I felt about myself, than changing my body…I’ve seen similarities in the way I experience gender dysphoria, in the way I experience other body image issues.”

The Statistics

A transgender survey was conducted in 2022 , but the results have not been published yet (set for late 2023). So, we must look to the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (page 111) for the most updated statistics. The survey claims that 11% of female respondents reverted back to their original sex. Transgender men had a reversion rate of 4%.

Those who chose to revert cited a variety of reasons. Five percent of those who detransitioned realized that a gender transition was not what they wanted. Other people cited family pressure and difficulty getting a job as reasons to detransition.

Authors of a 2021 article in  Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery conducted a systematic review of several databases to determine the rate of regret for those who had undergone surgery. According to the article, “7928 transgender patients who underwent any type of [gender-affirmation surgeries] were included. The pooled prevalence of regret after GAS was 1% (95% CI <1%-2%).” However, the article goes on to state that there was “high subjectivity in the assessment of regret and lack of standardized questionnaires, which highlight the importance of developing validated questionnaires in this population.”

Despite these low numbers and any possible issues with the format of the questionnaire, those who have lived life as a transgender male or female and who have detransitioned claim that the numbers are much higher  and that people are afraid to speak out.

That’s why the people discussed above want others to hear their stories – and they want them to hear the stories before they transition .

Those who do transition and who want to detransition and live as their biological sex need help and support. There are loving and compassionate groups who can help.

Support is Available

The Rainbow Redemption Project is a Christian group that helps people who want to detransition. Its mission is to provide “resources for detransitioners, with the ultimate goal of fully redeeming their lives through the transformative power of Jesus Christ.”

Sex Change Regret offers personal testimonies, resources, and guidance for those who are regretting changing their sex and who want to detransition.

Focus on the Family offers articles and resources for counseling on its site.

Catholic Charities and local parishes will also offer resources.

Help is out there. There are so many people who want to help those who are confused about their sexuality, confused about who they are, and confused about who they want to be.

And as stewards of our brothers and sisters in Christ, it is our job to treat all people with empathy, understanding, and compassion. It is our job to help them see the inherent dignity in themselves. And in both love and charity, it is our job to assist them as they seek help in moving forward.

This article was most recently updated July 2023 by Susan Ciancio.

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Susan Ciancio

Susan Ciancio has a BA in psychology and a BA in sociology from the University of Notre Dame, with an MA in liberal studies from Indiana University. Since 2003, she has worked as a professional editor and writer, editing both fiction and nonfiction books, magazine articles, blogs, educational lessons, professional materials, and website content. Fourteen of those years have been in the pro-life sector. Currently Susan writes weekly for HLI, edits for American Life League, and is the editor of its Celebrate Life Magazine. She also serves as executive editor for the Culture of Life Studies Program, an educational nonprofit program for k-12 students.

74 Comments

Unfortunately our current media for that last few years is promoting this insanity of pretending to be someone you are not and mutilating ones body to continue pretending. This article brings out the other side that the media does not tell us. The regret of having this done. Thank you Susan for writing this and giving helpful resources along with the truth. Thank you!!!

Pray for our children! E 908-239-8990

The regret is real. The psychological issues are real. And by the way, the pronoun thing, I hate to inform you, but you are 1 not 2 as in they, them. There is no plural to one person, man, woman, man/woman. Give me a break, deal with your mental issues, whatever they may be. Please stop with the plural reference, you sound like an idiot.

Actually, the pronoun “they” can be used as a singular term. Sometimes, when speaking about someone, you won’t mention their gender identity. So, I could say, “I met someone at the store.” The word “someone” is a gender-neutral word, so it doesn’t tell you the gender of the person. It would be grammatically correct for you to respond with “What was their name?” because you do not know their gender identity, and it would be rude to assume. If this is grammatically correct, why would it not be grammatically correct to use these pronouns with people we know the gender identity of? Plus, the pronoun “they” is in multiple dictionaries as a singular pronoun. If you understand the English language, it is not hard to understand pronouns, so please be respectful of others’ pronouns.

Really hope those reading this biased article would also consider reading the survey it cites from 2015:

“Respondents who had de-transitioned cited a range of reasons, though only 5% of those who had de-transitioned reported that they had done so because they realized that gender transition was not for them, representing 0.4% of the overall sample.”

Most of the reasons for detransition were pressure from an external source, which some may see as a good thing (religious peeps) but the larger world would consider this very negative. We should be aiming for a world of compassion, where trans people can have access to transition and be accepted by all for who they are… love thy neighbour and all. There are very few treatments that have as large of a satisfaction as HRT (consider your BP meds, diabetes meds, etc., wouldn’t you rather be off them?). We have created a world that makes trans people feel hated, and then point at them when they stop being who they are because they feel horrible. What is your motive for reading these articles? To justify your religious position? Consider meeting/ reading accounts from transgender people and consider developing some empathy that you claim to have because of your faith.

“The LORD bless you and keep you, the LORD make His face shine on you and be gracious to you, the LORD turn His face toward you and give you, EJS, peace.”Peace I leave you,My peace I give unto you..let not your heart be troubled.

I am writing to you on behalf of a group of detransitioned women regarding Dr Jack Turban. We are deeply concerned with Dr Turban’s disparagement of psychiatric intervention and exploratory psychotherapy, his singular endorsement of affirmative therapies for people with gender dysphoria, and his dismissive and derogatory treatment of those of us who detransitioned due to transition regret.

We are but a few of many that have been the victims of this type of cavalier attitude. We all suffered from gender dysphoria at one point (and some still do), and were led to believe that our best chance of treating our dysphoria was to medically transition. As it turned out, this was not the case. As a result, we now have to live with bodies and voices that have been irreversibly changed (and in some cases damaged) by hormones and surgeries, when what we needed was a compassionate and thoughtful exploration of our gender distress through talk therapy. Some of us will now never be able to have children and many of us live with great distress and regret every day.

Not only did physicians like Dr Turban fail us by sending us down a singular path of transition, they are now letting us down once again by disparaging our experiences and even our existence, when they should be providing us with support to help us heal from our unnecessary medical transitions. The fact that Dr Turban is a psychiatrist at Stanford and uses his credentials to promote his reckless approach is especially troubling, as he has been granted a large and influential media platform. As we see more and more distressed young people following in our footsteps of a rushed medical gender transition, in a few years, we fear the consequences of Dr Turban’s activism will be catastrophic and visible to all.

Dr Turban does not hide his disregard for the role of psychotherapy in treating gender distress, and his singular belief in medical and surgical approaches to treating gender dysphoria, whatever its cause may be. Appearing on the GenderGP Podcast episode ‘Exploring Detransition with Dr Jack Turban’ (2021), hosted by Dr Helen Webberley, a UK physician criminally-convicted for running an illegal clinic, Dr Turban says:

“There’s no psychiatric intervention for gender dysphoria. There are medical interventions for gender dysphoria, if you will. And it’s not the rule like right, how the psychiatrist’s going to treat gender dysphoria, they’re not like they’re not going to make that go away. …. The only way that it’s ever been proposed that psychiatry can do that was through conversion therapy, which obviously doesn’t work:” As you will read later in this letter, many detransitioners report that they strongly wish they had received exploratory psychotherapy rather than affirmation, thus Dr Turban’s insinuation that this would be tantamount to conversion therapy is highly disturbing.

Dr Turban describes detransition, in the GenderGP podcast, as having “become this really awful word… I feel like 90% of the time when you read it, it’s really being weaponized.” The claim that discussing detransition is problematic due to the topic being “weaponized” has been used to shame and silence detransitioners who try to tell our stories. This bullying of a very vulnerable group is unacceptable, and we find it incredibly worrying that Dr Turban would participate in the accusation that detransition is “being weaponized,” furthering the bullying of detransitioned individuals. This is not only a matter of rhetoric. Many of us are unable to receive any meaningful support from the mental health community. Instead of helping us heal, many mental health professionals informed by the likes of Dr. Turban continue to steer us toward medical transition, unable to accept our lived experience. There are more and more people like us sharing their stories of transition regret openly online, and we implore you to look these up.

Dr Turban goes on to say:

“when you say detransition people usually think that means like transition regret. It brings up this idea that somebody transitioned, then realize like, oh my god, that was a huge mistake. I’m actually cisgender, I regret every domain of gender affirmation I’ve ever had. And as I’m sure you know, that’s not the reality of the situation.” Dr Turban is, again, completely dismissing those of us who have experienced transition regret. As detransitioned woman, we are deeply hurt that Dr Turban would find it appropriate to suggest that our pain and distress is not a reality. We do, in fact, regret every domain of gender affirmation we ever had and the irreversible changes that medical transition did to us that we must now live with for the rest of our lives. It is, therefore, highly unprofessional and deeply offensive to see comments like this from a fellow at Stanford.

At the same time as Dr Turban dismisses our existence, he also claims to represent us in research, but his bias is clear: the goal is to minimize detransition because it contradicts Dr. Turban’s professional aspirations to promote transgender medical and surgical interventions. In the GenderGP podcast he also says:

“We have a paper that hopefully is coming out soon, where we took the data from the 2015 US Transgender Survey. So this was a survey of over 27,000 transgender adults in the United States. And we found that of those who had transitioned in some way, don’t quote me on that exact number, but it’s something like 13% of them said that at some point in their life, they had detransitioned. And when we looked at why they did that, the vast majority of them, like close to 90%, I think, had detransitioned due to some external factor.” We bring to your attention that the 2015 USTS survey that Dr Turban repeatedly uses for his research is an online convenience survey that was promoted by transition advocacy sites. We believe in and support transgender rights and trans people, but respectfully submit that this survey, subtitled “Injustice at Every Turn,” which is full of biased questions that promote a political agenda, serves as a poor base for respectable research. Dr Turban previously attempted to use this survey to claim that psychotherapy leads to suicide; his problematic analysis and conclusions were thoroughly outlined in a rebuttal by Roberto D’Angelo et al. in ‘One Size Does Not Fit All: In Support of Psychotherapy for Gender Dysphoria’ (2020), to which Dr.Turban never replied, even through he had the chance to do so. Instead, he attacked the researchers on Twitter. Dr Turban also used the same survey to attempt to show that puberty blockers saved lives. Another rebuttal showed just how flawed that piece of research was (‘Puberty Blockers and Suicidality in Adolescents Suffering from Gender Dysphoria’ (2020) by Michael Biggs). Dr Turban failed to respond to that critique in the scientific area, but did go on media circuit to promote his deeply flawed conclusions.

Most recently, Dr Turban misused this problematic sample to discredit detransition experiences in his research, ‘Factors Leading to “Detransition” Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis’ (2021). Dr. Turban did not seem troubled by the fact that 100% of the respondents were transgender-identified and did not identify as detransitioners. This is an expert from his study:

These [detransition due to internal factors] experiences did not necessarily reflect regret regarding past gender affirmation, and were presumably temporary, as all of these respondents subsequently identified as TGD, an eligibility requirement for study participation. Dr. Turban’s conclusions were that detransition is largely a temporary phenomenon, happens in response to external pressures, and does not really represent a problem for those who detransitioned. These conclusions are highly flawed and ignore those of us who have detransitioned due to transition regret, and who were excluded from the survey for no longer being transgender-identified.

In comparison, recent detransition research conducted within the actual detransition community (‘Detransition-Related Needs and Support: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey’ (2021) by Elie Vandenbussche) found very different results: that most of us detransition due to the internal realization that transition was not what we needed, that transition did not help and can actually make things worse for us, and that we found other non-invasive ways to alleviate our dysphoria. Further, the research showed that detransitioners expressed the need to find alternative treatments to deal with their gender dysphoria, but reported that it was nearly impossible to talk about it within LGBT+ spaces and in the medical sphere.

Vandenbussche found that most detransitioners currently are in dire need of psychological support on matters such as gender dysphoria, co-morbid conditions, feelings of regret, social/physical changes and internalized homophobic or sexist prejudices. The research confirmed that detransitionres experience prejudice when working with medical and mental health systems, which Dr. Turban’s vocal activism directly emboldens and reinforces.

We feel it important to add that in May 2021, the Karolinska Hospital in Sweden issued a new policy statement regarding the treatment of gender-dysphoric minors. This policy has ended the practice of prescribing puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones to gender-dysphoric patients under the age of 18. Finland also revised its treatment guidelines in June 2020, prioritizing psychological interventions and support over medical interventions. Major changes are also underway in the UK, as the NHS has convened a “Cass Review” to examine the practice of transition for young people and the evidence that underlies it.

Thus, it seems evident that there is a growing concern over the proliferation of medical interventions that have a low certainty of benefits, while carrying a significant potential for medical harm. It is worrying that Dr Turban does not seem to demonstrate the professional curiosity to rethink his endorsement of medical transition for minors and his dismay at psychotherapy and its role in the care of gender dysphoric individuals of all ages.

We are also deeply concerned by Dr Turban’s activism to suppress the debate on the proper care for gender dysphoria in the public arena. On May 25, 2021, Dr Turban tweeted the following:

“When I spoke with @60Minutes about their “detransition” story and asked where they found the people to profile – they refused to tell me and became defensive. We still don’t know if they searched for people on TERF forums, and transparency would be appreciated.” We bring to your attention that “TERF” (an acronym for “trans-exclusionary radical feminist”) is a pejorative term, and that Dr Turban’s use of it to smear and dismiss the experiences of the detransitioners who appeared on 60 Minutes is incredibly hurtful. That a fellow at Stanford would criticise 60 Minutes for having a brief segment featuring detransitioners has many of us very concerned that, should one of his patients experience transition regret and subsequently decide to detransition, Dr Turban would be unfit to help them due to his hostility towards the subject.

Therefore, we are deeply concerned with how Dr Turban may practice as a clinician, specifically how he may treat a transgender person struggling with transition regret or a detransitioner seeking to discuss their regret or reverse their transition. His comments on the GenderGP podcast, his flawed use of the USTS, and his hostility towards any discussion of transition regret are all highly problematic and in need of addressing. We ask Stanford to speak out for more thoughtful approaches because, as it stands now, Stanford appears to be silently endorsing Dr Turban’s harmful claims that exploratory psychotherapy is tantamount to conversion therapy and that hormones and surgeries are the only appropriate treatment for people with gender dysphoria.

I received affirmative care at my gender clinic. I received no exploratory talk therapy. I injected myself with cross-sex hormones and underwent a double mastectomy. I now suffer from transition regret, and have detransitioned as a result. The distress and harm that I have endured because of the knee-jerk affirmative approach that people like Dr Turban advocates for has been immense. I implore you, on behalf of the detransitioned women who co-signed this letter and myself, to please consider its contents carefully – we wish only to help the many others like us.

Thank you for your brave reply!

Thank you so much for your research!

Though I d like to get my GRA surgery, some scary thoughts of regretting it come to my mind from time to time

Thank you for this excellent article!

“The Hill recently reported on a 2020 survey that polled more than 15,000 American citizens aged 18 years or older. According to the survey, ‘Within Generation Z, the youngest adult demographic who are aged between 18 to 23 in 2020 … two percent identified as gay, lesbian, or transgender.'”

That is clearly incorrect. I don’t know why pollsters can’t figure this out, but when you ask people outright if they are gay, they almost always say ‘no’. No one wants to admit it in person. This may be doubly true for the younger generation because kids have been using the word “gay” to mean “stupid” for a couple decades now, so young gay people don’t want to be associated with that word.

My estimate is that the percentage of the population which is exclusively gay is somewhere between 6% and 8%, and that another 5% to 10% of straight men will allow themselves to be gratified by a man (less for straight women).

Human Life International: DON’T put me on your mailing list.

Thank you so much for your wonderful information! Please keep up your good work. Please pray for me.

Thank you for this excellent article. We are all being deluged with the misinformation and lies of the media and our poor children are being indoctrinated in school about this “gender dysphoria”. Why so, when this type of mental illness affects such a small percentage of our population? The true statistics of the heightened future problems of those who transition either pharmaceutically or surgically need to be widely circulated to the entire population. People must begin to realize that the lies they are being fed are NOT the truth, and that we do need to love these affected people, as God loves them. We, as a nation as well as a world need to come up with a better plan to help our brothers and sisters. And the media and the governments need to realize that we are not the hateful people they have made us out to be. May God show us the way!

You know you won’t make it to your 20th birthday without removing your breasts? Stop and think for a moment, does this sound like a statement made of someone with sound mind? This article is far from bigoted. This article shows far more compassion for people with your struggle than the mainstream narrative. I truly hope you find your peace. You’re perfect just the way you are.

Very wsll said!

I stopped reading after you said “god given sex”. You can’t even prove a god or gods exist, let alone make a ridiculous assertion like this. What a nonsensical article. You’re a joke.

God is not real and science should not be political.

And not to mention the fact that 62% of all of those people transition back again. So cut these by 2/3 and you have the real number.

I think that is a very good point Daniel!

Thank you for your website! Please keep me informed. My work needs your help and needs this very important information.

Thank you, Li. If you have specific questions or need additional information, please reach out to us at [email protected] and we’ll make sure your question gets to our Director of Research for an answer.

Thank you so much for your work! I support you 100%

Lord Jesus, please help me turn away from my sin of transgender lies. I want to follow you. You are the way, the truth and the life. Please pray for me.

How do you get in touch with the person who is having an organization helping detransitioned persons?

Jesus please help me stop believing lies in transgender.

Thank you for your website. I fully support your work. Please pray I change how I best help my patients.

Thank you for your website information. This is very valuable for our organization.

You have given us very important information. Thank you for speaking out the truth. May the truth set us free from the lie and bondage of transgender. Our hope is in Jesus Christ

Because of my study in this area, your article provides very important information. We all need to learn more about it. Thank you.

Jesus answered, “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.” Lord Jesus please help me to follow YOU the giver of the true life. I want to turn away from my way of transgender to YOUR way.

Thank you for your information. I wish to turn my ideas, my researchs, and all my works to better understand this issue that I am struggling with.

I am doing lots of research on gender issues. Thank you for your helpful information! Take courage and keep up your good work. Don’t mind all the negative comments.

Your article provides very important information for my work. Thank you!

Thank you for your valuable information!

Totally agree!

Simple biology of chromosomes don’t determine sex assigned at birth. Hormones play a large role.

I’m so glad that you mentioned the alarmingly high rates of suicide that trans people face. As Catholics I’m sure you greatly value the human life, and wish to preserve it in any way you can. Although I’m not religious, I completely agree that we should work towards lowering these confronting statistics. Perhaps a way that this could be done is by allowing trans people to exist freely without pitting them against “gods will” and making them feel like they are abominations. It seems strange to me that you focus on the plight of the 4-11% of people who regret there transition, as opposed to the 40% of people who are suicidal. Surely if you were wishing to improve the quality of life for people and ease their suffering- the larger proportion would be the starting point?

I’m a guy in 30’s with gender dysphoria since the age of 3, always felt something wrong with me. I honestly doubt that many would want to revert back to their gender. If you truly have this problem, you would never really want to change back. Well perhaps some would… maybe less than 1% want to change back. If you don’t have this problem, you cannot imagine how agonizing and mentally painful it is. I have not changed my gender only due to the cost and my tall manly outlooks 6.3 ~191 cm tall. Deep inside I know I’m a woman and feel very sad about this. Hate absolutely everything about masculinity, manly things, doing manly things, being put into wrong roles. I think…act..am into all the things a woman would be. I see it’s a religious website so I might as well say that I spend many hours a day reading scriptues and in prayer, it’s the only thing that has kept me somewhat sane. Still every single day of my life, I wish the same thing… if only I could change my gender, not be so tall, look feminine and be a girl.

Thank you for writing this. I feel deep pain from your statements. I also believe you are doing the right thing turning to read the Scriptures and be in prayer. I regret the agonizing and mental pain that you are suffering. I know that Paul asked the Lord to take away an issue that he was dealing with, and the Lords answer was “my grace is sufficient”. The Lord never did take away whatever was ailing Paul, but Paul‘s behavior shows us the right attitude. And I would like to praise your right attitude.I will pray for you Helena that you may find some peace which ever way you decide to go.

I think that our society puts too much emphasis on the way we look. Too bad! There are so many narcissists out there. I think most people do not understand the LGBTQ community. May God give them more insight and therefore tolerance of people that are different from them.

People in the LGBTQ community are misunderstood. My God help others be more understanding and tolerant.

Why cant you still, even without surgery, let go of traditional male roles? In reality, you can be and do whatever you want. Many men and women have rejected traditional roles and live life accordingly. I have to say, I’m not a huge fan of surgery…then again, that’s not my call. Good luck to you! <3

Shame on you!! After all your education you resort to ‘we as christian’ You need help!

This article is not transphobic at all. The article does not hate transgenders purely because of who they are. Stop throwing the word „transphobic“ around. You don’t even know what it means.

Aw, to be 17 and the most intelligent person in the room….

Yes but just it also said out of the 8% overall that switched back, 62% only reverted temporarily so presumably didn’t regret it for long. And “only 5% of those who had de-transitioned reported that they had done so because they realized that gender transition was not for them, representing 0.4%” overall. The rest of the 8% was due to pressure or harassment from family, spouses or employers.

I’m a transgender woman, and I feel truly sorry for you. Your an ignorant bigot who ignores the scientific literature to cling to your Bronze Age mythology. As a writer and researcher I cannot believe you would put your name on such trashy articles. You need to look at the unbiased research that is available.

Paul R. McHugh M.D. has been discredited by John Hopkins University as well as the whole of the scientific community. Walt Heyer has been on a campaign of misinformation to attack the transgender community. .

Nah bro, you’re still and will forever be a dude

I noticed a pattern! As you pointed out, Paul R. McHugh M.D. has been discredited. The scientist who claimed that vaccines cause autism was also discredited. A lot of the scientists people use to support these kinds of views aren’t legitimate scientists. Btw you are a perfectly real and valid woman no matter what anyone on this site says.

You can never change your DNA. You are still a man… Sorry but you can look like a woman but your DNA is XY.

XY vs XX is not how sex is determined. If someone is XY but missing the SRY gene they develop as a woman, look like a woman, mensturate, and can have children.

Who knows how many other toggles there are in our genes.

You think she is still a man, but she knows that she is a woman. Who is right? She is much more intelligent than you!

“Bronze Age mythology” I’m sorry. I didn’t realize the truth had an expiration date.

No, but apparently brains do as is the case with you.

How can you respond this way to a respectful article, that is aiming for nothing but the best solution for people identifying as transgender? Your response is extremely demeaning. No one should be called an ignorant bigot for stating what they believe in. What I don’t understand is how people who claim to be a victim of disrespect, can be so utterly disrespectful and even aggressive to others themselves.

It is incredibly ironic that you are calling this individual disrespectful when the article itself is disrespectful to the individual, and then being disrespectful to the individual yourself.

Invalidation of someone’s identity that is the opposite of what reputable studies and medical advice say (hint: none of which is represented well in the article)? Oh, that’s okay. But call someone a bigot? Oh no, that crosses the line!

what if you stated that you believed in bigoted ideas? could you be called an ignorant bigot then?

I share this view of the issue.

Hey Kitty Kay I see what you said!

“God given sex”….. I didn’t realize this was a satirical website.

Great points all, Maureen!

I have a teenage daughter who came home from school proclaiming there are now seven officially recognized “genders”. Her best fried is a male to female transgender. He “came out” to her first because he felt secure in their friendship and indeed she has been readily accepting of his dysphoric nature and refuses to consider that it may be more harmful in the long-run to encourage his rejection of his God given anatomy. She (like many young people today) see it as cruel and homophobic to not be supportive of the idea of gender fluidity. We don’t as a society normally encourage people iwith psychological disorders to embrace that disorder as some kind of evolutionary development. I think in time society will look to the current social hysteria as a time of group insanity. I absolutely believe it is more harmful to dismiss the idea of gender dysphoria as a dis-order,and discourage psychiatric treatment while we applaud the notion that we can simply choose to transition via dangerous experimental surgeries and toxic chemical therapies. That is truly social insanity. I must wonder then what forces are behind this whole movement and to what end? I cannot accept that homosexual behavior is biblically endorsed yet I likewise do not think that homosexuality itself is some treatable disease. I believe that people are born with a wide variety of illnesses and disabilities both physical and psychological in nature. I leave judgement of the soul to the only entity with the authority to judge. I am certain there will be practicing homosexuals accepted into heaven as there will be self appointed judges who honestly believe that cruelty and rejection are acceptable means of treatment for those they deem unworthy of love. The Christian ideal of loving one’s fellow man, of having compassion for the suffering of others and rejecting violence is what our Messiah is ALL about. My daughters best friend is a gender-dysphoric boy who we have all come to love. At first I wanted to make Jacob feel accepted and loved the way he is so I went along with calling him the female name he prefers (Joanna) and allowing him to dress up as a woman. I still want to do what is best by him because he is a sweet young man that I have come to love dearly. Then I listened to a web chat about the issue of gender dysphoria by a man who transitioned decades ago but later regretted the descisionandnow runs an organization dedicated to helping people with regrets over transitioning. I also listened to a variety of people on the whole issue of our new social embrace of same sex marriage, same sex married couples raising children. I have a niece who married another woman a couple years ago. They now have a daughter due to artificial insemination. I did not attend the wedding because that would be hypocritical of me. I did recently attend the child’s first birthday party because children however conceived are gifts from our Creator. There were a couple folks who spoke out against same sex parents, they later felt they didn’t have a “whole”family and felt pressured as children to say nothing critical about their home environments. We have all been sheparded into this new social construct where all things are okay and dissention is not tolerated. There is no room for expressing criticism, even acknowledging the blatant errors in our new social order. The bullying of any and all critics of the far left LGBTQ agenda is akin to the past bullying of LGBTQ people. Thanks to our uber politically correct social order, tolerance has been confused with endorsement. We are bullied into silence and required to express only endorsement of the new agenda. Well we can’t say we weren’t warned. There is a final book in our scriptures that spoke of such a time.

I think a lot of the transgender problems are societies binary attitude for gender behavior. If it becomes known that a boy likes to wear girls clothes he will be ostracized by his family, friends and possible be beat to a pulp by the alpha males in his life. If boys who demonstrated classically female behavior were not so savagely attacked by friends, family and acquaintances they would not feel that they needed to change sex.

We just sat in on a trial for a young boy whose mother claims he is transgender. The psychiatrist and endocrinologists claim it is a mental issue, not medical.

I personally believe that, since there are about 500+ differences in the Helixical structure of the DNA strands, as well, as how men and women process thoughts; men are concerned with practicality, generally, whereas women are concerned with how it feels, how they feel, what feelings will ensue, etc. Though any individual all along this spectrum may tend to lean more in one direction or another, generally, these descriptions apply to men, and women.What, I believe is fluid, is not sex/gender; but, instead sexual preference. I’ve read of stories about how, a boy dated only girls, as a teen; but, as an adult, dated only other men. This, in popular lingo is known as “coming out of the closet,” or shortened, “coming out.” What I disagree with is this idea, that you are different as a child, than as an adult. But, what is obviously different is the sexual preference you choose, as you age, mature, and investigate a lifestyle alternative to the one you used to. Some adults even desire sex with men, and women, or some other version, different from the experiences they preferred as teens. So, though I don’t accept gender fluidity, I do accept a diversity of sexual preferences, in just one lifetime, based upon desires to explore one you might never have tried, or, only tried once. I do believe you reinforce the choice, every tme you choose to re-experience that variety of sexual expression; and, that this continual same selection can open you up further to pursuing that particular lifestyle, responding only to that stimulation, and abandoning any other option. Conversely, you can see that choice as just one of several options, like bisexuals do. I don’t think true love comes as a result of anything but a “sacred” marriage between a man and a woman. Any other combination is NOT sacred. It is, first sexual, then emotional, then intellectual, and then anatomical, or physical. It is an inauthentic copy of a sacred marriage, duplicating a true sacred relationship, vowing to each other before God, and witnesses, being pronounced by an attendant minster, priest, rabbi, or imam. I hace always believed there are only two sexes, male and female, and, there are no permutations of either, though some try to claim an unnatural, unprovable, untenable variation, for which there still is no scientific evidence in any confirmative method employed by researchers. These claimers of such always quote Alfred E. Kinsey, from the 1950’s who actually had no researcher’s credentials, and was a botanist, and an entomolgist; that is a plant, and insect scientist, whose theories have long since, been discredited, when it was found that his samples were very small, and he used himself as a subject. No reputable scientist ever does that. So, that is where most of the ideas, moderns who embrace them, came from originally; from a non-medical(not even an MD) amateur researcher without credentials as such, got these ideas from. He also created the idea that babies are sexually aroused, can have orgasms, and a whole lot of other nonsense, for which his conclusions are invalid, for the same reasons already stated. This tries to justify pedophilia. This will be the next step in the abbreviation of these folks, LGBTQ+P, and all the other now, affiliations, that are constantly being added to. Watch out folks, God is watching.

Sorry, lots of inaccuracies here. Sex and Gender are NOT interchangeable. Sex is physical. Gender is mental. As is sometimes crudely stated, sex is between your legs and gender is between your ears.

The correct reference is sexual orientation, not preference. Preference suggests that there is some question, but the reality it that there isn’t.

Whatever people do sexually as young people compared to what they do as older people sounds like an answer looking for a question. Remember that there is A LOT of societal pressure to conform to what society sees as the “proper” arrangement of sexuality and gender identity. Obviously you have never felt that as a cisgender heterosexual male. But, just because YOU have not experienced this does not mean that it doesn’t exist.

If you read what gay and trans people have written about their lives, it is clear that they knew something was different about them from very early ages. At the time, they had no vocabulary and no sense of what it meant. In many cases, they were punished severely, but that didn’t really change anything. All it did was cause them to suppress their true selves.

True love only between a man and a woman? No. I know gay men and gay women who have take care of their seriously ill partners tirelessly for years. Conversely, there are many heterosexual couples where one person abandons the relationship due to the serious illness of the other person. I have read many accounts of this kind of abandonment. Obviously you have not.

If you believe that there are only 2 sexes, then how you you explain intersex people?

Personally I have to laugh when people always want to trot out Walt Heyer. Statistically he is irrelevant. Where is the army of people to prove the point? Also, you have to understand that he mislead his therapist and he has admitted that.

Finally, if Anderson and Dr. McHugh were correct, doesn’t it stand to reason that there would be a high degree of agreement among doctors, psychiatrists and psychologists? The truth is the Anderson and McHugh are outliers without much support.

Your logic of the highlighted cases being outliers and statistically irrelevant is ironic considering that all trans folk put together are rarer outliers when compared to non-trans folk than people living with transitioning-regret (or detransitioned) are when compared to people who have transitioned successfully. And this is not even considering the attacks anyone even considering detransitioning face. There is so much effort put towards preventing people from detransitioning when compared to getting people to transition.

Oppressed people always have mental, emotional and addictive behavior issues. I’m glad you said to approach people experiencing dysphoria with love and compassion.

Maybe god wants us to learn from people who don’t fit the gender binary. Otherwise, assuming no errors, god wouldn’t create intersex individuals–it may be only one in every 2000 people, but that’s something.

My personal belief is that all the chemicals in our environment are affecting us and our gender. For example, we use oxybenzone in sunscreens. It’s a synthetic estrogen. Another synthetic estrogen, DES, was widely touted until it was used long enough that we found female offspring would require hysterectomies in their 20s. I have to add that the transwomen and transmen who I know are pretty happy with their transition…but generally they have undergone a lot of therapy to determine if gender dysphoria or other issues are at the root of their discomfort and unhappiness.

“[A]ssuming no errors, god wouldn’t create intersex individuals–it may be only one in every 2000 people, but that’s something.” You could use this logic to state that all sorts of issues and abnormalities people are born with (from the merely irregular to the horrific and painful) are simply “how God made them,” but that’s a common misunderstanding of God’s will. Things are not as they should be, due to the disorder of sin on the cosmos; in the mystery of His will God apparently permits and works through all of it, but we need not say He actively wills it as simply a normal diversity in the species. At the same time He desires our well-being, and that normally through the medium of the sciences (medicine, therapy, etc.)

“pretty happy with their transition” v “our hearts are restless until they rest in thee’. I think judging the happiness of others is in God’s perspective not our superficial experience of others.

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Long-term Outcomes After Gender-Affirming Surgery: 40-Year Follow-up Study

Affiliations.

• 1 From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
• 2 School of Medicine.
• 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
• 4 Department of Urology.
• 5 Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
• PMID: 36149983
• DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000003233

Background: Gender dysphoria is a condition that often leads to significant patient morbidity and mortality. Although gender-affirming surgery (GAS) has been offered for more than half a century with clear significant short-term improvement in patient well-being, few studies have evaluated the long-term durability of these outcomes.

Methods: Chart review identified 97 patients who were seen for gender dysphoria at a tertiary care center from 1970 to 1990 with comprehensive preoperative evaluations. These evaluations were used to generate a matched follow-up survey regarding their GAS, appearance, and mental/social health for standardized outcome measures. Of 97 patients, 15 agreed to participate in the phone interview and survey. Preoperative and postoperative body congruency score, mental health status, surgical outcomes, and patient satisfaction were compared.

Results: Both transmasculine and transfeminine groups were more satisfied with their body postoperatively with significantly less dysphoria. Body congruency score for chest, body hair, and voice improved significantly in 40 years' postoperative settings, with average scores ranging from 84.2 to 96.2. Body congruency scores for genitals ranged from 67.5 to 79 with free flap phalloplasty showing highest scores. Long-term overall body congruency score was 89.6. Improved mental health outcomes persisted following surgery with significantly reduced suicidal ideation and reported resolution of any mental health comorbidity secondary to gender dysphoria.

Conclusion: Gender-affirming surgery is a durable treatment that improves overall patient well-being. High patient satisfaction, improved dysphoria, and reduced mental health comorbidities persist decades after GAS without any reported patient regret.

Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

• Follow-Up Studies
• Gender Dysphoria* / surgery
• Sex Reassignment Surgery*
• Transgender Persons* / psychology
• Transsexualism* / psychology

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• v.111(47); 2014 Nov

Satisfaction With Male-to-Female Gender Reassignment Surgery

Jochen hess.

1 Department of Urology at the University Hospital Essen

Roberto Rossi Neto

2 Clinica Urologia, General Hospital Ernesto Simoes Filho, Salvador, Brasilien

Herbert Rübben

Wolfgang senf.

3 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Essen

The frequency of gender identity disorder is hard to determine; the number of gender reassignment operations and of court proceedings in accordance with the German Law on Transsexuality almost certainly do not fully reflect the underlying reality. There have been only a few studies on patient satisfaction with male-to-female gender reassignment surgery.

254 consecutive patients who had undergone male-to-female gender reassignment surgery at Essen University Hospital’s Department of Urology retrospectively filled out a questionnaire about their subjective postoperative satisfaction.

119 (46.9%) of the patients filled out and returned the questionnaires, at a mean of 5.05 years after surgery (standard deviation 1.61 years, range 1–7 years). 90.2% said their expectations for life as a woman were fulfilled postoperatively. 85.4% saw themselves as women. 61.2% were satisfied, and 26.2% very satisfied, with their outward appearance as a woman; 37.6% were satisfied, and 34.4% very satisfied, with the functional outcome. 65.7% said they were satisfied with their life as it is now.

The very high rates of subjective satisfaction and the surgical outcomes indicate that gender reassignment surgery is beneficial. These findings must be interpreted with caution, however, because fewer than half of the questionnaires were returned.

Culturally, gender is considered an obvious, unambiguous dichotomy. The term “gender identity” denotes the consistency of one’s emotional and cognitive experience of one’s own gender and the objective manifestations of a particular gender. In gender identity disorder, one’s own anatomical sex is objectively perceived but is felt to be alien, whereas the term “gender incongruence” refers to a difference between an individual’s gender identity and prevailing cultural norms. Finally, gender dysphoria is the suffering that results. The treatment guidelines of the World Professional Association of Transgender Health (WPATH) state that gender identity need not coincide with anatomical sex as determined at birth. Transgender identity should therefore be considered neither negative nor pathological ( 1 ). Unfortunately, gender incongruence often leads to discrimination against the affected individual, which can favor the development of psychological complaints such as anxiety disorders and depression ( 2 – 4 ). While some transgender individuals are able to realize their gender identity without surgery, for many gender reassignment surgery is an essential, medically necessary step in the treatment of their gender dysphoria ( 5 ). Research conducted to date has shown that gender reassignment surgery has a positive effect on subjective wellbeing and sexual function ( 2 , 6 , 7 ). The surgical procedure (penile inversion with sensitive clitoroplasty) is described in eBox 1 .

Surgical procedure for penile inversion vaginoplasty

• Open the scrotum.
• Remove both testicles, including the spermatic cord, from the superficial inguinal ring.
• Make a circular cut around the skin of the shaft of the penis under the glans and prepare the skin of the shaft of the penis as far as the base of the penis.
• Separate the urethra from the erectile tissue.
• Separate the neurovascular bundle from the erectile tissue.
• Perform bilateral resection of the erectile tissue.
• Create a space for the neovagina between the rectum and urethra or prostate (the prostate is left intact).
• Invert the skin of the shaft of the penis and close the distal end.
• Insert a placeholder into the neovagina (= the inverted skin of the shaft of the penis).
• Create passages for the neoclitoris (former glans penis) and urethra and then fix in place.
• Inject fibrin glue into the neovagina.
• Position the neovagina, including the placeholder.
• Adjust the labia majora.
• During a second operation six to eight weeks after the first, the vaginal entrance is constructed and minor plastic corrections are made if necessary.

Surgery lasts an average of approximately 3.5 hours. Preservation of the neurovascular bundle results in a sensitive clitoroplasty. The most common complications in short-term postoperative recovery include superficial wound healing problems around the external sutures. In the medium and long term there is a risk of loss of depth ( 23 , 24 , 30 , e15 , e23 , e25 ) or breadth ( 24 , 30 , e11 , e19 , e25 ) of the neovagina in particular. These problems usually result from inconsistent dilatation ( e27 ).

No official figures are available on the prevalence of transgender or gender-nonconforming individuals, and it is very difficult to arrive at a realistic estimate. There is no central reporting register in Germany. Furthermore, figures for those who seek medical help for gender dysphoria would in any case give only an imprecise idea of the true prevalence. The global prevalence of transgender individuals has been estimated at approximately 1 per 11 900 to 1 per 45 000 for male-to-female individuals and approximately 1 per 30 400 to 1 per 200 000 for female-to-male individuals ( 1 ). Weitze and Osburg estimate prevalence in Germany at 1 per 42 000 ( 8 ). In contrast, De Cuypere et al. ( 9 ) suppose a prevalence of 1 per 12 900 for Belgium. Biosnich et al. ( 10 ) estimate prevalence among US veterans at 1 per 4366. This compares to an estimated prevalence of 1 per 23 255 in the general population. Even if percentages of transgender individuals in different parts of the world are comparable, it is highly likely that cultural differences will lead to differing behavior and expression of gender identity, resulting in differing levels of gender dysphoria ( 1 ). The ratio of male-to-female to female-to-male transgender individuals varies greatly. Although it was given as approximately 3:1 by van Kesteren ( 11 ), it is 2.3:1 according to Weitze and Osburg ( 8 ) and 1.4:1 according to Dhejne ( 3 ). Garrels ( 12 ) found a gradual decrease in the difference between the two figures in Germany, with the ratio decreasing from 3.5:1 (in the 1950s and 60s) to 1.2:1 (1995 to 1998) ( Table 1 ).

MTF: male-to-female; FTM: female-to-male

Criteria for diagnosis

Transsexualism is primarily a problem of gender identity (transidentity) or gender role (transgenderism) rather than of sexuality ( 13 ). In Germany, it is diagnosed according to ICD-10 (10 th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems).

Criteria for diagnosis include the following:

• Feeling of unease or not belonging to biological gender
• Desire to live and be accepted as a member of the opposite sex
• Presence of this desire for at least two years persistently
• Wish for hormonal treatment and surgery
• Not a symptom of another mental disorder
• Not associated with intersex, genetic, or gender chromosomal abnormalities.

Psychological aspects of transsexualism

According to Senf, no disruption to an individual’s identity is comparable in scale to the development of transsexualism ( 14 ). Transsexualism is a dynamic, biopsychosocial process which those affected cannot escape. An affected individual gradually becomes aware that he or she is living in the wrong body. The feeling of belonging to the opposite sex is experienced as an unchangeable, unequivocal identity ( 14 , 15 ). The individual therefore strives to change his or her inner identity. This change is associated with a change in psychosocial role, and in most cases with hormonal and/or surgical reassignment of the body to the desired gender ( 14 ). Coping with the development of transsexualism poses enormous challenges to those affected and often leads to a considerable psychological burden. In some cases this results in mental illness. Transsexualism itself need not lead to a mental disorder ( 14 ). Psychotherapeutic support is beneficial and is a major part of standard treatment and the examination of transsexual individuals in Germany ( 15 ).

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of male-to-female gender reassignment surgery on the satisfaction of transgender patients.

Data collection

Retrospective inquiry involved consecutive inclusion of 254 patients who had undergone male-to-female gender reassignment surgery involving penile inversion vaginoplasty at Essen University Hospital’s Department of Urology between 2004 and 2010. All patients received a questionnaire ( eBox 2 ) by post, with a franked return envelope. The questions were contained within a follow-up questionnaire developed by Essen University Hospital’s Department of Urology ( 16 ). Because the process was anonymized, patients who had not sent back the questionnaire could not be contacted. The diagnosis of “transidentity” had been made previously following specialized medical examination and in accordance with ICD-10.

Questionnaire

1. How satisfied are you with your outward appearance?

A) Very satisfied

B) Satisfied

C) Dissatisfied

D) Very dissatisfied

2. How satisfied were you with the gender reassignment surgery process?

C) Mostly satisfied

D) Dissatisfied

E) Very dissatisfied

3. How satisfied are you with the aesthetic outcome of your surgery?

4. How satisfied are you with the functional outcome of your surgery?

5. How satisfied are you with your life now, on a scale from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 10 (very satisfied)?

6. How do you see yourself today?

A) As a woman

B) More female than male

C) More male than female

D) As a man

7. Do you feel accepted as a woman by society?

A) Yes, completely

D) No/Not sure

8. Has your life become easier since surgery?

B) Somewhat easier

C) Somewhat harder

9. Have your expectations of life as a woman been fulfilled?

C) Mostly not

D) Not at all

10. How easy is it for you to achieve orgasm?

A) Very easy

B) Usually easy

C) Rarely easy

D) Never achieve orgasm

11. If you compare your orgasm earlier as a man and now as a woman, what is your orgasm like now?

A) More intense

B) Equally/Roughly equally intense

C) Less intense

Statistical evaluation was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 17.0). Correlation analyses were performed using SAS (Statistical Analysis System, 9.1 for Windows). The distribution of categorical and ordinal data was described using absolute and relative frequencies. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare categorical and ordinal variables in independent samples. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare satisfaction scale distribution of two independent samples. This nonparametric test was used in preference to the t -test because the Shapiro–Wilk test indicated that distribution was not normal. Spearman’s correlation analysis was performed.

A total of 119 completed questionnaires were returned, all of which were included in the evaluation. This represents a response rate of 46.9%. Because the questionnaires were anonymous, no data on patients’ ages could be obtained. The average age of a comparable cohort of patients at Essen University Hospital’s Department of Urology between 1995 and 2008 ( 17 ) was 36.7 years (16 to 68 years). The median time since surgery was 5.05 years (standard deviation: 1.6 years; range: 1 to 7 years). Not all patients had completed the questionnaire in full, so for some questions the total number of responses is not 119.

Following surgery, 63 of 103 patients (61.2%) were satisfied with their outward appearance as women, and a further 27 (26.2%) were very satisfied ( Figure 1 ). 45.5% ( n = 50) were very satisfied with the gender reassignment surgery process, 30% ( n = 33) satisfied, 22.7% ( n = 25) mostly satisfied, and 1.8% ( n = 2) dissatisfied. Figure 2 shows the high rates of subjective satisfaction with the aesthetic outcome of surgery. Overall, approximately three-quarters (70 of 94 responses) reported that they were satisfied or very satisfied. A further 21 (22.3%) were mostly satisfied. Figures for satisfaction with the functional outcome of surgery were similar ( Figure 3 ). A total of 67 of 93 respondents (72%) were satisfied or very satisfied. A further 18 patients (19.4%) were mostly satisfied. Table 2 compares the rates of subjective satisfaction with aesthetic and functional outcome with other studies.

How satisfied are you with your outward appearance? (103 responses)

How satisfied are you with the aesthetic outcome of your surgery? (94 responses)

How satisfied are you with the functional outcome of your surgery? (93 responses)

*1 Functional satisfaction includes satisfaction with depth and breadth of the neovagina and satisfaction with penetration or intercourse

*2 Aesthetic satisfaction includes satisfaction with appearance of external genitalia

In order to gather information on patients’ general satisfaction with their lives, they were asked to place themselves on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (“very dissatisfied”) to 10 (“very satisfied”). Of the total of 102 respondents, 7 (6.9 percent) selected scores from 1 to 3 (2 × 1, 1 × 2, 4 × 3) and 39 (38.2%) scores from 4 to 7 (4 × 4, 16 × 5, 8 × 6, 11 × 7). 56 patients (54.9%) placed themselves in the top third (32 × 8, 13 × 9, 11 × 10). 88 of 103 participants (85.4%) felt completely female following surgery, and 11 (10.7%) mostly female ( Figure 4 ). 69 of 102 women (67.6%) saw themselves as fully accepted as women by society, 25 (24.5%) mostly, and 6 (5.9%) rarely. Two women (2.0%) were not sure of their answer to this question. Of 95 respondents, 65 (68.4%) answered with a clear “Yes” that their life had become easier since surgery. 14 (14.7%) found life somewhat easier, 9 (9.5%) somewhat harder, and 7 (7.4%) harder. Expectations of life as a woman were completely fulfilled for 51 of 102 (50.0%) women, and mostly for 41 (40.2%). The expectations of 6 (5.9%) patients were mostly not fulfilled, and those of 4 (3.9%) were not fulfilled at all.

How do you see yourself today? (103 responses)

There was a correlation between self-perception as a woman (“How do you see yourself today?”) and perceived acceptance by society ( r = 0.495; p <0.01). There was also a correlation between self-perception and answers to whether life had become easier since surgery ( r = 0.375; p <0.01) and whether expectations of life as a woman had been fulfilled ( r = 0.419; p <0.01). Patients who saw themselves completely as women reported higher scores for current satisfaction with their lives than patients who only saw themselves as more female than male ( r = 0.347; p <0.01).

Patients were asked how easy they found it to achieve orgasm. A total of 91 participants answered this question: 75 (82.4%) reported that they could achieve orgasm. Of these, 19 (20.9%) still achieved orgasm very easily, 39 (42.9%) usually easily, and 17 (18.7%) rarely easily. Participants were also asked to compare their experience of orgasm before and after surgery (more intense/the same/less intense). Over half of those who answered this question (43 of 77, 55.8%) experienced more intense orgasm postoperatively, and 16 patients (20.8%) experienced the same intensity.

According to Sohn et al. ( 18 ), subjective satisfaction rates of 80% can be expected following gender reassignment surgery. Löwenberg ( 19 ) reported 92% general satisfaction with the outcome of gender reassignment surgery. The study by Imbimbo et al. ( 20 ) found a similarly high satisfaction rate (94%); however, subjective assessment of general satisfaction and the question of whether or not patients regretted the decision to undergo gender reassignment surgery were queried in one combined question. It is likely that most patients do not actually regret their decision to undergo surgery, even though general postoperative satisfaction is limited. Löwenberg’s figures also show this ( 19 ): 69% of those asked were satisfied with their overall life situation, but 96% would opt for surgery again. In the authors’ own study population, general satisfaction with surgery was achieved in 87.4% of patients. Regardless of surgical results, over half of patients (54.9%) were in the top third (“completely satisfied”) and a further 38.2% in the middle third (“fairly satisfied”) of the general life satisfaction scale.

A retrospective survey performed by Happich ( 21 ) found more than 90% satisfaction with gender reassignment. Sexual experience following surgery is a very important factor in satisfaction with gender reassignment. It depends essentially on the functionality of the neovagina. Figures for satisfaction with functional outcome range from 56% to 84% ( 16 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 ). In the authors’ population, satisfaction with function was 72% (“very satisfied” and “satisfied”) or 91.4% (including also “mostly satisfied”). According to Happich ( 21 ), satisfaction with sexual experience is positively correlated with satisfaction with outcome of surgery. Other studies ( 16 , 23 – 25 ) have also found surgical outcome to be one of the essential factors in postoperative satisfaction. Löwenberg ( 19 ) also found a correlation between satisfaction with surgery and satisfaction with aesthetic appearance of the external genitalia. In our study, almost all patients (98.2%) were satisfied with the gender reassignment surgery process ( n = 50, 45.5% “very satisfied”; n = 33, 30% “satisfied”; n = 25, 22.7% “mostly satisfied”).

The Imbimbo et al. working group ( 20 ) reported 78% satisfaction with aesthetic appearance of the neogenitalia (36% “very satisfied,” 32% “satisfied,” 10% “mostly satisfied”). Happich found 82.1% satisfaction with outcome of surgery (46 of 56 patients). Of these, 33.9% of patients reported high satisfaction and 48.2% good to medium satisfaction ( 21 ). A similar value was obtained in the survey by Hepp et al. ( 22 ). Löwenberg ( 19 ) found higher values (94%) for satisfaction with aesthetic outcome of surgery. This population included 106 male-to-female transgender individuals who underwent surgery at Essen University Hospital’s Department of Urology between 1997 and 2003. In the population described here (254 patients, 2004 to 2010) satisfaction with aesthetic outcome was still higher (96.8%).

Orgasm was possible for 82.4% of study participants. The ability to achieve orgasm was lower than in an earlier study population ( 16 ). Figures in the literature vary widely (29% to 100%) and sometimes include small case numbers ( Table 3 ). Overall, the figures for this study match those of comparable studies of a similar size. Finally, it is not clear why more than half the participants experienced orgasm more intensely following surgery than preoperatively. One possible explanation is that postoperatively patients were able to experience orgasm in a body that matched their perception.

Limitations

The response rate of less than 50% must be mentioned as a shortcoming of this study. This may have led to a bias in the results. If all patients who did not take part in the survey were dissatisfied, up to 50.1% and 54.6% would be dissatisfied with aesthetic or functional outcome respectively. According to Eicher, the suicide rate in transgender individuals following successful surgery is no higher than in the general population ( 26 ), so suicide is a very unlikely reason for nonparticipation. Contacting transfemale patients for long-term follow-up after successful surgery is generally difficult (2, 3, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28). This may be because a patient has moved since successful surgery, for example, ( 21 ). Postoperative contact is particularly difficult in countries such as Germany which have no central registers. Response rates to surveys in retrospective research are between 19% ( 28 ) and 79% ( 29 ). Goddard et al. obtained a response rate of 30% in a retrospective survey following gender reassignment surgery ( 30 ). A follow-up survey performed by Löwenberg et al. had a similar response rate, 49% ( 19 ). It is also possible that the positive results of our survey represent patients’ wish for social desirability rather than the real situation. However, this cannot be verified retrospectively.

Taking into account the limitations mentioned above, the high rates of subjective satisfaction with outward female appearance and with aesthetic and functional outcome of surgery indicate that the study participants benefited from gender reassignment surgery.

Key Messages

• At the core of the transsexual experience lies the awareness that one is a member of a realistically perceived anatomical sex (matching of genotype and phenotype), but a subjective feeling of belonging to the other gender.
• Change to the gender inwardly identified with is associated with a change in psychosocial role and in most cases with hormonal and surgical reassignment of the body to the desired gender.
• Although transsexualism itself is not a mental disorder, it can favor the development of mental problems.
• Transsexualism is a dynamic, biopsychosocial process which affected individuals cannot escape.
• The high rates of subjective satisfaction with outward female appearance and with aesthetic and functional outcome of surgery indicate that study participants benefited from gender reassignment surgery.

Acknowledgments

Translated from the original German by Caroline Devitt, M.A.

Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Hess has received reimbursement of conference fees and travel expenses from AMS American Medical Systems.

The other authors declare that no conflict of interest exists.

DETRANSITION SURGERY

Gender Transition Regret:

Do transgenders really regret their decision.

In a world that demands accountability for our lifestyle choices and beliefs, diverging from the usual path becomes a challenge. The same goes for transgender people who experience gender transition regret. They wish they could detransition or return to the gender they were originally assigned.

The regret occurs when a transgender experiences doubt after undergoing gender transition. It doesn’t necessarily mean regret over pushing through gender reassignment surgery.

Transgender people who only had hormone therapy and underwent social and legal changes to their identity also experience this feeling, fueling their desire to detransition.

Learn about regret statistics and causes as you read the rest of this article.

Dr. Gary J. Rosenbaum is a board-certified plastic surgeon with extensive experience in breast-related surgeries.

If you’re looking for a doctor who understands your needs and can help you with how to detransition MTF through breast restoration, schedule a consultation here.

How Common Is Gender Transition Regret?

Unfortunately, there is limited research when it comes to transition regret statistics. after all, regret is only one of the many possible reasons transgender people want to detransition..

According to  Danker et al. (2021) 1 , transitioning regret after getting gender-affirming surgery happens rarely. They asked 46 surgeons to report the number of patients they encountered who expressed regret or sought detransition. The results were as follows:

• 49% of respondents had never met a patient who regretted their gender transition or was seeking detransition care.
• 12 surgeons encountered one patient with regret, while the rest encountered more than one patient.
• 13 patients regretted chest surgery, and 45 patients regretted genital surgery.

The same study found that the most common reason transgender people chose to detransition was a change in gender identity. This was followed by rejection or alienation from family or social support and difficulty in romantic relationships. Another reason was chronic post-operative pain.

Let’s talk about the other reasons why people chose to detransition.

• One in six (16%) respondents reported losing a job because of their gender identity or expression.
• 27% reported being fired, denied a promotion, or not being hired for a job they applied for because of their gender identity or expression.
• Fifteen percent (15%) of respondents were verbally harassed, physically attacked, and sexually assaulted at work because of their gender identity or expression.
• Nearly one-quarter (23%) of those who had a job in the past year reported other forms of mistreatment based on their gender identity or expression. Examples include being forced to use a restroom that did not match their gender identity, being told to present in the wrong gender to keep their job, or having a boss or coworker share private information about their transgender status without their permission.

Another reason why transgender people experience post transition regret is because of health concerns. Some individuals stopped using hormonal medications because of lacking research on their effectiveness and medical safety.

Some individuals also stated that some medical professionals do not accurately diagnose gender dysphoria and instead suggest medical transition as a solution.

In addition, there is a  medical barrier to the treatment of transgender persons 4  because of a lack of healthcare providers sufficiently trained and knowledgeable in handling gender-sensitive concerns.

Those who experience transitioning regret express discomfort brought by the transition. These can revolve around sexual characteristics, bodily complications, and fertility concerns – or the lack of proper discussion regarding these matters.

According to Vandebussche, the following steps can help fulfill the psychological, medical, legal, and social needs of detransitioners:

• Counseling, especially on matters such as gender dysphoria, comorbid conditions, feelings of regret, social/physical changes, and internalized homophobic or sexist prejudices 
• Medical support to address concerns related to stopping/changing hormone therapy, surgery/treatment complications, and access to reversal interventions. 
• Provision of spaces to hear about other detransition stories and exchange with each other.

Finding a reliable healthcare partner in this challenging process is integral to your detransition. As much as possible, find a healthcare provider who will listen, understand, and help you throughout the process. 

Medical professionals should be open to understanding what detransitioners are experiencing and decrease the transition regret percentage.

If you are looking for a healthcare partner who will listen to your concerns and help you make an informed decision about transitioning or detransitioning, Dr. Gary Rosenbaum is here to help. Schedule a consultation today.

• A Survey Study of Surgeons’ Experience with Regret and/or Reversal of Gender-Confirmation Surgeries. Danker, S., Narayan, S. K., Bluebond-Langner, R., Schechter, L. S., & Berli, J. U. (2018). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open
• Detransition-Related Needs and Support: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey ,   Journal of Homosexuality, Elie Vandenbussche (2021)
• The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC : National Center for Transgender Equality James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016).
• Barriers to healthcare for transgender individuals.   Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity ,  23 (2), 168–171. Safer, J. D., Coleman, E., Feldman, J., Garofalo, R., Hembree, W., Radix, A., & Sevelius, J. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000227
• Doctors Have Failed Them, Say Those with Transgender Regret. Ault, Alicia (2022). https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/970223?uac=149683EN&faf=1&sso=true&impID=4095009&src=mkm_ret_220320_mscpmrk_endo_Mar#vp_3
• What is Transition or Detransition? Boskey, Elizabeth (2021). https://www.verywellhealth.com/detransition-or-retransition-5093126
• Gender Dysphoria: Bioethical Aspects of Medical Treatment. Bizic, M. R., Jeftovic, M., Pusica, S., Stojanovic, B., Duisin, D., Vujovic, S., Rakic, V., & Djordjevic, M. L. (2018). BioMed research international ,  2018 , 9652305. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9652305