turabian style research paper outline

Turabian Style

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Format Your Paper

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Turabian Paper Examples

• Turabian Paper Example
• Turabian Annotated Bibliography Example
• Chicago Paper Example (Purdue Owl)

Formatting Guidelines

Margins (a.1.1).

• Paper size - 8 1/2 x 11 inches
• 1 inch at top, bottom, and both sides

Font (A.1.2)

• Use easy to read font, such as Times New Roman
• 12-point font size

Spacing and Indentation (A.1.3)

• Block quotations
• Table elements (titles and captions)
• Lists in appendixes
• Footnotes/endnotes and bibliography lists are single-spaced but with a blank line between items.

Pagination  (A.1.4)

• Do not number the title page
• Page numbers start on the first page of the text using arabic numbers
• Can be placed in the center or right side of top or bottom of the paper

Title Page (A.1.5)

• Center all elements on the page
• Font size can increase slightly for the title.
• Preferred format is  boldface  for  title          
• Title placed approximately 1/3 down page.
• Two-thirds down page place name, class title, and date

Text  (A.2.2)

• Align the text to the left with a 1/2-inch left indent
• Double-space
• Include sections:  introduction, chapters/sections , and conclusion
• Spell out long organization names and add the abbreviation in parenthesis, then just use the abbreviation
• Write out numbers up to nine and use a number for 10 or more
• Use a number for units of measurement, in tables, to represent statistical or math functions, and dates or times
• Capitalize major words in the titles of books and articles

Bibliography  (A.2.3.5)

Begins on a new page following the text of your paper and includes complete citations for the resources you've used in your writing.

• Center "Bibliography" at the top of the new page, leaving two spaces between title and first entry
• Single-space and use hanging indents (where the first line is on the left margin and the following lines are indented a half inch from the left)
• List authors' last name first followed by the first and middle initials (ex. Skinner, B.F.) t
• Alphabetize the list by the first author's last name of of each citation, hen alphabetically by title if you list multiple works by one author. 
• Add full-sentence annotations on a new line indented from the left margin.
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Outlines in Turabian Style

23.4.2.2 OUTLINES (from Turabian 9th edition)

In some situations, you may include an outline or a similar enumeration in an appendix to your paper, or in a draft stage of the paper (see 6.2.1). Use the following system of notation, consisting of letters and roman and Arabic numerals, and indent each level by one further tab (usually a half-inch). You should have at least two items to list at each level; if you do not, reconsider the structure of the outline. If the items are phrases, capitalize them sentence-style (see 22.3.1) and do not use terminal punctuation. If they are complete sentences, capitalize and punctuate them as you would any other sentence (see 6.2.1 for an example).

I. Wars of the nineteenth century

A. United States

1. Civil War, 1861–65

(1) Slavery

(a) Compromise

i) Missouri Compromise

ii) Compromise of 1850 . . .

II. Wars of the twentieth century

1. First World War . . .

Turabian, Kate L.. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Ninth Edition (Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing) (p. 341). University of Chicago Press. Kindle Edition.

A MANUAL FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH PAPERS —also known as “Turabian”—is the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas. An introduction to Chicago-style formatting and citation generation, the manual aids students in clear writing, citing, and research practice. At the heart of Turabian is the idea that, no matter the format, the foundations of good research remain the same: to do it carefully, present it clearly and accurately, and follow academic standards for citation, style, and format.

THE NINTH EDITION INCLUDES:

• comprehensive guidelines for formatting papers and preparing them for submission
• authoritative guidance on all matters of style
• updated to reflect The Chicago Manual of  Style , 17th edition
• thorough coverage of Chicago-style formatting and citation
• extensive guidelines on conducting research in digital environments

Writers need a strong research question, an evidence-based argument, to structure their work in a logical way, and to cite their sources. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , remains one of the most popular books for writers because of its timeless focus on achieving these goals. The ninth edition filters decades of expertise into modern standards. Recognizing that most students will be doing their work largely or entirely online and on screens, this new edition builds information literacy by addressing digital forms of both research and writing.

Through eight decades and millions of copies, A Manual for Writers has helped generations shape their ideas into compelling research papers. This new edition continues as the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic disciplines.

Turabian Style Guide: Sample Papers in Turabian

• Turabian (& Chicago)
• Sample Papers in Turabian
• Research Paper Topics
• Research Tools This link opens in a new window

Sample Turabian Papers

• Turabian Style paper (Austin Peay State University) from Austin Peay State University, Academic Support Center
• "Turabian Tutor" (Tennessee Temple University) Tennessee Temple University, Turabian-style paper
• Intro to Chicago-Turabian Style (paper) (University of North Alabama) University of North Alabama, turabian-style paper
• Sample Turabian Bibliography from Carpenter Library, UNF

Turabian formatting in Word

Turabian title page in Word

Simple Formatting Guidelines

• Paper size - 8.5 inch x 11 inch
• 1 inch on all four edges of the page
• Typeface/Font size
• Easily read; preferably serifed, ex. Times New Roman
• 12-point is accepted size
• Spacing/Indentation  
• Double-space text with exceptions that are single-spaced:
• Block quotations
• Table elements, ex. titles and figure captions
• Appendices' lists
• Footnotes/endnotes are single-spaced but separated by a space between each item.
• Items in a bibliography/reference list are single-spaced but each item is separated by a space.
• Do not number the title page.
• Start arabic numbers (at 1) on first page of paper that is not considered front matter (front matter = title page).
• Place page numbers consistently in same location throughout paper: 
• Options for page numbers include: centered in footer OR right-hand of footer OR centered in header OR right-hand of header
•    Title Page elements
• Center all elements
• Use consistent typeface and font size
• font size can increase slightly for title elements
• preferred format is boldface for title
• Employ Headline Capitalization with All Elements  (first letter of each noun/pronoun is capitalized) ( definition of Headline Style Capitalization)
• Title is placed approx. 1/3 down the page. A subtitle follow the main title with a colon and starts on a new line.
• Two-thirds down the page, your name, any title page information provided by your professor, and the date should be included.
• Body of Paper (Text)
• Includes 
• Introduction
• Quotations, including block quotations, should follow Turabian's standard formatting rules.
• Text Formatting
• Be consistent throughout body of paper with typeface, font size, and other formatting elements.
• Make sure text is aligned left.
• Do not add color in the text (hyperlinked text will automatically become blue; this is unavoidable).
• Block quotations should be set apart by blank space above and below and, internally, should be single-spaced. 
• Back Matter elements
• Notes (endnotes section) ( http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocChicago_Notes_Formatting.html )
• Bibliography OR References OR Works Cited (your choice as to heading)
• Center page titles
• Font size can increase slightly for title elements.
• Preferred format is  boldface  for  title
• Leave two blank spaces between heading and first endnote/work referenced.
• Notes section
• Use standard paragraph indentations for each endnote.
• Single-space each endnote and separate each by a blank space.
• Use standard-size numbers with periods to enumerate your endnote list.
• Bibliography/References/Works Cited section
• Use hanging indentations for works referenced (first line is not indented; second and remaining lines are indented standard tab of five spaces)
• This section is typically arranged alphabetically by author, then alphabetically by title if you list multiple works by one author. 

All information comes from 

Turabian, Kate L.  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations :  Chicago Style for Students & Researchers . 8th ed. Chicago:    University of Chicago Press, 2013. 

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Turabian Style Guide

Citation Examples in the Turabian Style Guide

Refer to Figure 16.1: Templates for Notes and Bibliography Entries (pp.150- 153) in the Turabian Style Guide for examples of citing:

• Single Author or Editor
• Multiple Authors
• Author(s) Plus Editor or Translator
• Edition Number
• Single Chapter in an Edited Book
• Journal Article in Print
• Journal Article Online

Format Guidelines for Term Papers- Campbell University Divinity School

• Format Guidelines for Term Papers- Campbell University Divinity School These guidelines are a simplified adaptation of the format suggested in Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 9th ed., rev. Wayne Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Martin, et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018).
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Turabian Writing Guide: Home

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What is Turabian?

All of Liberty University's programs of study that use Turabian formatting use one set of Turabian formatting resources.  Separate templates are provided for assignments that do not require subheadings (in most cases, papers with less than ten pages in the body), as well as those that do require subheadings (recommended for most papers with more than ten pages in the body, and required in papers with more than twenty pages in the body).  Students will use and follow the respective template based on their specific assignment’s requirements.

The Liberty University Writing Center's   Turabian Guide provides detailed instructions, templates, and tutorials on using Turabian. There is also citation help and direction through the Turabian Citation Quick Guide (Chicago Style Manual Of Style Online). The Turabian writing style is taken from Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research papers, Theses, and Dissertations . Turabian is the student version of the Chicago Manual of Style.

It's important to note that Turabian has two different formatting approaches, the Notes-Bibliography style and the Author-Date style . The Notes-Bibliography style is also called Chicago/Turabian: Humanities style located in chapters 16 and 17 of the Turabian manual. Chapters 18 and 19 give examples for the Author-Date style.

Copies of the Kate Turabian's  A Manual for Writers  are available for check out at the front desk of the Jerry Falwell Library. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is also available to answer citation and formatting questions.

Citation Help

Keeping track of citation styles changes doesn't have to be difficult. The Jerry Falwell Library offers RefWorks to help you keep track of the references you are using and to assist you with citing your sources.  

RefWorks can output your paper's reference list in many citation styles, including Turabian. It is important to verify that your reference list is in the correct format, so be sure to make sure the citation is correct in RefWorks. A short video tutorial on using RefWorks is included below to assist in getting started.

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• Last Updated: Aug 28, 2023 2:25 PM
• URL: https://libguides.liberty.edu/Turabian

Turabian 9th edition Style Guide

• Formatting Your Paper
• Notes-Bibliography style citations
• Author-Date citations

Turabian 9th edition

Disclaimer :  this guide is designed to provide a brief overview of turabian 9th edition and does not replace the style handbook.  please refer to the style handbook for more details on citing sources.   you can also contact savannah patterson ([email protected]) or make a research coach appointment.  .

The Turabian citation style is a shortened form of Chicago citation style.  Developed by the secretary of the graduate school's dissertation department at the University of Chicago, Kate Turabian, this citation style is used in social sciences, humanities, natural and physical sciences and depending on the class/professor.  

There are two different styles of Turabian that students can follow given their professors' requests (1) notes- bibliography (or notes style) and (2) author-date style. Both styles require in-text citations and formal references in a bibliography or reference, but each style differs regarding the in-text citation.  The notes style require footnotes (indicated by a superscript number after a reference) that are at the bottom of the page or at the end of the text.  The author-date citation style uses parenthetical citations to cite the references in the text.  Make sure to consult your professor if you are not sure which style to use.  

This guide provides brief examples and descriptions of how to cite works in a paper for footnotes, author-date citations, and the bibliography.  Additional information regarding inclusive language is included in the 9th edition handbook which can be found in the library.  

Click the tabs to see examples and descriptions of citations for various types of resources. 

Information on this guide was found from a combination of sources: 

Purdue Online Writing Lab. "General Format."                                                                                         https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html   Accessed   12/6/2021. 

Turabian, Kate.  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations; Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. Edited by   Wayne C. Booth, 

    Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. Fitzgerald. 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. 

Turabian: A Manual for Writers: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. "Turabian Citation Quick Page." Accessed December 6,             

     2021.  https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/citation-guide.html    

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• Last Updated: Mar 20, 2024 10:25 AM
• URL: https://guides.uu.edu/turabian

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Paper Formats & Styles: Turabian: Masters & DMin Papers, Prospectuses & Project Reports

• Turabian: Masters & DMin Papers, Prospectuses & Project Reports
• Academic Graduate Studies

Turabian Basics

• Gateway Seminary Turabian Standards for Gateway Seminary Master's & D.Min. students - 2020-07-22 This document provides the standards for research paper style and formatting for students in master’s and DMin degree programs (except Th.M. and Ph.D.). It updates and supersedes all previous standard. This standard is built around Turabian 9th edition, which is the Gateway Seminary standard. All students should follow this standard unless a professor instructs you to do otherwise. D.Min. students are advised that this applies to all seminar papers. DMin templates for prospectus and project reports are in the DMin section of this guide.
• Turabian 9th Basics for Research Papers: 2 page summary of Turabian formatting requirements (PDF)
• GS Turabian Examples 9th ed. Footnote and bibliographic examples for most sources used in papers.
• Sample Research Paper (Exegesis) This paper adheres to Gateway Seminary's Turabian 9th edition requirements in all aspects, including footnotes and bibliographic entries.
• Turabian's Section on Plagiarism Discussion of plagiarism and how to avoid it, taken from Turabian's 7th ed.
• Official Turabian Quick Guide Alternate source for all types of citations, includes electronic citation examples.

Turabian Templates

• Before Using a Template
• DMin Candidates
• 0 – Read Me Before Doing Anything Else (PDF)
• 00 – Script for all Training Videos (PDF)
• 1 – 3 Parts of Turabian (MP4)
• 2 – What are Style Classes? (MP4)
• 4 – Body Text Page (MP4)
• 5 – Title Page (MP4)
• 6a – Bibliography – Formatting (MP4)
• 6b – Bibliography – Deleting (MP4)
• 7a – Table of Contents – Formatting (MP4)
• 7b – Table of Contents – Deleting (MP4)
• 8 – Removing Blank Lines (MP4)
• 9 – Limitations of the Template. (MP4)
• Differences from Recorded Videos on MACs
• Example – Completed version of Formatted Paper (DOC)
• Example – Written Paper (DOC)
• Turabian Template and Training Material-Masters: English & 한굴 (8/26/2022)
• GS Turabian Template for English Masters Paper (2/24/2021)
• GS Turabian Template for Korean Masters Papers (10/8/2020)

Examples of Turabian Style

• GS Turabian Formatting Shortcuts, Word 2019
• Sample Title Page
• Sample First Page of Research Paper
• Reminders for DMin Turabian Template Users
• Turabian Template & Training Material - DMin (2/14/2023)
• GS Turabian Template for English DMin Seminar Papers (3/15/2023)
• GS Turabian Template for Korean DMin Seminar Papers (3/15/2023)
• GS Turabian Template for English DMin Prospectus (3/29/2022)
• GS Turabian Template for Korean DMin Prospectus (3/15/2023)
• GS Turabian Template for English DMin Project Report (2/14/2023)
• GS Turabian Template for Korean DMin Project Report: (2/14/2023)

Turabian Examples for DMin Students

(see DMin seminar paper pages examples under Students tab)

• Sample Title Page for DMin Project Report
• Sample Approval Page of DMin Project Report
• Sample DMin Mentor Signature Page of DMin Project Report
• Sample Abstract Page of DMin Project Report
• Sample Personal Data Page of DMin Project Report

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How To Write A Good Research Paper Outline In The Turabian Style

Research papers are one difficult assignment to write owing to the amount of search involved, the planning, and organization of chapters, the critical thinking part to analyze and include data and most importantly following the right format for your paper. Some teachers like the students to follow a standard format from globally accepted standards while others may want you to follow a custom formatting guideline they give you in the class. It is important to stay on the same note as your teacher if you want to create an impressive assignment.

An outline acts as a backbone of your assignment because you create a road map for the entire paper and arrange all the important points and data in a way that will reduce your efforts and save your time. When you format your outline in the Turabian style, it will help the teacher or the reader to identify the overall contents of the paper and the details of each section.

Here is everything you need to know about the Turabian style so that you can write your outline easily

• The turabian style is the citation style closely related to Chicago style if you are a student. You would usually use footnotes or end notes in this paper. The purpose of all the citation styles is same I.e. they all focus on making it easy for the reader to authenticate the sources you have used in your paper. The turabian style is easier and less obstructive than others are because it provides a comprehensive outline. This type of citation will be used when the source is important
• In an outline for a turabian style, you need to give a heading that contains main identifying information and important one
• The thesis statement will be on the top of your paper after the title. You will include your complete thesis statement that you developed earlier
• List your major points that support your thesis and use Roman numbers to represent them like I, II, III
• Use alphabets to represent the supporting evidence for each like A, B, C
• The first topic sentence is based on your first group of notes
• Then you include the supporting ideas for each major point. The first supporting idea will have an alphabetical representation and then it will show the textual evidence in numbers.
• You will use textual support to back up your claims and this support should be paraphrased or directly quoted to avoid plagiarism

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How to Effectively Use the Turabian Style Guide in Research Papers

Image credits:Kristina Devoe via  Kom-mun-i-ka’-ti-o

Whenever you refer to another work, or idea in a written document, it is important to cite the source. There are a number of different style guides, which provide instructions on how to acknowledge the work and ideas of others. The style guide you should use will depend on the preferences of your academic institution (in the case of a thesis or dissertation), or the journal to which you are submitting (in the case of a research paper ). In this article, we discuss the Turabian style guide to use while citing your research papers , dissertation, or thesis.

What is Turabian Style Guide?

The Turabian Style Guide was developed by Kate Larimore Turabian, a graduate school dissertation secretary and editor at the University of Chicago. In her Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , she simplified the contents of The Chicago Manual of Style for students and researchers. The first edition was published in 1937, and since then it has been updated regularly to align with the latest edition of The Chicago Manual of Style. It is now in its eighth edition.

Kate Turabian’s manual is structured in three parts :

• A thorough introduction to research writing
• Full explanation of the two main scholarly citation styles (notes-bibliography and author-date)
• Comprehensive guidance on editorial style, including punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and table formatting

The notes-bibliography and author-date citation styles are similar, apart from their use of notes (notes-bibliography) or parenthetical references (author-date) within the text. In this article, these two citation styles are outlined in detail and the use of both styles is illustrated with specific examples.

Turabian style is used by students from Business, History, and the Fine Arts whose research papers are not intended for publication. According to the latest edition, the font size should be 12 point in either Arial or Times New Roman font style.

Are Turabian and Chicago Style Same?

While Turabian and Chicago Styles are nearly identical, the former aims to simplify some of the aspects of the latter for students writing research papers not intended for publication.

Both these styles are different in numbering system for notes. Chicago style uses a number in parentheses followed by a period, a space and then the source information (1. Chicago Manual of Style). Turabian style uses superscript¹ in the text of the paper and in the footnotes. Additionally, the superscript number is followed by the source information (¹Turabian Style).

Turabian citation guide includes usage of different citation systems (Author-Date or Notes-Bibliography). Therefore, you should check your assignment instructions to determine the system your instructor wants you to use.

What are the Two Forms of Turabian Style?

There are two forms of Turabian Style of referencing:

• Notes-bibliography Style
• Author-date Style

How Do You Write “Notes-Bibliography” in Turabian Style?

The notes-bibliography format of the Chicago/Turabian citation style is used widely in the humanities and in most fields in social sciences. Furthermore, this style presents bibliographic information in footnotes or endnotes. In most cases, a bibliography is provided. The general format is an indication of cited sources within the text by a superscript number, which comes after the full stop. Source information is provided in a correspondingly numbered list at the end. Specific examples are provided below and more examples can be found here.

Book with Two or More Authors

Citation: Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. Singular Texts/Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Writing . Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1990

Note: 8. Andrea Lunsford and Lisa Ede, Singular Texts/Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Writing (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1990), 59-60

Journal Article

Citation: Gautreau, Ronald, and Jeffrey M. Cohen. “Birth and Death of a Black Hole.” American Journal of Physics 65 (May 1997): 444-446

Note: 14. Ronald Gautreau and Jeffrey M. Cohen, “Bird and Death of a Black Hole,” American Journal of Physics 65 (May 1997): 445

Magazine Article

Citation: Swartz, Mimi. “An Enron Yard Sale.” New Yorker , May 6, 2002

Note: 13. Mimi Swartz, “An Enron Yard Sale,” New Yorker , May 6, 2002, 51

Citation: Harvey, Billy. Billy Harvey Has Had Hair Longer Than Yours. http://www.billyharvey.com (accessed May 25, 2005)

Note: 18. Billy Harvey, Billy Harvey Has Had Hair Longer Than Yours, http://www.billyharvey.com (accessed May 25, 2005)

How do You Write “Author-date Style” in Turabian?

The author-date format of the Chicago citation style is more concise and is mainly used in the physical, natural, and some fields in social sciences. Furthermore, this style briefly cites each source in parentheses within the text using the author’s last name and date of publication. If a specific section is cited, page numbers should also be included, otherwise, only the author and date is provided. Details of each citation are then provided in a full reference list at the end of the document.

Reference list: Morey, Peter, and Amina Yaqin. 2011. Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation after 9/11 . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Parenthetical citation: (Morey and Yaqin 2011)

Reference list: Bogren, Alexandra. 2011. “Gender and Alcohol: The Swedish Press Debate.” Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 2 (June): 155-69

Parenthetical citation: (Bogren 2011)

Reference list: Lepore, Jill. 2011. “Dickens in Eden.” New Yorker , August 29

Parenthetical citation: (Lepore 2011)

Reference list: Google. 2012. “Privacy Policy.” Google Policies & Principles. Last modified July 27. Accessed January 3, 2013. http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/

Parenthetical citation: (Google 2012)

Ever faced difficulty in determining how to use the Turabian style of referencing? Follow this method to cite your manuscript without any errors. Let us know about how you used the Turabian Style while referencing. You can also visit our  Q&A forum  for frequently asked questions related to different aspects of research writing and publishing answered by our team that comprises subject-matter experts, eminent researchers, and publication experts.

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Turabian 9 Research Paper Template

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Below is a template you can use to format your research paper or any other papers you do using the Turabian style. This document is provided as a convenience and is only a starting guide. It is incumbent on each student to ensure that the final document meets with the SCS Turabian style guide also provided in the SCS " Writing Center ".

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Everything You Need To Know About Turabian Style

There are a plethora of different style guides out there, and they each dictate different—yet very specific—rules about how to format your papers and articles, what tense to use, and how to cite your sources within the text and in your references section. You might already be familiar with APA , MLA , AP , and Chicago Style , but have you ever heard of Turabian Style? If not, don't fret. Keep reading for a summary of the most important aspects of Turabian Style.

What is Turabian Style?

Kate Turabian was the dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago from 1930 to 1958, and she created the Turabian Style Guide for students and researchers who were composing studies that they did not intend to publish. Turabian recognized that since the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) was designed for graduate students, professional scholars, and publishers, many of its lengthy and detailed guidelines were applicable only to papers that writers intended to publish. Turabian decided to create a simplified version of the CMOS for students who were writing research papers, theses, and dissertations that they did not intend to publish. In 1937, the University of Chicago Press published Turabian's custom style guide, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , and recognized it as an official version of Chicago Style. To ensure that Turabian Style stays relevant as language, culture, and research methods evolve over time, University of Chicago Press editors and editorial staff update Turabian's guide and add citation information for electronic sources and other source materials that didn't exist during Turabian's lifetime. The ninth edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations was published in 2018 and is the most recent edition.

In 1964, Turabian published an additional style guide for beginning writers, the Student's Guide to Writing College Papers , with high school and undergraduate students in mind. To ensure that the Student's Guide to Writing College Papers continues to provide students with reliable guidelines as technology and language continue advancing, editors with the University of Chicago Press issue updated editions as needed. The updated fifth edition of the Student's Guide to Writing College Papers was published in 2019 and serves as an ideal introductory style guide for anyone who is new to including detailed citations when writing research papers.

Is Turabian the same as Chicago Style?

They are not the same, but Turabian is derived from Chicago Style. Since Turabian adapted the CMOS and created a simplified version for students, Turabian's style books are considered the Chicago Manual of Style for students. Both of Turabian's style guides— A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations and the Student's Guide to Writing College Papers —comply with the guidelines outlined in the Chicago Manual of Style, so if you follow guidelines specified in either of Turabian's style books, you should be adhering to Chicago Style as well. Think of it this way: If Chicago Style is your grandma's rich, decadent chocolate cake, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is the reduced sugar version Grandma adapted when your aunt developed diabetes, and the Student's Guide to Writing College Papers is the reduced sugar, gluten-free version that Grandma created after one of her grandkids developed a gluten allergy. All three are versions of Grandma's famous chocolate cake, but the contents of the second two have been revised and tailored to suit a particular group of people.

General style guidelines

Don't worry, the Turabian style guide isn't trying to quash your individuality and make your writing sound just like everyone else's. Turabian style actually includes useful writing guidelines that will improve almost any paper's readability. Below, I've highlighted some of the most important (and most beneficial) general guidelines in Turabian style:

• Use active voice whenever possible.
• Avoid writing in passive voice.
• Write in third person (he, she, it, they).
• Avoid using first person (I, me, we) and second person (you) unless an advisor specifically requests first or second person.
• Use present tense when quoting authors or referencing their written work.
• Use simple past tense when discussing historical works.
• Capitalize book, movie, and periodical titles in headline style (i.e., capitalize the first word in the title and subtitle and capitalize significant words and words that are four letters or longer.
• Italicize shorter works, such as book chapters and periodical titles.
• Use double quotation marks when referencing articles in periodicals or chapters in books.
• Maintain consistency throughout the paper in tone, formatting, headings, and subheadings.

General formatting guidelines

Like most other style guides, Turabian provides specific formatting guidelines for page margins, paragraph spacing, font size, and other organizational aspects of your paper. Such formatting guidelines aren't intended to feel restrictive; adhering to these guidelines will give your paper a clean, professional look so formatting issues don't detract from your research findings. For any formatting issues that are not addressed in the Turabian style guide, authors should make individual decisions and apply all formatting consistently throughout the paper. The following five formatting rules should be used in all Turabian papers:

• Use double-spaced paragraph style for the main text in the paper, with the following exceptions: Use single-space paragraph style for table titles, figure captions, and block quotations (quotes that contain more than 100 words). Additionally, use single-space paragraph style for each note and bibliography/reference list entry, but insert a blank line between entries.
• Place page numbers in the upper right margin, and use Arabic numerals starting with 1.
• Keep page margins consistent throughout the paper.
• Use a 12-point readable font such as Times New Roman.
• Indent each new paragraph 1/2-inch from the left margin.

In-text citations

Like the Chicago Manual of Style but unlike most other style guidelines, Turabian offers two options for citing in-text sources: notes and bibliography style or author-date style.

According to the Turabian style guide, the humanities (literature, history, and the arts) typically use notes and bibliography style while the physical, natural, and social sciences usually use author-date style. At first glance it might seem as if each researcher can simply select his or her preferred style, but this is not the case. Check with your instructor before you commit to either notes and bibliography style or author-date style. If your instructor is not available for comment, consult the CMOS FAQ page for students .

Notes and bibliography style

The notes and bibliography style uses superscript numerals in the main text that correspond to information provided in footnotes or endnotes. Place superscript numbers at the end of a complete sentence after the punctuation mark, like so.

When using notes and bibliography style, authors will also include a complete list of sources in a separate bibliography. The notes and bibliography style is ideal for papers that contain a significant number of sources.

A note about notes

Your paper will only have a Notes section if you are using endnotes and bibliography style. If you are using footnotes and bibliography style, you will insert all of your information in the footnotes at the bottom of the page. Regardless of whether you're using endnotes or footnotes, you will most likely include the following information in your notes:

• Cite your references in your notes. The first time you cite a source, include the full citation in the corresponding note. For all citations after the first, use abbreviated citations .
• Use notes to comment on sources or to add insight about information in the text. When a note contains both a citation and commentary, list citation information first.
• Choose between two options for formatting your end note and footnote numbers: Use a standard numeral followed by a period or a superscript number without a period following it.
• Cite specific page numbers in notes when quoting material or referencing a source's specific ideas. In your bibliography or references list, cite the entire page range.
• List all authors in the first note if a source has up to three authors.
• List the first author followed by et al. when citing sources with four or more authors.

Formatting notes

Turabian includes specific formatting guidelines for footnote and endnotes to ensure that you present citation and reference information in a consistent manner throughout your paper. You can consult the Turabian style guide for a comprehensive list of guidelines for formatting notes , but I've listed the most commonly used guidelines below:

• Align footnote entries flush with the left margin.
• Place the Notes page after the appendices and before the Bibliography if using endnotes instead of footnotes. Footnotes will appear at the bottom of the page with the referenced material.
• Center the bolded title Notes at the top of the page.
• Insert two blank lines between the Notes heading and your Chapter 1 notes.
• Type and center Chapter 1 (assuming Chapter 1 contains your first citation). If your first citation is not in Chapter 1, type the appropriate chapter numeral in place of 1.
• Add the chapter subheadings after the chapter numeral if your notes numbers restart at 1 at the beginning of each new chapter.
• Use single spacing for each entry with a blank line separating entries.
• Indent half an inch at the start of each entry.
• Align any note's subsequent lines flush with the margin (i.e., not indented), just like you would do at the start of a paragraph.
• Leave the right margin uneven; do not create a flush right margin.

Author-date style

Contrary to notes and bibliography style's numbered reference system, author-date style provides parenthetical in-text citations that contain the author's name and the publication year with no punctuation in between (Grant 2022). If readers want to find out more about a parenthetical citation, they can refer to the corresponding full citation in the references list at the end of the paper. Below, I've summarized the essentials of author-date style and covered some of the most common situations:

• Citation Placement: Place parenthetical citations at the end of a sentence before the sentence's final punctuation (Grant 2022).
• Direct Quote: When using a direct quote or when referring to specific ideas from a source, insert the page number(s) after the publication year in your parenthetical citation (Grant 2022, 123). Insert a comma after the publication year to separate it from the page numbers. Do not write page or "p." to clarify that these are page numbers—the comma after the year will convey this information for you.
• Signal Phrases: If you state the author and year within the sentence when introducing a quote or other relevant information, you do not need to repeat the author's name and year in the parenthetical citation. Instead, insert just the page number(s) in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
• Same Source for Multiple Sentences: When using the same source for multiple sentences or for an entire paragraph, cite the source only once at the end of the final sentence or the end of the paragraph. If you are using the same source for the following paragraph, cite it at the end of the second paragraph as well. When in doubt, remember that it is safer to include a citation; omitting a necessary citation might put you at risk for a plagiarism accusation , and no one wants to have to go through a plagiarism inquiry.
• Same Source for Multiple Sentences but Different Page Numbers: When citing the same source but different page numbers for multiple sentences, insert the full parenthetical citation at the end of the first applicable sentence instead of the last (Smith 1980, 12). For each sentence after that first citation, add a parenthetical citation with only the pertinent page numbers to the end of the sentences (17). Readers will assume that the updated page numbers correspond with the most recently cited author (10).

Citing your sources

Whether you're using notes and bibliography style or author-date style, the only difference between your reference lists will be which word you type at the top of the first page of your references.

If you are using notes and bibliography style, type and center the bolded word Bibliography at the top of the first blank page after the end of your paper.

If you are using author-date style, type and center the bolded words Reference List at the top of the first blank page after the end of your paper.

Aside from this difference, everything else about your comprehensive cited sources will be the same whether you are using notes and bibliography style or author-date style. Let's go over some of the critical rules for your citations:

• Insert two blank lines between your page heading (either Bibliography or Reference List) and your first entry.
• Use single paragraph line spacing for each entry, with a half-inch hanging indent when an entry continues onto subsequent lines.
• Insert a blank line between each entry.
• Arrange your reference list in alphabetical order based on the first author's last name.
• Include the first name of the first author for works with multiple authors, but include only last names for all subsequent authors.
• Replace the author's name with three em dashes when citing multiple works by the same author. After the first entry by that author, all other entries will start with ––––––.
• Include citations for sources that you consulted but did not specifically cite within the text.
• Do not create a flush right margin; leave the right margins uneven.

Like its foundational style guide the CMOS, using Turabian style guide correctly will help you streamline your writing style so your words can truly shine. Turabian is a great entry style guide for high school and undergraduate students who aren't writing for publication yet but might be doing so in a few years. Adhering to the Turabian style guide will add credibility to your work while making your research papers easier to read and understand.

Header image by Iñaki del Olmo .

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Writing Center: Sample Turabian Research Papers

• About The Writing Center
• Useful Writing Links
• Sample Turabian Research Papers
• How To Cite
• Footnotes vs. Bibliography Page
• Brainstorming Your Paper
• Thesis Statements
• Introducing Quotations
• Paraphrasing/Sumarizing
• Tutorial Videos/Quizzes
• Block Quotes
• Quotation Marks
• Ibid. & Shortened Notes
• How To: Book Reviews
• Writing Conclusions
• Resources for Presentations
• Writing Introductions
• Writing Paragraphs
• Exegesis Paper Tips
• Grammar Checkers

IMPORTANT NOTES!

PLEASE REMEMBER THAT THOUGH THE SAMPLE PAPERS MAY HAVE A TABLE OF CONTENTS OR SUBHEADINGS ...

WE DO NOT USE SUBHEADINGS OR A TABLE OF CONTENTS IN OUR PAPERS HERE AT HOOD!

ALSO, HERE AT HOOD, WHEN CITING THE BIBLE WE CITE WITHIN THE PARAGRAPH (AS ILLUSTRATED IN SAMPLE PAPER 1 BELOW) AND WE DO NOT USE THE FOOTNOTE METHOD FOR THE BIBLE.

Click here for an example of a title page format that is used here at Hood.

Hood Seminary Sample Paper

• Sample Title Page
• Click here for an example of a Hood Seminary sample paper.  You can view the other sample papers, but this example is specific to Hood Seminary papers.
• Another Hood Seminary Sample Paper

SAMPLE TURABIAN RESEARCH PAPER (8TH. ED.)

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• Last Updated: May 3, 2023 10:43 AM
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