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Understanding the Basics of Indian Politics and the Electoral Process

Introduction

Indian politics is a fascinating blend of diverse cultures, ideologies, and socio-economic backgrounds. With its rich history and vibrant democracy, India’s political landscape is a complex tapestry that plays a pivotal role in shaping the nation’s trajectory. At the heart of this dynamic system lies the electoral process, a cornerstone of Indian democracy. In this blog, we will delve into the fundamental aspects of Indian politics and the electoral process that drives it.

• Diversity and Pluralism in Indian Politics: India is a land of diversity, home to various religions, languages, and cultures. This diversity is reflected in its political landscape, where numerous parties and ideologies coexist. Major national parties, such as the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), represent contrasting ideologies, while regional parties cater to specific states and local concerns.
• The Structure of Government: India follows a federal parliamentary democratic system. The President of India is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Parliament consists of two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The Lok Sabha members are directly elected by the people, and the Rajya Sabha members are elected by the state legislatures.
• The Electoral Process: The electoral process in India is a multi-stage affair that includes general elections to the Lok Sabha, state legislative assembly elections, and local body elections. General elections are held every five years, and voters elect representatives to the Lok Sabha using the First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) system, where the candidate with the most votes wins.
• The Role of the Election Commission: The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous body responsible for overseeing the electoral process. It ensures free and fair elections by supervising the registration of political parties, updating voter lists, monitoring campaign finances, and enforcing the Model Code of Conduct.
• Voter Registration and Identification: The strength of Indian democracy lies in its vast voter base. Citizens aged 18 and above are eligible to vote after registering with the Election Commission. Voter identification is facilitated through Voter ID cards, which serve as a crucial document during elections.
• Political Parties and Alliances: Political parties play a pivotal role in Indian politics. They formulate policies, contest elections, and work to represent the interests of the people. Often, parties form alliances with other parties to create broader coalitions, especially during general elections, to strengthen their chances of forming a government.
• Campaigning and Media Influence: Election campaigning in India is a lively affair, involving rallies, speeches, and media outreach. Social media platforms have also become influential in recent years. The role of media in shaping public opinion cannot be underestimated, as it plays a crucial role in disseminating information about candidates and parties.
• The Significance of State Elections: State legislative assembly elections are as crucial as general elections, as they determine the leadership and policies within individual states. These elections often reflect local sentiments and concerns, leading to different parties holding power at the state and central levels.

The Indian political landscape is a fascinating blend of diversity, ideologies, and democratic values. The electoral process is the cornerstone of this vibrant democracy, where citizens exercise their right to choose their representatives. Understanding the basics of Indian politics and the electoral process is essential for appreciating the complexities and nuances that shape the nation’s governance and direction. As India continues to evolve, its democratic principles and political dynamics will remain instrumental in shaping its future.

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Indian Politics

Jul 13, 2014

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Indian Politics. Nehru Dynasty 1947-1996 Years of Competition 1996-present Two Party System? Two Half Parties? Regional parties?. 1. Nehru Dynasty. Jawaharlal Nehru Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi 1947-1964 1966-1977 1984-1989 1980-1984. Congress Party.

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Indian Politics • Nehru Dynasty 1947-1996 • Years of Competition 1996-present • Two Party System? • Two Half Parties? • Regional parties?

1. Nehru Dynasty Jawaharlal Nehru Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi 1947-1964 1966-1977 1984-1989 1980-1984

Congress Party Manmohan Singh Sonja Gandhi Rahul Gandhi PM President General Secretary of the Party (one of nine)

Congress’ Ideology • Secularism • Socialist economics 1947-1991 • Economic Reform 1991-present • Manifesto for 2009 elections

Congress Dominates

Indira Gandhi

Congress (I)

Congress after Indira Gandhi 1984-1989 1991-1996 Rajiv Gandhi P. V. N. Rao

2. Years of Competition Factors • End of Nehru Dynasty • Economic reform • Corruption in Congress • Rise of regional, religious, caste-based parties

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) • Hindutva (Hindu Nationalism) • RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh)

Others • Leftist parties • Communist Party of India (Marxist) • Regional parties • AIADMK (All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhigam) regional party of Tamil Nadu state • Janata Dal (Secular) (Karnataka, Kerala) • Telugu Desam Party (Andrha Pradesh) • Samajwadi Party (Uttar Pradesh) • Caste-based Parties • Bahujan Samaj Party

Why Did Congress Party Lose its Appeal? • Nehru Dynasty over • Corruption • 1991 Economic Reforms

1947-1991Socialist Economic Policy • Nationalization • National Planning Commission – 1950 • Five Year Plans • “Hindu Rate of Growth” -- 3.2%

1990s Economic Crisis

Political-Military Crisis 1989-90

The Reforms • Open up economy to foreign investment • Privatization • Ending government control of economy • Reduce government regulation • Export Processing Zones • Architect of reforms • Finance Minister Manmohan Singh

Economic Results (from BBC News: China and India, Key Facts; http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456964/html/nn3page1.stma)

Political Results • 1996 Election

BJP Constituency • Elites who benefit from government policy • Government employees • Business protected by the government • Poor who live off government assistance • Anti-affirmative action groups • Hindu nationalists

1996 Election • Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 160 • Congress Party 136 • National Front 110 • National Front forms government

1998 BJP forms government National Democratic Alliance (15 parties) PM A. B. Vajpayee 1998-2004 Indian nuclear tests May 1998

1998 Election • BJP 176 • Congress Party 140 • United Front 97

21st Century: Congress Regroups Sonia Gandhi

1999 Election • BJP 182 • Congress Party 112 • BJP/NDA remains in power

2004 Election BJP/NDA “India Shining” vs. Congress/United Progressive Alliance (UPA) “It is a contest between the Congress…and the BJP that is systematically undermining the very essence of Indian civilization and destroying the very idea of India.” 2004 Election Manifesto

2004 Election • BJP 138 • Congress Party 145 (UPA 219) • Left Parties 56 UPA and Leftist parties form coalition PM Manmohan Singh

2009 Election • BJP 116 • Congress Party 206 UPA retains power PM Manmohan Singh

Challenges and Developments • Two parties or Two Half Parties • Regional parties • Can Congress get beyond the Dynasty?

1. Two parties or Two Half Parties? 272 (273) the magic number! Stability?

2. Regional Parties • 2009 LokSabha • 2 National parties • 1 semi-national party (CPI-M) with seats in four states • 39 Regional parties

3. Congress and the Nehru Dynasty

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India election: how Narendra Modi’s BJP uses and abuses religious minorities for political purposes

Lecturer in International Development, University of Bradford

Disclosure statement

M. Sudhir Selvaraj does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

University of Bradford provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation UK.

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If the pre-election polls are to be believed, India’s prime minister Narendra Modi, the leader of the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP), is set to return to office for a third successive term when the result is declared on June 4. The election is the world’s largest and India has a very diverse population and complex culture, but Modi appears locked in to retain the power he has held on to since 2014.

Modi’s seemingly impenetrable popularity stems from a mix of his populist rhetoric, his affinity with India’s business elite, and his propagation of a Hindutva – Hindu nationalist – ideology. He is benefiting from India’s positive economic outlook – but there is also strong support in the country for Modi’s brand of populist autocracy.

Hindutva is an important part of this. This is a cultural nationalist ideology which portrays India as the “land of Hindus”, emphasising the need for unity among all Hindus across caste, linguistic, regional and class divides. Some adherents promote Hindutva as a way of countering what they see as the demographic, political and cultural threat posed by Muslims and Christians.

Under Modi’s premiership, Hindutva has been increasingly embedded into India’s social-legal-political system. On a national level, this has included the removal of statehood for Kashmir – previously India’s only Muslim-majority state.

There was also the implementation of the Citizenship Amendment Act , which prevents persecuted Muslims (but not other religious minorities including Christians) from neighbouring countries from claiming asylum in India.

Read more: India elections: 'Our rule of law is under attack from our own government, but the world does not see this'

At the state level, in BJP-run states, a slew of anti-conversion laws have been passed which seek to limit “conversion” to Christianity and Islam. Hindutva-aligned vigilante groups provide extrajudicial and often violent enforcement of these laws.

This has prompted a sharp rise in the number of everyday instances of anti-minority violence. The UN Special Rapporteur for Minority Issues, Fernand de Varennes, recently described this situation as “ massive, systematic and dangerous ”.

Voter turnout on the first two polling days of this election – April 19 and 27 – has been 66%, lower than expected. So it may have been to whip up voter passions that, in a recent campaign speech, Modi controversially referred to Muslims as “ infiltrators ” whose interests would be prioritised should his chief opponents, the Indian National Congress (INC) come to power.

It is unlikely that there will be any repercussions for this. If anything, Modi’s utterance could act as a dog-whistle and offer a cover for similar rhetoric to be used by local leaders across India’s states.

A question of geography

But this story of anti-minority rhetoric and violence in India is not linear and requires more nuance. The reality is that anti-minority rhetoric, while effective in many contexts across India, doesn’t always work for the BJP. In some ways it’s downright detrimental to the movement’s cause.

In fact, in certain states, the party has had to tone down its rhetoric and actively or reluctantly work to appeal to minority communities. India’s combined Muslim and Christian population consists of more than 200 million people scattered across the country and differentiated by caste, class, and practice. It would be folly to think that these communities could be homogeneous.

The BJP has traditionally found success in India’s Hindi-speakng heartland. Recently, it enjoyed electoral success in India’s north-eastern states but continues to struggle in most southern states . It is in these more linguistically and religiously diverse contexts that the Hindutva movement can be seen to tone down its homogeneous messaging to appeal to a broader public.

In the southern state of Kerala, Modi has made an effort to woo the state’s influential Christian community , which makes ups 20% of its population. This strategy centres around appealing to common dominant caste lineages of some of Kerala’s Christians and exploiting a shared anti-Muslim sentiment.

Similarly, in the northeastern state of Assam, the BJP has been trying to appeal to the state’s Muslims with promises of much-needed “development” initiatives in disadvantaged areas. The ruling party has reportedly been offering access to state resources for Muslim Dalits (the lowest or “Untouchable” caste) on the one hand while using scare tactics such as using bulldozers to knock down their houses if they do not vote for the BJP.

Modi and the BJP have a lot of catching up to do with Muslim voters after the controversial updating of the National Registry of Citizens in 2019. This was widely condemned as unfair to Muslims in its design and implementation, particularly Bengalis in the northeastern states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam, who have historically been branded as illegal Bangladeshi immigrants.

Ideology and politics

India’s minorities have always been a significant factor in electoral politics as a vital source of votes. But exploiting these groups, often by using these communities as a threat designed to attract support from the Hindu majority has become a key strategy for the BJP under Modi’s leadership. Equally, Modi and the BJP – and the wider Hindutva movement – have recognised that sometimes it’s necessary to make ideological compromises for electoral gain.

So in this way, India’s diversity continues to be a hurdle to Hindutva’s homogenising project. While the ultimate goal of the movement is to establish India as a homogeneous Hindu state with Muslims and Christians as second-class citizens, these compromises serve as a reminder that the movement can be ideologically flexible to achieve its goals.

There are no signs that Indian people are becoming any less “religious” . So the continued political dominance of the BJP and social dominance of the Hindutva movement are likely to deepen religious divides – and minorities will continue being being pawns in the game of electoral politics.

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The Role of Indian Americans in U.S.-India Relations and Politics

The Indian diaspora in the U.S. remains a valuable asset for fostering India-U.S. relations, and its impact is likely to sustain and strengthen these relations in the foreseeable future.

Amid India's 2024 national elections, individuals of Indian origin—often referred to as non-resident Indians (NRIs)—residing outside India are actively shaping, disseminating information, and engaging in discussions on Indian political matters.

The United States stands out as a significant arena for Indian diasporic politics, hosting the most prominent Indian population beyond India.

Approximately 5 million Americans trace their ancestry to India, primarily consisting of first-generation and second-generation Indian immigrants. Many hold influential positions, including Vice President Kamala Harris and the current CEOs of major tech companies like Google and Microsoft. Additionally, numerous prominent Indian diaspora members contribute to leading American publications and think tanks, providing a global platform to address issues that may not receive adequate attention in domestic Indian media.

Given the recent immigration background of many Indian Americans, they maintain a strong interest in developments within their ancestral homeland. Advancements in instant electronic communication and widespread access to Indian media, such as films and music, facilitate real-time connections with India.

The Indian American diaspora's significance in Indian politics extends beyond sheer demographic numbers. As the world's foremost power, the United States exerts considerable global influence, including within India. Consequently, opinions expressed by individuals in the U.S., whether in support or critique of India, hold significant weight and contribute significantly to the political discourse within India compared to voices from other nations.

The connection between the Indian American diaspora, particularly first-generation immigrants, and Indian politics is undeniable. Prime Minister Narendra Modi enjoys significant support from members of the Indian diaspora in the United States. Modi's presence is notable in large-scale events in the United States, such as a rally in Texas 2019 that garnered attention, including the attendance of then-President Donald Trump.

The diaspora in the U.S. is somewhat self-selecting. A disproportionate number of wealthy, college-educated , English-speaking, liberal, and irreligious Indians tend to migrate to the United States. The Indian American community is only 51 percent Hindu , well below the almost 80 percent of the population they form in India. While 10 percent of the Indian American community is Muslim, 18 percent is Christian, and 5 percent is Sikh , well more than the proportions of the population the latter groups form in India: 2.3 and 1.7 percent, respectively.

In any case, only a limited number of these diaspora groups possess voting rights in Indian elections, as only Indian citizens who vote in person are eligible to vote.

The nature of Indian Americans' involvement in Indian politics is expected to evolve with the next generation. Based on personal observation as a second-generation Indian American, interest and knowledge regarding Indian affairs among my generation are generally minimal outside of specific circles focused on journalism, development issues, or international politics.

Second-generation Indian Americans exhibit a stronger affinity for cuisine, popular culture (e.g., music and films), and sometimes religion. However, political matters that do not directly impact the average Indian American are typically of limited interest. Despite the lower overall interest in Indian politics among second-generation Indians, certain groups like activists and politicians can significantly influence India-U.S. relations.

Irrespective of generational shifts, Indian Americans lean towards liberal views concerning issues within the United States. A Carnegie Endowment for International Peace report states, "Indian Americans' policy stances lean more towards liberalism on U.S.-related matters and conservatism on issues affecting India." This trend stems from Indian Americans prioritizing political issues aligned with liberal values in the U.S., such as immigrant rights, separation of church and state, and racial equality. This perspective is pragmatic rather than ideological, as Hindu Indian Americans are less concerned about majoritarianism in India compared to their concerns as a minority group in the U.S.

However, a significant portion of Indian Americans also supported Trump, possibly due to shared nationalistic perspectives. Yet, their children, growing up as minorities in the U.S., may assimilate political views more relevant to their American experiences and may differ from many Trump supporters.

Prime Minister Modi has actively sought to foster positive relations with both Republicans and Democrats in the U.S., leading to strengthened ties between India and America during the Trump and Biden administrations.

Indian American college students inclined towards politics often adopt dominant ideologies prevalent on campus, which tend to be progressive. Therefore, academic environments frequently shape Indian American students' sociopolitical views, influencing their perspectives on India, including criticisms of the current BJP government.

This academic influence can extend to Indian politics, as seen in the case of Rahul Gandhi of the Congress Party, who has adopted terminology like "equity" for castes in India, influenced by American discourse.

Apart from a small group of passionate activists focused on domestic Indian issues, many Indian American politicians advocate for closer U.S.-India ties, promoting economic and military cooperation while defending India from criticism. Despite being part of the Democratic Party, many Indian American lawmakers take a neutral or positive stance towards the BJP government in India, emphasizing mutual support for India and Israel and stronger ties among the U.S., Israel, and India.

While first-generation immigrants continue to play a significant role in Indian American politics, succeeding generations are becoming increasingly assimilated into American society. However, they still contribute to fostering solid bilateral relations between the U.S. and India, mainly through military and economic cooperation, mitigating criticisms, and advocating for people-to-people ties.

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Indian Politics - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Indian Politics

Indian politics nehru dynasty 1947-1996 years of competition 1996-present two party system two half parties regional parties * * * * * * * this explains, in ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Nehru Dynasty 1947-1996
• Years of Competition 1996-present
• Two Party System?
• Two Half Parties?
• Regional parties?
• Jawaharlal Nehru Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi
• 1947-1964 1966-1977 1984-1989
• Manmohan Singh Sonja Gandhi Rahul Gandhi
• PM President General Secretary
• of the Party (one of nine)
• Socialist economics 1947-1991
• Economic Reform 1991-present
• Manifesto for 2009 elections
• 1984-1989 1991-1996
• Rajiv Gandhi P. V. N. Rao
• End of Nehru Dynasty
• Economic reform
• Corruption in Congress
• Rise of regional, religious, caste-based parties
• Hindutva (Hindu Nationalism)
• RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh)
• Leftist parties
• Communist Party of India (Marxist)
• Regional parties
• AIADMK (All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhigam) regional party of Tamil Nadu state
• Janata Dal (Secular) (Karnataka, Kerala)
• Telugu Desam Party (Andrha Pradesh)
• Samajwadi Party (Uttar Pradesh)
• Caste-based Parties
• Bahujan Samaj Party
• Nehru Dynasty over
• 1991 Economic Reforms
• Nationalization
• National Planning Commission 1950
• Five Year Plans
• Hindu Rate of Growth -- 3.2
• Open up economy to foreign investment
• Privatization
• Ending government control of economy
• Reduce government regulation
• Export Processing Zones
• Architect of reforms
• Finance Minister
• Manmohan Singh
• 1996 Election
• Elites who benefit from government policy
• Government employees
• Business protected by the government
• Poor who live off government assistance
• Anti-affirmative action groups
• Hindu nationalists
• Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 160
• Congress Party 136
• National Front 110
• National Front forms government
• BJP forms government
• National Democratic Alliance (15 parties)
• PM A. B. Vajpayee 1998-2004
• Indian nuclear tests
• Congress Party 140
• United Front 97
• Sonia Gandhi
• Congress Party 112
• BJP/NDA remains in power
• India Shining
• Congress/United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
• It is a contest between the Congressand the BJP that is systematically undermining the very essence of Indian civilization and destroying the very idea of India.
• 2004 Election Manifesto
• Congress Party 145 (UPA 219)
• Left Parties 56
• UPA and Leftist parties form coalition
• PM Manmohan Singh
• Congress Party 206
• UPA retains power
• Two parties or Two Half Parties
• Can Congress get beyond the Dynasty?
• 272 (273) the magic number!
• 2009 Lok Sabha
• 2 National parties
• 1 semi-national party (CPI-M) with seats in four states
• 39 Regional parties
• Liberhan Commission Report
• Narendra Modi
• Chief Minister of Gujarat

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TikTok Tells Advertisers: ‘We Are Not Backing Down’

Hundreds of marketers and ad agency types flocked to TikTok’s annual sales presentation after a new law put its future in question.

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By Sapna Maheshwari

Hundreds of advertisers, including major brands like L’Oreal and Victoria’s Secret, flocked to the Lower East Side on Thursday night for TikTok’s annual spring pitch to marketers. It had been about a week since President Biden signed a law that says TikTok must be sold from its Chinese parent company or face a potential ban, and marketers were champing at the bit to hear TikTok’s thoughts.

They didn’t have to wait long. Blake Chandlee, TikTok’s president of global business solutions, kicked off the evening by thanking advertisers for their “tremendous support and trust” and said the company considered the law unconstitutional and would challenge it in court.

“We believe the facts and the law are clearly on our side and that we will ultimately prevail,” Mr. Chandlee told more than 300 attendees, some of whom couldn’t find chairs in the crowd. “I want you to know we are not backing down.”

But for the rest of the roughly 45-minute presentation, which took place in a large gallery with the fuchsia and light blue lights of TikTok’s logo, it was business as usual. And it was a keen reminder that Madison Avenue’s concerns about TikTok, which center on how to cleverly market their products and ensure that consumers are seeing their ads, are vastly different from those of Washington, where officials consider the app a national security risk.

Sofia Hernandez, TikTok’s global head of business marketing, declared that TikTok had gone from “being viral to vital” for businesses. The company’s executives introduced new tools for running ads against trends and events like the Summer Olympics in Paris. A Unilever marketing executive described how the Vaseline brand had thrived by tapping into a TikTok skin care trend known as “ slugging .” Many marketers were visibly confused until she explained that the term referred to slathering one’s face with petroleum jelly before bedtime to seal in other serums and moisturizers.

“TikTok is the most interesting story in advertising right now,” said Craig Brommers, chief marketing officer of the retailer American Eagle, who attended the event. “That’s why you had a standing-room-only audience waiting to hear what’s next for the most important video platform for Gen Z.”

Near one of the long bars serving “Violet Hour” cocktails and wine, several stations highlighted creators from TikTok niches like sports and luxury. “From boy moms to girl dads, TikTok is for #parents,” one said. The company sent guests home with branded Dagne Dover bags that retail for around $75.

TikTok’s executives reminded advertisers that with 170 million monthly U.S. users, the user base had started to reflect the general population. “We’re not just Gen Z anymore,” said Tim Natividad, TikTok’s U.S. head of enterprise sales.

Advertising is the lifeblood of platforms like TikTok, which has become a core tool for marketers pitching Americans on new makeup, fast-food hacks , music and more. The company appears determined to maintain ad dollars amid its uncertain future, particularly as U.S. tech giants focus on their market share and push short-form video competitors like Google’s YouTube Shorts and Instagram Reels.

TikTok and its Chinese parent company, ByteDance, are private and do not publicly disclose their financials. Brian Wieser, an independent ad industry analyst, recently estimated that TikTok brought in $6 billion in U.S. ad sales last year, but said that excluded revenue from e-commerce, tipping and other ventures. In the United States, TikTok users spend 54 minutes per day on the app, while Instagram users spend 35 minutes on that app, with 21 of those minutes devoted to video, according to the data firm eMarketer.

Under the law signed law week, TikTok must be sold from ByteDance within the next nine months. The Biden administration, lawmakers and security experts have said that under TikTok’s current ownership, there are risks that the Chinese government could lean on ByteDance for access to sensitive data on TikTok users or to spread propaganda.

The company has not yet sued to challenge the law.

Last week, after President Biden signed the bill, Michael Beckerman, TikTok’s head of public policy for the Americas, told employees at an all-hands meeting that the situation was “unprecedented” and “very political,” according to an audio recording that was shared with The New York Times.

“We’re sitting between some of the largest geopolitical issues of our time as well as some very, very complicated issues with technology globally, and privacy and all these policy issues,” Mr. Beckerman said in the April 24 meeting.

Mr. Beckerman said he was buoyed by Mr. Biden’s plan to use TikTok in the lead-up to the election. He also said the vote “was not about us” because it passed as part of a broader package of aid for countries like Ukraine and Israel.

“We’re going to win,” he told employees. “We’re optimistic this is not the end of the process.”

Sapna Maheshwari reports on TikTok, technology and emerging media companies. She has been a business reporter for more than a decade. Contact her at [email protected] . More about Sapna Maheshwari