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Database Administration Lecture 1: Roles and Responsibilities of a DBA

The document provides an overview of the role and responsibilities of a database administrator (DBA). It discusses that a DBA supervises databases and database management systems to ensure availability. Key responsibilities include database security, monitoring, backup/recovery, and performance tuning. DBAs must have both technical skills and knowledge of database platforms. While important, the DBA role is challenging as it involves being available to resolve various technical issues at any time from different stakeholders. The document also provides salary data for DBA roles from an external source. Read less

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• 1. Database Administration Lecture 1
• 2. Who is DBA?? • DBA is a resource that supervises both the database and the use of the DBMS. • DBA is usually a group, but sometimes it refers to the database administrator.
• 3. What is DBA • Database administration refers to the whole set of activities performed by a database administrator to ensure that a database is always available as needed. Other closely related tasks and roles are database security, database monitoring and troubleshooting, and planning for future growth. • Database administration is an important function in any organization that is dependent on one or more databases.
• 4. Role of DBA • The primary role of database administration is to ensure maximum up time for the database so that it is always available when needed. This will typically involve proactive periodic monitoring and troubleshooting. This in turn entails some technical skills on the part of the DBA. In addition to in-depth knowledge of the database in question, the DBA will also need knowledge and perhaps training in the platform (database engine and operating system) on which the database runs.
• 5. • A DBA is typically also responsible for other secondary, but still critically important, tasks and roles. Some of these include: • Database Security: Ensuring that only authorized users have access to the database and fortifying it against any external, unauthorized access. • Database Tuning: Tweaking any of several parameters to optimize performance, such as server memory allocation, file fragmentation and disk usage. • Backup and Recovery: It is a DBA's role to ensure that the database has adequate backup and recovery procedures in place to recover from any accidental or deliberate loss of data. • Producing Reports from Queries: DBAs are frequently called upon to generate reports by writing queries, which are then run against the database.
• 6. Policy Formulation and Implementation • Access Privileges – Users should access the database only in ways in which they are entitled. • Security – Access restrictions ensure that the database is secure. – Passwords, encryption, and views implement security. – Effective password protection is critical.
• 7. Planning for Disaster • Databases can be harmed from hardware and software malfunctions, and outsides forces like floods and power outages. • DBA’s must take active role in formulating disaster recovery plans.
• 8. Archives • An archive is a place where corporate data is kept. • Information in an archive is removed from the database and stored in the archive for future reference. • Archives are usually kept in a mass-storage device like a disk, tape, CD, or a DVD. • It is important such archives be kept off-site to allow recovery should disaster strike
• 9. Data Dictionary Management • Essentially the catalog, but it contains a wider range of information, including information on tables, fields, indexes, and programs. • The DBA manages and updates the data dictionary, which establishes naming conventions for tables, fields, etc., and data integrity rules.
• 10. Additional responsibilities of DBA • Training – DBA gives training on the DBMS and how to access the database • DBMS Support – The DBA is charged with all aspects of a DBMS, including selection and management – DBA must evaluate each prospective DBMS using a checklist like that shown in Figure 8.10.
• 11. Additional Responsibilities of DBA • Database design – DBA is responsible for tuning the design, i.e., making changes that improve system performance.
• 12. Is DBA job Easy ??? • You can find no more challenging job then job of DBA in IT industry. Life of DBA is quite hectic. • The DBA maintains production and test environments, monitors active application development projects, attends strategy and design meetings, selects and evaluates new products, and connects legacy systems to the Web. And, of course: Joe in Accounting, he just resubmitted that query from hell that’s bringing the system to a halt. Can you do something about that? All of this can occur within a single workday.
• 13. • DBAs are expected to know everything about everything. From technical and business jargon to the latest management and technology fads, the DBA is expected to be “in the know.” And do not expect any private time: A DBA must be prepared for interruptions at any time to answer any type of question—and not just about databases, either. • When application problems occur, the database environment is frequently the first thing blamed. The database is “guilty until proven innocent.” A DBA is rarely approached with a question like “I’ve got some really bad SQL here. Can you help me fix it?” Instead, the DBA is forced to investigate problems where the underlying assumption is that the DBMS or perhaps the DBA is at fault, when the most common cause of relational performance problems is inefficiently coded applications.
• 14. Salary of DBA Source : http://www.indeed.com/salary/Oracle-Database-Administrator.html

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• Responsibilities of a DBA

Different types of DBAs

How has the role of a dba evolved with cloud computing, how to become a dba, what is a database administrator (dba).

A database administrator, or DBA, is responsible for maintaining, securing, and operating databases and also ensures that data is correctly stored and retrieved.

In addition, DBAs often work with developers to design and implement new features and troubleshoot any issues. A DBA must have a strong understanding of both technical and business needs.

The role of DBA is becoming increasingly important in today’s information-driven business environment. Thoroughout the world, more and more organizations depend on data to discover analytical insights on market conditions, new business models, and cost-cutting measures. The global cloud computing market is also expected to expand as companies move their business operations to the cloud. Consequently, the need for qualified DBAs will only continue to grow.

The specific responsibilities of a database administrator vary depending on the size and needs of the organization they work for. However, most DBA duties will include developing and maintaining databases , ensuring data security, tuning performance, backing up data, and providing training and support to users. DBAs may also be responsible for designing databases and overseeing their construction in larger organizations.

There are several types of database administrators, each with specific duties and responsibilities. The most common types of DBAs include system administrators, database architects, database analysts, data modelers, application DBAs, task-oriented DBAs, performance analysts, data warehouse administrators, and cloud DBAs.

• System administrators are responsible for the overall management and upkeep of a computer system, including installing and configuring software, applying security patches, and monitoring system performance.
• Database architects design databases to meet the specific needs of an organization.
• Database analysts collect and analyze data to help improve database performance. They may also be responsible for developing reports and providing recommendations to database administrators.
• Data modelers create and maintain data models that depict the relationship between data elements. Data modeling is a critical component of effective database design.
• Application DBAs are responsible for administrating databases that support applications. Specific tasks include installing and configuring applications, ensuring that data is synchronized correctly between databases, and troubleshooting application-related issues.
• Task-oriented DBAs focus on a particular area of database administration, such as backup and recovery, security, or performance tuning. They typically have in-depth knowledge of a specific database management system (DBMS) .
• Performance analysts monitor database performance and identify areas where improvement is needed. They may also be responsible for creating performance reports and providing recommendations to database administrators.
• Data warehouse administrators manage databases that store data for business intelligence or decision-support applications. They are responsible for extracting data correctly, transforming the data, and loading it into the data warehouse .
• Cloud DBAs are responsible for administrating databases hosted in a cloud computing environment, provisioning and managing database instances, setting up replication and high availability, and monitoring database performance.

The role of a database administrator has evolved significantly with the advent of cloud computing. Rather than being responsible for managing on-premises hardware and software, DBAs now need to be able to work with cloud-based platforms. This requires a different set of skills and knowledge and a different approach to work.

DBAs need to be able to work with different types of databases, such as MySQL, MongoDB, and Cassandra. They also need to be familiar with cloud-based tools and platforms, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure.

One of the most significant changes is that DBAs are no longer responsible for managing the underlying infrastructure. With cloud computing, this is all managed by the provider. As a result, DBAs now perform more strategic tasks, such as data analytics, user experience design, and cybersecurity. DBAs often work directly with users and business leaders on developing new ways to use data and software to automate processes, reduce costs, and stay competitive.

This requires a new set of skills from DBAs. In the past, having strong technical skills was the most important requirement. There is less need for these skills with cloud computing. Instead, DBAs need to communicate and collaborate with users to understand their needs and business environment. They also need to work with other teams, such as DevOps, to help deliver software that will solve business problems.

Overall, the traditional role of a DBA is changing significantly thanks to cloud computing. DBAs need to be able to adapt to these changes to be successful in their roles.

There are many reasons why you might want to become an Oracle database administrator. Maybe you’re interested in the challenge of managing a complex database system. Or perhaps you see it as a way to further your career in IT. Either way, it’s a challenging and rewarding role.

So, how do you become an Oracle database administrator? Here are five steps to get you started:

1. Gain work experience with Oracle Databases.

2. Complete an Oracle database administration certification program .

3. Take the Oracle certified database administration professional track .

4. Consider pursuing advanced Oracle database management cloud database learning subscription .

5. Become an Oracle Autonomous database administrator

Database Administrator (DBA) Roles & Responsibilities in The Big Data Age

Back in 2017 when The Economist famously declared “Data is the new oil!”, they were simply stating the obvious that today’s most valuable companies are the ones that make the most of the data in their possession—whether willingly given or not.

Data is the lifeblood of any organization, and the management of data in IT systems remains a critical exercise, particularly in a time where data privacy regulation is a hot topic.

In this context, the role of the Database Administrator (DBA) has likely evolved over time, given the evolution of data sources , types, and storage options. Let’s review the current status and see what the future holds for DBAs.

What is a DBA?

Short for database administrator, a DBA designs, implements, administers, and monitors data management systems and ensures design, consistency, quality, and security.

According to SFIA 8 , database administration involves the installing, configuring, monitoring, maintaining, and improving the performance of databases and data stores . While design of databases would be part of solution architecture, the implementation and maintenance of development and production database environments would be the work of the DBA.

(Read our data architecture explainer .)

What does a DBA do?

The day-to-day activities that a DBA performs as outlined in ITIL ® Service Operation include:

• Creating and maintaining database standards and policies
• Supporting database design, creation, and testing activities
• Managing the database availability and performance, including incident and problem management
• Administering database objects to achieve optimum utilization
• Defining and implementing event triggers that will alert on potential database performance or integrity issues
• Performing database housekeeping, such as tuning, indexing, etc.
• Monitoring usage, transaction volumes, response times, concurrency levels, etc.
• Identifying reporting, and managing database security issues, audit trails, and forensics
• Designing database backup, archiving, and storage strategy

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What competencies does a dba require.

At a bare minimum, the DBA will:

• Have an IT, computer science, or engineering educational background
• Need to be conversant with structured query language (SQL) and relevant database technologies (whether proprietary or open source)
• Understand coding and service management (to some degree)

Relevant database technologies include SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, IBM Db2, and MongoDB , among others. Now, this doesn’t mean you have to be certified in all of them, but a working knowledge of a few of them is required.

The European e-Competence framework ( e-CF ) outlines five associated competencies that the DBA should have. These competences are all proficiency level 3 (on a scale of 1 to 5):

A cursory search across popular talent recruiting websites indicates additional soft skills needed by DBAs include:

• Business awareness and understanding of business requirements of IT
• Excellent problem-solving and analytical skills
• Good communication, teamwork, and negotiation skills
• Good organizational skills
• Flexibility and adaptability
• Excellent business relationship and user support skills

DBA career development

SFIA 8 defines four levels of responsibility for the DBA which you can map to your career development roadmap:

Level 2 (Assist)

• Assists in database support activities

Level 3 (Apply)

• Performs standard database maintenance and administration tasks
• Uses database management system software and tools to collect performance statistics

Level 4 (Enable)

• Develops and configures tools to enable automation of database administration tasks
• Monitors performance statistics and create reports
• Identifies and investigates complex problems and issues and recommends corrective actions
• Performs routine configuration, installation, and reconfiguration of database and related products

Level 5 (Ensure, Advise)

• Identifies, evaluates, and manages the adoption of database administration tools and processes, including automation
• Develops and maintains procedures and documentation for databases. Contributes to the setting of standards for definition, security, and integrity of database objects and ensures conformance to these standards
• Manages database configuration including installing and upgrading software and maintaining relevant documentation
• Monitors database activity and resource usage. Optimizes database performance and plans for forecast resource needs

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Outlook for dbas.

The DBA role is here to stay when it comes to data administration, but it is clear that the name might need some tweaking.

The digital age has resulted in the huge growth in unstructured data such as text, images, sensor information, audio, and videos, on account of e-commerce, IoT, AI and social media. As a result, the job title ‘database administrator’ seems to be giving way to ‘data administrator’, to cater for management of both structured (database) and unstructured (big data) data sets .

Since most digital organizations are no longer restricted to transactional data only, the modern day DBA must be conversant with file, block and object storage solutions.

And because of the sheer volume of data, as well as the ability to access AI/machine learning solutions to digest such data, the preferred data storage mode for most digital organizations is cloud based. Therefore, the modern DBA must become fully conversant with cloud architectures and technologies, including data lakes and big data solutions like Hadoop .

The rise of DevOps as the preferred model for end-to-end product management means that the DBA must become a comb-shaped specialist, working in an autonomous environment with platform engineers to develop automated self-service tools that software developers can utilize to create the data solutions they require for their applications.

This means the DBA will need to build software engineering capabilities as part of their repertoire.

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Dbas must acknowledge data privacy.

Data protection regulation has become a key focus area for enterprises around the world. The stringent requirements and hefty fines have resulted in scrutiny of data management becoming a critical corporate governance imperative.

The DBA must become conversant with data protection regulation such as GDPR , and how to implement the relevant security controls to ensure user/customer privacy rights are respected in business operations.

Related reading

• BMC Machine Learning & Big Data Blog
• Top DBA Shell Scripts for Monitoring the Database
• What Is a Database Reliability Engineer (DBRE)?
• DataOps Explained: Understand how DataOps leverages analytics to drive actionable business insights
• Are IBM ® z/OS ® Db2 ® DBAs Vanishing?
• Today’s Best IT/Tech Certifications: A Complete Guide

Explore IT careers, roles, certifications, salaries & more!

This e-book give you a basic understanding of IT jobs, including tips for how to apply and interview for IT positions and how to stay sharp once you’ve embarked on your career.

These postings are my own and do not necessarily represent BMC's position, strategies, or opinion.

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About the author.

Joseph Mathenge

Joseph is a global best practice trainer and consultant with over 14 years corporate experience. His passion is partnering with organizations around the world through training, development, adaptation, streamlining and benchmarking their strategic and operational policies and processes in line with best practice frameworks and international standards. His specialties are IT Service Management, Business Process Reengineering, Cyber Resilience and Project Management.

CS44800: Introduction to Database Systems, Spring 2019

Lecture Schedule

Chapter 1 - Introduction ( ppt / pdf )

Chapter 2 -Database System Concepts and Architecture ( ppt / pdf )

Chapter 13 - Disk Storage, Basic File Structures and Hashing ( ppt )

Chapter 14 - Indexing Structures for Files ( ppt )

Chapter 3 - Data Modeling Using the Entity Relationship (ER) Model ( ppt / pdf )

• Hierarchical model-slides
• Network Model-slides
• Handout on Natural and Outer Joins & Relational Calculus

Chapter 6 - The Relational Algebra and Calculus ( ppt / pdf )

Chapter 7 - Relational Database Design by ER-and EERR-to-Relational Mapping ( ppt / pdf )

Chapter 15 - Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization ( ppt )

Chapter 8 - SQL-99: Schema Definition, Constraints, and Queries and Views ( ppt )

• JDBC Tutorial
• PL/SQL Tutorial

Chapter 10 - Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases ( ppt )

• Example of proving loss less join
• Normalization and lossless joins and FD preservations

Chapter 12 - Practical Database Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams ( ppt )

Chapter 16 - Practical Database Design and Tuning ( ppt )

• Concurrency Control in Database Systems , Bharat Bhargava, IEEE Trans on Knowledge and Data Engineering,11(1), Jan.-Feb. 1999
• The Transaction Concept: Virtues and Limitations , Jim Gray, VLDB, 1981
• 2PL and Conflict Graph. ( pdf )
• Locking-Serializability. ( pdf )
• Optimistic-timestamps-Failure-Commitment. ( pdf )
• It will help you learn about CC ideas on 2PL, optimistic, time stamps and about transaction failures to help you do the homework. You may read the papers on CC under handouts and check sections 2 up to 2.3.2. ( pdf )
• You may read slides on chapter 21 (7th edition) up to slides 21-22 and then 27-29 for answers to homework. ( pdf )
• Logs, failures, serializability is discussed in slides for chapter 20. ( pdf )
• Concurrency Control in Database Systems, Bharat Bhargava, IEEE Trans on Knowledge and Data Engineering,11(1), Jan.-Feb. 1999. ( pdf )
• The Transaction Concept: Virtues and Limitations , Jim Gray, VLDB, 1981. ( pdf )

Chapter 19 - Database Recovery Techniques ( ppt )

• Feature analysis of selected database recovery techniques, Bharat Bhargava and Leszek Lilien, Proceedings of the May 4-7, 1981, National Computer Conference . ACM, 1981.( pdf )
• Secure Data Warehouse - Privacy

Chapter 24 - Enhanced Data Models for Advanced Applications ( ppt )

• Introduction to Cloud Computing
• Privacy and Identity Management in Cloud Computing
• Complete Tutorial

Chapter 26 - Web Database Programming using PHP ( ppt )

Chapter 27 - XML-Extensible Markup Language ( ppt )

Chapter 29 - Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP ( ppt )

Chapter 30 - Emerging Database Technologies and Applications ( ppt )

CS44800, Spring 2019 Purdue University, Computer Science Department

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8 Chapter 8 The University Lab: Conceptual Design Verification, Logical Design, and Implementation Hachim Haddouti.

8 Chapter 8 The University Lab: Conceptual Design Verification, Logical Design, and Implementation Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management,

13 1 Chapter 13 The Data Warehouse Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, Seventh Edition, Rob and Coronel.

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management Eighth Edition Chapter 15 Database Administration and Security.

1 8 Concepts of Database Management, 4 th Edition, Pratt & Adamski Chapter 8 Database Administration.

14 1 Chapter 14 Database Connectivity and Web Development Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, Seventh Edition, Rob and Coronel.

Chapter 9 Database Design

Chapter 7 Advanced SQL Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, Sixth Edition, Rob and Coronel.

15 1 Chapter 15 Database Administration Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, Seventh Edition, Rob and Coronel.

Advanced Databases Basic Database Administration Guide to Oracle 10g 1.

Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL)

Module 8: Server Management. Overview Server-level and instance-level resources such as memory and processes Database-level resources such as logical.

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management Tenth Edition

Chapter 15 Database Administration and Security

Concepts of Database Management, Fifth Edition Chapter 8: Database Administration.

9 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Administering User Security.

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DHS is the Largest Federal Agency to Receive 15 Consecutive “A” Grades on the SBA Small Business Procurement Scorecard

WASHINGTON – Today, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) received a grade of “A+,” the highest grade possible on the Small Business Administration’s Fiscal Year (FY) 2023 Small Business Procurement Scorecard and was the largest federal agency to exceed all ten of the Scorecard’s small business prime and subcontracting goals. The Scorecard is an assessment tool that measures how well federal agencies meet their small business and socioeconomic prime contracting and subcontracting goals. This is the fifteenth consecutive fiscal year DHS has earned a grade of “A” or higher, starting in FY 2009.

“America’s small businesses are essential partners in equipping the Department’s workforce with the tools to fulfill our mission of protecting the homeland,” said the Senior Official Performing the Duties of the Deputy Secretary Kristie Canegallo . “We are proud of DHS’s 15 year record and are committed to ensure that it continues. This year’s “A+” rating achievement is the result of modernizing and streamlining our processes to meet our contracting goals.”

In FY 2023, DHS obligated $9.9 billion, the highest amount in the Department’s history, to small businesses. Over $4.7 billion was awarded to small, disadvantaged businesses– a result of the Department’s increased targeted small business outreach efforts, which include a focus on undeserved vendor communities. Notably, DHS awarded 38.21% of its total eligible contracting dollars to small businesses, greatly exceeding the government-wide prime goal of 23%.

“Our achievements are the result of collaboration between DHS leadership and the acquisition workforce,” said E. Darlene Bullock, DHS Executive Director, Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization. “DHS will continue to implement various programs and policies to support small business participation.”

For the second time in the Department’s history, DHS exceeded all ten small business prime and subcontracting goals, making it the largest federal agency with this record of achievement. “DHS’s sustained accomplishments on the SBA scorecard for the past 15 years truly highlight the Department’s efforts to partner with small businesses. We are proud of our efforts and look forward to continued excellence in this area,” said Paul Courtney, DHS Chief Procurement Officer.

Small businesses play an instrumental role in strengthening the capabilities of the Department and helping us protect our homeland. DHS is committed to maximizing opportunities for small businesses and will continue to partner with industry to increase diversity in our contractor community.

For more information about the Department’s small business program, visit the  Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization  webpage.

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• Why Choose UC

Database Administrator 2, Digital Technology Solutions

Current UC employees must apply internally via SuccessFactors > http://bit.ly/UCEMPL

Founded in 1819, the University of Cincinnati ranks among the nation’s best urban public research universities. Home to more than 50,000 students, 11,000 faculty and staff and 340,000 alumni, UC combines a Top 35 public research university with a physical setting The New York Times calls “the most ambitious campus design program in the country.”

With the launch of Next Lives Here, the Cincinnati Innovation District, a $100 million JobsOhio investment, nine straight years of record enrollment, worldwide leadership in cooperative education, a dynamic academic health center and entry into the Big 12 Conference, UC’s momentum has never been stronger. UC’s annual budget tops $1.65 billion and its endowment totals $1.8 billion. The University’s overall regional economic impact exceeds $10.6 billion, paving the way for the future of Cincinnati.

Database Administrators participate in the Installation, structure, tuning, backup and maintenance of database management systems and software on physical and virtual servers. This may include the support for an ERP solution (s). Database administrators design, develop, test, and implement, ETL/ELT solutions in addition to developing complex queries to mine data from the Enterprise Data Warehouse and the Big Data Platform. Database administrators are also responsible for maintaining the on-going reliability, performance, management, and support of database server environments supporting education, research, administration, medical, and other activities. This DBA position will entail both administration and development. It will support a cross-functional team that supports custom development, vendor supported apps and data warehousing.

• Advanced level experience and possesses broad and deep knowledge of own area and related areas and contributes through advanced knowledge, skill and experience
• Function as the subject matter expert on one or multiple systems
• Participates in code and system level reviews of the work of other database administrators
• Create highly complex functions, scripts, stored procedures and triggers to support application development
• Participate in moderately to highly complex database design and architecture to support application development projects
• Participate in the preparation of moderate to highly complex design specifications and functional documentations for assigned database projects
• Participate in the research, design, implementation and support of systems for stand-alone and high availability environments
• Coordinate the development, maintenance and utilization of standard operating procedures
• Coordinate the creation and maintenance of moderate to highly complex ETL/ELT solutions and integration of systems as they relate to databases
• Participate and coordinate the performance, reliability, tuning and sizing of databases
• Monitors database performance, usage and data integrity
• Participate the creation, implementation and maintenance of established standards to help maintain the security of the system at the direction of the Office of Information Security and senior level database administrators
• Ethically handling export control, restricted, and controlled data
• Coordinate database upgrades and patch maintenance
• Troubleshoots and resolves any related hardware, software, user access or other problems
• Analyze and resolve security and access problems related the overall system and database
• Participate in the oversight vendor database support; assist with database updates and integration of changes through the database environments
• Participate in the development and maintenance of highly complex reports and visualizations
• Help to create and follow established standards for testing new software releases.
• Work with user community to understand data access and integration needs
• Supports integration of changes in test, preproduction, and production environments
• Collaborate with various teams for database configurations, support and integrations
• Assist in development of policies and procedures to access or interact with remote resources; assist in data transfers or sharing of files.
• Participates in peer knowledge sharing groups
• May participate as part of a scrum team focused on database related delivery initiatives
• Participate in tasks for business continuity and disaster recovery
• Maintains history reports, identifies and addresses reoccurring problems
• Responds to escalated system problems
• Researches and evaluates emerging technologies
• Coordinate plans for business continuity and disaster recovery 
• Review checklists for continued ways to improve procedures to save time and money
• Bachelor's Degree in Information Technology, Computer Science, or related field.
• Six (6) years of relevant work experience and/or other specialized training can be used in lieu of education requirement.

Two (2) years of relevant experience.

• Office environment/no specific unusual physical or environmental demands.

Compensation and Benefits

UC offers a wide array of complementary and affordable benefit options, to meet the financial, educational, health, and wellness needs of you and your family. Eligibility varies by position and FTE.

• Competitive salary range dependent on the candidate's experience.
• Comprehensive insurance plans including medical, dental, vision, and prescription coverage.
• Flexible spending accounts and an award-winning employee wellness program, plus an employee assistance program.
• Financial security via our life and long-term disability insurance, accident and illness insurance, and retirement savings plans.
• Generous paid time off work options including vacation, sick leave, annual holidays, and winter season days in addition to paid parental leave.
• Tuition remission is available for employees and their eligible dependents.
• Enjoy discounts for on and off-campus activities and services.

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Biden administration plans to reclassify marijuana, easing restrictions nationwide

WASHINGTON — The Biden administration will take a historic step toward easing federal restrictions on cannabis, with plans to announce an interim rule soon reclassifying the drug for the first time since the Controlled Substances Act was enacted more than 50 years ago, four sources with knowledge of the decision said.

The Drug Enforcement Administration is expected to approve an opinion by the Department of Health and Human Services that marijuana should be reclassified from the strictest Schedule I to the less stringent Schedule III. It would be the first time that the U.S. government has acknowledged its potential medical benefits and begun studying them in earnest.

Attorney General Merrick Garland submitted the rescheduling proposal to the White House Office of Management and Budget on Tuesday afternoon, a source familiar with the situation confirmed.

Any reclassification is still months from going into effect. After the proposal is published in the Federal Register, there will be a 60-day public comment period. The proposal will then be reviewed by an administrative law judge, who could decide to hold a hearing before the rule is approved.

What rescheduling means

Since 1971, marijuana has been in the same category as heroin, methamphetamines and LSD. Each substance under the Schedule I classification is defined as a drug with no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Schedule III substances include Tylenol with codeine, steroids and testosterone.

By rescheduling cannabis, the drug would be studied and researched to identify concrete medical benefits, opening the door for pharmaceutical companies to get involved with the sale and distribution of medical marijuana in states where it is legal.

For the $34 billion cannabis industry, the move would also eliminate significant tax burdens for businesses in states where the drug is legal, notably getting rid of the IRS' code Section 280E, which prohibits legal cannabis companies from deducting what would otherwise be ordinary business expenses.

The Justice Department’s rescheduling decision could also help shrink the black market, which has thrived despite legalization in states like New York and California and has undercut legal markets, which are fiercely regulated and highly taxed.

Years in the making

President Joe Biden directed the Department of Health and Human Services in October 2022 to review marijuana’s classification. Federal scientists concluded that there is credible evidence that cannabis provides medical benefits and that it poses lower health risks than other controlled substances.

Biden even made history in his State of the Union address this year, for the first time referring to marijuana from the dais in the House chamber and making note of the federal review process. “No one should be jailed for using or possessing marijuana,” he said.

When Biden was vice president in the Obama administration, the White House opposed any legalization of marijuana, saying it would “pose significant health and safety risks to all Americans.”

Jim Cole, who was deputy attorney general in the Obama administration, wrote the famous Cole Memo in 2013 , paving the way for the modern marijuana market. The memo scaled back federal intervention in states that had legalized marijuana as long as they implemented “strong and effective regulatory and enforcement systems to control the cultivation, distribution, sale and possession of marijuana.”

Cole, who is now a member of the National Cannabis Roundtable, said in an interview this week that reclassifying marijuana to Schedule III would “open up the ability to actually test it and put it in a laboratory without all of the restrictive measures” of a Schedule I drug.

Kevin Sabet, president and CEO of Smart Approaches to Marijuana and a former Obama administration adviser, said the decision to reclassify marijuana is "the result of a politicized process," arguing that it "will be devastating for America’s kids, who will be bombarded with attractive advertising and promotion of kid-friendly pot products."

"The only winner here is the marijuana industry, who will receive a new tax break and thus widen their profit margins," Sabet said. “Reclassifying marijuana as a Schedule III drug sends the message that marijuana is less addictive and dangerous now than ever before. In reality, today’s highly potent, super strength marijuana is more addictive and linked with psychosis and other mental illnesses, IQ loss and other problems.”

Researchers have raised concerns about high-potency marijuana and cannabis-induced psychiatric disorders, particularly among young men.

Some challenges ahead

Once the DEA formally makes its announcement, the marijuana industry would see an immediate benefit. But with the DEA’s proposed rule change comes a public review period that could lead to a challenge, and perhaps even a change, to the rescheduling proposal.

Once the public comment period has concluded and the Office of Management and Budget reviews the decision, Congress would also be able to overturn the rule under the Congressional Review Act, which gives it the power to weigh in on rules issued by federal agencies. Democrats control the Senate with a 51-seat majority, and for an overturn under the CRA to succeed, two-thirds of the House and the Senate would be needed to support it, meaning the marijuana rescheduling would most likely survive.

Though cannabis remains a divisive topic on Capitol Hill, there has been growing support on a bipartisan basis for marijuana reforms, largely driven by the electorate. Nearly 6 in 10 Americans say marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational purposes, according to a Pew Research poll last month. Cannabis is legal in 24 states for recreational use.

Congress is considering its own bills

Congress is considering its own measures that would make it easier for legal marijuana businesses to thrive and allow for more small and minority-owned shops to flood the marketplace.

The SAFER Banking Act , for example, which would grant legal marijuana businesses access to traditional banking and financial services, could pass both chambers by the end of the year.

Lawmakers are also considering the HOPE Act , another bipartisan bill that would provide states and local governments with resources to automatically expunge criminal records for petty, nonviolent cannabis offenses.

There is also a Democratic-only effort to remove cannabis entirely from the Controlled Substances Act, empowering states to create their own cannabis laws and prioritize restorative and economic justice for those affected by the “war on drugs.”

Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., praised the administration for its move, saying it amounts to "finally recognizing that restrictive and draconian cannabis laws need to change to catch up to what science and the majority of Americans have said loud and clear."

At the same time, he said he is "strongly committed" to moving forward with both the SAFER Banking Act and the Democratic bill to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act entirely. “Congress must do everything we can to end the federal prohibition on cannabis and address longstanding harms caused by the War on Drugs," he said in a statement.

Sen. Cory Booker, D-N.J., also praised the administration’s move but cautioned that “we still have a long way to go.”

Booker called on Congress in a statement to "follow the lead of states around the country and legalize cannabis for adult-use and create a comprehensive taxation and regulatory scheme."

“Thousands of people remain in prisons around the country for marijuana-related crimes. Thousands of people continue to bear the devastating collateral consequences that come with a criminal record,” he said. “Legal marijuana businesses, especially those in communities hardest hit by the War on Drugs, still have to navigate a convoluted patchwork of state laws and regulatory schemes. I hope that my colleagues on both sides of the aisle, especially those who represent constituents benefitting from medical or adult-use programs, join me to pass federal legislation to fix these problems.”

But there is weariness among lawmakers who remember the last time Congress made law surrounding the drug.

The Republican-led Senate legalized hemp production in the 2018 farm bill, a decision that led to synthetic and exotic cannabinoids’ being sold over the counter, often without regulation, particularly in states where marijuana isn’t legal.

It’s a gray area that has drawn pushback from both sides of the aisle, most recently with the rise of Delta-8 , a synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol product that uses chemicals — some of them harmful — to convert hemp-derived CBD into Delta-8 THC.

Julie Tsirkin is a correspondent covering Capitol Hill.

Monica Alba is a White House correspondent for NBC News.

• Spatial Developer's Guide
• Spatial Web Services
• Web Coverage Service (WCS) Support
• WCS Administration Console

17.6 WCS Administration Console

You can launch the Oracle Spatial Web Services Administration Console web application in your browser using the URL- http://<system-name>:<port>/oraclespatial/ .

The following figure shows the administration console page for WCS:

Figure 17-2 WCS Administration Console

As seen in the preceding figure, you must provide your User Name and Password credentials to login to the console. If you do not have the user credentials, then you can use the Test service as guest link which opens the test page. You do not need authentication to use the test page. The test page allows you to create OGC requests by showing all available service operation requests. All other pages require you to be authenticated.

Before you can use any administration console page, select a WCS data source from the list of all available data source names. (The currently selected data source is shown in the upper-right corner, and you can change it there at any time.)

The user interface for the WCS administration console allows you to publish coverages, manage configurations, test, and diagnose problems. It comprises the following tabs:

• Publish Coverage
• Service Configuration

Publish Coverage Tab

You can publish new coverages using the Publish Coverage tab. Note that to use the publish coverage page you need to be an authenticated user with administrator role.

This page shows an HTML table with all GeoRaster objects. You can choose to publish or unpublish individual GeoRaster objects by right-clicking the desired row.

A GeoRaster cannot be published more than once in a WCS instance.

You can send post requests using the Test tab. This tab is initially empty, in which case you need to send a GetCapabilities request to populate following elements:

• Operation : An HTML select element with all operations discovered on last GetCapabilities response.
• Coverage : An HTML select element which is populated with content of last GetCapabilities response. It contains all Coverage IDs from GetCapabilities response received.

Create Request : Populates the request test area with a request to the specified operations, coverage IDs, and operation URLs.

Request : A text area whose content will be sent in a post request to the Operation URL. This element can be populated by clicking Create Request , and you can edit that request as needed.

Operation URL : The URL where the request is to be sent. This element can be populated by clicking Create Request , and you can edit that request as needed.

Send Request : Sends an HTTP post request to the Operation URL using the content of the request. The response of the HTTP post request will be shown in the Response.

Response : A text area populated with the response of a Send Request operation.

You can visualize and download WCS log files using the Log tab. Log files are generated inside the directory referenced by the SDOWS_HOME environment variable. Using this tab requires administrator credentials.

All Oracle WCS log files have file names in the form wcs_ <data_source_name> _ n .log , where n is a consecutive number, and for the newest log files n is 0 (zero).

This tab shows the content of the wcs_<data_source_name>_0.log file, which has the most recent log messages generated by the WCS server. However, you can select other log files to see their contents. You can also refresh the display to include new log messages generated since the page was loaded or last refreshed.

Download lets you download the selected log file in zip format.

Service Configuration Tab

As an administrator, you can configure WCS logging, GDAL parameters, and GetCapabilities responses ( ServiceIdentification and ServiceProvider ) by modifying the WCSConfig.xml file using the Service Configuration tab.

You can configure logging attributes such as:

• Log level: The logging levels can be SEVERE , WARNING , INFO (default), CONFIG , FINE , FINER , FINEST , or ALL .
• Log file size: Log rotation is supported based on the file size. By limiting the number of files, you can limit how much disk space the log files will take. Log files are generated inside the directory referenced by the SDOWS_HOME environment variable, and they have names in the form wcs_ <data_source_name> _n.log , where wcs_ <data_source_name> _0.log has the most recent log messages; and when it has reached its file size limit, the oldest file is removed and all log files are renamed so that wcs_ <data_source_name> _0.log can be used for the next set of log messages.
• Log size limit: This is the file size limit in megabytes (default 10).
• Log file count: This denotes the maximum number of log files.

The GDAL database connection is configured using the gdalParameters element as follows:

• <gdalParameters user="<user>" password="!<password>" connectionString="<db_host:port:sid>" temporaryDirectory="<directory>" />
• The specified user must have privileges to read all GeoRaster objects that are published as coverages. It is recommended that this user be the same as the WCS user.
• The password must be encrypted by the server. You must add an exclamation point (!) character at the beginning of password attribute, to make the server encrypt the password.
• The temporary directory should point to a writable directory to be used by GDAL to generate output files. Example: /tmp

To validate that GDAL was properly configured, go to the About tab in the Oracle Spatial Web Services administration console ( http://<host>:<port>/oraclespatial ), which shows the GDAL version if it was properly configured.

ServiceIdentification and ServiceProvider can be configured by uncommenting the appropriate element and specifying the desired information, complying with the XML schemas at http://schemas.opengis.net/ows/2.0/owsGetCapabilities.xsd .

When you click Save Changes , the server applies the changes, and no restart is needed.

Chapter 16 Database Administration and Security

Aug 17, 2023

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Learn about the importance of database management, data security, and the role of a database administrator. Discover various tools and strategies for effective database administration, including backup and recovery measures. Understand the concept of database security and how to protect against security vulnerabilities. Explore database administration tools, such as monitoring, load testing, performance tuning, and data extraction. Enhance your knowledge with insights into data dictionaries and their importance in database management. Written in English.

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Presentation Transcript

Learning Objectives • In this chapter, you will learn: • That data are a valuable business asset requiring careful management • How a database plays a critical role in an organization • That the introduction of a DBMS has important technological, managerial, and cultural consequences for an organization • About the database administrator’s managerial and technical roles

Learning Objectives • In this chapter, you will learn: • About data security, database security, and the information security framework • About several database administration tools and strategies • How cloud-based data services impact the DBA’s role • How various technical tasks of database administration are performed with Oracle

Figure 16.1 - The Data-Information-Decision Making Cycle

Need for and Role of a Databasein an Organization

Introduction of a Database: Special Considerations

Evolution of the Database Administration Function

Figure 16.2 - The IS Department’s Internal Organization

Figure 16.3 - The Placement of the DBA Function

Figure 16.4 - A DBA Functional Organization

Table 16.1 - Contrasting DA and DBA Activities and Characteristics

Table 16.2 - Desired DBA Skills

DBA’s Managerial Role • Provide end-user support • Enforce policies, procedures, and standards for correct data creation, usage, and distribution within the database • Manage data security, privacy, and integrity • Manage data backup and recovery • Fully recover data in case of data loss • Database security officer (DSO):Ensures database security and integrity

DBA’s Managerial Role • Disaster management: Planning, organizing, and testing of database contingency plans and recovery procedures • Backup and recovery measures must include at least periodic data and application backups: • Full backup or database dump: Produces a complete copy of the entire database • Incremental backup: Produces a backup of all data since the last backup date • Concurrent backup: Takes place while the user is working on the database

DBA’s Managerial Role • Backup and recovery measures must include at least: • Proper backup identification • Convenient and safe backup storage • Physical protection of both hardware and software • Personal access control to the software of a database installation • Insurance coverage for the data in the database

DBA’s Managerial Role • Additional points: • Data recovery and contingency plans must be tested, evaluated and practiced frequently • Backup and recovery plan not likely to cover all information system components • Ensure data is distributed to the right people at the right time and in the right format

DBA’s Technical Role Evaluate, select, and install DBMS and related utilities Design and implement databases and applications Test and evaluate databases and applications Operate the DBMS, utilities, and applications Train and support users Maintain the DBMS, utilities, and applications

Security Goals Confidentiality: Protecting data against unauthorized access Compliance: Activities that meet data privacy and security reporting guidelines Integrity: Keeping data consistent and free of errors or anomalies Availability: Accessibility of data whenever required by authorized users and for authorized purposes

Security Policies • Collection of standards, policies, and procedures created to guarantee security • Ensures auditing and compliance • Security audit process • Identifies security vulnerabilities • Identifies measures to protect the system

Security Vulnerabilities Weakness in a system component that could allow unauthorized access or cause service disruptions Categories: Technical, managerial, cultural, and procedural Security threat: Imminent security violation Security breach: Occurs when a security threat is exploited and could lead to a database whose integrity is preserved or corrupted

Table 16.4 - Sample Security Vulnerabilities and Related Protective Measures

Database Security • DBMS features and related measures that comply with the security requirements • Authorization management: Procedures to protect database security and integrity • User access management • View definition • DBMS access control • DBMS usage monitoring • Audit log: Automatically records description of database operations performed by all users

Database Administration Tools Database monitoring Database load testing Database performance tuning SQL code optimization Database bottleneck identification and remediation Database modeling and design Database data extraction, transformation, and loading

Data Dictionary • Two main types: • Integrated - Included with the DBMS • Standalone - Third-party systems • Active data dictionary: Automatically updated by the DBMS with every database access • Passive data dictionary:Requires running a batch process • Main function - Store description of all objects that interact with the database

Data Dictionary • Key element of information resource management • Can be described as the information resource dictionary • Metadata is the basis for monitoring database use and for assigning access rights to users • DBA uses data dictionary to support data analysis and design

Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools • Automated framework for the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) • Usestructured methodologies and powerful graphical interfaces • Classified according to extent of support provided: • Front-end CASE tools: Provide support for the planning, analysis, and design phases • Back-end CASE tools: Provide support for the coding and implementation phases

Components of a CASE Tool

Developing a Data Administration Strategy • Information engineering (IE): Translates strategic goals into data and applications • Information systems architecture (ISA): Helps plan, develop, and control future information systems • Critical success factors: • Management commitment and defined standards • Thorough analysis of the company situation • End-user involvement • Training and a small pilot project

DBA’s Role in the Cloud • Significant impact on role of DBAs • Tasks split between internal DBA and cloud service provider • Cloud service partner company provides: • DBMS installation and updates • Server/network management • Backup and recovery operations

Oracle Database Administration Tools • Ensure the RDBMS starts automatically • Create tablespaces and datafiles • Tablespace: Logical storage space • Datafile: Physically stores the database’s data • Manage users and establish security • User: Allows a given person to log on to the database • Role: Authorizes a user to connect to the database and use its system resources • Profile: Controls how much of the database resource a given user can access

Types of Tablespace

Customize Database Initialization Parameters Fine-tuning a database is an important task that usually requires modification of parameters Initialization parameters reserve resources used by the database at run time After modifying parameters database restart may be required

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• May 24, 2024 Meeting of the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting Announcement - 05/24/2024

Advisory Committee Meeting | Virtual

Event Title May 24, 2024 Meeting of the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting Announcement May 24, 2024

What is an advisory committee.

Advisory committees provide independent expert advice to the FDA on broad scientific topics or on certain products to help the agency make sound decisions based on the available science. Advisory committees make non-binding recommendations to the FDA, which generally follows the recommendations but is not legally bound to do so. Please see, " Advisory Committees Give FDA Critical Advice and the Public a Voice ," for more information.

Center: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research

Location: All meeting participants will be heard, viewed, captioned, and recorded for this advisory committee meeting via an online teleconferencing and/or video conferencing platform.

The meeting presentations will be heard, viewed, captioned, and recorded through an online teleconferencing and/or video conferencing platform. The Committee will discuss the safety and efficacy of biologics license application 761326 for NNC0148-0287 injection (insulin icodec), a long-acting insulin analog product, submitted by Novo Nordisk. The proposed indication is to improve glycemic control in adults with diabetes mellitus.

Meeting Materials

FDA intends to make background material and the link to the live webcast available to the public no later than two (2) business days before the meeting in the Event Materials section of this web page. If FDA is unable to post the background material on its website prior to the meeting, the background material will be made publicly available on FDA’s website at the time of the advisory committee meeting. The meeting will include slide presentations with audio components to allow the presentation of materials in a manner that most closely resembles an in-person advisory committee meeting.

Public Participation Information

Interested persons may present data, information, or views, orally or in writing, on issues pending before the committee.

FDA is establishing a docket for public comment on this meeting. The docket number is FDA-2024-N-1718 . Please note that late, untimely filed comments will not be considered. The docket will close on May 23, 2024. The https://www.regulations.gov electronic filing system will accept comments until 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time at the end of May 23, 2024. Comments received by mail/hand delivery/courier (for written/paper submissions) will be considered timely if they are received on or before that date.

Comments received on or before May 16, 2024 will be provided to the Committee. Comments received after that date will be taken into consideration by FDA. In the event that the meeting is cancelled, FDA will continue to evaluate any relevant applications or information, and consider any comments submitted to the docket, as appropriate. You may submit comments as follows:

Electronic Submissions Submit electronic comments in the following way:

• Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov . Follow the instructions for submitting comments. Comments submitted electronically, including attachments, to https://www.regulations.gov will be posted to the docket unchanged. Because your comment will be made public, you are solely responsible for ensuring that your comment does not include any confidential information that you or a third party may not wish to be posted, such as medical information, your or anyone else’s Social Security number, or confidential business information, such as a manufacturing process. Please note that if you include your name, contact information, or other information that identifies you in the body of your comments, that information will be posted on https://www.regulations.gov .
• If you want to submit a comment with confidential information that you do not wish to be made available to the public, submit the comment as a written/paper submission and in the manner detailed (see “Written/Paper Submissions” and “Instructions”).

Written/Paper Submissions Submit written/paper submissions as follows:

• Mail/Hand delivery/Courier (for written/paper submissions): Dockets Management Staff (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852.
• For written/paper comments submitted to the Dockets Management Staff, FDA will post your comment, as well as any attachments, except for information submitted, marked and identified, as confidential, if submitted as detailed in “Instructions.”

Instructions: All submissions received must include the Docket No. FDA-2024-N-1718 for “Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee; Notice of Meeting; Establishment of a Public Docket; Request for Comments.” Received comments, those filed in a timely manner, will be placed in the docket and, except for those submitted as “Confidential Submissions,” publicly viewable at https://www.regulations.gov or at the Dockets Management Staff between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, 240-402-7500.

• Confidential Submissions--To submit a comment with confidential information that you do not wish to be made publicly available, submit your comments only as a written/paper submission. You should submit two copies total. One copy will include the information you claim to be confidential with a heading or cover note that states “THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION.” FDA will review this copy, including the claimed confidential information, in its consideration of comments. The second copy, which will have the claimed confidential information redacted/blacked out, will be available for public viewing and posted on Regulations.gov . Submit both copies to the Dockets Management Staff. If you do not wish your name and contact information be made publicly available, you can provide this information on the cover sheet and not in the body of your comments and you must identify the information as “confidential.” Any information marked as “confidential” will not be disclosed except in accordance with 21 CFR 10.20 and other applicable disclosure law. For more information about FDA’s posting of comments to public dockets, see 80 FR 56469, September 18, 2015, or access the information at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-09-18/pdf/2015-23389.pdf .

Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or the electronic and written/paper comments received, go to Regulations.gov and insert the docket number, found in brackets in the heading of this document, into the “Search” box and follow the prompts and/or go to the Dockets Management Staff, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852, 240-402-7500.

Oral Presentations

Oral presentations from the public will be scheduled between approximately 1:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m. Eastern Time. Those individuals interested in making formal oral presentations should notify the contact person and submit a brief statement of the general nature of the evidence or arguments they wish to present, the names and addresses of proposed participants, and an indication of the approximate time requested to make their presentation on or before May 10, 2024.

Time allotted for each presentation may be limited. If the number of registrants requesting to speak is greater than can be reasonably accommodated during the scheduled open public hearing session, FDA may conduct a lottery to determine the speakers for the scheduled open public hearing session. The contact person will notify interested persons regarding their request to speak by May 13, 2024.

Webcast Information

CDER plans to provide a free of charge, live webcast of the upcoming advisory committee meeting. If there are instances where the webcast transmission is not successful, staff will work to re-establish the transmission as soon as possible. Further information regarding the webcast, including the web address for the webcast, will be made available no later than two (2) business days before the meeting in the Event Materials section of this web page.

CDER plans to post archived webcasts after the meeting, however, in cases where transmission was not successful, archived webcasts will not be available.

Contact Information

• LaToya Bonner, PharmD Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue WO31-2417 Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002 Phone: 301-796-2855 Email: [email protected]
• FDA Advisory Committee Information Line 1-800-741-8138 (301-443-0572 in the Washington DC area) Please call the Information Line for up-to-date information on this meeting.
• For press inquiries, please contact the Office of Media Affairs at [email protected] or 301–796–4540.

A notice in the Federal Register about last minute modifications that impact a previously announced advisory committee meeting cannot always be published quickly enough to provide timely notice. Therefore, you should always check the agency’s website or call the committee’s Designated Federal Officer (see Contact Information) to learn about possible modifications before coming to the meeting.

Persons attending FDA’s advisory committee meetings are advised that the agency is not responsible for providing access to electrical outlets. FDA welcomes the attendance of the public at its advisory committee meetings and will make every effort to accommodate persons with disabilities. If you require accommodations due to a disability, please contact the committee’s Designated Federal Officer (see Contact Information) at least 7 days in advance of the meeting.

Answers to commonly asked questions including information regarding special accommodations due to a disability may be accessed at: Common Questions and Answers about FDA Advisory Committee Meetings .

FDA is committed to the orderly conduct of its advisory committee meetings. Please visit our Web site at Public Conduct During FDA Advisory Committee Meetings for procedures on public conduct during advisory committee meetings.

Notice of this meeting is given under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. app.2).