market essay for class 4

Essay on Our Local Market

We have a small market near our house it is our local market. Though it is not very big, one can buy almost everything there.

The marketplace is always crowded. The shops are mostly small in size. Some shops sell fruits and dairy products, some sell groceries, some sell fish, some sell utensils, some sell gift items and stationery. One can also find shops selling electronic goods. There are shops for repairing damaged things also.

In the middle of the market, there is a big medical store. It has all kinds of medicines available.

There is also a nice bakery shop just outside the market. It sells delicious cakes and cookies. I love to go to the market as my mother busy me goodies like candies and cakes.

My mother goes twice a week to the market to buy various things.

This local market has made our lives very easy as all day-to-day items are available at a comfortable distance. The shopkeepers are honest and sell quality products at reasonable prices.

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Market Scene Essay: A Deep Dive into Market Activities and Demand for all Classes 100 to 500 + Words

Following is the collection of essays on Market Scene , written for the students of all age groups.  we have short and long paragraphs to guide you on several topics. Dive into the Market Scene Essay

Market Scene Essay 100 Words

A market scene is a very common sight in any country. It is a place where people go to buy and sell things. There are many different types of markets, ranging from small, local markets to large, international ones. No matter what type of market it is, there is always a lot of activity and movement . People are constantly bargaining to get the best market price. The atmosphere is usually very lively and loud. In conclusion, the market scene is a very important and necessary part of life. It is not only a place where people buy and sell goods, but also a place where people socialize and interact with each other.

Market Scene Essay 150 Words

Market scenes can be quite chaotic and overwhelming , especially to someone who is not used to them. However, they can also be very fascinating and provide a great insight into the culture of a place. If you ever have the chance to visit a market scene, make sure to take some time to wander around and take everything in. It is an experience that you will not forget anytime soon. A market scene is always a vibrant and colorful place. The market is a place where people from all walks of life come together to buy and sell goods. It is a place where the haggling and bargaining skills of the sellers are put to the test. In conclusion, the market scene is a vibrant and essential part of life in any city. It is a place where people come together to trade goods and services, and it is also a place where people can relax and enjoy the company of others. Understanding the marketing meaning behind each stall, we realize the market scene is an important part of our culture, and it should be preserved.

Market Scene Essay 250 Words

A market scene is a busy and bustling area where people go to buy and sell goods. It is a place where you can find a variety of things all in one place. The market scene is always bustling with activity. The air is thick with the smell of spices and sweat. The ground is littered with garbage and the stalls are crammed together so tightly that it is difficult to move around. But despite all of this, the market is a place that I love. There is something about the chaos and the noise that I find exhilarating. I love watching the sellers try to outdo each other with their sales pitches. I love seeing the different products that are on offer. And I love tasting the different food that is available. A market survey would reveal that the market is a true reflection of life in India. It is a place where you can see the best and worst of humanity on display. But it is also a place full of life and energy. And for me, that makes it a special place indeed. The market scene is always bustling with activity and it is a great place to people watch. I love observing the different interactions between the vendors and customers and seeing the colorful array of produce on display. It’s always interesting to see what new items are being sold each time I visit. The market scene is a great way to get a glimpse into the local culture and it’s definitely one of my favorite places to go when I’m traveling.

Market Scene Essay 300 Words

The market scene is one of the most vibrant and colorful scenes that you will ever witness. The market is a hub of market activities where people from all walks of life come together to buy and sell goods and services.The market making process can make the market scene a bit overwhelming for new visitors, but it is really quite fascinating. There is a lot of hustle and bustle in the market scene, as people are trying to haggle for the best prices on goods. The air is filled with the sounds of people bargaining and the smell of fresh produce. The colors of the fruits and vegetables are also very striking. If you take the time to wander around the market scene, you will see that there is a lot of variety in the products that are being sold. There are stalls selling clothes, jewelry, food, and even livestock. You can also find service providers such as barbers and masseuses in the market scene. Based on the market definition, the market scene is a great place to observe consumer behavior, as you will see a wide range of people from different socio-economic backgrounds interacting with each other. It is also a great place to buy some cheap souvenirs or gifts for friends and family back home. The market scene essay describes the sights, sounds, and smells of the market. It is a busy place full of people and activity. The essay describes the different stalls and how they are set up. It also describes the people who are buying and selling goods. A market scene is always a hustle and bustle. People from all walks of life going about their daily business in search of good deals and bargaining for the best prices. It’s a place where you can find anything and everything, from fresh produce to second-hand goods. No matter what time of day it is, the market is always busy.

Market Scene Essay 400 + Words

Introduction

The market scene in my town is quite a busy one. There are a lot of people and a lot of noise. The market has a lot of small shops which sell everything from vegetables to clothes. The market is always full of people, and it can be quite difficult to find what you’re looking for. However, the market is also a great place to find bargains. If you’re looking for a specific item, it’s best to ask around. Chances are, someone in the market will know where to find it. The market scene in my town is quite busy, but it’s also a great place to find bargains on things you need.

The Market Scene

The market scene is always busy, reflecting the market demand and bustling with people. There are stalls of all sorts, selling everything from fresh produce to clothes and trinkets. The atmosphere is one of excitement and hustle and bustle, as people bargain and haggle over prices. During all this activity, it can be easy to forget that the market is also a place where people come to socialize. Friends and neighbors catch up with each other while they shop, sharing news and gossip. The market is a lively place where the community comes together.

The Bargaining Process

When two people trade goods or services, they engage in what is called a bargain. The bargaining process is how they come to an agreement on the price and terms of the trade. In a simple bargain, each person has something that the other wants and they agree on a price. For example, when you buy a cup of coffee from a café, both you and the café owner want something – you want coffee and they want money. You agree on a price (usually the going rate for coffee) and make the trade. Bargaining can be more complex than this, however. For example, when buying a car, there are many factors to consider such as the make and model of the car, its age and condition, how much you can afford to pay, and so on. The bargaining process is how you and the seller come to an agreement on all of these factors.

There are some important things to remember when bargaining:

• Be clear about what you want before you start bargaining. This will help you stay focused during the process.
• Try to find out as much as you can about what the other person wants too. This will give you an advantage in negotiations.
• Don’t be afraid to walk away from a deal if it’s not what you want. There’s always another opportunity around the corner!

The Haggling and the Final Purchase

When you’ve finally found the perfect item at the market, it’s time to haggle for the best price. This can be a daunting task, but with a few tips, you can get the best deal. First, don’t be afraid to haggle. The seller expects it and will most likely start high. Second, know your limits. If you’re not comfortable paying more than a certain amount, be firm and walk away if necessary. Third, have fun with it! Haggling can be a fun game of back-and-forth between buyer and seller. Once you’ve reached an agreement on price, it’s time to make the purchase. Be sure to inspect the item carefully before handing over any money. If you’re satisfied, hand over the agreed upon amount and enjoy your new purchase!

The Different Types of Markets

There are many different types of markets, each with their own unique features. The most common type of market is the spot market, where securities are traded for immediate delivery. This is the market that most people are familiar with, as it is where stocks and bonds are bought and sold. Another type of market is the futures market, where contracts are traded for delivery at a later date. Futures markets are used by investors to hedge against price movements in the underlying asset. For example, if a farmer expects the price of wheat to rise in the future, he may sell a wheat futures contract to lock in a lower price for his crop. The options market is another type of derivatives market, where contracts give the holder the right but not the obligation to buy or sell an asset at a certain price. Options can be used to speculate on the direction of an asset’s price, or to hedge against risk in another part of your portfolio. The last major type of market is the foreign exchange (Forex) market, where currencies are traded against each other. The Forex market is the largest financial market in the world, with a daily turnover of over $5 trillion.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Markets

There are both advantages and disadvantages to markets. On the one hand, markets provide a space for buyers and sellers to come together and exchange goods and services. This can lead to increased efficiency and greater choice for consumers. On the other hand, markets can also be unstable, leading to price fluctuations and shortages of goods. They can also be susceptible to monopolies and oligopolies, which can reduce choice and increase prices.

Effective market management ensures the market scene is always busy and bustling with activity. It’s a great place to people watch and take in the sights and sounds of the city. I love how with effective marketing, the market scene is always changing, with new stalls and vendors popping up all the time. It’s a great place to find fresh produce, unique gifts, and delicious food. Whether you’re looking for a fun day out or just want to grab some quick groceries, the market scene is definitely worth checking out.

People Also Ask:

1.How would you describe a scene of a crowded market? Ans: A scene of a crowded market may involve people of all ages and backgrounds. The sounds of merchants bargaining and the smells of fresh food could be overpowering. Crowded markets are a great opportunity to find unique items at reduced prices.

2.How would you describe a market in your town? Ans: There is not a specific market in my town, because different people have different needs and budgets. However, there is always demand for products and services that meet the specific needs of the community.

3.What is a market in easy words? Ans: From a market definition in economics, the market is a place where goods and services are exchanged.

4.What is the importance of a market? Ans: A market is important because it helps to determine the price of a good or service. It also allows for producers and sellers to find each other and it determines what people are willing to pay for a good or service.

Related Posts

Essay on Market Scene

Students are often asked to write an essay on Market Scene in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Market Scene

Overview of a market scene.

A market is a bustling place, full of life and color. It’s where people gather to buy and sell goods, from fresh fruits and vegetables to clothes and household items.

Life in the Market

The market is always busy. Vendors shout out prices, customers haggle over cost, and children run around playing. The air is filled with the smell of food and the sound of chatter.

The Importance of Markets

Markets are important as they provide a place for people to trade goods and services. They also play a key role in the local economy, supporting small businesses and local producers.

250 Words Essay on Market Scene

Introduction.

A market is a vibrant hub of human activity, embodying the essence of local culture and economy. The cacophony of sounds, the riot of colors, and the flurry of activities create an atmosphere that is as chaotic as it is structured, providing a unique insight into the heart of a community.

The Market’s Physicality

The physical structure of a market is a manifestation of its character. Open-air markets, for instance, are often a labyrinth of stalls and vendors, each with their own unique offerings. Covered markets, on the other hand, present a more organized layout, with neatly arranged shops and well-defined pathways.

Commodities and Transactions

The variety of goods sold in a market is an indicator of the region’s economic activities. From fresh produce and livestock to handicrafts and textiles, each item tells a story about the local lifestyle and resources. The negotiation process, a quintessential part of any market scene, reflects the dynamics of supply and demand, and the interpersonal relationships within the community.

People and Interactions

The market is a melting pot of diverse individuals. Traders, customers, and bystanders all contribute to the bustling ambiance. The interactions between these individuals, be it haggling over prices or sharing local news, forge a sense of community and camaraderie.

In essence, a market scene is a microcosm of society, reflecting the cultural, economic, and social facets of a community. It is a place where commerce and culture intertwine, creating a vibrant tableau that is as fascinating as it is functional.

500 Words Essay on Market Scene

A market scene is an integral part of everyday life, pulsating with life and energy. It serves as a meeting point for people from all walks of life, providing a vibrant glimpse into the local culture and economy. The market is a microcosm of the larger world, reflecting the intricate interplay between supply and demand, consumer behavior, and economic trends.

The Vibrant Hustle and Bustle

Upon entering a market, one is greeted by a symphony of sights, sounds, and smells. The air is filled with the chatter of vendors hawking their wares and customers haggling for the best deals. The market is a colorful spectacle, with stalls brimming with a variety of goods – from fresh fruits, vegetables, and flowers to clothes, accessories, and household items. The aroma of spices, fresh produce, and street food wafts through the air, tantalizing the senses.

The Human Element

The market scene is not just about commerce; it’s a social hub where human interactions take center stage. People from diverse backgrounds converge at the market, creating a melting pot of cultures. The interactions between vendors and customers, the friendly banter, heated negotiations, and the shared camaraderie, all contribute to the unique social fabric of the market. It is a place where relationships are nurtured, stories are shared, and community bonds are strengthened.

Economic Significance

From an economic perspective, markets are the epicenters of commercial activity. They are where producers and consumers meet, facilitating the exchange of goods and services. Markets play a crucial role in price determination through the fundamental principles of demand and supply. They also provide opportunities for small businesses and local entrepreneurs, contributing to the local economy and employment.

Changing Market Dynamics

In recent years, the traditional market scene has been undergoing significant transformations. The advent of technology and the rise of e-commerce have reshaped the way people shop. Online marketplaces have gained popularity due to their convenience, variety, and competitive pricing. However, despite the digital revolution, physical markets continue to thrive. They offer an immersive shopping experience that online platforms cannot replicate – the joy of touch, feel, and immediate possession of goods, the satisfaction of a successful bargain, and the pleasure of social interactions.

In conclusion, a market scene is more than just a place for buying and selling goods. It is a lively space that encapsulates the spirit of a community, reflecting its culture, lifestyle, and economic conditions. While technology continues to change the face of commerce, the charm and significance of traditional markets remain undiminished. They continue to be vibrant stages where life unfolds in all its diversity and dynamism.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on Market
• Essay on Crowded Market
• Essay on A Visit to a Market

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Essay on Oligopoly: Top 8 Essays on Oligopoly | Markets | Microeconomics

Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Oligopoly’ for class 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Oligopoly’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Oligopoly

Essay Contents:

• Essay on Payoff (Profit) Matrix

Essay # 1. Introduction to Oligopoly:

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Two extreme market forms are monopoly (characterised by the existence of a single seller) and perfect competition (characterised by a large number of sellers). Competition is of two types- perfect competition and monopolistic competition. In perfect competition, all sellers sell ho­mogeneous products while in monopolistic competition they sell heterogeneous products. In monopoly there is no rival.

So the monopolist is not concerned with the effect of his actions on rivals. In both types of competition, the number of firms is so large that the actions of any one seller have little, if any, effect on its competitors. An industry with only a few sellers is known as an oligopoly, a firm in such an industry is known as an oligopolist.

Although car-wash is a million rupee business, it is not exactly a product familiar to most consumers. However, often many familiar goods and services are supplied only by a few com­peting sellers, which means the industries we are talking about are oligopolies. An oligopoly is not necessarily made up of large firms. When a village has only two medi­cine shops, service there is just as much an oligopoly as air shuttle service between Mumbai and Pune.

Essentially, oligopoly is the result of the same factors that sometimes produce monopoly, but in somewhat weaker form. Honestly, the most important source of oligopoly is the exist­ence of economies of scale, which give better producers a cost advantage over smaller ones. When these economies of scale are very strong, they lead to monopoly, but when they are not that strong they lead to competition among a small number of firms.

Since an oligopoly con­tains a small number of firms, any change in the firms’ price or output influences the sales and profits of competitors. Each firm must, therefore, recognise that changes in its own policies are likely to elicit changes in the policies of its competitors as well.

As a result of this interdependence, oligopolists face a situation in which the optimal deci­sion of one firm depends on what other firms decide to do. And so there is opportunity for both conflict and cooperation. Oligopoly refers to a market situation in which the number of sellers is few, but greater than one. A special case of oligopoly is monopoly in which there are only two sellers.

Essay # 2. Characteristics of Oligopoly:

The notable characteristics of oligopoly are:

1. Price-Searching Behaviour :

An oligopolist is neither a price-taker (like a competitor) nor a price-maker (like a monopolist). It is a price-searcher. An oligopolist is neither a big enough part of the market to be able to act as a monopolist, nor a small enough part of the market to be able to act as a competitor. But each firm is a dominant part of the market.

In such a situation, competition among buyers will force all the sellers to charge a uniform price for a product. But each firm is sufficiently so large a part of the market that its actions will have noticeable effects upon his rivals. This means that if a single firm changes its output, the prices charged by all the firms will be raised or lowered.

2. Product Characteristics :

In oligopoly, there may be product differentiation as in monopolistic competition (called differ­entiated oligopoly) or a homogeneous product may be traded by all the few dominant firms (as in pure oligopoly).

3. Interdependence and Uncertainty :

In oligopoly no firm can take decision on price independently. It is because the decision to fix a new price or change an existing price will create reactions among the rival firms. But rivals’ reactions cannot be predicted accurately. If a firm reduces its price its rivals may reduce their prices or they may not. So there is lack of symmetry in the behaviour of rival firms.

This type of reaction of rivals is not found in perfect competition or monopolistic competition where all firms change their price in the same direction and by the same magnitude in order to remain competitive and survive in the long run. So the outcome of a firm’s decision is uncertain.

For this reason it is difficult to predict the total demand for the product of an oligopolistic industry. It is still more difficult, and in some situations virtually impossible, to estimate the share of an individual firm in industry’s output.

It is true that the consequences of attempted price variations on the part of an individual seller are uncertain. His rivals may follow his change, or they may not, but they will, in all likelihood, notice it. The results of any action on the part of an oligopolist or even a duopolist depend upon the reactions of his rivals. In short, it is not possible to define general price- quantity relations for an individual firm, since reaction patterns of rivals are highly uncertain and almost completely unknown.

4. Different Reaction Patterns and Use of Models :

It is not true to say that, in oligopoly, profit is always maximised. It is because an oligopolist does not have control over all the variables which affect his profit. Moreover, a variety of possible reaction patterns is possible in this market—there is a conjectural variation in this market.

Just as firm A’s profit depends on the output of firm B also, firm B’s profit, in its turn, depends on firm A’s output. This is why various models are used to describe the diverse behaviour of oligopoly markets where a variety of outcomes is possible.

5. Non-Price Competition :

As in monopolistic competition there is not only price competition but non-price competition as well in oligopoly (and, to some extent, in duopoly). For example, advertising is often a life and death question in this type of market due to strategic behaviour of all firms. In most oligopoly situations we find intermediate outcomes. Economists are yet to emerge with a definite behaviour pattern in oligopoly.

Essay # 3. Scope of Study of Oligopoly :

Here we study a few of the many possible reaction patterns in duopoly and oligopoly situa­tions. The focus is on pure oligopoly. Here we assume that all firms produce a homogeneous product. We do not discuss the case of differentiated oligopoly and the issue of selling cost (advertising) separately. Of course, we discuss briefly Baumol’s sales maximisation hypoth­esis—without and with advertising.

The focus here is on the interdependence of the various sellers’ reactions, which is the essential distinguishing feature of oligopoly. If the influence of one seller’s quantity decision from the profit of another, δπ i /δq j , is negligible, the industry must be either perfectly competi­tive or monopolistically competitive. If δπ i /δq j , is perceptible, the industry is duopolistic or oligopolistic.

The optimum quantity and maximum profit of a duopolist or oligopolist depend upon the actions of the firms belonging to the industry. He can control only his own output level (or price, if his product is differentiated), but he has no direct control over other variables which are likely to (or do) affect his profits. In truth, the profit of each oligopolist is the result of the interaction of the decisions of all players in the market.

Since there are no generally accepted behavioural assumptions for oligopolists and duopolists as is found in other market forms, there are diverse patterns of behaviour and many different solutions for oligopolistic and duopolistic markets. Each solution is based on different types of models and each model is based on a different behavioural assumption or a set of assumptions.

Here we start with one or two simple duopoly models. The same analysis (solution) can be extended to cover any oligopolistic market. The earliest model of duopoly behaviour is the Cournot model, with which we may start our review of different oligopoly models. We end with the game theoretic treatment of oligopoly which shows decision-making under conflict.

Essay # 4. Models of Oligopoly:

1. the cournot model :.

The Cournot model (presented in 1838) is based on the analysis of a market in which two firms produce a homogeneous product. Augustin Cournot (a French economist) noticed that only two firms were producing mineral water for sale. He argued that each firm would choose quan­tity that would maximise profit, taking the quantity marketed by its competitor as given.

Two main features of the model are:

(i) Each firm chooses a quantity of output instead of price; and

(ii) In choosing its output each firm takes its rival’s output as given.

In Cournot’s model, then, strategies are quantities of output. Here we assume that firms produce a homoge­neous good and know the market demand curve.

Each firm must decide how much to produce, and the two firms make their decisions at the same time. When taking its production decision, each duopolist takes into consideration its competitor. It knows that its competitor is also de­ciding how much to produce, and the market price will depend on the total output of both firms.

The essence of the Cournot model is that each firm treats the output level of its competitor as fixed and then decides how much to produce. Each Cournot’s duopolist believes that the other’s quantity will not change. In Fig. 1 when I produces Q M , II maximises its profit by producing 1/4Q C . In order to sell Q M plus Q c , the price must fall to P 1 . Here Q M is the mo­nopoly output which is half the competitive output Q c .

The inverse demand function, stating price as a function of the aggregate quantity sold, is expressed as:

P =f (q 1 ) + q 2 … (1)

where q 1 and q 2 are the output levels of the duopolists. The total revenue of each duopolist depends upon his own output level as also as that of his rival:

R 1 = q 1 f 1 (q 1 + q 2 ) = R 1 (q 1 , q 2 )

R 2 = q 2 f 2 (q 1 + q 2 ) = R 2 (q 1 , q 2 ) … (2)

The profit of each equals his total (sales) revenue, less his cost, which depends upon his output level above:

π 1 = R 1 (q 1 , q 2 ) – C 1 (q 1 )

π 2 = R 2 (q 1 , q 2 ) – C 2 (q 2 ) … (3)

The basic behavioural assumption of the Cournot model is that each duopolist maximises his profit on the assumption that the quantity produced by his rival is invariant with respect to his own decision regarding output quantity. Duopolist I maximises π 1 with reference to q 1 , treating q 2 as a parameter, and duopolist II maximises π 2 , with reference to q 2 , treating q 1 as a parameter. Setting the partial derivatives of (3) equal to zero, we get:

The solution of (7) is

Here OM is the marginal cost of producing the commodity. The second firm’s price is p 2 . The first firm’s profit function is composed of three segments. When p 1 < p 2 , the first firm captures the entire mar­ket, and its profit increases as its price increases. When p 1 > p 2 , the two firms split the total profits equal to distance CA, and each makes a profit equal to CB. When p 1 >p 2 , the first firm’s profit is zero because it sells nothing when its price exceeds the second firm’s price.

Criticisms:

The Bertrand model has been criticised on two main grounds. First, when firms produce a homogeneous good, it is more natural to compete by setting quantities rather than prices. Second, even if firms do set prices and choose the same price (as the model predicts), what share of total sales will go to each one? The model assumes that sales would be divided equally among the firms, but there is no reason why this must be the case.

However, despite these shortcomings, the Bertrand model is useful because it shows how the equilibrium out­come in an oligopoly can depend crucially on the firms’ choice of strategic variable.

3. The Stackelberg Model :

The Stackelberg model (presented by the German economist Heinrich von Stackelberg) is a modified version of the Cournot model. In the Cournot model, we assume that two duopolists make their output decisions at the same time. The Stackelberg model examines what happens if one of the firms can set its output first. The Stackelberg model of duopoly is different from the Cournot model, in which neither firm has any opportunity to react.

The model is based on the assumption that the profit of each duopolist is a function of the output levels of both:

π 1 = g 1 (q 1 , q 2 ) π 2 = g 2 (q 1 , q 2 ) … (1)

The Cournot solution is found out by maximising π 1 with reference to q 1 , assuming q 2 to be constant and π 2 with reference to q 2 , assuming q 1 to be constant. In general, each firm might make some other assumption about the response (reaction) of its only rival. In such a situation, profit-maximisation by the two duopolists requires the fulfillment of the following two condi­tions:

Since the firm’s demand curve is kinked, its combined marginal revenue curve is discon­tinuous. This means that the firm’s cost can change without leading to price change. In this figure, marginal cost could increase but would still equal marginal revenue at the original out­put level. This means that price remains the same.

The kinked demand curve model fails to explain oligopoly pricing. It says nothing about how marginal revenue firms arrived at the original price P̅ to start with. In fact, some arbitrary price is taken as both the starting and end point of our journey. Why firms did not arrive at some other price remains an open question. It just describes price rigidity but cannot explain it. In addition, the model has not been supported by empirical tests. In reality, rival firms do match price increases as well as price cuts.

Market-sharing Price Leadership :

Oligopolists often collude—jointly restrict supply to raise price and cooperate. This strategy can lead to higher profits. Collusion is, however, illegal. Moreover, one of the main impedi­ments to implicitly collusive pricing is the fact that it is difficult for firms to agree (without talking to each other) on what the price should be.

Coordination becomes particularly problem­atic when cost and demand conditions—and, thus, the ‘correct’ price—are changing. However, benefits of cooperation can be enjoyed without actually colluding. One way of doing this is through price leadership. Price leadership may be provided by a low-cost firm or a dominant firm.

In this context, we may draw a distinction between price signalling and price leadership. Price signalling is a form of implicit collusion that sometimes gets around this problem. For example, a firm might announce that it has raised its price with the expectation that its competi­tors will take this announcement as a signal that they should also raise prices. If competitors follow, all of the firms (at least, in the short run) will earn higher profits.

At times, a pattern is established whereby one firm regularly announces price changes and other firms in the industry follow. This type of strategic behaviour is called price leadership— one firm is implicitly recognised as the ‘leader’. The other firms, the ‘price followers’, match its prices. This behaviour solves the problem of coordinating price: Everyone simply charges what the leader is charging.

Price leadership helps to overcome oligopolistic firms’ reluctance to change prices—for fear of being undercut. With changes in cost and demand conditions, firms may find it increas­ingly necessary to change prices that have remained rigid for some time. In that case, they wait for the leader to signal when and by how much price should change.

Sometimes a large firm will naturally act as a leader; sometimes different firms will act as a leader from time to time. In this context, we may discuss the dominant Firm model of leadership. This is known as market- sharing price leadership.

6. The Dominant Firm Model :

In some oligopolistic markets, one large firm has a major share of total sales while a group of smaller firms meet the residual demand by supplying the remainder of the market. The large firm might then act as a dominant firm, setting a price that maximises its own profits.

The other firms, which individually could exert little, if any, influence over price, would then act as perfect competitors; they all take the price set by the dominant firm as given and produce accordingly. But what price should the dominant firm set? To maximise profit, it must take into account how the output of the other firms depends on the price it sets.

Fig. 5 shows how a dominant firm sets its prices. A dominant firm is one with a large share of total sales that sets price to maximise profits, taking into account the supply response of smaller firms. Here D is the market demand curve and S F is the supply curve (i.e., the aggregate marginal cost curves of the smaller firms, called competitive fringe firms). The dominant firm must determine its demand curve D D .

This curve is just the difference between market demand and the supply of fringe firms. For example, at price P 1 , the supply of fringe firms is just equal to market demand. This means that the dominant firm can sell nothing at this price. At a price P 2 or less, fringe firms will not supply any of the good, in which case, the dominant firm faces the market demand curve. If price lies between P 1 and P 2 , the dominant firm faces the demand curve D D .

The marginal cost curve of the dominant firm corresponding to D D is MR D . The dominant firm’s marginal cost curve is MC D . In order to maximise its profit, the dominant firm produces quantity Q D at the interaction of MR D and MC D . From the demand curve D D , we find P 0 . At this price, fringe firms sell a quantity Q F , thus the total quantity sold is Q T = Q D + Q F .

7. Collusive Oligopoly: The Cartel Model :

Various models have been formulated to explain the strategic behaviour of firms in an oligopolistic market. A price (cut-throat) competition exists among the rivals who try to oust the others from the market. Sometimes there ex­ists a dominant firm that acts as the leader in the market while the others just follow the leader.

As a result, there happens to be a clear possibil­ity of the formation of a cartel by the rival firms in an oligopolistic market in order to eliminate competition among themselves. This is termed as “collusive oligopoly” because the firms some­how manage to combine together in order to be­have collectively as a single monopoly.

Now let us see graphically what incentives the firms get for forming a cartel. In Fig. 6, the market demand curve is given by the D M the total supply curve is the horizontal summation of the marginal cost curves of all existing firms in the industry, which is denoted by MC M .

The market equilibrium is attained at the point of intersection between the D M (demand curve) and the marginal cost curve MC M , if the firms compete with each other. OP M is the equilibrium price at which the total output of the industry is OQ M .

In order to determine its own quantity, each firm equates this price to its marginal cost. The sum of the quantities of the firms is OQ. If the firms form a cartel in order to act as a monopolist, the price rises to OP ‘ M and the quantity is reduced to OQ ‘ M to be in equilibrium. Now, when the quantity is being reduced by Q M Q’ M , then all the firms together save the cost represented by the area below the MC M curve which is Q M E M F M Q ‘ M .

Thus, a rise in price due to a reduction in the quantity is followed by a decrease in the total revenue represented by the area below the MR M curve, i.e., area Q M G M F M Q’ M . This, in turn, shows that the cost saved exceeds the loss in revenue and, so, all the firms taken as a whole can increase their profit represented by the area E M F M G M . The prospect of earning this extra profit actually acts as the incentive to form a cartel in the oligopoly market structure.

Since the cartel is formed, all firms agree together to produce the total quantity OQ’ M . In order to carry this out, each and every firm is allotted a quota or a certain portion of production such that the sum of all quotas is equal to OQ M . For this, the best way of quota allotment would be to treat each firm as a separate entity (plant) under the same monopolist. Thus, all the firms have the same marginal cost (MC) such that MC = MR (marginal revenue).

Finally, the total profit is maximised because the total output is produced at the minimum cost.

Each and every firm can increase its profit by reducing the profits of other firms, simply by increasing its output quantity above the allotted quota. The system of cartel formation must guard against the desire of individual firms to violate the quota and the cartel breaks down when the cost of guarding against quota violation is very high.

The OPEC is an example of collusive oligopoly or cartel in which members (producers) explicitly agree to cooperate in setting prices and output levels. All the producers in an industry need not and often do not join the cartel. But if most producers adhere to the cartel’s agree­ments, and if market demand is sufficiently inelastic, the cartel may drive prices well above competitive levels.

Two conditions for success:

Two conditions must be fulfilled for cartel success. First, a stable cartel organisation must be formed whose members agree on price and production levels and both adhere to that agreement. The second condition is the potential for monopoly power. A cartel cannot raise price much if it faces a highly elastic demand curve. If the potential gains from cooperation are large, cartel members will have more incentive to share their organisa­tional problems.

Analysis of Cartel Pricing:

Cartel pricing can be analysed by using the dominant firm model of oligopoly. It is because a cartel usually accounts for only a portion of total production and must take into account the supply response of competitive (non-cartel) producers when it sets price. Here we illustrate the OPEC oil cartel.

Fig. 7 illustrates the case of OPEC. Total demand TD is the world demand curve for crude oil, and S c is the competitive (non-OPEC) supply curve. The demand for OPEC oil D 0 is the difference between total demand (TD) and competitive supply (SC), and MR 0 is the corresponding marginal revenue curve.

MC 0 is OPEC’s marginal cost curve; OPEC has much lower production costs than do non-OPEC producers. OPEC’s marginal revenue and marginal cost are equal at quantity Q 0 , which is the quantity that OPEC will produce. Here we see from OPEC s demand curve that the price will be P 0 .

Since both total demand and non-OPEC supply are inelastic, the demand for OPEC oil is also fairly inelastic; thus the cartel has substantial monopoly. In the 1970s, it used that power to drive prices well above competitive levels.

In this context, it is important to distinguish between short-run and long-run supply and demand curves. The total demand and non-OPEC supply curves in Fig. 7 apply to short-or intermediate-run analysis. In the long run, both demand and supply will be much more elastic, which means that OPEC’s demand curve will also be much more elastic.

We would thus expect that, in the long run, OPEC would be unable to maintain a price that is so much above the competitors’ level. In truth, during 1982-99, oil prices fell steadily, mainly because of the long- run adjustment of demand and non-OPEC supply.

However, cartel is not an unmixed blessing. No doubt cartel members can talk to one an­other in order to formalize an agreement. But it is not that easy to reach a consensus. Different members may have different costs, different assessments of market demand, and even different objectives, and they may, therefore, want to set prices at different levels.

Furthermore, each member of the cartel will be tempted to “cheat” by lowering its price slightly to capture a larger market share than it was allotted. Most often, only the threat of a long-term return to competi­tive prices deters cheating of this sort. But if the profits from cartelization are large enough, that threat may be sufficient.

Essay # 5. Sales (Revenue) Maximisation :

W.J. Baumol presented an alternative hypothesis to profit maximisation, viz., sales (revenue) maximisation. He has suggested that large oligopolistic firms do not maximise profit, but rather maximise sales revenue, subject to the constraint that profit equals or exceeds some minimum accepted level. Various empirical studies support Baumol’s hypothesis. And it accurately cap­tures some aspects of oligopolistic firms’ behaviour.

Most important, when firms are uncertain about their demand curve they actually face, or, when they cannot accurately estimate the marginal costs of their output (due to uncertainty about factor prices, or when they produce more than one product), the decision to try to maximise sales appears to be consistent with their long-term survival. This is why many oligopolist firms seek to maximise their market share in order to protect themselves from the adverse effects of uncertain market environment.

Graphical Analysis :

A revenue-maximising oligopolist would choose to produce that level of output for which MR = 0. When MR = 0, TR is maximum. That is, the oligopolist should proceed to the point at which selling any extra unit(s) actually leads to a fall in TR. This choice is illustrated in Fig. 8.

For the firm which faces the demand curve D, TR is maximum when output is q s . For q < q s , MR is positive. This means that selling more units increases TR (though not necessarily profit). For q > q s , however, MR is negative. So further sales actually reduce TR because of price cuts that are necessary to induce consumers to buy more. We know that

MR = P(1 – 1/e p ) … (1)

MR = 0 if e p = 1, in which case TR will be maximum. TR is constant in a small neighbourhood of that output quantity at M 1 P = 0, TR is maximum, and when TR is maximum, e p = 1.

We may now compare the revenue-maximisation choice with the profit-maximising level of output, q s . At q p , MR equals marginal cost MC in Fig. 8. Increasing output beyond q p would reduce profits since MR < MC. Even though TR continues to increase up to q s , units of output beyond q p bring in less than they cost to produce. Since marginal revenue is positive at q p , equation (1) shows that demand must be elastic (e p > 1) at this point.

Essay # 6. Constrained Revenue Maximisation :

A firm that chooses to maximise TR is neither taking into account its costs nor the profitabil­ity of the output that it is selling. And it is quite possible that the output level q s in Fig. 8 yields negative profit to the firm. However, it is not possible to any firm to survive for ever with negative profits. So it may be more realistic to assume that firms do meet some mini­mum level (target rate) of profit from their activities.

Thus, even though oligopolists may be prompted to produce more than q p with a view to maximising revenue, they may produce less than q p units in order to ensure an acceptable level of profit. They will, therefore, behave as constrained revenue maximises and will choose to produce an output level which lies between q p and q s .

Mathematical Analysis :

Table of Contents

Markets in economics do not refer to a specific place or location. Markets are used to refer to the commodities being traded instead of a place as commonly used. For instance, we may talk of a car market or any other commodity of service that one can think of. Economics identifies five types of markets that exist in the world. The markets differ from each other on a number of issues. One of the major points of divergence is the number of market participants in the industry selling specific products or services. The second differentiating factor is the product attributes (the degree of differentiation). Differentiation is also based on the barriers to entry into the market. Some markets exhibit high barriers to entry while others have low or no barriers to entry. This essay explores the four major market types: pure competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. The analysis will also show how each market differs from the rest of the markets and the examples in real world. 

Market Structure Types

One concept that is commonly used in market structure analysis is differentiation. According to Krugman and Wells (2013), “differentiated goods are goods that are different but considered somewhat substitutable by consumers.” These are products that can be used for a similar purpose but are perceived to be different e.g. the difference between Pepsi and Coke. The second difference relates to the number of firms or producers. These are the agents who bring the products or services to the market. Again you can think of Pepsi Company and Coca-Cola Company as examples of firms.

Pure/Perfect Competition

Pure competition is different from the other three market structures. To begin with, pure competition refers to a market where there are many sellers and buyers. Economics defines it as a market where there are infinite sellers and buyers. The most basic difference between perfect competition and other market structures relates to pricing. In a pure competition, all the firms are price takers. This is because the firms has little control over the price. Prices are determined in the market through the interaction of the forces of demand and supply (Baumol & Blinder, 2009).

Another differentiating factor is that in a pure competition, products are identical. There is no differentiation between products offered in the market and this is one of the reasons price cannot be determined by the firm. Because every firm offers an identical product, charging a price above the competitors sends customers away to the competitors. 

In addition to price and product differentiation, the perfectly competitive markets are characterized by ease of entry and exit. The cost of entry and exit into the market are so low so any firm may be able to enter the market and leave as it deems necessary. The ease of entry is also the reason there are infinite sellers in the market. 

What are some of the examples of pure competition? Well, it is hard to say that there is a market that is purely competitive at the moment. There are markets that however, appear to resemble perfect competition. One such example is the agricultural produce market. The market for agricultural produce is seen as relatively competitive because there is no large differentiation between products. There is also a large number of sellers in market and prices are determined at the market. Another example of a perfect competition is the internet. There is a very large number of sellers and buyers of internet services. Buyers also have perfect information which is easily accessible over the internet. Entry and exit are also relatively easy. Prices are relatively the same because customers can easily sift through the prices and compare the bargains. 

Monopolistic Competition

The monopolistic competition is defined as a market where the number of sellers is many but the products are differentiated. The products in a monopolistic competition can all be categorized into one generic group. However, each product has some salient differences from the rest of the products in the market. One of differentiating factors is the brand name. Brand names are also used to create some level of differentiation between products. The sellers control over the branded item gives him or her some level of control over the goods.  There is some level of barriers to entry and this limits the number of firms or sellers in the market. 

There is little level of monopoly power in this market because other sellers may not produce a similar good under the same brand name. As a result of this control over a product, the seller has some level of control over the prices of goods. According to Datta (2017), the demand functions faced by monopolistic competition firms are different from perfect competition in that they are downward sloping. Datta also notes that because the firms “elasticity of demand is not infinity, the degree of monopoly power is positive.” Monopolistic competition and pure competition are however similar in the sense that they both entail price competition among the number of firms. 

One of the examples of monopolistic competition is seen in the bars and nightclubs market. Each establishment has its own prices and offers goods and services that may have real or perceived differences. While all of them sell beer, it is possible to find the prices are different as you move from one establishment to another. The differentiation is mostly perceived and is created through hospitality services, interior ambience, the location and other things not related to the products being sold. Another market that shows characteristics of a monopolistic competition is the specialty coffee market. There are many sellers in the market all selling coffee. However, each seller is able to sell at a different price because of the real or perceived differences in their product, such as the brand name (Lipovsky, 2017). 

An oligopoly is the kind of market that is comprised of a small number of sellers. The number of sellers is kept low by the significantly high barriers to entry. Firms in an oligopoly market produce either differentiated or identical products. There are also incentives for firms to engage in illegal activities because of the relatively small number of firms that allows them to engage in illegal agreements. Such agreements could allow the firms to fix prices, split markets or limit the level of competition. Antitrust laws however limit such practices so there generally a high level of competition among players in an oligopoly market (Hirschey, 2009). 

The distinguishing characteristic of an oligopoly is the fact that there are just a few firms who are responsible for the total or much of the output in the industry. There is an interrelation of price and output decisions in the market. Firms therefore anticipate the possible reactions of the competitors when setting their prices or output levels. Firms in an oligopoly spend a lot on product differentiation, advertising and other methods of competition that do not relate to price directly. This investments ultimately result in high output and price for the firms (Tucker, 2010). 

An example of an oligopoly exists in the smartphone market. In the smartphone market, the number of sellers in not small. However, there are a few dominant firms that make up the bulk of the industry output. The top players and Apple and Samsung. The companies invest a lot of money on advertising, and research and development. This investments allow them to make up products that give them an edge over the competition and their production makes up the largest part of the smartphone market. The airline market can also be seen as an oligopoly market. Because of the high initial capital outlay, the number of entrants is not high. The few firms in the market compete on service differentiation to maximize their profits. 

Monopoly is most widely known type of market structure. The monopoly lies at the extreme end of market structures. In monopoly form of the market, the seller has all the market powers. The major characteristic of the monopoly market is the existence of a single seller. There is also only one unique product in the market. In addition, it is impossible for other sellers to enter the market. The single unique product sold by a monopoly seller has no substitutes. The consumer is therefore left with only two choices; to buy the product from the monopoly seller or to stay without the product (Tucker, 2009). 

In a monopoly market, the seller has the power to set prices for the product as he wishes. The monopoly seller may set the prices to be uniform across the market. In other instances, the monopoly seller can establish price discrimination where different sets of buyers are charged different prices from other sets. It is also the seller who determines how much to produce and how much price to pay to suppliers in the market. Monopoly exists in two distinct forms; natural monopoly, and artificial monopoly. Natural monopoly arises as a result of high startup costs and fixed costs of operations. Artificial monopoly is created when measures are put in place to intentionally prevent other firms from entering into the market (Bumas, 2015).

The most common examples of monopolies exist in utilities. Public utilities such as water, sewerage, electricity exhibit monopoly market characteristics. These are often natural monopolies and exist because the cost of infrastructure required to run them and the costs of operations are often high. Google is also considered a monopoly in most parts of the world especially in North America and Europe. In these regions, the most or the only used search engine is Google to the extent that is has come be used as a verb meaning to look something up on the internet. 

It is clear that markets differ depending on a number of factors. Those industry that have high barriers to entry show the existence of either oligopoly or monopolistic markets. Industries will low or no barriers to entry are dominated by perfect competition. Monopolies exists as a result of extreme barriers to entry (legal, financial or technological) that exclude any other firm from entering the market. It is however, not clear whether perfect competition exists in the real world. The characteristics of a pure competition are not easily seen in any market. What exists are markets that closely resemble pure competition but they cannot be seen to fulfill all the requirements for a pure or perfect competition. 

• Baumol, W. & Blinder, A. (2009). Microeconomics: Principles and Policy , 11 th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. 
• Bumas, L. (2015). Intermediate Microeconomics: Neoclassical and Functionally-Oriented Models . New York, NY: Routledge. 
• Datta, D. (2017). Managerial Economics . Delhi: PHI Learning, Private Limited. 
• Hirschey, M. (2009). Fundamentals of Managerial Economics , 9 th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. 
• Krugman, P. & Wells, R. (2013). Economics , 3 rd Ed. United States of America: Worth Publishers.
• Lipovsky, W. (2017). 12 Monopolistic Examples and 33 Oligopolistic Examples . First Quarter Finance. 
• Tucker, I. (2009). Survey of Economics , 6 th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. 
• Tucker, I. (2010). Microeconomics for Today, 6 th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
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Read this essay to learn about the meaning of market!

There are two aspects of every market: demand and supply. We have discussed both the concepts in the previous units. In this article, we will put the two components together to examine the behaviour of ‘Market’ as a whole.

Image Curtsey: marketmonetarist.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/mvpy_lc.jpg

Market is like the nervous system of modern economic life. Producers and consumers carry out their transactions of sale and purchase through the medium of market. In the layman’s language, market refers to a place where goods are purchased and sold.

But, in economics, the term ‘market’ has a wider meaning. In economics, market has no reference to a specific place. It is not necessary for buyers and sellers to assemble at a particular place for sale or purchase of goods. The only condition is that they should be in contact with each other through any means of communication, like internet, telephones, letters, etc.

Market refers to the whole region where buyers and sellers of a commodity are in contact with each other to effect purchase and sale of the commodity. From the above discussion, the essential constituents of a market can be summarized as:

Market is not related to any particular place. It spreads over an area. The area becomes the point of contact between buyers and sellers.

(ii) Buyers and sellers:

Buyers and sellers should be in contact with each other. However, contact does not necessarily mean physical presence.

(iii) Commodity:

For the existence of market, there must be a commodity which will be sold and purchased among buyers and sellers.

(iv) Competition:

The existence of competition among buyers and sellers is also an essential condition for the existence of a market, otherwise different prices may be charged for the same commodity.

Related Articles:

• Market: What is the Meaning of Market?
• 5 Major Factors which Determine the Market Structure of an Industry

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Essay on Weekly Market | Short Information

June 11, 2020 by Study Mentor 5 Comments

Table of Contents

Essay on the weekly market – Essay 1

Introduction.

Today there are many online shopping sites such as Amazon, Flipkart, and many other shopping marts such as D-mart are in the country, but people still love to buy well in the weekly markets. Every village has it’s own unique market where they are very well organized. The markets are usually named after the day on which it’s going to hold, such as the Tuesday market, Sunday market, etc. In these markets, you will find all shops for daily needs items such as clothes, utensils, etc. These markets are held on a particular day of the week, and it starts at 4 pm and ends at 10 pm. The people from the neighboring areas and some people come from long distances to come to buy the necessary things for a week and come again next week on the same day at the same time. 

These markets are not only held in villages, towns but also in big cities too. The products in these markets are very cheaper, so it will help the weaker section and the middle class. Most of the shop owners are sold at their home. The employee is their family members to run this shop. They don’t hire anyone outside of the family members. In these markets, the customers have an option to choose the shop due to this. The seller reduces the price of the product to attract more customers. 

These markets are held from centurions, and people buy the goods which are sufficient for one week so to reducing the go-to shop on a regular day. In this weekly market, people buy bakery items, so the shop keepers keep freshly baked cakes, biscuits, cream rolls, and pastries. Vegetables and fruits vendor has a more significant portion in these markets. These market shop vendors also sell jewelry and imitating jewelry. This shop has a large crowd in front of these shops. 

About Weekly markets

The Weekly market is held on a particular day and for a limited time every week. These markets are generally held at 4 pm and end it in late evenings. The place where the market is held is left and cleaned by midnight. In the morning you don’t find any evidence that there was a market at this place yesterday. These markets are very much awaited by the people. Some people started making a list of items as the day nearby. In this market, the shops of utensils, clothing, vegetables, fruits, footwear, and furniture. The people only find fresh vegetables and fruits in the weekly markets. The market is essential for both shop owners and customers because the people will get the best product, and the shop owners get a better price for the product. The shop keeper is eagerly waiting for the market open. They sell every product until the stocks are over and again fill the stock for the next week. This never-ending process of shop owners and buyers. This market brings enjoyment to the place where it’s held. The markets are essential for people where they buy the product and necessary items for the week. 

The Advantages of the weekly market

One place to buy all your need: .

All the products and eatables are available in one place. The customers don’t have to go to different shops to buy different items. That saves customers time and money. In this market, the customers can buy vegetables, fruits, and daily necessitates and others such as footwear and cosmetics to furniture. 

This market, the shop of a very category, has at least five and more shops. The people come across the village and shop in this market. The people have a lot of choice of shop present in the market. 

Convenience: 

The market is highly convenient for customers. The shop owner and customer are highly convinced by each other. For shop owners to get the right price and customers to less price compared to the markets.

The shop owner sells at a lower price because they don’t have to pay any rents and electrical bills.

These markets have various shops that are temporarily made for this day, and soon it’s complete easily removed form that place.

The disadvantages of the weekly market

• In this market, there is a lack of cleanliness
• This markets over crow due the police has to manage people and divert the traffic of the particular region 
• The markets have some pocket thieves and ready to cut pockets of customers
• The products are placed on the ground.

 The Measures to take care while purchasing in the weekly market

• Always drive with great attention because there are chances of accidents 
• Bargain with shop keeper until you get the best price of the product 
• Be aware of the product you are going to buy because some hawkers sell cheap stuff or also try to fool you by saying it branded especially for clothes and undergarments
• Go Inside the market by walk because the place is crowed by people and it creates fuss in the area
• Check your pockets frequently because there are chances of getting robbed by pocket thieves 
• Always check the MRP and Check expiry dates of packed goods 

These markets are only seen in India. There are no such markets in western countries. The customers of these markets are very sophisticated, patience, and spend a large amount of money. The markets have become Indian Culture. Foreign people come to the market and buy some products to take with them to their countries. In this market, you can find bakery items such as fresh cakes and bread, which are consumed by customers in the morning and evenings. On the occasion of festivals such as Diwali, Holi, Dussehra, these markets are opened as usual but also send necessary things requires to perform a pooja. During Diwali, you find firecrackers shop in this market. During Holi this market, you will find shops that are selling different types of colors. The traditional weekly markets are to be preserved and maintained by the government so that the weekly market exits for our future ones. The weekly markets have been in the history of our country and will remain in the future too.

Essay on the weekly market – Essay 2

Weekly market is supposed to hold every week of a month. Every place have their own market adjustable to them, some organise Sunday market, some Tuesday market, some Wednesday etc.

These markets are to buy different things of our daily needs like clothes, utensils, etc.

These weekly markets are generally held on particular day of a week at a particular location, and generally start at mid afternoon about 4 pm and ends at night 10 pm.

People from nearby areas come to visit this market to buy their daily necessities every week, some come to eat some street food.

These markets are held in cities and as well as in villages too, to meet the people requirements.

They sell their product at much cheaper rates so that lower middle class and poor people can also afford these items.

Ways to sell Goods

Shopkeepers try to sell their goods as much as possible so that they can buy new products or fashion next week.

Every shopkeeper has their own criteria to bargain and sell.

Shopkeeper selling clothes squats a piece of cloth which generally costumer like and spread it on ground to show its colour and quality and then bargain , shopkeeper selling utensils shows new type of utensils to reduce the wastage of time or by selling useful utensils .

Shopkeeper selling jewels are generally artificial and affordable and they look great.

Almost every shop is same and there’s a lot of crowd at every shop.

There is almost every shop from groceries to clothes at affordable price. There are many hawkers standing on the roads too to sell some small items.

It’s a great business for those who are new in their business, and they spend short span of time to earn more money as people have to spend less money and time on these goods.

Some of the disadvantages of these markets are

• They create traffic jams across the roads.
• Some beautiful products are lying on the ground
• They don’t use scales or measurement tapes to measure a cloth.
• Cleanliness is not at all care of.

These shops are temporary (for a day). Snack shops are mostly crowded specially by ladies and children.

Measures to be taken care of

• Drive slowly in these areas.
• Take care of your wallets as there are many thieves roaming around.
• Tricks to bargain should be good enough.

Hawkers there shout loudly to sell their product .They try to sell their goods in a musical ways like by singing songs or pronouncing unique words or several names.

They also face many competitors to sell the good as there are many hawkers around selling same goods.

These are crowded place so there is no use to take vehicles inside the market, they only create more fuss. So better to walk and then buy goods.

On occasions like Diwali, Holi, Dusshera these places become more and more crowded. The shopkeepers sell their goods in bulk that is benefitted for both shopkeepers and customers.

Some hawkers don’t have carts to sell their good; they use their vehicles to sell specially clothes which could make situation worse in market.

These markets are only possible in India, these markets are not like western markets i.e. Sophisticated, patience, high amount of money to spend .These market shows the Indian culture too.

The crowded scene is very interesting to watch. All shop in the ground in a circle shape and the public is between them to buy different things.

These colourful shop are the centre of attraction for buyers as well as sellers. The market at my places is very crowded. Hawkers sell snacks like namkeen, biscuits.

They also sell fresh breads, cupcakes which are very tasty to eat for an evening or morning snack.

They clean the area after the market and before the market so to make area environment friendly.

We all always like to visit these kinds of markets to give a pleasant feeling. There are so many wonderful colours one can see in these types of places.

One can cheaply buy goods from this market and create an experience to tackle the small problems with ease.

Reader Interactions

April 26, 2020 at 11:23 pm

May 17, 2020 at 12:23 pm

👌👍the essay was good

May 20, 2020 at 9:37 am

Hii Thanks Nice Paragraphs

July 14, 2020 at 8:21 pm

Nice try! But many more grammatical errors… YOU NEED TO WORK ON IT!!!

March 30, 2022 at 8:59 pm

Nice essay👍🏻👍🏻good

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Essay Writing For Class 4 Format, Examples, Topics, Exercises

As a fourth-grade student, learning to write an essay can be an exciting and challenging experience. Essays are an excellent way to express your thoughts, ideas, and opinions on various topics. In this article, we will discuss the format, examples, topics, and exercises to help you improve your essay writing skills.

Format Of An Essay Writing For Class 4

An essay consists of three main parts: the introduction, body, and conclusion.

Introduction The introduction is the first paragraph of your essay, and it should capture the reader’s attention. You can start with a question, a quote, or a surprising fact. The introduction should also include the thesis statement, which is the main point of your essay. It should be clear, concise, and specific.

Body The body of your essay should contain at least three paragraphs. Each paragraph should focus on a single idea or argument related to the thesis statement. Use specific details, examples, and evidence to support your arguments. Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence that summarizes the main idea of the paragraph.

Conclusion The conclusion is the last paragraph of your essay. It should summarize the main points of your essay and restate the thesis statement in a new way. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion. Instead, end your essay with a memorable final thought that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

Also Read: Essay Writing Topics For Class 5

Examples Of Essays Writing For Class 4

Here are some examples of essays for fourth-grade students:

1. My Favorite Animal Introduction: Dogs are my favorite animal. Body: Dogs are loyal companions, they protect their owners, and they can be trained to do tricks. Conclusion: In conclusion, dogs make great pets and are the perfect animal for me. 2. The Importance of Exercise Introduction: Exercise is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. Body: Exercise can help prevent disease, increase energy levels, and improve mental health. Conclusion: In conclusion, regular exercise is crucial for maintaining a healthy body and mind. 3. My Dream Job Introduction: My dream job is to become a doctor. Body: Becoming a doctor requires hard work, dedication, and a love for helping people. Conclusion: In conclusion, becoming a doctor is not easy, but it is a rewarding and fulfilling career.

Topics For Essays Writing For Class 4

Here are some topics for fourth-grade students to write essays on:

1. My Favorite Book 2. My Favorite Sport 3. My Favorite Hobby 4. My Best Friend 5. My Favorite Season 6. My Favorite Food 7. My Family 8. My School 9. My Favorite Vacation 10. My Hero

Exercises To Improve Essay Writing For Class 4

Here are some exercises to help fourth-grade students improve their essay-writing skills:

1. Brainstorming: Ask students to brainstorm ideas for an essay topic. Encourage them to write down as many ideas as possible, even if they seem silly. 2. Outlining: Teach students how to create an outline for their essays. The outline should include the thesis statement, main points, and supporting details. 3. Writing Prompts: Give students writing prompts to help them practice writing essays. Provide feedback on their work and encourage them to revise their essays. 4. Peer Review: Have students work in pairs or small groups to review each other’s essays. Encourage them to provide constructive feedback and suggestions for improvement. 5. Reading: Encourage students to read a variety of essays written by other students or professional writers. Discuss the structure, language, and style of the essays and how they can apply these techniques to their own writing.

Conclusion On Essay Writing For Class 4

writing essays can be a fun and rewarding experience for fourth-grade students. By following the format, examples, and exercises provided in this article, students can improve their essay writing skills and become more confident in expressing their thoughts and ideas in writing. It is essential to start with a clear thesis statement, support arguments with specific details and evidence, and end with a memorable conclusion. Teachers and parents can help by providing guidance and feedback to students as they practice and develop their writing skills. By mastering the art of essay writing, fourth-grade students can become effective communicators and critical thinkers, which are valuable skills that will serve them well throughout their academic and professional lives.

498 Words Short Essay on a market scene

A market place is a very busy place where people go to buy articles of their needs. It is a centre of attraction for both buyers and sellers. There is no other place in the area having so much brisk business as the market.

I always find a big crowd there. There are several shops, all decorated beautifully. Big shops look more attractive. Businessmen come here from far and wide for purchasing or selling their products. The market is always crowded with carts, horses, donkeys and camels. They come loaded with the produce of the season such as cotton, grain, oil seeds, vegetables, etc.

Whenever I visit a market I find the hawkers shouting loudly to sell their goods. They try to attract the people by several names. Generally they sing songs in praise of their goods. They face hard competition because there are several hawkers selling the same article.

As the prices of the items are not fixed, the hawkers as well as the buyers do bargain. I watch these people who feel greatly satisfied after purchasing a thing at a minimum price from the hawkers.

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The market is at peak in the evening. There is not a single shop where a big crowd is not seen. Everyone seems to be in hurry. There are jewellery shops which shine brightly in the light. Cloth shops and ready-made garment shops do great business during a festival.

The hotels and restaurants are also crowded with people. Some people are seen with plates of ‘chat’ others are seen enjoying cold drinks. There is flavour of all kinds in the surrounding area. It is very difficult to drive a car in a market place.

What to talk of a car or a motorcycle sometimes it becomes difficult even to walk. On the occasion of festivals like Diwali, Dussehra and Holi the situation becomes worse. It seems all the population of the country is on the road. There is great hustle and bustle. In between the cars and motorcycles, we see those carrying different articles for sale. They create great problems as sometimes they bring the traffic at a halt resulting in loud horns from the car-drivers.

The market is really a very noisy place. One can meet all sorts of people there. There is joy and laughter on all sides. Friends welcome one another and enjoy fast foods. Some people are seen discussing politics in the light of their business.

Our markets are quite different from the markets of the western advanced countries. Our markets present a rural glimpse and fill us with a feeling that we belong to India whose soul lies in villages. It is really very pleasant to move in a market, particularly in the evening.

I always welcome those moments when I visit the market for this purpose or that. It is a place where one can see the life in so many colours. One can get valuable experiences too by visiting market and buying different commodities.

Related Articles:

• Short Paragraph for kids on a market scene
• Short essay on a visit to a market place
• 202 words Short Essay on a scene at the railway station
• Write a Short Essay an Indian Market

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102 Target Market Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Identifying your target market is a crucial step in creating a successful marketing strategy. Understanding who your ideal customers are can help you tailor your messaging, products, and services to meet their needs and preferences. To help you pinpoint your target market, we'''ve compiled a list of 102 essay topic ideas and examples to inspire you:

• The impact of generational differences on consumer behavior
• How to effectively target millennials with your marketing efforts
• The importance of understanding the purchasing power of your target market
• Strategies for reaching Gen Z consumers through social media
• The role of culture in shaping consumer preferences
• How to create a marketing campaign that resonates with Baby Boomers
• The influence of gender on consumer decision-making
• The buying habits of affluent consumers
• How to target families with young children
• The rise of eco-conscious consumers and how to appeal to them
• The impact of technology on consumer behavior
• Strategies for targeting busy professionals
• The role of social influencers in reaching your target market
• How to create a marketing campaign that appeals to LGBTQ+ consumers
• The importance of understanding the values and beliefs of your target market
• Strategies for targeting college students
• The buying habits of seniors
• How to reach consumers in rural areas
• The impact of income level on consumer preferences
• Strategies for targeting pet owners
• The influence of lifestyle on purchasing decisions
• How to appeal to health-conscious consumers
• The role of emotions in consumer decision-making
• Strategies for targeting gamers
• The buying habits of beauty enthusiasts
• How to reach consumers who prioritize sustainability
• The impact of social class on consumer behavior
• Strategies for targeting sports fans
• The influence of peer groups on purchasing decisions
• How to appeal to fashionistas
• The importance of understanding the psychographics of your target market
• Strategies for targeting travelers
• The buying habits of foodies
• How to reach consumers who prioritize convenience
• The impact of brand loyalty on consumer behavior
• Strategies for targeting outdoor enthusiasts
• The influence of online reviews on purchasing decisions
• How to appeal to DIY enthusiasts
• The role of nostalgia in consumer preferences
• Strategies for targeting tech-savvy consumers
• The buying habits of book lovers
• How to reach consumers who prioritize ethical sourcing
• The impact of social media on consumer behavior
• The influence of celebrity endorsements on purchasing decisions
• How to appeal to music lovers
• The importance of understanding the needs of your target market
• Strategies for targeting home decorators
• The buying habits of eco-conscious consumers
• How to reach consumers who prioritize quality over price
• The impact of brand image on consumer behavior
• The influence of online advertising on purchasing decisions
• How to appeal to travelers
• The role of customer reviews in shaping consumer preferences
• Strategies for targeting fitness enthusiasts
• The buying habits of tech enthusiasts
• The impact of social proof on consumer behavior
• Strategies for targeting parents of young children
• The influence of user-generated content on purchasing decisions
• The importance of customer testimonials in attracting your target market
• Strategies for targeting outdoor adventurers
• The impact of word-of-mouth marketing on consumer behavior
• Strategies for targeting beauty enthusiasts
• The influence of influencer marketing on purchasing decisions
• The role of personalization in reaching your target market
• Strategies for targeting seniors
• The buying habits of music lovers
• The impact of customer service on consumer behavior
• The influence of loyalty programs on purchasing decisions
• How to appeal to pet owners
• The importance of brand consistency in attracting your target market
• The buying habits of tech-savvy consumers
• The impact of customer experience on consumer behavior
• The influence of social media influencers on purchasing decisions
• The role of storytelling in reaching your target market
• The impact of user experience on consumer behavior
• The influence of online shopping habits on purchasing decisions
• The importance of brand authenticity in attracting your target market
• The buying habits of pet owners
• The impact of customer trust on consumer behavior
• The influence of social responsibility on purchasing decisions

By exploring these essay topic ideas and examples, you can gain valuable insights into your target market and develop a marketing strategy that effectively reaches and engages your ideal customers. Remember, the key to success lies in understanding the needs, preferences, and behaviors of your target market and tailoring your approach accordingly.

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Village Market Essay & Paragraph

A Village Market is not merely a shopping place, it is a part of the ever-continuing rural tradition, culture, and way of life. Here we have shared a bunch of English essays and paragraphs about a village market for students, such as A Village Market Essay in 300 words, A Village Market Essay for class 8, A Village Market Essay for class 9-10, A Village Market Essay in 400 words, A Village Market Paragraph in 100 words, and A Village Market Paragraph in 150 words. They depict the features and characteristics of a Village Market. We have composed these essays and paragraphs in simple words so that they can be useful for secondary and higher secondary school students.

Table of Contents

A Village Market Essay, 300 Words

By: Haque | For class 9-10/SSC | 22-07-’22

Introduction: A village market is an important place for the villagers. It is buying and selling center for the village people.

Kinds: Village markets are of two kinds. One sits every morning and the other once or twice a week. The market which sits every morning is called Bazar and which sits once or twice a week is called a Haat.

Where Sits: A village market generally sits under a tree or a river flows by it.

Villagers in Market Days: After midday rest, villagers make for the marketplace. Some come here to buy, some to sell, and some come here to do both. Some come here neither to sell nor to buy.

Arrangement of Shops: There are three types of shops. Some are permanent, some are temporary, and some are open spaces. Different things are set up at different places. There are fish corner, vegetable corner, rice corner, fruit corner, and so on. The sellers sit in lines. They set up their articles in front of them. There is a fairly large space between the line for the buyers to move and buy.

Meeting Place: A village market is a meeting place for the villagers. The Postman finds it easy to deliver letters and removabilities.

Conclusion: A village market is of great use to the villagers. It should be properly guided and looked after by a committee.

A Village Market Essay for Class 8

By: Haque | Words: 300 | 22-07-’22

Hints: (i) Introduction, (ii) Location, (iii) Kinds of village market, (iv) Description, (v) Importance or Usefulness, (vi) Conclusion.

Introduction: A village market is a place where daily necessary things are bought and sold. It is known as Haat. It is an essential buying and selling center in rural areas.

Location: It usually sits by the side of a river, a canal, a bus stand , or under a banyan tree . Roads and pathways from all sides meet here.

Types of Village Markets: There are two types of village markets—daily market and weekly market. The daily market is called Bazar. It sits every morning . The weekly market is called Haat. It sits once or twice a week. It sits in the afternoon and lasts until night. People from distant places come to the market to sell or buy goods. Many children come just to enjoy the day.

Description: A village market usually consists of three parts—an open space, a temporary shed, and a permanent shed. Vendors line up in the open space. Here milk , fruit, betels, vegetables, fish, etc. are sold. Grocers, cloth dealers, tailors, potters have permanent shops. There are fish-corner, vegetable-corner, and rice-corner. The sellers in each corner sit in lines. The fish market is the noisiest place. The big village markets have a marginal place where cows and goats are sold. Nowadays tea stalls are seen in the village market. The villagers sit there, have a cup of tea , and discuss matters of common interest.

Importance or Usefulness: A village market is useful to the villagers. Here they get all things of their daily need. They sell their crops and other products here. They also get news from here. The postman delivers letters here. Village markets are the main centers of commercial activities and interaction of the rural people.

Conclusion: A village market is an integral part of rural life and a center of the rural economy. It serves as a recreational center also.

🎡 Related Post: A Village Fair Paragraph

A Village Market Essay for Class 9-10

By: Haque | Words: 420 | 28-07-’22

Introduction: A village market is a common sight in villages. It is a very important place for the villagers. Village people buy and sell their daily necessities in a village market. A village market is usually very small. Some village markets have only a few temporary stalls. Only the locally produced crops, vegetables, fish, and meat are sold in such village markets. There are also some big village markets where different types of necessary household goods are available.

Types of Village Markets: There are usually two types of village markets. Some village markets sit every day. They are called ‘daily bazaars’. Some others sit on some specific days once or twice a week. They are called ‘Hats’.

When Sits: Daily village markets sit in the morning and break up before noon. Some of them also sit in the afternoon. Hats usually sit in the afternoon and last for a few hours.

Where Sits: Generally, a village market sits in an open place where a large number of people can gather easily. It also sits under big trees, by the side of a village, or on a river.

Description: In a village market there are many temporary sheds. There is a fish corner, vegetable corner, rice corner, fruit corner, and so on. The sellers sit in rows with their goods before them. Besides, there are floating shops. There are also some permanent shops. In a village market, people come and go in a body from the neighboring areas.

Importance of a Village Market: The village market discharges a very important function. There the villagers carry on business and earn their living. Bangladesh is predominantly an agricultural country. Most of the agricultural products are produced in rural areas. These agricultural products include crops, vegetables, fruits, etc. Besides local handicrafts and goods produced by cottage industries are also sold in a village market. In this way, a village market plays a pivotal role in the business and commerce of a village. A village market supplies the neighboring people with all necessities of life. Villagers come to a village market in large numbers and buy and sell necessary items.

Demerits: Usually a village market is an unhygienic place. It is filthy, dusty, smelly, and noisy. During the monsoon, a village market usually remains muddy. At that time shopping at a village market becomes much more difficult.

Conclusion: A village market is a common meeting place for the villagers. It plays an important role in the social life of a village. So it should be kept neat and clean.

Check out: Village Doctor Paragraph & Composition for Students

A Village Market Essay, 400 Words

By: Haque | For class 11-12/HSC | 22-07-’22

A village market is generally located at such a pace where people from different places can easily come for buying and selling their commodities. People from nearby villages gather here to buy and sell goods. It is the backbone of the rural economy. A village market usually stands at the center of the village.

At one time there were two types of village market: daily market, and weekly market. But now as a result of the influence of the city, all these markets have become daily markets. The daily market is called Bazar. It sits daily in the morning. The weekly market is called Haat. It sits once or twice a week in the afternoon and continuous till late in the evening.

A discipline can be noted in the shops of the village market. There are several types of shops in the village market. Some shops are permanent, some are temporary and some sit under the open sky. The open space shops of the same kind of things are clustered together and are arranged in rows. Fish, fruits, poultry, betel nuts and leaves, vegetables, etc. are usually bought and sold in the shops which are located under the open sky. And the temporary shops have only roofs over them, all sides of them are open. In these shops, oil, rice, salt, pepper, spices, etc. Are found. Usually, the grocers, tailors, cloth dealers, stationers, and tea sellers have their permanent shops. There are different sections of the village market. They are the fish market, the vegetable market, the rice market, the fruits market, and so on. The fish and vegetables markets are the noisiest and crowded places in the market. One of the features of the village market is that everyone here bargains. Nothing is sold without haggling.

The village market is a very important place for the villagers. From here they buy almost everything they need for their daily use. However, in addition to its practical utility, it also has a social value. It brings the people of different villages closer and thus strengthens their bond of unity. The villagers like to have political talks in the village market and also enjoy various entertainment facilities there. There are some people who come here only to pass a pleasant time roaming about.

A village market is an integral part of village life. It is a place of gathering of a large number of people providing opportunities for exchanging views and news let alone for buying and selling daily necessaries. This saves the villagers from the hassle of going to distant places to buy daily necessities.

🐍 Check also: A Snake Charmer Paragraph

A Village Market Paragraph, 100 Words

By: Haque | For class 4-5/PSC | 22-07-’22

Write a paragraph on ‘A Village Market. In your paragraph, answer the following questions:

• Where the village market is located?
• What kind of market is it?
• When does it sit?
• What kind of shops are there?
• What are sold there?
• What is its importance?

 A village market is a common figure in our villages . It sits by the side of a river or a bus stand. There are two kinds of village markets—daily and weekly. The daily market sits every morning. The weekly market sits once or twice a week. It sits in the afternoon and breaks by the evening. The daily necessary things are bought and sold here. They are rice, fish, cloth, and vegetables. There are some permanent shops in a village market. A village market is a noisy place. Indeed, a village market is essential and useful to the villagers.

A Village Market Paragraph, 150 Words

By: Haque | For class 6-7 | 22-07-’22

• Where does a village market usually develop?
• What products are traded daily and weekly in a village market?
• Which one plays the vital role in rural economy?

A village market is a very useful place for buying and selling goods. villagers go to the village market to have their necessary things of life. It sits on the junction of roads or a bank of a river for easy communication. There are trees with spreading branches that provide shade to the market. The daily Bazar sits every day where commodities like vegetables, fish, meat, and other daily necessities are sold. The weekly Haat sits once a week where rice, cattle, clothes, and many such items are sold. There are a few permanent shops and tea stalls which are the meeting places of the villagers. The village postman also finds it easy to deliver letters here. Various handicrafts and earthenwares are sold in the market. It plays a vital role to build up the rural economy. It should be kept neat and clean for healthier and happier rural life.

About the Author

A teacher, writer and blogger, started allparagraph noting students search online for paragraphs on various topics, short and simple essays , edifying stories and other materials of study . In composing these lessons we have tried to use as simple language as possible, keeping young students in mind. If you find any text inappropriate, please let us know so we can make it more useful through necessary corrections and modifications. Thank you!

2 thoughts on “Village Market Essay & Paragraph”

I don’t like this because you don’t use easy words on it. Paragraph should be written in easy words. So, just make a Paragraph which is involved with easy words and you can effort it easily!

Thanks for your feedback and suggestion. We will try to compose paragraphs in simpler and easier words in the days to come.

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About InvestWrite

The SIFMA Foundation’s InvestWrite® program is an innovative national writing competition offered to teachers and students participating in The Stock Market Game™ .

Your students have entered the world of business and finance by participating in The Stock Market Game™ . The perfect companion, our teacher-designed writing component and competition, reinforces their newfound knowledge and hones critical thinking skills.

Utilizing feedback from teachers nationwide, InvestWrite® builds a bridge between classroom learning and the real world. InvestWrite complements The Stock Market Game™ learning experience and easily integrates across subjects throughout your curriculum.

Whether you and your students win laptops, gift cards, pizza parties -- or not, you'll all benefit by enhancing your Stock Market Game experience through writing.

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What's required to participate*.

• Teachers currently registered and participating in The Stock Market Game with actively trading student teams are eligible.
• Students currently registered in The Stock Market Game with a valid team login ID and password are eligible.
• Students participate by writing essays in their grade division: Elementary (4-5), Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12).
• Teachers/advisors can choose to assign the InvestWrite writing assignment as an in-class or homework assignment.
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Then, as the first round judge, you select the top responses from each class or group of participants (based on the guidelines and directions).

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Essay on “A Market Scene” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

A market scene.

The Market Scene In A Town

Essay No. 1

The market of may town is very important. There is no other place of grain market in the area of so much brisk business as this market is.

The market itself is in the centre of the town. All important bazaars of the town lead to this market. It has square shape. There is an open ground in the middle of the shops. There are shops on the four sides of the big square. The main shopkeepers are regents. Their trade is chiefly export and import of grains. There are a few shops which meet needs of the  people  who visit the market for purchase.

The crowd scene in the market is very interesting. It is a centre of attraction for both buyers and sellers. I always find a big crowd there. Businessmen come from far and wide. They transact business. The market is always crowded with carts, horses, donkeys and camels. They come loaded with the produce of the season such as cotton, grain, oil seeds, gur and vegetables. These things are arranged in an attractive manner for sale.

The merchants make  their purchases moving in groups. They bid in  a particular fashion. They do some indications udder the clothes to fix the rates of the commodities brought in the market for sale. The purchase of commodities  take place in the day. In the evening all commodities are packed in jute bags. They are sent back to places where they are in demand. The country carts, horses and donkeys go back with their masters to the villages. Nearly all the shops have telephones. The shopkeepers get news about the rates of markets through post and telephone. 

The market of my town is a very noisy place. Pretty hawkers with namkins of various kinds go about the market. They sell their articles by shouting their names at the top of their voice. Once can meet all sorts of people there. There is joy and laughter on all sides. Friends welcome one another. People discuss politics in the light of their business.

The market of my town is different from old markets. It is not dirty. It is swept and cleaned every day. There is no mud and bad smell. In the centre of the market there is a well. A trough is made near it. The animals drinks water at the trough. There is public bath for the labourers. In short our town market is worth a visit. 

Essay No. 2

A market is a place where we buy vegetables, fruits, fish, fowls and meat. It is the biggest concentration of noise every morning. It is filled with a crows of mainly buyers.

The central market in Kuala Lumpur is not only a landmark  but is also one of the best attractions in the city. It is really an experience to go round the stalls during their busy hours. Business at the Central Market starts in the early hours of the day. Vans and Lorries bring loads of fish and meat to the vendors. Usually nonperishable things are brought overnight. But green vegetables are brought early in the morning. The smooth and efficient working of the market is really appreciable. 

This market is in a huge concrete building. The stalls are arranged in beautiful rows, they are also classified according to the goods they deal with. Fruits, vegetables, fish, fowls and meat; all have their respective dealers. Buyers and sellers haggle and haggle over prices. They push and jostle to get the best offer.

The market is under city authorities. So health inspectors are responsible for its cleanliness. They have to see that the foodstuffs that are sold are free from defects. Thus unscrupulous stall keepers and vendors are warned against selling rotten, unpalatable or poisonous food stuff.

Essay No. 3

There are many markets in Delhi. Chandni Chowk, Tilak Nagar, Lajpat Nagar, Sarojini Nagar and Connaught Place are some of the big and famous markets.

I live in Karol Bagh. It has big market. The market of the colony is a very busy place. There are a large number of show rooms and shops.

I went to the market with my mother yesterday. We bought my school shoes and dress.

My mother also bought some bangles. There was a lot of noise in the market. People from all walks of life are seen shopping around.

Some shopkeepers do roaring business. Police keep watch on bad elements. I had a fruit chat. I love to go to the market.

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commentscomments

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Essay on Land Pollution for Class 4

Land pollution is a calamitous issue that our general public has been confronting since the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization. There are a lot of reasons why individuals have contaminated land. In this specific land pollution essay, we will discuss in detail why land pollution is expanding and the solutions for it.

We are providing two essay samples for students of class 4 on the topic ‘Land Pollution’ for reference.

Short Essay on Land Pollution of 100 Words

29% of the world’s surface comprises land on which plants, creatures, and people live. Land pollution alludes to the debasement of land, soil, and its supplements because of different human exercises, such as deforestation, urbanization, farming exercises, etc.

The land comprises timberlands, mountains, streams, and lakes, urban areas, towns, and different settlements. The land supports life on earth. It is a direct result of the land to deliver food that supports our developing populace blast.

When we allude to land pollution, we mean the corruption of land and its central properties. These incorporate expulsions of its supplements, desertification, and at last creation it an infertile land, which implies that a specific real estate parcel can’t uphold life on earth.

Engage your kid into diverse thoughts and motivate them to improve their English with our  Essay for Class 4  and avail the Simple Essays suitable for them.

Long Essay on Land Pollution of 150 Words

Over 29% of the world’s surface comprises land, and this land upholds life on earth. It gives food to creatures and individuals the same give haven to animals, trees, plants just as people. Yet, these assets that nature gives us has been over-abused by people.

From deforestation to urbanization to industrialization to farming and a dangerous atmospheric deviation, land pollution has seen a consistently expanding bend over the most recent 50 years.

The level of desolate land on the planet is increasing dramatically, causing genuine worry for researchers worldwide about the bleak future for humankind. Without prolific land, we can’t create food. On the one hand, there would be food deficiencies while then again, the populace is multiplying each year in numerous nations.

With the increment in masses, it has been hard to control the development of urban areas. Metropolitan urban communities like Bengaluru, Mumbai, or New Delhi have been expanding and swallowing up their neighboring towns because of the absence of room inside the urban communities.

The purposes behind this quick urbanization are many, some of which are the relocation of individuals from the country to the metropolitan territory looking for a superior business, increment in market size for enterprises to open up, progress in purchaser interest, and mechanical headways.

10 Lines on Land Pollution in English

• Earth’s surface is comprised of 29% of the land
• Deforestation, urbanization, and farming are the fundamental explanations behind land pollution
• Land pollution influences people, plant just as creatures
• Hurtful agrarian practices like yield consumption reason land pollution
• Expansion in an Earth-wide temperature boost has prompted beetle multitudes that harm harvests and ranches
• Processing plants discharge destructive dry effluents on land, making it dirty
• The damaging of land will prompt the detrimental of the natural way of life
• Open unloading of trash has caused land pollution in urban communities
• Utilization of non-biodegradable things will lessen land pollution
• Legitimate laws and guidelines should be defined to forestall land pollution

Frequently Asked Questions on Land Pollution

Name some dirt or land toxins? 

Some dirt or land contaminations are synthetic compounds, pesticides and manures, mining movement, plastic waste, deforestation, developing urbanization, and mechanical waste.

How might we control land pollution? 

We can control land pollution by different techniques. These techniques incorporate dodging plastic sacks, detachment of family squander, halting the utilization of manures and pesticides on farming produce, and some more.

What is the impact of land pollution? 

Land pollution causes harming of our evolved way of life, prompting medical issues for person and creatures.

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English Essay on A Visit to the Market, English Essay-Paragraph-Speech for Class 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 Students.

A Visit to the Market

I love going to market, so yesterday when my mother told me to get her some eggs and other groceries, I obeyed gladly. Picking up a bag and some money, I cycled down to the nearest market. It was modest in size but catered to the daily needs of the people living close by.

As usual, there was a lot of activity going on in the shops, and the hawkers seemed to be doing good business too. I bought some chilli powder and a tin of cooking oil from the grocery store, then went to the chemist’s shop to buy my father’s medicine.

Thinking that I would leave the purchase of eggs for the end, I walked into the sweet-seller’s shop where a wonderful, rich aroma assailed my nostrils. I could not resist buying some hot jalebis which I devoured greedily. Then, wiping my sticky hands on my skirt, I went to the dairy shop and bought a packet of milk and a dozen eggs. Putting them carefully in my bag I came out to find that a man had settled down on the ground with his wares displayed on a sheet. He begged me earnestly to buy something from his colourful assortment of handkerchiefs, ribbons, soap-dishes and packets of safety-pins. I admired his goods but said I would come another day.

Picking up my bicycle from the end of the road, where I had parked it along with a whole lot of others, I hung my shopping bag over the handle and cycled home. I returned the left-over change to my mother, who jokingly remarked that since I had eaten jalebis my stomach must be full, so she needn’t cook any dinner for me.

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Market Place: Short Essay on Visit to A Market Place

Market Place :Market Place  Last Sunday, I accompanied my mother to the central market to buy things that she needed for Diwali. When we arrived at the market, the whole market was well decorated and illuminated. All the shopkeepers had decorated their shops beautifully to welcome the customers.

Market Place

Coming to the market simply before a festive season wasn’t a nice expertise. everybody had to shop for one thing or the opposite. Therefore, the prices of most commodities were quite high. We made our way carefully through various sections buying lights, diyas, decorative items, rangoli, flowers, etc. We also bought lots of sweets and another foodstuff. It was a crowded market. There were many street hawkers on both sides of the street. They were shouting and approaching us with requests to buy their stuff. It was getting difficult for us to avoid them.

The shopping bags we were carrying got heavier and heavier. So my mother asked me to stand at a corner with the bags. She instructed me not to move or talk to strangers. The crowd got thicker and thicker. Standing at the corner, I was observing the market. The noise and heat were increasing. I observed many parents facing difficulties in pacifying their children who were getting impatient in the crowded market.

A Visit to a Market Short Essay

In the market , I noticed ladies who were hurrying up as it was getting late. Some people were bargaining while others were just looking at things and moving on. There were so many fancy things that were attracting me. I was waiting for my mother to come. Soon she came with some more bags in her hands. I told her about the things that I wanted to buy.

We then moved on to the other street. From there, we bought a few gifts to be given to our family and friends on Diwali . Then we came to the street that was full of food outlets. We had some snacks and fresh juice. This made us feel fresh and energetic. We then went to see other shops selling decorative items. We bought different types of lamps and lights, artificial flowers, and many other things.

As we were almost done with all the shopping, we started walking towards our car. On the way too, my mother kept buying small stuff which she liked. We had so many bags with us that we couldn’t hold them all together. We kept the bags in the car and started driving back home. It took us a long time to get out of the market as we got stuck in a traffic jam.

My mother and I were completely exhausted. On reaching home, we breathed a sigh of relief.

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My Favourite Sport Essay in English for Class 4 Students

Essay on my favourite sport for class 4 students.

The Essay on “ My Favourite Sport” has been prepared by our teachers at Vedantu to help kids with their essay about my best friend. These are drafted in a very easy and simple language for you to understand and remember it for a longer time. 

During our summer holidays, we even went to summer camp together to learn cricket and made a lot of memories. Moreover, we also invented new and our own handshake which only we both knew. This bonding between us has taught me that family doesn’t end with blood because my best friend is no less than my family. 

Last year, in summer we both went with his parents to watch a cricket match on the ground. From then, we both started liking it and decided to go and learn the sport together. Cricket is a very interesting sport and it has a lot of advantages to it. During the holidays we went to learn for 6 hours a day and learnt that we need to be good at both bowling and batting. Initially, we were taught how to hold the ball and catches. They focused more on running as Feilding is also necessary for Cricket. Our sports academy has many learners, we divide ourselves into a group and play matches every Sunday.

All these are making our bonding even more stronger. We always wait for holidays to play with each other and remain friends.

Introduction

Association football, further generally known as football or soccer, doesn't have a classical history. Notwithstanding any parallels to other ball games played around the world, FIFA has recognised that no literal connection exists with any game played in age outside Europe. 

The ultramodern rules of association football are grounded on the mid-19th century standards to standardise the extensively varying forms of football played in the public seminaries of England. 

The ultramodern game of association football began with mid-nineteenth century sweats between original football clubs to regularize the varying sets of rules, climaxing in the conformation of The Football Association in London, England in 1863.

The rules drafted by the association allowed clubs to play with each other without disagreement and specifically banned both running off the ball (except by goalkeepers) and hacking during open field play. 

After the fifth meeting of the association, a schism surfaced between association football and the rules played by the Rugby academy, latterly to be called rugby football. Football has been an Olympic sport ever since the alternate ultramodern Summer Olympic Games in 1900. 

FAQs on My Favourite Sport Essay in English for Class 4 Students

1. Why is Football a Famous Sport?

Football is the world’s most popular ball game in the figures of actors and observers. Simple in its top rules and essential outfit, the sport can be played nearly anywhere, from sanctioned football playing fields ( pitches) to gyms, thoroughfares, academy playgrounds, premises, or strands. Football’s board, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), estimated that at the turn of the 21st century there were around about 250 million football players and over1.3 billion people “ interested” in football; in 2010 a combined TV followership of further than 26 billion watched football’s premier event, the quadrennial month-long World Cup tests. 

2. Explain the football crisis and how it happened?

The matter of professionalism outstretched an extremity in England in 1884, when the FA expelled two clubs for using professional players. Still, the payment of players had come so commonplacely that the FA had little option but to permit the practice a time later, despite original attempts to circumscribe professionalism to remitments for broken time. The consequence was that northern clubs, with their large supporter bases and capacity to attract better players, came to elevation. As the influence of working-class players rose in football, the upper classes took retreat in other sports, especially the justice and rugby union. Professionalism also sparked further modernization of the game through the establishment of the Football League, which allowed the commanding dozen brigades from the North and Midlands to contend totally against each other from 1888 onward. A lower, alternate division was introduced in 1893, and the total number of brigades increased to 28. The Irish and Scots established leagues in 1890. The Southern League began in 1894 but was engaged by the Football League in 1920. Yet football didn't become a major profit-making business during this period. Professional clubs came from limited liability companies primarily to secure land for gradational development of colosseum installations. Most clubs in England were possessed and controlled by businessmen but shareholders entered veritably low, if any, tips; their main price was an enhanced public status through running the original club. 

3. Describe the role of the International Organisation in Football?

By the first 20 th century, football had spread across Europe, but it had needed cross-border association. A result was planted in 1904 when representatives from the football associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland innovated the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).

Nonetheless, in 1920 the British associations abnegated their FIFA enrollments after failing to convince other members that Germany, Austria, and Hungary should be expelled following World War I. The British associations replied to FIFA in 1924 but soon after claimed upon a veritably rigid description of dilettantism, especially for Olympic football.

4. Explain the regional tradition of Europe in Football?

Numerous Scottish professional players migrated south to join English clubs, introducing English players and cults to the more-advanced ball-playing chops and the benefits of cooperation and end. Till World War II, the British pursued to impact football’s development through daily club tenures overseas and the Continental accompanied careers of former players. Itinerant Scots were especially prominent in central Europe. The interwar Danubian academy of football surfaced from the coaching patrimonies and moxie of John Madden in Prague and Jimmy Hogan in Austria. 

5. What are the strategy and tactics of Football?

Use of the bases and (to a lower extent) the legs to control and pass the ball is football’s most introductory skill. Heading the ball is particularly prominent when entering long upstanding passes. Since the game’s origins, players have displayed their chops by going on “ single runs” or dribbling the ball past outsmarted opponents. But football is a platoon game grounded on passing between platoon members. The introductory playing styles and chops of individual players reflect their separate playing positions. Goalkeepers bear dexterity and height to reach and block the ball when opponents shoot at things. Central defenders need to challenge the direct attacking play of opponents; called upon to win tackles and to go the ball down from pitfall analogous as when defending corner kicks, they are generally big and strong. 

Fullbacks are generally lower but hastily, rates needed to match speedy sect-forwards. Midfield players ( also called halves or halfbacks) operate across the centre of the sector and should have a variety of rates important “ ball- winners” got to be “ good in the attack” in terms of winning or guarding the ball and energetic runners; creative “ playmakers” develop scoring chances through their gift at holding the ball and through the accurate end.

Wingers tend to have good speed, some dribbling chops, and the capability to make crossing passes that travel across the front of things and give scoring openings for forwards. One can be important in the air or small and penetrative with quick footwork; basically, they should be complete at scoring pretensions from any angle.

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Class of 2024, It’s Not in Your Head: The Job Market Is Tough

By Peter Coy

Opinion Writer

Here is a brutal fact for the college class of 2024: There aren’t enough college-level jobs out there for all of you. Some of you will snag them. Others will have to settle for jobs that don’t require a college education. And history shows that many of those who start out in a job that doesn’t require a college education are still toiling in that kind of job a decade later.

One mystery is why college grads’ lifetime earnings are so much higher than those of people with just a high school degree or less, if indeed so many college grads don’t do college-graduate-level work. I’ll get to that in a minute. I’ll also finish on a slightly hopeful note.

I invite college seniors to tell me about your job searches and how you feel about what you learned or wish you had learned in college by filling out the form below. Parents and employers are also welcome to write in. (And forward it to others who you think would be interested in contributing by using the gift link in the article’s share tools.) I hope to feature some of your responses in a future newsletter.

Fifty-two percent of college grads are underemployed a year after graduation, meaning they are working in jobs that don’t require the degrees they earned, according to a February report by the Burning Glass Institute, which analyzes the job market, and the Strada Institute for the Future of Work.

Five years out from school, about 88 percent of those who are underemployed are “severely” underemployed, the report said. These are the top five jobs they’re doing: information and record clerk, supervisor of sales, retail sales worker, sales representative in services, and secretary and administrative assistant.

“Even a decade after graduation, 45 percent of graduates are underemployed,” the report said.

The best way to avoid underemployment is to pick a major that employers want and to complete an internship, Burning Glass found. If you didn’t do those things and you’re a few weeks from commencement without a job lined up … um, potentially not good.

I dug a little deeper into this rather depressing report by interviewing the president of the Burning Glass Institute, Matt Sigelman, along with other labor market experts.

The first thing I asked Sigelman is whether the United States is generating too many college graduates, oversupplying the market and setting up a lot of graduates for disappointment.

“In the immediate term, it’s hard to conclude otherwise,” he said. He added that the supply-demand imbalance has gotten worse in the past four years because the strongest growth has been in jobs that have lower educational qualifications.

In the longer term, Sigelman said, “I do believe that America benefits from having a highly educated work force.” He added: “Demand for talent is not fixed. The center of gravity of our economy is increasingly in the knowledge economy. Jobs follow talent.”

That makes sense. Over time, employers should seize the opportunity to profit by reconfiguring jobs to make full use of the talent that’s currently being underused. They’ve been finding ways to put brains to work since the start of the Industrial Revolution, a time when even a high school diploma was rare and special.

In the here and now, you’re in pretty good shape if you studied computer science, engineering, mathematics or math-intensive business fields such as finance and accounting, according to Burning Glass’s research. Education and health majors are also sought after.

Not so in demand: graduates in public safety and security, recreation and wellness studies and general business fields such as marketing.

Employers are desperate to hire accounting majors, Michael Steinitz, the senior executive director of professional talent solutions at Robert Half International, a human resources consulting firm, told me.

New college grads in general are attractive to employers because they tend to be tech savvy, they cost less and they can be trained for whatever needs employers have, Steinitz said.

Underemployment of college grads is not a new problem. If anything, grads’ prospects are better than usual because of the low overall unemployment rate (3.8 percent in March). In an informal survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, 83 percent of employers expected to increase or maintain the rate of hiring of new grads this spring, roughly the same as last year but down from 2022, when employers were hiring aggressively coming out of the pandemic.

I want to come back to the paradox that pay for college grads is relatively high even though they appear to be in surplus. I think the biggest reason is that the average numbers for college grads are pulled up a lot by those who make it big.

There are some blue-collar jobs, such as truck driver and plumber, that pay well but have a flat lifetime earnings profile — that is, a 55-year-old truck driver doesn’t make a lot more than a 25-year-old one. In contrast, white-collar jobs that require college degrees tend to have more growth potential in know-how and thus in earnings.

“College acts as a gateway to professional occupations, which offer more opportunity for wage growth through on-the-job learning,” David Deming, an economist at Harvard’s Kennedy School, writes in the abstract of a new working paper.

The classes of ’25, ’26 and beyond could have it rougher because artificial intelligence could come to perform some of the functions of new hires, knocking out the lowest rungs on the career ladder.

The (partial) solution is to develop a mix of skills that’s hard for A.I. to duplicate. The most successful grads have a combination of technical skills and what might be broadly called people skills, including the ability to communicate in print and in person, motivate and work in teams. Examples from Sigelman: data scientists who are good at writing and humanities majors in marketing who learn structured query language.

“If you were to design universities from scratch” with employers’ needs in mind, Deming told me, they would focus a lot more on teaching teamwork and the broad range of skills that are needed in the workplace.

Such ideas are of little use to today’s jobless seniors, of course. Then again, there will be many opportunities to overcome a poor start. Deming is guardedly optimistic, despite Burning Glass’s warnings. Life is long. He did a quick calculation for me, based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, that about 60 percent of the college grads who start in a non-college-level job find their way into a managerial or professional occupation eventually.

“It’s definitely better to get a good first job than not to get a good first job,” Deming said. But “the jury is out on this idea that if you don’t get a good job right out of college, all is lost.”

2024 college grads, how’s that job market looking?

If you expect to graduate from college this spring or winter, Times Opinion wants to hear from you.

Outlook: Consumers Are Hurting

“The savings rate is falling, and interest paid on mounting debt is spiraling higher, suggesting consumers may be nearing the breaking point,” Dana Peterson, the chief economist of the Conference Board, a business-supported research group, wrote on Friday. She added, “Our call for slower real G.D.P. growth over the second and third quarters still makes sense.” Higher-than-expected inflation has made interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve to buoy the economy less likely, Peterson wrote.

Quote of the Day

“Complex adaptive systems have the property that if you run them — by just letting the mathematical variable of ‘time’ go forward — they’ll naturally progress from chaotic, disorganized, undifferentiated, independent states to organized, highly differentiated and highly interdependent states.”

— J. Doyne Farmer in “The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution,” edited by John Brockman (1995)

Peter Coy is a writer for the Opinion section of The Times, covering economics and business. Email him at [email protected] . @ petercoy

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ISC ICSE Result 2024 OUT: CISCE declares class 10th,12th result at cisce.org, results.cisce.org – Direct link here

Isc icse result 2024 10th ,12th result declared check direct link at cisce.org or results.cisce.org..

CISCE Class 10th 12th result Declared: The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) has released the results for both Class 10 and Class 12 in a recent press briefing. The exams were held on March 28 for Class 10 and concluded on April 3 for Class 12.

Students who sat for the ICSE board examinations can now access their results conveniently through the official website. The CISCE has designated two official portals for this purpose.

To check the results for Class 10 and Class 12, students can visit either cisce.org or results.cisce.org . Additionally, the results for ICSE and ISC will also be accessible via the DigiLocker app and website, as confirmed by the council.

ISC ICSE Result 2024: Direct link

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Check ISC ICSE Result 2024 Live Updates here

ISC ICSE Result 2024: How to download

• Visit the official website at cisce.org or results.cisce.org.
• Locate and click on the result link provided on the homepage.
• Enter your credentials, including your roll number, date of birth, and any other necessary details.
• Once verified, you’ll be able to view and download your results.

The CISCE has implemented a new facility allowing students to request re-checking and re-evaluation of their ICSE and ISC results. For re-checking, a fee of ₹1,000 per paper is applicable, while for re-evaluation, it’s ₹1,500 per paper. This option will be available on the council’s website subsequent to the result declaration.

Moreover, the CISCE has decided to discontinue the ICSE and ISC compartment exams. Instead, students have the opportunity to sit for improvement exams in up to two subjects.

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Inflation is scrambling Americans' perceptions of middle class life

• Many Americans have come to feel that a middle-class lifestyle is out of reach.
• Blame inflation for bringing down the mood and making the economy seem much worse than it is. 
• Money experts say people feeling downbeat can create a financial plan to alleviate stress. 

Vincent, a 29-year-old medical sales rep, makes $130,000 a year.

It was a dream when he was younger — once he was making six figures, he assumed he'd be in financial nirvana, worry-free, off on vacation somewhere at least once a year, perhaps able to buy a home in the not-too-distant future. 

"I was like, if I could make six figures, I'd have a nice life. I can save up the down payment on a home and start to begin my life," Vincent, who preferred to only use his first name to protect his privacy.

He was surprised to find out that in Santa Barbara, a coastal California city where the cost of living is 65% higher than the national average , he's barely able to save for anything, let alone buy a house, plan for kids, or hit other milestones of middle-class life. 

"Bigger ticket items that our parents could have bought, like a home or car, that is, just to me, out of reach," said Vincent, though he acknowledged his budget could go further in a city with a lower cost of living.

"I would have to save 10k for six or seven years straight and really sacrifice to put down on maybe the dumpiest thing I could find here."

Vincent's experience is emblematic of what has become of the middle-class American dream, with many earning well into six figures but feeling like they're way behind the curve or that the economic chips are stacked against them. 

Some of these concerns are real — see the wildly expensive US housing market — while others, experts say, may be a matter of perception versus reality, as the economy feels tough even as earnings are growing and employment is strong. 

Vincent is among a growing group of middle-class Americans — most recently defined in 2022 by the Pew Research Center as households earning between $48,500 and $145,500 — who don't feel they can't afford to live a traditional middle-class life, replete with a home and a comfortable retirement.

According to Eoin Sheehan, a senior research analyst at Redfield & Wilton, inflation has caused many Americans to ignore the overall strength of the US economy.

Growth, hiring, and financial markets are strong, while wage growth has started to exceed the pace of inflation. 

While higher costs pose challenges to retiring or buying a home, those goals aren't out of reach with careful planning, according to Chris Collins, a wealth advisor at Northwestern Mutual's Collins Financial.

Collins suspects that most middle-class Americans feel anxious about their financial situation due to financial shock fatigue — the exhaustion of navigating one big economic shock after another — as well as a lack of financial planning.

His clients typically start to calm down once they crunch the numbers and figure out how much they need to save for retirement or meet their other financial goals. Prior to that, many falsely assumed they needed to work forever, he says.

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"I'm not telling people, 'You are going to die broken and alone.' It's, 'Hey, with a little bit of work here, you're going to be all right,'" Collins said. "They don't feel like they can relax until somebody runs the financial plan, runs the modeling and says, 'you're going to be fine.'"

Still, those statements don't square with how many households may be feeling about their financial and wealth status. The sentiment is all over the place online, expressed by social media users who identify as middle class but say they're increasingly feeling less well-off. 

TikTok user Jessica in Alabama said she believed the middle class was dying. She pointed to her eldest daughter, who she says worked 60 hours a week during her pregnancy to provide for her family. 

"Do we even have a middle class anymore, or is it just the haves and the have-nots?" Jessica said in a TikTok post in February. "Because the haves are having, and the have-nots are struggling." 

"I'm sorry, but if you know somebody with kids and they say they're not struggling financially, they're lying," Kayla, another TikTok user said. She pointed to the rising cost of groceries and other essentials.   

"Honestly, life is difficult for the middle class," Vincent added. "I feel like I can make ends meet, but I can't really move this lifestyle."

Cost-of-living crisis

Middle-class Americans have been feeling worse about the economy for a long time, but the negative mood appears to have ticked up sharply in recent years. 

Financial anxiety has hit an all-time high, according to a survey from Northwestern Mutual, and a survey from Primerica found that half of middle-class households say their financial situation is "not so good" or outright "poor."

For many in the middle class, inflation is at the heart of this feeling. 51% of respondents in the Northwestern Mutual survey said inflation was the biggest obstacle to financial security, while 67% of households in Primerica's survey said their income was falling behind the cost of living.

That's making people feel locked out of many of the milestones long associated with middle-class life. 74% of middle class Americans have cut back on non-essential spending, according to Primerica's survey. A full half of Americans surveyed said they didn't plan on going on a summer vacation due to a higher cost of living, according to a 2023 Redfield & Wilton survey conducted for Newsweek.

Many are also dipping into their savings, making retirement feel uncertain. 60% of Americans say they don't think they're saving enough to comfortably retire , according to Primerica.

46% of middle-class Americans said they've dialed back or completely paused saving for the future and 38% said they didn't think they could afford an unexpected expense over $1000 .

"The anxieties about things like owning their own home, going to college — all these things that the majority of Americans perceive as being sort of indicators of middle-class status — many of them now don't think those things are attainable for them," Sheehan said.

Buying a home may be the greatest example of a tenet of middle-class life feeling out of reach for many, and that struggle is very real rather than merely negatively perceived. 

With mortgage rates hovering close to a 23-year-high and home prices are near-record levels , Americans need to earn 80% more than they did before the pandemic to comfortably afford a home, a recent Zillow report found. First-time homebuyers, meanwhile, made up less than a third of all home purchases in 2023 , one of the lowest shares ever recorded, according to the National Association of Realtors.

Vincent says owning a home seems out of the question for now. If he cut back on some expenses and lived more frugally, he estimates he could save up to $10,000 a year. At that rate, it would take him at least eight years to save up for the average down payment on a home, which notched a record $84,000 last year , according to data from CoreLogic.

"What part of that makes sense," Vincent said. 

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