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JavaScript Assignment Operators

Summary : in this tutorial, you will learn how to use JavaScript assignment operators to assign a value to a variable.

Introduction to JavaScript assignment operators

An assignment operator ( = ) assigns a value to a variable. The syntax of the assignment operator is as follows:

In this syntax, JavaScript evaluates the expression b first and assigns the result to the variable a .

The following example declares the counter variable and initializes its value to zero:

The following example increases the counter variable by one and assigns the result to the counter variable:

When evaluating the second statement, JavaScript evaluates the expression on the right-hand first ( counter + 1 ) and assigns the result to the counter variable. After the second assignment, the counter variable is 1 .

To make the code more concise, you can use the += operator like this:

In this syntax, you don’t have to repeat the counter variable twice in the assignment.

The following table illustrates assignment operators that are shorthand for another operator and the assignment:

Basic operators, maths

We know many operators from school. They are things like addition + , multiplication * , subtraction - , and so on.

In this chapter, we’ll start with simple operators, then concentrate on JavaScript-specific aspects, not covered by school arithmetic.

Terms: “unary”, “binary”, “operand”

Before we move on, let’s grasp some common terminology.

An operand – is what operators are applied to. For instance, in the multiplication of 5 * 2 there are two operands: the left operand is 5 and the right operand is 2 . Sometimes, people call these “arguments” instead of “operands”.

An operator is unary if it has a single operand. For example, the unary negation - reverses the sign of a number:

An operator is binary if it has two operands. The same minus exists in binary form as well:

Formally, in the examples above we have two different operators that share the same symbol: the negation operator, a unary operator that reverses the sign, and the subtraction operator, a binary operator that subtracts one number from another.

The following math operations are supported:

• Addition + ,
• Subtraction - ,
• Multiplication * ,
• Division / ,
• Remainder % ,
• Exponentiation ** .

The first four are straightforward, while % and ** need a few words about them.

Remainder %

The remainder operator % , despite its appearance, is not related to percents.

The result of a % b is the remainder of the integer division of a by b .

For instance:

Exponentiation **

The exponentiation operator a ** b raises a to the power of b .

In school maths, we write that as a b .

Just like in maths, the exponentiation operator is defined for non-integer numbers as well.

For example, a square root is an exponentiation by ½:

String concatenation with binary +

Let’s meet the features of JavaScript operators that are beyond school arithmetics.

Usually, the plus operator + sums numbers.

But, if the binary + is applied to strings, it merges (concatenates) them:

Note that if any of the operands is a string, then the other one is converted to a string too.

For example:

See, it doesn’t matter whether the first operand is a string or the second one.

Here’s a more complex example:

Here, operators work one after another. The first + sums two numbers, so it returns 4 , then the next + adds the string 1 to it, so it’s like 4 + '1' = '41' .

Here, the first operand is a string, the compiler treats the other two operands as strings too. The 2 gets concatenated to '1' , so it’s like '1' + 2 = "12" and "12" + 2 = "122" .

The binary + is the only operator that supports strings in such a way. Other arithmetic operators work only with numbers and always convert their operands to numbers.

Here’s the demo for subtraction and division:

Numeric conversion, unary +

The plus + exists in two forms: the binary form that we used above and the unary form.

The unary plus or, in other words, the plus operator + applied to a single value, doesn’t do anything to numbers. But if the operand is not a number, the unary plus converts it into a number.

It actually does the same thing as Number(...) , but is shorter.

The need to convert strings to numbers arises very often. For example, if we are getting values from HTML form fields, they are usually strings. What if we want to sum them?

The binary plus would add them as strings:

If we want to treat them as numbers, we need to convert and then sum them:

From a mathematician’s standpoint, the abundance of pluses may seem strange. But from a programmer’s standpoint, there’s nothing special: unary pluses are applied first, they convert strings to numbers, and then the binary plus sums them up.

Why are unary pluses applied to values before the binary ones? As we’re going to see, that’s because of their higher precedence .

Operator precedence

If an expression has more than one operator, the execution order is defined by their precedence , or, in other words, the default priority order of operators.

From school, we all know that the multiplication in the expression 1 + 2 * 2 should be calculated before the addition. That’s exactly the precedence thing. The multiplication is said to have a higher precedence than the addition.

Parentheses override any precedence, so if we’re not satisfied with the default order, we can use them to change it. For example, write (1 + 2) * 2 .

There are many operators in JavaScript. Every operator has a corresponding precedence number. The one with the larger number executes first. If the precedence is the same, the execution order is from left to right.

Here’s an extract from the precedence table (you don’t need to remember this, but note that unary operators are higher than corresponding binary ones):

As we can see, the “unary plus” has a priority of 14 which is higher than the 11 of “addition” (binary plus). That’s why, in the expression "+apples + +oranges" , unary pluses work before the addition.

Let’s note that an assignment = is also an operator. It is listed in the precedence table with the very low priority of 2 .

That’s why, when we assign a variable, like x = 2 * 2 + 1 , the calculations are done first and then the = is evaluated, storing the result in x .

Assignment = returns a value

The fact of = being an operator, not a “magical” language construct has an interesting implication.

All operators in JavaScript return a value. That’s obvious for + and - , but also true for = .

The call x = value writes the value into x and then returns it .

Here’s a demo that uses an assignment as part of a more complex expression:

In the example above, the result of expression (a = b + 1) is the value which was assigned to a (that is 3 ). It is then used for further evaluations.

Funny code, isn’t it? We should understand how it works, because sometimes we see it in JavaScript libraries.

Although, please don’t write the code like that. Such tricks definitely don’t make code clearer or readable.

Chaining assignments

Another interesting feature is the ability to chain assignments:

Chained assignments evaluate from right to left. First, the rightmost expression 2 + 2 is evaluated and then assigned to the variables on the left: c , b and a . At the end, all the variables share a single value.

Once again, for the purposes of readability it’s better to split such code into few lines:

That’s easier to read, especially when eye-scanning the code fast.

Modify-in-place

We often need to apply an operator to a variable and store the new result in that same variable.

This notation can be shortened using the operators += and *= :

Short “modify-and-assign” operators exist for all arithmetical and bitwise operators: /= , -= , etc.

Such operators have the same precedence as a normal assignment, so they run after most other calculations:

Increment/decrement

Increasing or decreasing a number by one is among the most common numerical operations.

So, there are special operators for it:

Increment ++ increases a variable by 1:

Decrement -- decreases a variable by 1:

Increment/decrement can only be applied to variables. Trying to use it on a value like 5++ will give an error.

The operators ++ and -- can be placed either before or after a variable.

• When the operator goes after the variable, it is in “postfix form”: counter++ .
• The “prefix form” is when the operator goes before the variable: ++counter .

Both of these statements do the same thing: increase counter by 1 .

Is there any difference? Yes, but we can only see it if we use the returned value of ++/-- .

Let’s clarify. As we know, all operators return a value. Increment/decrement is no exception. The prefix form returns the new value while the postfix form returns the old value (prior to increment/decrement).

To see the difference, here’s an example:

In the line (*) , the prefix form ++counter increments counter and returns the new value, 2 . So, the alert shows 2 .

Now, let’s use the postfix form:

In the line (*) , the postfix form counter++ also increments counter but returns the old value (prior to increment). So, the alert shows 1 .

To summarize:

If the result of increment/decrement is not used, there is no difference in which form to use:

If we’d like to increase a value and immediately use the result of the operator, we need the prefix form:

If we’d like to increment a value but use its previous value, we need the postfix form:

The operators ++/-- can be used inside expressions as well. Their precedence is higher than most other arithmetical operations.

Compare with:

Though technically okay, such notation usually makes code less readable. One line does multiple things – not good.

While reading code, a fast “vertical” eye-scan can easily miss something like counter++ and it won’t be obvious that the variable increased.

We advise a style of “one line – one action”:

Bitwise operators

Bitwise operators treat arguments as 32-bit integer numbers and work on the level of their binary representation.

These operators are not JavaScript-specific. They are supported in most programming languages.

The list of operators:

• AND ( & )
• LEFT SHIFT ( << )
• RIGHT SHIFT ( >> )
• ZERO-FILL RIGHT SHIFT ( >>> )

These operators are used very rarely, when we need to fiddle with numbers on the very lowest (bitwise) level. We won’t need these operators any time soon, as web development has little use of them, but in some special areas, such as cryptography, they are useful. You can read the Bitwise Operators chapter on MDN when a need arises.

The comma operator , is one of the rarest and most unusual operators. Sometimes, it’s used to write shorter code, so we need to know it in order to understand what’s going on.

The comma operator allows us to evaluate several expressions, dividing them with a comma , . Each of them is evaluated but only the result of the last one is returned.

Here, the first expression 1 + 2 is evaluated and its result is thrown away. Then, 3 + 4 is evaluated and returned as the result.

Please note that the comma operator has very low precedence, lower than = , so parentheses are important in the example above.

Without them: a = 1 + 2, 3 + 4 evaluates + first, summing the numbers into a = 3, 7 , then the assignment operator = assigns a = 3 , and the rest is ignored. It’s like (a = 1 + 2), 3 + 4 .

Why do we need an operator that throws away everything except the last expression?

Sometimes, people use it in more complex constructs to put several actions in one line.

Such tricks are used in many JavaScript frameworks. That’s why we’re mentioning them. But usually they don’t improve code readability so we should think well before using them.

The postfix and prefix forms

What are the final values of all variables a , b , c and d after the code below?

The answer is:

Assignment result

What are the values of a and x after the code below?

• a = 4 (multiplied by 2)
• x = 5 (calculated as 1 + 4)

Type conversions

What are results of these expressions?

Think well, write down and then compare with the answer.

• The addition with a string "" + 1 converts 1 to a string: "" + 1 = "1" , and then we have "1" + 0 , the same rule is applied.
• The subtraction - (like most math operations) only works with numbers, it converts an empty string "" to 0 .
• The addition with a string appends the number 5 to the string.
• The subtraction always converts to numbers, so it makes " -9 " a number -9 (ignoring spaces around it).
• null becomes 0 after the numeric conversion.
• undefined becomes NaN after the numeric conversion.
• Space characters are trimmed off string start and end when a string is converted to a number. Here the whole string consists of space characters, such as \t , \n and a “regular” space between them. So, similarly to an empty string, it becomes 0 .

Fix the addition

Here’s a code that asks the user for two numbers and shows their sum.

It works incorrectly. The output in the example below is 12 (for default prompt values).

Why? Fix it. The result should be 3 .

The reason is that prompt returns user input as a string.

So variables have values "1" and "2" respectively.

What we should do is to convert strings to numbers before + . For example, using Number() or prepending them with + .

For example, right before prompt :

Or in the alert :

Using both unary and binary + in the latest code. Looks funny, doesn’t it?

• If you have suggestions what to improve - please submit a GitHub issue or a pull request instead of commenting.
• If you can't understand something in the article – please elaborate.
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• Assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

The basic assignment operator is equal ( = ), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x . The other assignment operators are usually shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following definitions and examples.

Simple assignment operator which assigns a value to a variable. The assignment operation evaluates to the assigned value. Chaining the assignment operator is possible in order to assign a single value to multiple variables. See the example.

Addition assignment

The addition assignment operator adds the value of the right operand to a variable and assigns the result to the variable. The types of the two operands determine the behavior of the addition assignment operator. Addition or concatenation is possible. See the addition operator for more details.

Subtraction assignment

The subtraction assignment operator subtracts the value of the right operand from a variable and assigns the result to the variable. See the subtraction operator for more details.

Multiplication assignment

The multiplication assignment operator multiplies a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the multiplication operator for more details.

Division assignment

The division assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the division operator for more details.

Remainder assignment

The remainder assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the remainder to the variable. See the remainder operator for more details.

Exponentiation assignment

This is an experimental technology, part of the ECMAScript 2016 (ES7) proposal. Because this technology's specification has not stabilized, check the compatibility table for usage in various browsers. Also note that the syntax and behavior of an experimental technology is subject to change in future version of browsers as the spec changes.

The exponentiation assignment operator evaluates to the result of raising first operand to the power second operand. See the exponentiation operator for more details.

Left shift assignment

The left shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the left and assigns the result to the variable. See the left shift operator for more details.

Right shift assignment

The right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the right shift operator for more details.

Unsigned right shift assignment

The unsigned right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the unsigned right shift operator for more details.

Bitwise AND assignment

The bitwise AND assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise AND operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise AND operator for more details.

Bitwise XOR assignment

The bitwise XOR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise XOR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise XOR operator for more details.

Bitwise OR assignment

The bitwise OR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise OR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise OR operator for more details.

Left operand with another assignment operator

In unusual situations, the assignment operator (e.g. x += y ) is not identical to the meaning expression (here x = x + y ). When the left operand of an assignment operator itself contains an assignment operator, the left operand is evaluated only once. For example:

Specifications

Browser compatibility.

• Arithmetic operators

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Js versions, js functions, js html dom, js browser bom, js web apis, js vs jquery, js graphics, js examples, js references, javascript operators.

Javascript operators are used to perform different types of mathematical and logical computations.

The Assignment Operator = assigns values

The Addition Operator + adds values

The Multiplication Operator * multiplies values

The Comparison Operator > compares values

JavaScript Assignment

The Assignment Operator ( = ) assigns a value to a variable:

Assignment Examples

Javascript addition.

The Addition Operator ( + ) adds numbers:

JavaScript Multiplication

The Multiplication Operator ( * ) multiplies numbers:

Multiplying

Types of javascript operators.

There are different types of JavaScript operators:

• Arithmetic Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Comparison Operators
• String Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Ternary Operators
• Type Operators

JavaScript Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators are used to perform arithmetic on numbers:

Arithmetic Operators Example

Arithmetic operators are fully described in the JS Arithmetic chapter.

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JavaScript Assignment Operators

Assignment operators assign values to JavaScript variables.

The Addition Assignment Operator ( += ) adds a value to a variable.

Assignment operators are fully described in the JS Assignment chapter.

JavaScript Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are fully described in the JS Comparisons chapter.

JavaScript String Comparison

All the comparison operators above can also be used on strings:

Note that strings are compared alphabetically:

JavaScript String Addition

The + can also be used to add (concatenate) strings:

The += assignment operator can also be used to add (concatenate) strings:

The result of text1 will be:

When used on strings, the + operator is called the concatenation operator.

Adding Strings and Numbers

Adding two numbers, will return the sum, but adding a number and a string will return a string:

The result of x , y , and z will be:

If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string!

JavaScript Logical Operators

Logical operators are fully described in the JS Comparisons chapter.

JavaScript Type Operators

Type operators are fully described in the JS Type Conversion chapter.

JavaScript Bitwise Operators

Bit operators work on 32 bits numbers.

The examples above uses 4 bits unsigned examples. But JavaScript uses 32-bit signed numbers. Because of this, in JavaScript, ~ 5 will not return 10. It will return -6. ~00000000000000000000000000000101 will return 11111111111111111111111111111010

Bitwise operators are fully described in the JS Bitwise chapter.

Test Yourself With Exercises

Multiply 10 with 5 , and alert the result.

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2024 Point-In-Time Results Provide Latest Snapshot of Homelessness in the District

(Washington, DC) – Today, the District’s Department of Human Services (DHS) shared the results of the 2024 Point-In-Time (PIT) Count, the annual census of individuals experiencing homelessness. This year’s count took place on Wednesday, January 24, 2024, and showed an overall 14% increase from 2023. Despite this increase, the total count remains 12% lower than the count recorded in 2020, the last PIT conducted before the onset of the COVID-19 public health emergency. Between 2023 and 2024, homelessness among unaccompanied individuals increased 6%, and is similar to the level recorded in 2020; homelessness among families increased 39%, but remains down 30% from 2020.

 “The 2024 count is the second consecutive year that the District saw an increase in homelessness. While the data points to opportunities to evolve our system to today’s realities, our strategies are still highly effective,” said Laura Zeilinger, DHS Director. “Across the last two years we counted a higher percentage of people experiencing homelessness for the first time which both points to the need for earlier interventions as well as our success at supporting those who have experienced long-term homelessness to regain housing. We are committed to continue to build on and invest in proven solutions, and innovative approaches to enhance our system for District residents facing homelessness.”     Building on years of investments in the transformation of the District’s homeless services system, the Mayor’s Fiscal Year 2025 makes strategic investments in proven strategies for driving down homelessness, including:  

• $18.9 million for the Career Mobility Action Plan (Career MAP) program to keep 500 families stably housed and help them advance toward career goals. 
• $13.3 million to operate non-congregate bridge housing and create a stable environment to help expedite exits to permanency. Non-congregate shelter can be beneficial for clients who avoid low-barrier shelter because it provides more privacy and it also supports better flow through the Continuum of Care.  
• $500,000 to support the Peer Case Management Institute (PCMI), a partnership with Howard University that involves training residents with lived experience of homelessness to become case managers within the DHS Continuum of Care.  
• $148.4 million for renovations and rebuilding the District’s shelter capacity including the Federal City Shelter (CCNV) to expand our capacity to offer unhoused residents a safe, clean, and dignified place stay until they get back into permanent housing. 

These investments will improve engagement, the effectiveness of service delivery, and movement to housing. They also augment prior year investments that are ending homelessness for over 1,800 households. 

Looking at the District’s data in the context of national data is also informative in evaluating DC’s system. Major cities in the United States experienced a 52.7% increase in homelessness between 2022 and 2023, while the District saw an 11.6% increase in homelessness in this period. Additionally, between 2020 and 2022 the District saw the largest percent decrease in homelessness nationwide, with a 30.9% decrease. The District successfully decreased inflows into homelessness in 2021 and 2022 which can be attributed to the historic federal investments in housing retention efforts and the implementation of the eviction moratorium.  

The Community Partnership for the Prevention of Homelessness (TCP) conducted the PIT count on behalf of the District. The count is a requirement for all jurisdictions receiving federal homeless assistance funding. This single-day enumeration of the homeless services continuum of care provides an opportunity to identify gaps in the current portfolio of services and informs future program planning.  

Data from the District will be included in a regional analysis and annual report on homelessness by the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (COG) Homeless Services Planning and Coordinating Committee, published on May 15. Concerned by the lack of regional data available, COG undertook the first effort to produce a Point-in-Time count of homeless adults and children in metropolitan Washington in 2001. More information is available at mwcog.org/homelessnessreport .   

Mayor Bowser X:  @MayorBowser Mayor Bowser Instagram:  @Mayor_Bowser Mayor Bowser Facebook:  facebook.com/MayorMurielBowser Mayor Bowser YouTube:  https://www.bit.ly/eomvideos

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CBSE 10th Result 2024: Check your Result Online

Class 10 High School Result 2024 by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is out today, May 13, 2024. Students can access their scores via official websites like cbse.gov.in and cbseresults.nic.in , Digilocker , and the UMANG app with their login details.

Highlights The CBSE Board has published the 10th Result 2024. Access the CBSE 10th Result 2024 Mark Sheet on cbse.nic.in, cbse.gov.in, Digilocker, and UMANG app. To download the CBSE Result 2024 Class 10 mark sheet, utilize the roll number, school number, centre number, and admit card ID

CBSE 10th Result 2024

How to check cbse class 10th result online, cbse 10th result 2024 check online: list of websites to download cbse board result 2024 mark sheet, cbse 10th total marks 500 or 600, how to download cbse 10th result 2024, important note, faqs – class 10th cbse result.

Step 1: Visit the official CBSE results website

The first step is to visit the official CBSE results website.

Step 2: Click on the link for Class 10 results

On the homepage, you will find a link for the Class 10 results. Click on this link.

Step 3: Enter your details

You will be asked to enter your roll number, school code, and other details. Make sure you enter these correctly.

Step 3: Click on the ‘Submit’ button

After entering your details, click on the ‘Submit’ button.

Step 4: View your result

Your result will be displayed on the screen. You can now view your scores.

Step 5: Download and print

It is advisable to download a copy of the result and take a printout for future reference.

Students can download the CBSE Result 2024 Class 10 mark sheet at the following online portals:

cbse.gov.in

cbse.nic.in

cbseresults.nic.in

CBSE total marks for 10th are 500.

Step 2: Find the link for Class 10 results

Step 4: Submit the details

Step 5: Access your result

Step 5: Download the result

The websites may experience high traffic during peak hours. Students are advised to be patient and try again after some time if they encounter any difficulty accessing their results.

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) declared the much-awaited Class 10th results on Monday, May 13, 2024. Students who appeared for the board exams can now check their scores online on the official website of CBSE: https://cbseresults.nic.in/

When was Class 10 result declared in 2024?

The CBSE Class 10th Result for the session 2023-24 was declared on May 13, 20241. The results were made available on the official CBSE results website and other platforms

What if I Forgot my Roll Number?

Use the CBSE Roll Number Finder: The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) provides a roll number finder tool on their website. This is specifically for situations where you’ve misplaced your admit card. Visit the CBSE website: https://www.cbse.gov.in/ Click on the “Roll Number Finder” link (you might find it under the “Results” section). Choose “Class 10” and enter the required details: Your name Father’s name Mother’s name Date of birth Click “Search Data” and your roll number should be displayed on the screen.

Is there any SMS Service to check results?

Yes, there absolutely is an SMS service to check your CBSE Class 10 results! Here’s what you need to do: Compose a new text message. In the message body, type “CBSE10” (all caps). There are no spaces or any other characters. Send the message to 7738299899. This is the official SMS service number provided by CBSE. Once you send the message, you should receive a reply text containing your exam results.

Are the results available on other platform as well?

UMANG App Digilocker

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